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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# owl: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rss: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/ site: https://www.al-islam.org/ns# so: http://schema.org/"> <head> <link rel="profile" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="prev" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction" /> <link rel="up" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy" /> <link rel="next" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" /> <link rel="next" href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/all/themes/al_islam_bootstrap/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/default/files/ai_pwa/manifest.json" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en" async="async" defer="defer"></script> <meta name="description" content="It is a convention of historians to begin the history of a region with its geography. They do so partly because the drama of history is played out in the “theater” of its geographical backdrop; and partly because of the factor known in geopolitics as the “determinism of geography.” It has been said that not only institutions but geography, climate, and many other conditions" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.al-islam.org/node/27931" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Al-Islam.org" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Geography of Arabia" /> <meta property="og:description" content="It is a convention of historians to begin the history of a region with its geography. They do so partly because the drama of history is played out in the “theater” of its geographical backdrop; and partly because of the factor known in geopolitics as the “determinism of geography.” It has been said that not only institutions but geography, climate, and many other conditions unite to form the influences which acting through successive generations, shape up the character of individuals and nations, and character plays a vital role in shaping up their history." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2016-07-01T03:10:56-04:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/content-cover/book-og-27929.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/content-cover/book-og-27929.jpeg" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2013-11-10T14:54:56-05:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-07-01T03:10:56-04:00" /> <script 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title = 'Author' href = '/person/sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy'>Sayyid Ali Asghar Razwy</a> </div> </div> <span class = "icon icon-book-open"></span> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <section id="block-ascent-navigation" class="block block-ascent clearfix"> <div class="ascent-wrap"><ul class="menu nav"><li class="first expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Introduction</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction#transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle active">The Geography of Arabia</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia" class="active">1.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#2-republic-yemen" class="active">2. The Republic of Yemen</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#3-sultanate-oman" class="active">3. The Sultanate of Oman</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#4-united-arab-emirates" class="active">4. The United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#5-state-qatar" class="active">5. The State of Qatar</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#6-state-bahrain" class="active">6. The State of Bahrain</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#7-state-kuwait" class="active">7. The State of Kuwait</a></li> <li class="leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#climate" class="active">Climate</a></li> <li class="last leaf active"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#vegetation" class="active">Vegetation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Arabia before Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#political-conditions-arabia">Political Conditions in Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#economic-conditions">Economic Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#social-conditions">Social Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#state-religion-pre-islamic-arabia">The State of Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#education-among-arabs-islam">Education among the Arabs Before Islam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/banu-hashim-birth-islam">Banu Hashim - Before the Birth of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his">The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-muhammad-mustafa-and-khadija">The Marriage of Muhammad Mustafa and Khadija</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/eve-proclamation-his-mission">On the Eve of the Proclamation of His Mission</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-islam-and-proclamation-muhammad">The Birth of Islam and the Proclamation by Muhammad of his Mission</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Early Converts to Islam and their persecution</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their#some-victims-persecution">Some victims of persecution:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia">The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hamza-accepts-islam">Hamza Accepts Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam">Umar's Conversion to Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu#annulling-boycott">The Annulling of the Boycott</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/deaths-khadija-and-abu-talib">The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammads-visit-taif">Muhammad's Visit to Ta'if</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The New Horizons of Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam#second-pledge-aqaba">The Second Pledge of