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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# owl: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rss: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/ site: https://www.al-islam.org/ns# so: http://schema.org/"> <head> <link rel="profile" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="prev" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hamza-accepts-islam" /> <link rel="up" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy" /> <link rel="next" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/all/themes/al_islam_bootstrap/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/default/files/ai_pwa/manifest.json" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en" async="async" defer="defer"></script> <meta name="description" content="Umar's Conversion to Islam - A.D. 616 The most notable event of the year 6 of the Proclamation was the conversion to Islam of Umar bin al-Khattab, a future khalifa of the Muslims. He was one of the most rabid enemies of Islam and of Muhammad, the Messenger of God, and was a great tormentor of the Muslims. The modern Egyptian historian, Amin Dawidar, says that Umar's hatred of" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.al-islam.org/node/27942" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Al-Islam.org" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Umar's Conversion to Islam" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Umar's Conversion to Islam - A.D. 616 The most notable event of the year 6 of the Proclamation was the conversion to Islam of Umar bin al-Khattab, a future khalifa of the Muslims. He was one of the most rabid enemies of Islam and of Muhammad, the Messenger of God, and was a great tormentor of the Muslims. The modern Egyptian historian, Amin Dawidar, says that Umar's hatred of Islam, and his hostility to Muhammad, were matched only by the hatred of, and hostility to them, of his own maternal uncle, Abu Jahl." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2013-11-10T14:54:56-05:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/content-cover/book-og-27929.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/content-cover/book-og-27929.jpeg" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2013-11-10T14:54:56-05:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2013-11-10T14:54:56-05:00" /> <script async>(function(s,u,m,o,j,v){j=u.createElement(m);v=u.getElementsByTagName(m)[0];j.async=1;j.src=o;j.dataset.sumoSiteId='e7a1372d30981ddec682ab7d4b6d771e7f455c0a1f5807664e539cc1b6e78ba4';v.parentNode.insertBefore(j,v)})(window,document,'script','//load.sumo.com/');</script> <title>Umar's Conversion to Islam | A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims | Al-Islam.org</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/css/css_lQaZfjVpwP_oGNqdtWCSpJT1EMqXdMiU84ekLLxQnc4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/css/css__ozWDc-CnB2XveLkQRzoHwUTO-WljM8_ddsoDhqYr8Q.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/css/css_vjc66YmWn9KoX99FWdaCRh_jvmdZuhHtCqdQha1uQ5M.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/css/css_-0NQnS5fwjuY4seoBQphrZQhjolt_IkXWNoFl1Rge7k.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" 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leaf"><a href="/user/login?current=node/27942" title="" class="new_register">Login</a></li></ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <div class="main-container container-fluid"> <header role="banner" id="page-header"> </header>  <div class="row "> <aside class="col-sm-3 common-book-pages-style-toc" role="complementary"> <div class="common-book-pages-style-toc-div" style = "background: url(/sites/all/themes/bootstrap_dilp/images/cover-images/tiles/default-tile.png)"> <div class = 'toc-title-div darker'> <div class = 'toc-title-div-img-div'> <a class = 'toc-title-div-img' title = 'Sayyid Ali Asghar Razwy' href = '/person/sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy'> <img src='/sites/all/themes/bootstrap_dilp/images/al-islam-small-logo.jpg'/> </a> </div> <div class = 'toc-title-div-details'> <a class = 'toc-title-div-title' data-booknid = '27929' href = '/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy'><h1>A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims</h1></a> <a class = 'toc-title-div-auth' title = 'Author' href = '/person/sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy'>Sayyid Ali Asghar Razwy</a> </div> </div> <span class = "icon icon-book-open"></span> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <section id="block-ascent-navigation" class="block block-ascent clearfix"> <div class="ascent-wrap"><ul class="menu nav"><li class="first expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Introduction</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction#transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Geography of Arabia</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia">1.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#2-republic-yemen">2. The Republic of Yemen</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#3-sultanate-oman">3. The Sultanate of Oman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#4-united-arab-emirates">4. The United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#5-state-qatar">5. The State of Qatar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#6-state-bahrain">6. The State of Bahrain</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#7-state-kuwait">7. The State of Kuwait</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#climate">Climate</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Arabia before Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#political-conditions-arabia">Political Conditions in Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#economic-conditions">Economic Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#social-conditions">Social Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#state-religion-pre-islamic-arabia">The State of Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#education-among-arabs-islam">Education among the Arabs Before Islam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/banu-hashim-birth-islam">Banu Hashim - Before the Birth of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his">The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-muhammad-mustafa-and-khadija">The Marriage of Muhammad Mustafa and Khadija</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/eve-proclamation-his-mission">On the Eve of the Proclamation of His Mission</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-islam-and-proclamation-muhammad">The Birth of Islam and the Proclamation by Muhammad of his Mission</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Early Converts to Islam and their persecution</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their#some-victims-persecution">Some victims of persecution:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia">The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hamza-accepts-islam">Hamza