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data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-c747365d-4575-4d75-b68a-cc07c93d0522"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-c747365d-4575-4d75-b68a-cc07c93d0522"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Keith Hartley</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://york.academia.edu/">University of York</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://york.academia.edu/Departments/Economics_and_Related_Studies/Documents">Economics and Related Studies</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Emeritus</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Keith" data-follow-user-id="49514847" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="49514847"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">142</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">10</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">10</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49514847" 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class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>316</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>2</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/125877388/Future_prospects">Future prospects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks</span><span>, Nov 28, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125877388"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125877388"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125877388; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function 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Evidence ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The UK experience with defence inflation and cost escalation is described and analysed. Evidence is presented and policy solutions are reviewed. Optimism bias is a source of cost escalation and this bias is analysed with game theory and public choice models. The key facts remain, namely, that defence inflation exceeds the GDP deflator, and despite various reforms, cost escalation continues.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125877365"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125877365"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125877365; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125877365]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125877365]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125877365; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125877365']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 125877365, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125877365]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125877365,"title":"UK defence inflation and cost escalation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The UK experience with defence inflation and cost escalation is described and analysed. 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There is great value in the separate identities and distinct characteristics of the Navy, Army and Air Force … because the needs of the modern battlefield still require the specialist skills and ethos of each Service.2</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125877364"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125877364"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125877364; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125877364]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125877364]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125877364; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125877364']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 125877364, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125877364]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125877364,"title":"The Economics of Joint Forces","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The 1998 Strategic Defence Review (SDR) confirmed the increasing importance of joint forces and the need to extend the joint approach throughout defence, embracing the front line, command structures and support areas. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122929419"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122929419/Pacifism_in_Economic_Analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pacifism in Economic Analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122929419/Pacifism_in_Economic_Analysis">Pacifism in Economic Analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>RePEc: Research Papers in Economics</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists&#39; works since the or...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists&#39; works since the origins of economic thought. The Classicals considered international peace to be a normal result (as well as a necessary condition) of economic development and human progress. Such a conception is also shared by other schools of thought, such as Utopian socialism or institutionalism. Some economists were active in the development of the pacifist movement before the First World War, which led to the organization of several international Peace Congresses. During the Cold War, certain economic studies on military expenditure and the arms race contributed to the denunciation of an excessive militarism. However, the post‐Cold War disarmament highlighted the costs of the necessary peace investment. There is a substantial research agenda and a need for more academic economists to undertake analytical and empirical work in this important field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929419; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929419]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929419]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929419; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929419']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929419, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929419]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929419,"title":"Pacifism in Economic Analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists\u0026#39; works since the origins of economic thought. 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The immediate threat arises from the war in Ukraine, but longer-term European defense policy based on the Strategic Compass will provide the framework for the future European defense firm. Past developments offer some indication of the future and it is predicted that the defense firm has a future and will survive. The past trend of smaller numbers of larger defense firms will continue with firms being even more technologically-intensive—reflecting Augustine weapons systems, which are characterized by continuously rising unit costs and smaller volumes. There will be more mergers between European defense firms and more joint European projects developing and producing combat air and naval systems, tanks, and cyber systems.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929418"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929418; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929418]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929418]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929418; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929418']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929418, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929418]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929418,"title":"The future of the European defense firm","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The future European defense firm will be radically different, being determined by future threats, novel technology, and yet to come European defense policy. 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There will be more mergers between European defense firms and more joint European projects developing and producing combat air and naval systems, tanks, and cyber systems.","publisher":"Economists for Peace and Security","publication_name":"The Economics of Peace and Security Journal"},"translated_abstract":"The future European defense firm will be radically different, being determined by future threats, novel technology, and yet to come European defense policy. The immediate threat arises from the war in Ukraine, but longer-term European defense policy based on the Strategic Compass will provide the framework for the future European defense firm. Past developments offer some indication of the future and it is predicted that the defense firm has a future and will survive. The past trend of smaller numbers of larger defense firms will continue with firms being even more technologically-intensive—reflecting Augustine weapons systems, which are characterized by continuously rising unit costs and smaller volumes. 