Aqaba</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hijra-migration">The Hijra (Migration)</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The First Year of Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#construction-mosque-yathrib">The Construction of the Mosque in Yathrib</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#adhan-and-prayer">Adhan and Prayer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#yathrib-becomes-medina">Yathrib Becomes Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#groupings-medina">The Groupings in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#charter-or-constitution-medina">The Charter or Constitution of Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajireen-and-ansar">Muhajireen and Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#economic-conditions-medina">Economic Conditions in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#brotherhood-muhajireen-and-ansar">The Brotherhood of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajir-brother-ansari">Muhajir Brother of Ansari</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#assessment-roles-muhajireen-and-ansar">An Assessment of the Roles of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battles-islam">The Battles of Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Second Year of the Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra#change-qibla-–-february-11-ad-624">Change of Qibla – February 11, A.D. 624</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Badr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#prisoners-war">The Prisoners of War</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#results-battle-badr">Results of the Battle of Badr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-fatima-zahra-and-ali-ibn-abi">The Marriage of Fatima Zahra and Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Uhud</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#withdrawal-makkan-army">The Withdrawal of the Makkan Army</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#ali-and-battle-uhud">Ali and the Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#martyrs-uhad">The Martyrs of Uhad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-hasan-and-husain">The Birth of Hasan and Husain</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-fatima-bint-asad-mother-ali-ibn">The Death of Fatima bint Asad, the Mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of the Trench</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench#montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muslims-and-jews">The Muslims and the Jews</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/treaty-hudaybiyya">The Treaty of Hudaybiyya</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Conquest of Khyber</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber#results-conquest-khyber">The Results of the Conquest of Khyber</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/letters-prophet-rulers-neighboring">Letters of the Prophet to the Rulers of Neighboring Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-mootah">The Battle of Mootah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/campaign-dhat-es-salasil">The Campaign of Dhat es-Salasil</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-makkah">The Conquest of Makkah</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Hunayn</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ali-and-battle-hunayn">Ali and the Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ansar-and-spoils-hunayn">The Ansar and the Spoils of Hunayn</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/expedition-tabuk">The Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/proclamation-surah-baraah-or-al-tawbah">The Proclamation of Surah Bara'ah or Al Tawbah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/last-expedition">The Last Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/farewell-pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/coronation-ali-ibn-abi-talib-future">The Coronation of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Future Sovereign of the Muslims and as Head of the Islamic State</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-leader-prayers">Abu Bakr as Leader in Prayers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/unwritten-testament-messenger-god">The Unwritten Testament of the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Wives of the Muhammad the Apostle of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god#translators-note">Translator's Note</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Death of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#monday-rabi-al-awwal-1-11-h">Monday, Rabi al-Awwal 1, 11 A. H.</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#burial-prophet">Burial of the Prophet</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Reaction of the Family and the Companions of Muhammad Mustafa to his Death</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions#death-muhammad-mustafa-and-his-umma">The Death of Muhammad Mustafa and his Umma</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession#following-attempt-answer-question">Following is an attempt to answer this question.