Accepts Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam" class="active">Umar's Conversion to Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu#annulling-boycott">The Annulling of the Boycott</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/deaths-khadija-and-abu-talib">The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammads-visit-taif">Muhammad's Visit to Ta'if</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The New Horizons of Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam#second-pledge-aqaba">The Second Pledge of Aqaba</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hijra-migration">The Hijra (Migration)</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The First Year of Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#construction-mosque-yathrib">The Construction of the Mosque in Yathrib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#adhan-and-prayer">Adhan and Prayer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#yathrib-becomes-medina">Yathrib Becomes Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#groupings-medina">The Groupings in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#charter-or-constitution-medina">The Charter or Constitution of Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajireen-and-ansar">Muhajireen and Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#economic-conditions-medina">Economic Conditions in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#brotherhood-muhajireen-and-ansar">The Brotherhood of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajir-brother-ansari">Muhajir Brother of Ansari</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#assessment-roles-muhajireen-and-ansar">An Assessment of the Roles of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battles-islam">The Battles of Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Second Year of the Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra#change-qibla-–-february-11-ad-624">Change of Qibla – February 11, A.D. 624</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Badr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#prisoners-war">The Prisoners of War</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#results-battle-badr">Results of the Battle of Badr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-fatima-zahra-and-ali-ibn-abi">The Marriage of Fatima Zahra and Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Uhud</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#withdrawal-makkan-army">The Withdrawal of the Makkan Army</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#ali-and-battle-uhud">Ali and the Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#martyrs-uhad">The Martyrs of Uhad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-hasan-and-husain">The Birth of Hasan and Husain</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-fatima-bint-asad-mother-ali-ibn">The Death of Fatima bint Asad, the Mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of the Trench</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench#montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muslims-and-jews">The Muslims and the Jews</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/treaty-hudaybiyya">The Treaty of Hudaybiyya</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Conquest of Khyber</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber#results-conquest-khyber">The Results of the Conquest of Khyber</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/letters-prophet-rulers-neighboring">Letters of the Prophet to the Rulers of Neighboring Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-mootah">The Battle of Mootah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/campaign-dhat-es-salasil">The Campaign of Dhat es-Salasil</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-makkah">The Conquest of Makkah</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Hunayn</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ali-and-battle-hunayn">Ali and the Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ansar-and-spoils-hunayn">The Ansar and the Spoils of Hunayn</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/expedition-tabuk">The Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/proclamation-surah-baraah-or-al-tawbah">The Proclamation of Surah Bara'ah or Al Tawbah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/last-expedition">The Last Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/farewell-pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/coronation-ali-ibn-abi-talib-future">The Coronation of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Future Sovereign of the Muslims and as Head of the Islamic State</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-leader-prayers">Abu Bakr as Leader in Prayers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/unwritten-testament-messenger-god">The Unwritten Testament of the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Wives of the Muhammad the Apostle of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god#translators-note">Translator's Note</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Death of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#monday-rabi-al-awwal-1-11-h">Monday, Rabi al-Awwal 1, 11 A. H.</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#burial-prophet">Burial of the Prophet</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Reaction of the Family and the Companions of Muhammad Mustafa to his Death</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions#death-muhammad-mustafa-and-his-umma">The Death of Muhammad Mustafa and his Umma</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession#following-attempt-answer-question">Following is an attempt to answer this question.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Sunni Theory of Government</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#1-election">1. Election:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#2-nomination">2. Nomination:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#3-selection-plutocrats">3. Selection by plutocrats:</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#4-seizure-government-naked-force">4. Seizure of the government by naked force:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-1">The Struggle for Power 1</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Struggle for Power 2</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2#meeting-ansar-saqifa">The Meeting of the Ansar in Saqifa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Struggle for Power 3</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saqifa-banu-saeda">Saqifa Banu Sa'eda</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saads-speech">Saad's Speech</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-4">The Struggle for Power 4</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/critique-saqifa">A Critique of