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By the year 2054, the country’s entire defence budget would be expended on a single aircraft, which an industry colleague dubbed as the Battlestar Galactica. However, while it is thought provoking, what does Law 16 in fact entail? It appears that the mechanics of Augustine’s ‘Law’ has never been examined in detail. To help disentangle the matter and assess its relevance in the context of today’s battlefield technology, which is increasingly focussed on the application of large numbers of small, cheap, expendable, electronically linked, yet highly autonomous systems, this chapter introduces the concept of an Augustine weapons system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929414"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929414"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929414; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929414]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929414]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929414; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929414']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929414, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929414]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929414,"title":"Rethinking Augustine’s Law: Armament Costs and Evolving Military Technology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Using long-run trend data for US tactical and bomber aircraft, Norman Augustine’s Law 16 famously suggests continuously rising US armament unit costs. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122929419"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122929419/Pacifism_in_Economic_Analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pacifism in Economic Analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122929419/Pacifism_in_Economic_Analysis">Pacifism in Economic Analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>RePEc: Research Papers in Economics</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists&#39; works since the or...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists&#39; works since the origins of economic thought. The Classicals considered international peace to be a normal result (as well as a necessary condition) of economic development and human progress. Such a conception is also shared by other schools of thought, such as Utopian socialism or institutionalism. Some economists were active in the development of the pacifist movement before the First World War, which led to the organization of several international Peace Congresses. During the Cold War, certain economic studies on military expenditure and the arms race contributed to the denunciation of an excessive militarism. However, the post‐Cold War disarmament highlighted the costs of the necessary peace investment. There is a substantial research agenda and a need for more academic economists to undertake analytical and empirical work in this important field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929419; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929419]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929419]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929419; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929419']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929419, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929419]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929419,"title":"Pacifism in Economic Analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists\u0026#39; works since the origins of economic thought. 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The immediate threat arises from the war in Ukraine, but longer-term European defense policy based on the Strategic Compass will provide the framework for the future European defense firm. Past developments offer some indication of the future and it is predicted that the defense firm has a future and will survive. The past trend of smaller numbers of larger defense firms will continue with firms being even more technologically-intensive—reflecting Augustine weapons systems, which are characterized by continuously rising unit costs and smaller volumes. There will be more mergers between European defense firms and more joint European projects developing and producing combat air and naval systems, tanks, and cyber systems.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929418"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929418; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929418]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929418]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929418; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929418']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929418, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929418]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929418,"title":"The future of the European defense firm","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The future European defense firm will be radically different, being determined by future threats, novel technology, and yet to come European defense policy. The immediate threat arises from the war in Ukraine, but longer-term European defense policy based on the Strategic Compass will provide the framework for the future European defense firm. Past developments offer some indication of the future and it is predicted that the defense firm has a future and will survive. The past trend of smaller numbers of larger defense firms will continue with firms being even more technologically-intensive—reflecting Augustine weapons systems, which are characterized by continuously rising unit costs and smaller volumes. 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The past trend of smaller numbers of larger defense firms will continue with firms being even more technologically-intensive—reflecting Augustine weapons systems, which are characterized by continuously rising unit costs and smaller volumes. 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By the year 2054, the country’s entire defence budget would be expended on a single aircraft, which an industry colleague dubbed as the Battlestar Galactica. However, while it is thought provoking, what does Law 16 in fact entail? It appears that the mechanics of Augustine’s ‘Law’ has never been examined in detail. To help disentangle the matter and assess its relevance in the context of today’s battlefield technology, which is increasingly focussed on the application of large numbers of small, cheap, expendable, electronically linked, yet highly autonomous systems, this chapter introduces the concept of an Augustine weapons system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122929414"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122929414"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929414; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929414]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122929414]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122929414; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122929414']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122929414, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122929414]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122929414,"title":"Rethinking Augustine’s Law: Armament Costs and Evolving Military Technology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Using long-run trend data for US tactical and bomber aircraft, Norman Augustine’s Law 16 famously suggests continuously rising US armament unit costs. 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It can be analysed with the methodology of economic policy. There are questions about the scope and objectives of procurement policy, the relevant analytical framework, and the appropriateness of alternative competitive and contractual policies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="94560e0ea819cfb0dd48fa000c6cbb89" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52170217,"asset_id":31884535,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52170217/download_file?st=MTczMjc4MDczNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31884535"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31884535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31884535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31884535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31884535]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31884535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31884535']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31884535, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "94560e0ea819cfb0dd48fa000c6cbb89" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31884535]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31884535,"title":"The Contract State (Summary of Chapter 15 in Microeconomic Policy: A New Perspective)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Government procurement policy is a controversial subject area, relatively unexplored by economists. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31835809"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31835809/How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic_Policy_Summary_of_Chapter_1_in_Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How Do Economists Approach Microeconomic Policy (Summary of Chapter 1 in Microeconomic Policy: A New Perspective )" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52129663/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31835809/How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic_Policy_Summary_of_Chapter_1_in_Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective_">How Do Economists Approach Microeconomic Policy (Summary of Chapter 1 in Microeconomic Policy: A New Perspective )</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://york.academia.edu/KeithHartley">Keith Hartley</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter introduces some of the general concepts and methodology which are used throughout th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter introduces some of the general concepts and methodology which are used throughout the book. Initially, the scope of microeconomics is outlined, emphasizing that it is the study of choice in a world of uncertainty. Controversy always exists and a frame work is presented for identifying the sources of disagreement. Disputes often arise over policy objectives, the choice between alternative theories, and the selection of the 'best' policy measure. In reviewing these issues, it is difficult to avoid asking what it is that makes you believe some statements and not others. You should also ask who is likely to gain and who is likely to lose from the development of new economic theories and new economic policies (for example, established interest groups in the economics profession; consultants marketing new ideas; politicians seeking instant popularity).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3309f7cfdbedefe8091aadbfece6408c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52129663,"asset_id":31835809,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52129663/download_file?st=MTczMjc4MDczNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31835809"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31835809"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31835809; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31835809]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31835809]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31835809; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31835809']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31835809, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3309f7cfdbedefe8091aadbfece6408c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31835809]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31835809,"title":"How Do Economists Approach Microeconomic Policy (Summary of Chapter 1 in Microeconomic Policy: A New Perspective )","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This chapter introduces some of the general concepts and methodology which are used throughout the book. Initially, the scope of microeconomics is outlined, emphasizing that it is the study of choice in a world of uncertainty. Controversy always exists and a frame work is presented for identifying the sources of disagreement. Disputes often arise over policy objectives, the choice between alternative theories, and the selection of the 'best' policy measure. In reviewing these issues, it is difficult to avoid asking what it is that makes you believe some statements and not others. You should also ask who is likely to gain and who is likely to lose from the development of new economic theories and new economic policies (for example, established interest groups in the economics profession; consultants marketing new ideas; politicians seeking instant popularity)."},"translated_abstract":"This chapter introduces some of the general concepts and methodology which are used throughout the book. 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You should also ask who is likely to gain and who is likely to lose from the development of new economic theories and new economic policies (for example, established interest groups in the economics profession; consultants marketing new ideas; politicians seeking instant popularity).","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31835809/How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic_Policy_Summary_of_Chapter_1_in_Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-03-12T22:28:03.545-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":34272858,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[{"id":27999789,"work_id":31835809,"tagging_user_id":34272858,"tagged_user_id":49514847,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***2@york.ac.uk","affiliation":"University of York","display_order":1,"name":"Keith Hartley","title":"How Do Economists Approach Microeconomic Policy (Summary of Chapter 1 in Microeconomic Policy: A New Perspective )"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52129663,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52129663/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective.Summary_Chapter_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52129663/download_file?st=MTczMjc4MDczNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52129663/Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective.Summary_Chapter_1-libre.pdf?1489383836=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic.pdf\u0026Expires=1732534675\u0026Signature=Mec099Xqo4ONa-~oluwDpgK83QA6Gbozas-Y4JMARzWd7JU6C2yqkeQjg0fwrqIn611QQHlisXbIcb~--DwJuxFcsuw~5AgJWP~i99LwTydm~g--cN1o1H~QMIkfmSPsh6YLQVLhd05klLIF8Oo6zxV05Rhjo8pdmdTKAwvxPv2EBSjZREogZ~eHIJhd9fZc8Hq7xZEPka1YkKi0PHY5ob0xHykzdaL7VLyb~Szk80cnlHop6ySdBq2ltP8eYy3MxEMABfRMnQjTm4YeRflsxwxS874M-bM8Ag7LO37tIrvl8oINKoY7wwiYWBoRPJpRD2P7-ZfDUMUUitkZhv~WcA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic_Policy_Summary_of_Chapter_1_in_Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective_","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":34272858,"first_name":"Clement","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Tisdell","page_name":"ClementTisdell","domain_name":"uq","created_at":"2015-08-26T19:13:06.802-07:00","display_name":"Clement Tisdell","url":"https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell"},"attachments":[{"id":52129663,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52129663/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective.Summary_Chapter_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52129663/download_file?st=MTczMjc4MDczNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52129663/Microeconomic_Policy_A_New_Perspective.Summary_Chapter_1-libre.pdf?1489383836=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_Do_Economists_Approach_Microeconomic.pdf\u0026Expires=1732534675\u0026Signature=Mec099Xqo4ONa-~oluwDpgK83QA6Gbozas-Y4JMARzWd7JU6C2yqkeQjg0fwrqIn611QQHlisXbIcb~--DwJuxFcsuw~5AgJWP~i99LwTydm~g--cN1o1H~QMIkfmSPsh6YLQVLhd05klLIF8Oo6zxV05Rhjo8pdmdTKAwvxPv2EBSjZREogZ~eHIJhd9fZc8Hq7xZEPka1YkKi0PHY5ob0xHykzdaL7VLyb~Szk80cnlHop6ySdBq2ltP8eYy3MxEMABfRMnQjTm4YeRflsxwxS874M-bM8Ag7LO37tIrvl8oINKoY7wwiYWBoRPJpRD2P7-ZfDUMUUitkZhv~WcA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":760,"name":"Microeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microeconomics"},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union"},{"id":394625,"name":"Subsidies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subsidies"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"},{"id":2520590,"name":"Policy Objectives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Objectives"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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