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Sunni Theory of Government</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#1-election">1. Election:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#2-nomination">2. Nomination:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#3-selection-plutocrats">3. Selection by plutocrats:</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#4-seizure-government-naked-force">4. Seizure of the government by naked force:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-1">The Struggle for Power 1</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Struggle for Power 2</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2#meeting-ansar-saqifa">The Meeting of the Ansar in Saqifa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Struggle for Power 3</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saqifa-banu-saeda">Saqifa Banu Sa'eda</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saads-speech">Saad's Speech</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-4">The Struggle for Power 4</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/critique-saqifa">A Critique of Saqifa</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Saqifa and the Logic of History</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-1">Question 1</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-2">Question 2</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-3">Question 3</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-4">Question 4</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-5">Question 5</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-6">Question 6</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-7">Question 7</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-8">Question 8</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-9">Question 9</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-10">Question 10</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saad-ibn-ubada-ansari-candidate">Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate for Caliphate</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-first-khalifa-muslims">Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Abu Bakr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#first-civil-war-islam">The First Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#malik-ibn-nuweira-and-massacre-his-tribe">Malik ibn Nuweira and the Massacre of his Tribe</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#other-conquests-abu-bakr">Other Conquests of Abu Bakr</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#seizure-abu-bakr-estate-fadak">Seizure by Abu Bakr of the Estate of Fadak</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#alis-retirement-public-life">Ali's Retirement from Public life</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#death-fatima-zahra">The Death of Fatima Zahra</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-policy">Abu Bakr's Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#noldeke">Noldeke</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#aims-wars-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Aims of the Wars of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-sickness-and-death">Abu Bakr's sickness and death</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-election-and-democracy">Abu Bakr's election and democracy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/democracy-and-muslims">Democracy and the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#principal-events-caliphate-umar">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#civil-and-military-administration-and-policy">Civil and Military Administration and Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#some-reflections-conquests-arabs">Some Reflections on the Conquests of the Arabs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#last-days-umar-bin-al-khattab">The Last Days of Umar bin al-Khattab</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#members-electoral-committee">The Members of the Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#following-deductions-can-be-made-umars-arrangements-finding-khalifa">Following deductions can be made from Umar's arrangements for finding a khalifa:</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#muawiyas-verdict-umars-electoral-committee">Muawiya's Verdict on Umar's Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#umar-and-muhammad-mustafa-messenger-god">Umar and Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#alis-protest">Ali's Protest</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#protest-ammar-ibn-yasir">The Protest of Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-sufyans-congratulations-uthman">Abu Sufyan's Congratulations to Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-bin-affan-third-khalifa-muslims-644-656">Uthman bin Affan, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims, 644-656</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-marriages">Uthman's Marriages</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#principal-events-caliphate-uthman">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#favoritism-and-nepotism-khilafat-uthman">Favoritism and Nepotism in the Khilafat of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#hakam-bin-abul-aas">Hakam bin Abul Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#marwan-bin-al-hakam">Marwan bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#harith-bin-al-hakam">Harith bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-khalid">Abdullah bin Khalid</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#walid-bin-aqaba">Walid bin Aqaba</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#saeed-bin-aas">Saeed bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-saad-bin-abi-sarh">Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#new-governors-provinces" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">New Governors of the Provinces</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#kufa">Kufa</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#basra">Basra</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#modern-historians-and-caliphate-uthman">Modern Historians and the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-friends-muhammad-messenger-god">Uthman and the Friends of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-dharr-el-ghiffari">Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#ammar-ibn-yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-ibn-masood">Abdullah ibn Masood</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-king-makers">Uthman and the King-makers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdur-rahman-bin-auf">Abdur Rahman bin Auf</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#causes-assassination-uthman">Causes of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-assassination">Uthman's Assassination</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#aftermath-assassination-uthman">The