Saqifa</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Saqifa and the Logic of History</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-1">Question 1</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-2">Question 2</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-3">Question 3</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-4">Question 4</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-5">Question 5</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-6">Question 6</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-7">Question 7</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-8">Question 8</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-9">Question 9</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-10">Question 10</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saad-ibn-ubada-ansari-candidate">Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate for Caliphate</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-first-khalifa-muslims">Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Abu Bakr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#first-civil-war-islam">The First Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#malik-ibn-nuweira-and-massacre-his-tribe">Malik ibn Nuweira and the Massacre of his Tribe</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#other-conquests-abu-bakr">Other Conquests of Abu Bakr</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#seizure-abu-bakr-estate-fadak">Seizure by Abu Bakr of the Estate of Fadak</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#alis-retirement-public-life">Ali's Retirement from Public life</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#death-fatima-zahra">The Death of Fatima Zahra</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-policy">Abu Bakr's Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#noldeke">Noldeke</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#aims-wars-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Aims of the Wars of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-sickness-and-death">Abu Bakr's sickness and death</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-election-and-democracy">Abu Bakr's election and democracy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/democracy-and-muslims">Democracy and the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#principal-events-caliphate-umar">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#civil-and-military-administration-and-policy">Civil and Military Administration and Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#some-reflections-conquests-arabs">Some Reflections on the Conquests of the Arabs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#last-days-umar-bin-al-khattab">The Last Days of Umar bin al-Khattab</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#members-electoral-committee">The Members of the Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#following-deductions-can-be-made-umars-arrangements-finding-khalifa">Following deductions can be made from Umar's arrangements for finding a khalifa:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#muawiyas-verdict-umars-electoral-committee">Muawiya's Verdict on Umar's Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#umar-and-muhammad-mustafa-messenger-god">Umar and Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#alis-protest">Ali's Protest</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#protest-ammar-ibn-yasir">The Protest of Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-sufyans-congratulations-uthman">Abu Sufyan's Congratulations to Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-bin-affan-third-khalifa-muslims-644-656">Uthman bin Affan, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims, 644-656</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-marriages">Uthman's Marriages</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#principal-events-caliphate-uthman">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#favoritism-and-nepotism-khilafat-uthman">Favoritism and Nepotism in the Khilafat of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#hakam-bin-abul-aas">Hakam bin Abul Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#marwan-bin-al-hakam">Marwan bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#harith-bin-al-hakam">Harith bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-khalid">Abdullah bin Khalid</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#walid-bin-aqaba">Walid bin Aqaba</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#saeed-bin-aas">Saeed bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-saad-bin-abi-sarh">Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#new-governors-provinces" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">New Governors of the Provinces</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#kufa">Kufa</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#basra">Basra</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#modern-historians-and-caliphate-uthman">Modern Historians and the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-friends-muhammad-messenger-god">Uthman and the Friends of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-dharr-el-ghiffari">Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#ammar-ibn-yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-ibn-masood">Abdullah ibn Masood</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-king-makers">Uthman and the King-makers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdur-rahman-bin-auf">Abdur Rahman bin Auf</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#causes-assassination-uthman">Causes of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-assassination">Uthman's Assassination</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#aftermath-assassination-uthman">The Aftermath of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-“abdullah-bin-saba”">Uthman and “Abdullah bin Saba”</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#restoration-kingdom-heaven-earth-caliphate-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The Restoration of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth – (The Caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib)</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#state-umma-alis-accession-throne">The State of the Umma at Ali's Accession to the Throne</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#dismissal-uthmans-governors">Dismissal of Uthman's Governors</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#new-governors" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The New Governors</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#1-qays-ibn-saad-ansari-governor-egypt">1. Qays ibn Saad Ansari, the governor of Egypt.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#2-uthman-bin-hunaif-governor-basra">2. Uthman bin Hunaif, the governor of Basra.