Aftermath of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-“abdullah-bin-saba”">Uthman and “Abdullah bin Saba”</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#restoration-kingdom-heaven-earth-caliphate-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The Restoration of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth – (The Caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib)</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#state-umma-alis-accession-throne">The State of the Umma at Ali's Accession to the Throne</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#dismissal-uthmans-governors">Dismissal of Uthman's Governors</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#new-governors" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The New Governors</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#1-qays-ibn-saad-ansari-governor-egypt">1. Qays ibn Saad Ansari, the governor of Egypt.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#2-uthman-bin-hunaif-governor-basra">2. Uthman bin Hunaif, the governor of Basra.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#3-ammara-bin-shihab-ansari-governor-designate-kufa">3. Ammara bin Shihab Ansari, the governor - designate of Kufa.</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#4-sahl-bin-hunaif-ansari-governor-designate-syria">4. Sahl bin Hunaif Ansari, the governor - designate of Syria.</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#5-obaidullah-ibn-abbas-governor-yemen">5. Obaidullah ibn Abbas, the governor of Yemen.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#qathm-ibn-abbas-governor-designate-makkah">Qathm ibn Abbas, the governor - designate of Makkah.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Prelude to the War</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#talha-bin-obaidullah">Talha bin Obaidullah</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#zubayr-bin-awwam">Zubayr bin Awwam</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#ayesha-bint-abu-bakr">Ayesha bint Abu Bakr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#second-civil-war-islam">The Second Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ibn-saad">Ibn Saad</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#hakim">Hakim</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ali-enters-basra">Ali Enters Basra</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/change-capital-medina-kufa">The Change of Capital from Medina to Kufa</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Revival of the Umayyads</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muawiya-bin-abu-sufyan">Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muhammad-ibn-ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Battle of Siffin</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin#battle-layla-tul-harir">The Battle of Layla-tul-Harir</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the Loss of Egypt</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt#loss-egypt">The Loss of Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/assassination-ali">The Assassination of Ali</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/some-reflections-alis-caliphate">Some Reflections on Ali's Caliphate</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali's Internal and External Policy</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#internal-policy">Internal Policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#alis-external-policy">Ali's External Policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-apostle-peace">Ali as an Apostle of Peace</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle">Ali and the Ideals of Freedom and Liberty</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty#ali-and-his-legacy">Ali and his Legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/list-firsts-islam">A List of “Firsts” in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/indispensability-equation-islam">The “Indispensability Equation” of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sacrifices-muhammad-islam">The Sacrifices of Muhammad for Islam</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/major-failure-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Major Failure of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/who-wrote-history-islam-and-how">Who Wrote the History of Islam and How?</a></li> </ul></div> </section> </div> </div> </aside>  <section class="col-sm-6"> <a id="main-content"></a>   <div class="readtime-box"> <span class="icon-clock"></span> <div class="eta"></div> <div> read</div> </div>  <span style="text-align: center;padding: 5px;display: none;position: absolute;right: 1px;" class="offline-saved"><a href="/saved"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" width="25" height="25" viewBox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <desc>Created with Fabric.js 1.7.22</desc> <defs> </defs> <g transform="translate(128 128) scale(0.72 0.72)" style=""> <g style="stroke: none; stroke-width: 0; stroke-dasharray: none; stroke-linecap: butt; stroke-linejoin: miter; stroke-miterlimit: 10; fill: none; fill-rule: nonzero; opacity: 1;" transform="translate(-175.05 -175.05000000000004) scale(3.89 3.89)" > <path d="M 52.1 90 H 37.9 c -2.867 0 -5.2 -2.333 -5.2 -5.2 v -2.114 c 0 -0.329 -0.191 -0.634 -0.454 -0.725 c -1.482 -0.511 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0 -13.204 -2.652 -17.991 -7.439 c -5.265 -5.265 -7.947 -12.561 -7.359 -20.016 c 0.97 -12.296 10.974 -22.3 23.27 -23.27 c 7.457 -0.588 14.751 2.095 20.016 7.359 c 5.265 5.266 7.947 12.561 7.36 20.017 c -0.971 12.297 -10.975 22.3 -23.271 23.27 l 0 0 C 46.376 70.376 45.701 70.402 45.028 70.402 z M 44.969 26.598 c -0.489 0 -0.979 0.02 -1.471 0.058 c -8.899 0.702 -16.14 7.943 -16.842 16.843 c -0.427 5.41 1.516 10.7 5.331 14.515 s 9.1 5.761 14.516 5.331 l 0 0 c 8.899 -0.701 16.141 -7.941 16.843 -16.842 c 0.427 -5.41 -1.517 -10.701 -5.331 -14.516 C 54.546 28.519 49.857 26.598 44.969 26.598 z" style="stroke: none; stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: none; stroke-linecap: butt; stroke-linejoin: miter; stroke-miterlimit: 10; fill: rgb(0,0,0); fill-rule: nonzero; opacity: 1;" transform=" matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0) " stroke-linecap="round" /> </g> </g> </svg></a></span> <button class="offline-btn" id = 27929 data-title = "A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims" data-rel = "page" data-url = restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy data-type = fulllengthtext></button> <div class="texts-limit-reached"></div> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="overlay-spinner"> <div class="spinner"> <div class="spinner-container container1"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> <div class="spinner-container container2"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> <div class="spinner-container container3"> <div class="circle1"></div> <div class="circle2"></div> <div class="circle3"></div> <div class="circle4"></div> </div> </div></div><article id="node-27931" class="node node-book node-promoted node-sticky clearfix" about="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" typeof="so:CreativeWork"> <header class="node-header-book"> <h2>The Geography of Arabia</h2> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="so:text"><p>It is a convention of historians to begin the history of a region with its geography. They do so partly because the drama of history is played out in the “theater” of its geographical backdrop; and partly because of the factor known in geopolitics as the “determinism of geography.” </p> <p>It has been said that not only institutions but geography, climate, and many other conditions unite to form the influences which acting through successive generations, shape up the character of individuals and nations, and character plays a vital role in shaping up their history.</p> <p>The Arabian peninsula is the cradle of Islam. Islam was “born” in it, and “grew up” in it, and was already “full-grown” when it came out of it. It was in the Arabian cities of Makkah and Medina that the classic Islamic identity was evolved, and Islam actually “jelled.” A grasp of the geography of Arabia, therefore, is necessary for the understanding of the drift of its history.</p> <p>Following is a synopsis of the geography of the Arabian peninsula:</p> <p>Arabia, like any other region, has the kind of terrain that molds and modifies those who live in it and move through it. It's a stern, grim and inhospitable land, and is or was, until the obtrusion of oil, a constant challenge for survival to the wits of man. His survival in it depended upon his ability to come to terms with it.</p> <p>Contrary to popular notions, Arabia is not all a wilderness of sand. It has considerable variety in the configuration of its surface, the salient features of which are broiling sand, mauve mountains, jagged gulches, grotesque peaks spiking a copper sky, friable rocks, flinty plains, startling geometrical and conical shapes of crags, constantly shifting sand dunes and oases, and mirages of lakes, streams and gardens.</p> <p>Though most of the surface of the desert is bleak and desolate, Arabia has many parts which are highly photogenic. They possess a peculiar, rhythmic, haunting, elusive and illusive beauty – the beauty of textured sand, which like the waves of the sea, is forever in motion. </p> <p>This beauty is even more evanescent than the beauty of the patterns of fern and feather in frost, and even more ephemeral than the cosmetic of freshly-fallen snow. The ripples of sand extend as far as the horizons and beyond, in a world of silence and emptiness. The sun makes bright scales on the sand, and the wind makes strange, surrealistic, and “futuristic” patterns in it only to obliterate them a few moments later. </p> <p>Thus the wind is constantly creating, destroying and recreating beauty. And this beauty, in all its infinite similitudes, is born to blush unseen in the desert air, and to perish and vanish unsung. In the immensity of sand, the landscape keeps changing and assuming forever newer and more fantastic shapes, and keeps erratically “moving” from one place to another. Sand can be piled up into massive dunes which can rise more than 150 meters above bedrock. </p> <p>Depending on the direction and force of the wind, the dunes assume a variety of shapes like the spectacular crescent moon or long parallel ridges or great pyramidal massifs which may be called sand mountains.</p> <p>If the desert has many faces, it also has many moods, and most of them are unpredictable. One moment it may be deceptively benign and tranquil but the very next moment, it may become vicious, temperamental, menacing and treacherous like a turbulent ocean. Whole caravans of men, camels and horses, are said to have disappeared in it, devoured, as if, by the cruel and hungry sands.</p> <p>In a sandstorm which can last for several days, the sun, the moon, the stars, the contours of the landscape and the horizons are all obliterated, and towering columns of dust spin crazily, flashing surreal shadows over the surface of the roiling desert. </p> <p>In summer, the vertical sun generates thermal whirlwinds which scorch the land as if with a torch, and the desert becomes a composite of two elements – heat and sand. Sometimes a dust storm is followed by a brisk shower which sports a “double-rainbow” – a full rainbow inset with a smaller one. Thus horror and beauty both fit strangely into the “life-cycle” of the desert.</p> <p>But through it all and forever, the desert remains remote, silent, sinister, savage, forbidding and formidable; and it remains overwhelming in its vast and awesome loneliness. Some people believe that the brooding desert has its own “mystique” which profoundly affects men. It is against this backdrop that the Arab – the son of the desert – played out his life.</p> <p>Arabia is the world's largest peninsula but the Arabs themselves call it <em>Jazirat-ul-Arab</em> (the Island of Arabia), which in a sense it is. Bounded on the east by the Persian Gulf, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by the Red Sea, it is bounded on the north by the great “sand sea” of the Syrian desert.