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#3-ammara-bin-shihab-ansari-governor-designate-kufa">3. Ammara bin Shihab Ansari, the governor - designate of Kufa.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#4-sahl-bin-hunaif-ansari-governor-designate-syria">4. Sahl bin Hunaif Ansari, the governor - designate of Syria.</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#5-obaidullah-ibn-abbas-governor-yemen">5. Obaidullah ibn Abbas, the governor of Yemen.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#qathm-ibn-abbas-governor-designate-makkah">Qathm ibn Abbas, the governor - designate of Makkah.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Prelude to the War</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#talha-bin-obaidullah">Talha bin Obaidullah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#zubayr-bin-awwam">Zubayr bin Awwam</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#ayesha-bint-abu-bakr">Ayesha bint Abu Bakr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#second-civil-war-islam">The Second Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ibn-saad">Ibn Saad</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#hakim">Hakim</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ali-enters-basra">Ali Enters Basra</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/change-capital-medina-kufa">The Change of Capital from Medina to Kufa</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Revival of the Umayyads</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muawiya-bin-abu-sufyan">Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muhammad-ibn-ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Siffin</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin#battle-layla-tul-harir">The Battle of Layla-tul-Harir</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the Loss of Egypt</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt#loss-egypt">The Loss of Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/assassination-ali">The Assassination of Ali</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/some-reflections-alis-caliphate">Some Reflections on Ali's Caliphate</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali's Internal and External Policy</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#internal-policy">Internal Policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#alis-external-policy">Ali's External Policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-apostle-peace">Ali as an Apostle of Peace</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali and the Ideals of Freedom and Liberty</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty#ali-and-his-legacy">Ali and his Legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/list-firsts-islam">A List of “Firsts” in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/indispensability-equation-islam">The “Indispensability Equation” of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sacrifices-muhammad-islam">The Sacrifices of Muhammad for Islam</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/major-failure-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Major Failure of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/who-wrote-history-islam-and-how">Who Wrote the History of Islam and How?</a></li> </ul></div> </section> </div> </div> </aside>  <section class="col-sm-6"> <a id="main-content"></a>   <div class="readtime-box"> <span class="icon-clock"></span> <div class="eta"></div> <div> read</div> </div>  <span style="text-align: center;padding: 5px;display: none;position: absolute;right: 1px;" class="offline-saved"><a href="/saved"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" width="25" height="25" viewBox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <desc>Created with Fabric.js 1.7.22</desc> <defs> </defs> <g transform="translate(128 128) scale(0.72 0.72)" style=""> <g style="stroke: none; stroke-width: 0; stroke-dasharray: none; stroke-linecap: butt; stroke-linejoin: miter; stroke-miterlimit: 10; fill: none; fill-rule: nonzero; opacity: 1;" transform="translate(-175.05 -175.05000000000004) scale(3.89 3.89)" > <path d="M 52.1 90 H 37.9 c -2.867 0 -5.2 -2.333 -5.2 -5.2 v -2.114 c 0 -0.329 -0.191 -0.634 -0.454 -0.725 c -1.482 -0.511 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restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy data-type = fulllengthtext></button> <div class="texts-limit-reached"></div> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="overlay-spinner"> <div class="spinner"> <div class="spinner-container container1"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> <div class="spinner-container container2"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> <div class="spinner-container container3"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> </div></div><article id="node-27942" class="node node-book node-promoted node-sticky clearfix" about="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam" typeof="so:CreativeWork"> <header class="node-header-book"> <h2>Umar's Conversion to Islam</h2> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="so:text"><p><strong>Umar's Conversion to Islam - A.D. 616</strong></p> <p>The most notable event of the year 6 of the Proclamation was the conversion to Islam of Umar bin al-Khattab, a future khalifa of the Muslims. He was one of the most rabid enemies of Islam and of Muhammad, the Messenger of God, and was a great tormentor of the Muslims. The modern Egyptian historian, Amin Dawidar, says that Umar's hatred of Islam, and his hostility to Muhammad, were matched only by the hatred of, and hostility to them, of his own maternal uncle, Abu Jahl.</p> <p>It is said that one day in sheer exasperation, Umar resolved to kill Muhammad, and thus to extinguish the flame of Islam itself. He left his home with this intention.</p> <p>As already noted, the Muslims at this time (the last days of the year 6) still gathered in the house of Arqam bin Abi al-Arqam to say their congregational prayers. They were beginning to assemble when one of them, looking out the window, saw Umar approaching toward the house with a drawn sword. In a state of considerable alarm, he told the other members of the congregation what he saw. Presumably, they too were alarmed. </p> <p>But Hamza, who was also present in the house of Arqam, reassured them, and said that if Umar was coming with good intentions, then it was all right; but if not, then he (Hamza) would run him (Umar) through with his (Umar's) own sword. But it so happened that Umar had come with the intention of accepting Islam, and he did.</p> <p>The story is told that Umar was going toward Dar-ul-Arqam with the intention of killing Muhammad when a passer-by stopped him, and informed him that his own sister and her husband had become Muslims, and advised him to put his own house in order before undertaking any other grandiose and chimerical project.