</p> <p>In outline, Arabia is a quadrilateral with an area of 1.2 million square miles. The Red Sea littoral from the Gulf of Aqaba in the north to the Bab-el-Mendeb in the south, is 1200 miles long; and the distance from Bab-el-Mendeb in the west to Ras-el-Hadd in the east is roughly the same.</p> <p>In configuration, Arabia is a vast plateau rising gently from east to west. Except for Yemen and the valleys interspersed in the western mountain ranges, the whole country is sandy or rocky, and dry and barren.</p> <p>Following are the political divisions of the Arabian peninsula (1992):</p> <p>1. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</p> <p>2. The Republic of Yemen</p> <p>3. The Sultanate of Oman</p> <p>4. The United Arab Emirates</p> <p>5. The State of Qatar</p> <p>6. The State of Bahrain</p> <p>7. The State of Kuwait</p> <p><strong>Following is a brief description of each of these seven political units:</strong></p> <h2><a name="1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia" href="#1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia" id="1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia">1.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></h2> <p>The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia accounts for 850,000 square miles of the Arabian peninsula. Its population is estimated at ten million, and its capital is Riyadh.</p> <p>The “maritime” provinces of the Kingdom are Hijaz and Aseer on the Red Sea. The narrow coastal plain of Tihama runs parallel to the Red Sea.</p> <p>The twin cities of Makkah and Medina are in the province of Hijaz. Hijaz, therefore, is the holy land of Islam. The population of Hijaz is estimated at two million, and its area is 135,000 square miles. Other cities and towns in Hijaz are Jeddah, the port of Makkah, and the country's major commercial center; Yenbo, the port of Medina; Ta'if, a hill station in the south-east of Makkah, and the summer capital of the kingdom; Khyber, Tabuk and Tayma.</p> <p>The “Great Design” of Islam was perfected in Hijaz, and the history of its birth and growth is inextricably bound up with this province which makes it the hub of the Muslim world.</p> <p>Aseer is the relatively fertile strip of coastal plains and mountains in the south-west, north of Yemen, with some peaks rising as high as 10,000 feet, and sufficient rainfall to permit terraced farming. The famous hill station of Abha and the important agricultural settlement of Jizan are in Aseer. Jizan is the port for Aseer.</p> <p>Najd is the central highland of Arabia with a mean elevation of 3000 feet. The dominant feature of its topography is the mountain system called Tuwayq. Riyadh, the capital of the kingdom, is in Najd. The oases of Buraydah and Hayil are in the northern part of Najd.</p> <p>Al-Hasa or the Eastern Province is on the Persian Gulf. All the oil and gas of the kingdom are found in this province. It also has the important oases ofHofuf and Qatif. The leading commercial centers of the province are Al-Khobar and the port city of Dammam. Other important cities are Dhahran and Ras Tanura.</p> <p>The Ruba'-al-Khali (the Empty Quarter) in the south is the largest continuous body of sand in the world, and covers an area of 250,000 square miles. To the Arabs, it is known simply as “Ar-Ramal” (the Sands). It is an almost lifeless desert, and is one of the most isolated and desolate regions of the world.</p> <p>An-Nufud in the north of the peninsula is the second largest desert in Arabia. It is 30,000 square miles in area.</p> <h2><a name="2-republic-yemen" href="#2-republic-yemen" id="2-republic-yemen">2. The Republic of Yemen</a></h2> <p>The Republic of Yemen is in the south and south-west of the Arabian peninsula, with a population of 11 million and an area of 190,000 square miles. It is the only part of the peninsula that receives monsoon rains, making it the most fertile and populous part of the area. The highest mountain of Arabia, An-Nabi Sho'aib, is in Yemen, and reaches a height of 12,350 feet.</p> <p>Sana'ais the capital and the largest city in the country. It is at an elevation of 7200 feet, and is noted for its healthful climate. Aden is the commercial capital. Al-Mocha, Al-Hodaydah, Ta'izz, and Mukalla are other cities. Sayun and Shibam are towns which are famous for their skyscrapers.</p> <h2><a name="3-sultanate-oman" href="#3-sultanate-oman" id="3-sultanate-oman">3. The Sultanate of Oman</a></h2> <p>The Sultanate of Oman occupies the south-east corner of the Arabian peninsula and consists of the regions of Oman and Dhofar. It has a population of one million and an area of 90,000 square miles. Muscat is the capital and Matrah is the largest town.</p> <h2><a name="4-united-arab-emirates" href="#4-united-arab-emirates" id="4-united-arab-emirates">4. The United Arab Emirates</a></h2> <p>The United Arab Emirates comprise the seven states of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, Fujairah, Ras el-Khaimah, and Umm el-Quiwain. They add up to a total of 32,000 square miles, and a population of 500,000. The capital of the Union is Abu Dhabi which is also the largest and most important city of the Emirates.</p> <h2><a name="5-state-qatar" href="#5-state-qatar" id="5-state-qatar">5. The State of Qatar</a></h2> <p>Qatar has an area of 4250 square miles and a population of 200,000. Its capital is Doha. Qatar has the smallest population of any Arab state.</p> <h2><a name="6-state-bahrain" href="#6-state-bahrain" id="6-state-bahrain">6. The State of Bahrain</a></h2> <p>Bahrain is a group of 30 islands, with a total area of 240 square miles, and a population of 300,000. Manama, the capital, is on Bahrain Island, and Muharraq is the second largest city in the group of islands.</p> <h2><a name="7-state-kuwait" href="#7-state-kuwait" id="7-state-kuwait">7. The State of Kuwait</a></h2> <p>Kuwait is 6200 square miles in area, and has a population of 1.5 million. Kuwait City is the capital.</p> <h2><a name="climate" href="#climate" id="climate">Climate</a></h2> <p>Although the Tropic of Cancer passes through the center of the Arabian peninsula, the land is not tropical. Its summers are long and extremely hot, with temperatures rising as high as 130 degrees Fahrenheit in many places. Winters are short and cold. Rainfall is scanty, averaging four inches a year. The south-west corner, however, gets relatively heavy rainfall, as much as twenty inches.</p> <h2><a name="vegetation" href="#vegetation" id="vegetation">Vegetation</a></h2> <p>Vegetation is generally very sparse due to lack of rain and due to the high salt content of the soil. True trees are rare, and shrubs are common. All plants have had to adapt themselves to the conditions of desert existence.</p> <p>The date-palm grows wherever there is water. It is the most important cultivated tree in the whole peninsula. Date fruit is the staple of many Arabs, and the tree supplies valuable wood and other by-products. Tamarisk and acacia trees are also found in many parts of the country.</p> <p>The principal cereals of Arabia are wheat, barley, oats, maize and millet. Coffee grows in Yemen; and cotton grows, in varying quantities, in Yemen and in Oman. The mango fruit has been successfully cultivated in the oases of Al-Hasa province of Saudi Arabia, and the coconut palm grows in Oman. Such “forests” as Arabia has, are a few clusters of junipers in the highlands of Yemen.</p> <p><strong>The Ecology of Arabia</strong> The most important component of the ecology of the Arabian peninsula is water. Its presence or absence has shaped its history to a great extent. Settlers were attracted to the site of Makkah in Hijaz by the presence of the spring discovered by Hajra, the wife of Ibrahim and the mother of Ismael, and was named by her as <em>Zamzam.</em> Assured by the availability of its tart waters in all seasons, they built the city of Makkah around it.</p> <p>The hydrosphere of the region consists of wells, torrents and flash-floods. The whole area is devoid of rivers and streams with the exception of the sixty-mile long Hajar in the Republic of Yemen. But even this is not a perennial stream; it becomes a stream only when torrential rains fall in its basin.</p> <p>A new and complex factor of tremendous geopolitical significance is the presence of vast reservoirs of oil in the Arabian peninsula. In 1900 the whole peninsula was thinly populated, and was desolate, poverty-stricken and isolated. It was one of the few regions in the world almost untouched by western influence. </p> <p>Then came oil and everything changed. Saudi Arabia sold her first concession in 1923, and the first producing well was drilled in 1938. Within a few years, annual revenues from petroleum exceeded $1 million. The kingdom passed the $1 billion mark in 1970; the $100 billion mark in 1980. </p> <p>Life in Saudi Arabia and in the other oil producing sheikdoms in the Persian Gulf was transformed by the effects of the new wealth – spectacular fortunes, rapid economic development, the arrival of foreign labor, international clout – perhaps more radically than life has been transformed anywhere else at any time in human experience.</p> <p>The oil wealth is changing the face of the land in numerous parts of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf sheikdoms. It has made it possible to enlist modern technology to draw water from great depths or to convert sea water through desalination, and to bring barren lands under cultivation by using it for irrigation. </p> <p>Reclamation of land for farming is also changing the demographic character of the peninsula. Nomadic tribes are striking roots in permanent settlements wherever availability of water is assured.Most sophisticated techniques are being applied in an attempt to control sand movement and to tame a hostile environment.</p> <p>The most important animal in Arabia was the camel. The Arabian camel is the single-humped variety, or dromedary, as against the two-humped camel of Central Asia, the Bactrian. The dromedary has flat, broad, thick-soled cloven hoofs that do not sink into the sand, and it can travel long distances in the desert. </p> <p>The milk of the camel formed an important part of the diet of the desert Arabs, and camel hair was used by them to make their tents. The camel, therefore, was indispensable for survival in the desert.</p> <p>But amazingly and incredibly, the camel has almost disappeared from Saudi Arabia and all the sheikdoms of the Persian Gulf. William J. Polk writes in his book, <em>Passing Brave</em>, published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York, in 1973:</p> <p>“Shortly before his death in 1960, the great English desert explorer, St. John Philby, prophesied that within thirty years Arabia would have no camels. He was laughed at then but today it seems that his prophecy may have been overly generous. The camel and its parasite, the nomad, have almost disappeared from Arabia. </p> <p>Thus the era which began about 3000 years ago with the domestication of the camel, is ending. The camel has played a major role in the rise of civilization.”</p> <p>Diesel trucks, trains, and jet airplanes have taken the place of camels and camel caravans. Most Arabs now travel by automobile or by air. The camels and the camel caravans have become “obsolete” in Arabia.</p> </div></div></div> <div id="book-navigation-27929" class="book-navigation"> <div class="book-toc btn-group pull-right"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-list" aria-hidden="true"></span> Outline <span class="caret"></span></button><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy">A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction">Introduction</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/introduction#transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia" class="active">The Geography of Arabia</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#1the-kingdom-saudi-arabia" class="active">1.