</p> <p><strong>Muhammad Husayn Haykal</strong></p> <p>Umar went there (to Dar-ul-Arqam) resolved to kill Muhammad and thus relieve the Quraysh of its burden, restore its ravaged unity, and re-establish respect for the gods that Muhammad had castigated. </p> <p>On the road to Makkah he was met by Nu'aym ibn Abdullah. Upon learning what Umar was about, Nu'aym said, “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar! Do you think that Banu Abd Manaf would let you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight?” <em>(The Life of Muhammad)</em></p> <p>Umar was furious to hear that his sister and her husband had become Muslims. He immediately changed his direction from Arqam's house to her house to investigate the allegation. In reply to his questions, she gave a discreet but evasive answer.</p> <p><strong>Ibn Ishaq</strong></p> <p>Umar came to the door (of the house of his sister) as Khabbab (a companion of the Prophet) was studying under her guidance the Sura Taha and also “When the Sun is Overthrown” (81:1). The polytheists used to call this reading “rubbish”. </p> <p>When Umar came in, his sister saw that he meant mischief and hid the sheets from which they were reading. Khabbab slipped away into the house. Umar asked what was the gibberish he had heard, to which she answered that it was merely conversation between them...” <em>(The Life of the Messenger of God)</em></p> <p>Umar exploded in wrath at what he believed to be a prevarication, and struck his sister in her face. The blow caused her mouth to bleed. He was going to strike again but the sight of blood made him pause. He suddenly appeared to relent, and then in a changed tone asked her to show him what she was reading. She sensed a change in him but said: “You are an unclean idolater, and I cannot allow you to touch the Word of God.”</p> <p>Umar immediately went away, washed himself, returned to his sister's home, read the text of Qur'an, and then went to the house of Arqam where he formally accepted Islam.</p> <p>Sir William Muir says that Umar's conversion to Islam took place at the close of the sixth year of the Prophet's mission. He adds the following footnote:</p> <p>It (Umar's conversion) occurred in Dhul Hijjah the last month of the year. The believers are said now to have amounted in all to 40 men and ten women; or by other accounts, to 45 men and eleven women. <em>(The Life of Mohammed, 1877, p. 95)</em></p> <p>Umar was about 35 years old when he became a Muslim.</p> <p><strong>Muhammad Husayn Haykal</strong></p> <p>At that time, (when he was converted to Islam) Umar ibn al Khattab was a mature man of thirty to thirty-five years of age. <em>(The Life of Muhammad)</em></p> <p>Many Muslims claim that with Umar's conversion, Islam recruited new strength, and Muslims were now emboldened to dare the pagans. They could, according to these claims, now come out of their places of hiding, and pray openly in the precincts of Kaaba, or rather, it was Umar himself who brought them out of their hiding places, and they were not now afraid of Abu Jahl or of anyone else.</p> <p><strong>Muhammad Husayn Haykal</strong></p> <p>The Muslims who returned from Abyssinia did so for two reasons. First, Umar ibn al Khattab was converted to Islam shortly after their emigration. With him, he brought to the Muslim camp the same boldness, determination, and the tribal standing with which he had been fighting the Muslims before. He never concealed his conversion nor did he ever shun the Quraysh opponents. On the contrary, he proclaimed his conversion publicly and challenged the Quraysh openly. </p> <p>He did not approve the Muslims' concealment of themselves, their secret movement from one end of Makkah to the other, and their holding of prayers at a safe distance from any Quraysh attack. Umar began to fight the Quraysh as soon as he entered the faith of Islam, constantly pressed his way close to the Kaaba, and performed his prayer there in company with whatever Muslims decided to join him. <em>(The Life of Muhammad)</em></p> <p>But these curious claims find little support in evidence. And if the evidence means anything, it appears to run counter to the claims themselves.</p> <p>Some claims are even more extravagant. For example, the Egyptian historian, Amin Dawidar, says in his book<em>, Pictures From the Life of the Messenger of God</em>, that Umar's conversion to Islam was a death blow to the Quraysh.</p> <p>What actually happened was that Umar's conversion to Islam synchronized with a new and an unprecedented wave of terror that broke over the Muslims. Whereas before his conversion only those Muslims were victims of persecution who had no one to protect them, now no Muslim, not even Muhammad Mustafa himself, was safe from the malevolence of the polytheists.</p> <p><strong>Muhammad Husayn Haykal</strong></p> <p>In their exile (in Abyssinia), they (the emigrants) heard that upon Umar's conversion the Quraysh had stopped their persecution of Muhammad and his followers. According to one report a number of them had returned to Makkah, according to another, all. On reaching Makkah they realized <em>that the Quraysh had resumed persecution of the Muslims with stronger hatred and renewed vigor</em>. Unable to resist, a number of them returned to Abyssinia while others entered Makkah under the cover of night and hid themselves away. <em>(The Life of Muhammad, Cairo, 1935)</em></p> <p>But this was not all. Much more was yet to come. Now Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God, could not even live in Makkah. In fact, little more than a week had passed since Umar's conversion to Islam, when Muhammad and all members of his family and clan, had to leave Makkah, and had to go into exile. Therefore, the theory that Umar's conversion to Islam caused Muslims to abandon their caution and defensive posture, and to defy the infidels, is simply not coincident with facts.</p> <p><strong>S. Margoliouth</strong></p> <p>.....we have no record of any occasion on which Umar displayed remarkable courage, though many examples are at hand of his cruelty and bloodthirstiness; at the battle of Hunain he ran away, and on another occasion owed his life to the good nature of an enemy. <em>(Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, 1931)</em></p> <p>Professor Margoliouth has made a reference to the occasion when a good-natured enemy spared Umar's life. He must be referring to the battle of the Trench or the Siege of Medina (A.D. 627). In that battle, Ali ibn Abi Talib killed the Makkan general, Amr ibn Abd Wudd, whereupon his (Amr's) comrades-in-arms hastily retreated across the Trench. When they were retreating, Umar tried to overtake one of them. This knight, who was in retreat, had heard that Ali never pursued a fleeing enemy. </p> <p>He, therefore, figured that whoever was pursuing him then, could not be Ali. Out of curiosity, he stole a glance backwards and noticed that it was Umar who was bearing down upon him. When he saw Umar, he immediately turned the reins of his horse to face him, and this made him (Umar) stop. The knight who knew Umar, said to him: “If my mother had not made me vow that I would never kill a Qurayshi, you would be a dead man now. Be grateful to her, and do not forget that I have spared your life.”</p> <p>It may be noted that Hamza had accepted Islam one year before Umar became a Muslim, and he had signalized his conversion by striking Abu Jahl, the maternal uncle of Umar, with his bow. One may not expect Umar to emulate Hamza's example by striking his own uncle, but there is no record that he struck any other idolater for showing insolence to the Apostle of God. </p> <p>Furthermore, when Hamza accepted Islam and bloodied the nose of Abu Jahl, Umar himself was an idolater. It was his duty, in the name of “tribal solidarity,” to challenge Hamza, and to defend the honor of the brother of his mother. After all, according to many claims in circulation, he was the most fearless, the most fear-inspiring, the most violent-tempered, and the most headstrong man in Makkah. And who but Umar would dare to challenge Hamza? But the challenge never came.</p> </div></div></div> <div id="book-navigation-27929" class="book-navigation"> <div class="book-toc btn-group pull-right"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-list" aria-hidden="true"></span> Outline <span class="caret"></span></button><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy">A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction">Introduction</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction#transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia">The Geography of Arabia</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia">1.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#2-republic-yemen">2. The Republic of Yemen</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#3-sultanate-oman">3. The Sultanate of Oman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#4-united-arab-emirates">4. The United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#5-state-qatar">5. The State of Qatar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#6-state-bahrain">6. The State of Bahrain</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#7-state-kuwait">7. The State of Kuwait</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#climate">Climate</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam">Arabia before Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#political-conditions-arabia">Political Conditions in Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#economic-conditions">Economic Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#social-conditions">Social Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#state-religion-pre-islamic-arabia">The State of Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#education-among-arabs-islam">Education among the Arabs Before Islam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/banu-hashim-birth-islam">Banu Hashim - Before the Birth of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his">The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-muhammad-mustafa-and-khadija">The Marriage of Muhammad Mustafa and Khadija</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/eve-proclamation-his-mission">On the Eve of the Proclamation of His Mission</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-islam-and-proclamation-muhammad">The Birth of Islam and the Proclamation by Muhammad of his Mission</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their">Early Converts to Islam and their persecution</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their#some-victims-persecution">Some victims of persecution:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia">The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hamza-accepts-islam">Hamza Accepts Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam" class="active">Umar's Conversion to Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu">The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu#annulling-boycott">The Annulling of the Boycott</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/deaths-khadija-and-abu-talib">The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammads-visit-taif">Muhammad's Visit to Ta'if</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam">The New Horizons of Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam#second-pledge-aqaba">The Second Pledge of Aqaba</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hijra-migration">The Hijra (Migration)</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra">The First Year of Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#construction-mosque-yathrib">The Construction of the Mosque in Yathrib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#adhan-and-prayer">Adhan and Prayer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#yathrib-becomes-medina">Yathrib Becomes Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#groupings-medina">The Groupings in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#charter-or-constitution-medina">The Charter or Constitution of Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajireen-and-ansar">Muhajireen and Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#economic-conditions-medina">Economic Conditions in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#brotherhood-muhajireen-and-ansar">The Brotherhood of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajir-brother-ansari">Muhajir Brother of Ansari</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#assessment-roles-muhajireen-and-ansar">An Assessment of the Roles of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battles-islam">The Battles of Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra">The Second Year of the Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra#change-qibla-–-february-11-ad-624">Change of Qibla – February 11, A.D. 624</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr">The Battle of Badr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#prisoners-war">The Prisoners of War</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#results-battle-badr">Results of the Battle of Badr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-fatima-zahra-and-ali-ibn-abi">The Marriage of Fatima Zahra and Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud">The Battle of Uhud</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#withdrawal-makkan-army">The Withdrawal of the Makkan Army</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#ali-and-battle-uhud">Ali and the Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#martyrs-uhad">The Martyrs of Uhad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-hasan-and-husain">The Birth of Hasan and Husain</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-fatima-bint-asad-mother-ali-ibn">The Death of Fatima bint Asad, the Mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench">The Battle of the Trench</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench#montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muslims-and-jews">The Muslims and the Jews</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/treaty-hudaybiyya">The Treaty of Hudaybiyya</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber">The Conquest of Khyber</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber#results-conquest-khyber">The Results of the Conquest of Khyber</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/letters-prophet-rulers-neighboring">Letters of the Prophet to the Rulers of Neighboring Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-mootah">The Battle of Mootah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/campaign-dhat-es-salasil">The Campaign of Dhat es-Salasil</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-makkah">The Conquest of Makkah</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn">The Battle of Hunayn</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ali-and-battle-hunayn">Ali and the Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ansar-and-spoils-hunayn">The Ansar and the Spoils of Hunayn</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/expedition-tabuk">The Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/proclamation-surah-baraah-or-al-tawbah">The Proclamation of Surah Bara'ah or Al Tawbah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/last-expedition">The Last Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/farewell-pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/coronation-ali-ibn-abi-talib-future">The Coronation of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Future Sovereign of the Muslims and as Head of the Islamic State</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-leader-prayers">Abu Bakr as Leader in Prayers</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/unwritten-testament-messenger-god">The Unwritten Testament of the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god">The Wives of the Muhammad the Apostle of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god#translators-note">Translator's Note</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god">The Death of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#monday-rabi-al-awwal-1-11-h">Monday, Rabi al-Awwal 1, 11 A. H.</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#burial-prophet">Burial of the Prophet</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions">The Reaction of the Family and the Companions of Muhammad Mustafa to his Death</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions#death-muhammad-mustafa-and-his-umma">The Death of Muhammad Mustafa and his Umma</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession">Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession#following-attempt-answer-question">Following is an attempt to answer this question.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government">The Sunni Theory of Government</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#1-election">1. Election:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#2-nomination">2. Nomination:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#3-selection-plutocrats">3. Selection by plutocrats:</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#4-seizure-government-naked-force">4. Seizure of the government by naked force:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-1">The Struggle for Power 1</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2">The Struggle for Power 2</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2#meeting-ansar-saqifa">The Meeting of the Ansar in Saqifa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3">The Struggle for Power 3</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saqifa-banu-saeda">Saqifa Banu Sa'eda</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saads-speech">Saad's Speech</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-4">The Struggle for Power 4</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/critique-saqifa">A Critique of Saqifa</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history">Saqifa and the Logic of History</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-1">Question 1</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-2">Question 2</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-3">Question 3</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-4">Question 4</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-5">Question 5</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-6">Question 6</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-7">Question 7</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-8">Question 8</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-9">Question 9</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-10">Question 10</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saad-ibn-ubada-ansari-candidate">Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate for Caliphate</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-first-khalifa-muslims">Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Abu Bakr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#first-civil-war-islam">The First Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#malik-ibn-nuweira-and-massacre-his-tribe">Malik ibn Nuweira and the Massacre of his Tribe</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#other-conquests-abu-bakr">Other Conquests of Abu Bakr</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#seizure-abu-bakr-estate-fadak">Seizure by Abu Bakr of the Estate of Fadak</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#alis-retirement-public-life">Ali's Retirement from Public life</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#death-fatima-zahra">The Death of Fatima Zahra</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-policy">Abu Bakr's Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#noldeke">Noldeke</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#aims-wars-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Aims of the Wars of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-sickness-and-death">Abu Bakr's sickness and death</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-election-and-democracy">Abu Bakr's election and democracy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/democracy-and-muslims">Democracy and the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa">Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#principal-events-caliphate-umar">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#civil-and-military-administration-and-policy">Civil and Military Administration and Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#some-reflections-conquests-arabs">Some Reflections on the Conquests of the Arabs</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#last-days-umar-bin-al-khattab">The Last Days of Umar bin al-Khattab</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#members-electoral-committee">The Members of the Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#following-deductions-can-be-made-umars-arrangements-finding-khalifa">Following deductions can be made from Umar's arrangements for finding a khalifa:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#muawiyas-verdict-umars-electoral-committee">Muawiya's Verdict on Umar's Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#umar-and-muhammad-mustafa-messenger-god">Umar and Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims">Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#alis-protest">Ali's Protest</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#protest-ammar-ibn-yasir">The Protest of Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-sufyans-congratulations-uthman">Abu Sufyan's Congratulations to Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-bin-affan-third-khalifa-muslims-644-656">Uthman bin Affan, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims, 644-656</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-marriages">Uthman's Marriages</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#principal-events-caliphate-uthman">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#favoritism-and-nepotism-khilafat-uthman">Favoritism and Nepotism in the Khilafat of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#hakam-bin-abul-aas">Hakam bin Abul Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#marwan-bin-al-hakam">Marwan bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#harith-bin-al-hakam">Harith bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-khalid">Abdullah bin Khalid</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#walid-bin-aqaba">Walid bin Aqaba</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#saeed-bin-aas">Saeed bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-saad-bin-abi-sarh">Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#new-governors-provinces">New Governors of the Provinces</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#kufa">Kufa</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#basra">Basra</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#modern-historians-and-caliphate-uthman">Modern Historians and the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-friends-muhammad-messenger-god">Uthman and the Friends of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-dharr-el-ghiffari">Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#ammar-ibn-yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-ibn-masood">Abdullah ibn Masood</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-king-makers">Uthman and the King-makers</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdur-rahman-bin-auf">Abdur Rahman bin Auf</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#causes-assassination-uthman">Causes of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-assassination">Uthman's Assassination</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#aftermath-assassination-uthman">The Aftermath of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-“abdullah-bin-saba”">Uthman and “Abdullah bin Saba”</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph">Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#restoration-kingdom-heaven-earth-caliphate-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The Restoration of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth – (The Caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib)</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#state-umma-alis-accession-throne">The State of the Umma at Ali's Accession to the Throne</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#dismissal-uthmans-governors">Dismissal of Uthman's Governors</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#new-governors">The New Governors</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#1-qays-ibn-saad-ansari-governor-egypt">1. Qays ibn Saad Ansari, the governor of Egypt.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#2-uthman-bin-hunaif-governor-basra">2. Uthman bin Hunaif, the governor of Basra.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#3-ammara-bin-shihab-ansari-governor-designate-kufa">3. Ammara bin Shihab Ansari, the governor - designate of Kufa.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#4-sahl-bin-hunaif-ansari-governor-designate-syria">4. Sahl bin Hunaif Ansari, the governor - designate of Syria.</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#5-obaidullah-ibn-abbas-governor-yemen">5. Obaidullah ibn Abbas, the governor of Yemen.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#qathm-ibn-abbas-governor-designate-makkah">Qathm ibn Abbas, the governor - designate of Makkah.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war">Prelude to the War</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#talha-bin-obaidullah">Talha bin Obaidullah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#zubayr-bin-awwam">Zubayr bin Awwam</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#ayesha-bint-abu-bakr">Ayesha bint Abu Bakr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel">The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#second-civil-war-islam">The Second Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ibn-saad">Ibn Saad</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#hakim">Hakim</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ali-enters-basra">Ali Enters Basra</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/change-capital-medina-kufa">The Change of Capital from Medina to Kufa</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads">The Revival of the Umayyads</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muawiya-bin-abu-sufyan">Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muhammad-ibn-ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin">The Battle of Siffin</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin#battle-layla-tul-harir">The Battle of Layla-tul-Harir</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt">The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the Loss of Egypt</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt#loss-egypt">The Loss of Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/assassination-ali">The Assassination of Ali</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/some-reflections-alis-caliphate">Some Reflections on Ali's Caliphate</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy">Ali's Internal and External Policy</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#internal-policy">Internal Policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#alis-external-policy">Ali's External Policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-apostle-peace">Ali as an Apostle of Peace</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty">Ali and the Ideals of Freedom and Liberty</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty#ali-and-his-legacy">Ali and his Legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/list-firsts-islam">A List of “Firsts” in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/indispensability-equation-islam">The “Indispensability Equation” of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a 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