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#2-republic-yemen" class="active">2. The Republic of Yemen</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#3-sultanate-oman" class="active">3. The Sultanate of Oman</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#4-united-arab-emirates" class="active">4. The United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#5-state-qatar" class="active">5. The State of Qatar</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#6-state-bahrain" class="active">6. The State of Bahrain</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#7-state-kuwait" class="active">7. The State of Kuwait</a></li> <li class="leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#climate" class="active">Climate</a></li> <li class="last leaf active" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/geography-arabia#vegetation" class="active">Vegetation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam">Arabia before Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#political-conditions-arabia">Political Conditions in Arabia</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#economic-conditions">Economic Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#social-conditions">Social Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#state-religion-pre-islamic-arabia">The State of Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/arabia-islam#education-among-arabs-islam">Education among the Arabs Before Islam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/banu-hashim-birth-islam">Banu Hashim - Before the Birth of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his">The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-muhammad-mustafa-and-khadija">The Marriage of Muhammad Mustafa and Khadija</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/eve-proclamation-his-mission">On the Eve of the Proclamation of His Mission</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-islam-and-proclamation-muhammad">The Birth of Islam and the Proclamation by Muhammad of his Mission</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their">Early Converts to Islam and their persecution</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/early-converts-islam-and-their#some-victims-persecution">Some victims of persecution:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia">The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hamza-accepts-islam">Hamza Accepts Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam">Umar's Conversion to Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu">The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/economic-and-social-boycott-banu#annulling-boycott">The Annulling of the Boycott</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/deaths-khadija-and-abu-talib">The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammads-visit-taif">Muhammad's Visit to Ta'if</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam">The New Horizons of Islam</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/new-horizons-islam#second-pledge-aqaba">The Second Pledge of Aqaba</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/hijra-migration">The Hijra (Migration)</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra">The First Year of Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#construction-mosque-yathrib">The Construction of the Mosque in Yathrib</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#adhan-and-prayer">Adhan and Prayer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#yathrib-becomes-medina">Yathrib Becomes Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#groupings-medina">The Groupings in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#charter-or-constitution-medina">The Charter or Constitution of Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajireen-and-ansar">Muhajireen and Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#economic-conditions-medina">Economic Conditions in Medina</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#brotherhood-muhajireen-and-ansar">The Brotherhood of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#muhajir-brother-ansari">Muhajir Brother of Ansari</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/first-year-hijra#assessment-roles-muhajireen-and-ansar">An Assessment of the Roles of the Muhajireen and the Ansar</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battles-islam">The Battles of Islam</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra">The Second Year of the Hijra</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/second-year-hijra#change-qibla-–-february-11-ad-624">Change of Qibla – February 11, A.D. 624</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr">The Battle of Badr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#prisoners-war">The Prisoners of War</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-badr#results-battle-badr">Results of the Battle of Badr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/marriage-fatima-zahra-and-ali-ibn-abi">The Marriage of Fatima Zahra and Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud">The Battle of Uhud</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#withdrawal-makkan-army">The Withdrawal of the Makkan Army</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#ali-and-battle-uhud">Ali and the Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-uhud#martyrs-uhad">The Martyrs of Uhad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-hasan-and-husain">The Birth of Hasan and Husain</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-fatima-bint-asad-mother-ali-ibn">The Death of Fatima bint Asad, the Mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench">The Battle of the Trench</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-trench#montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muslims-and-jews">The Muslims and the Jews</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/treaty-hudaybiyya">The Treaty of Hudaybiyya</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber">The Conquest of Khyber</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-khyber#results-conquest-khyber">The Results of the Conquest of Khyber</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/letters-prophet-rulers-neighboring">Letters of the Prophet to the Rulers of Neighboring Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-mootah">The Battle of Mootah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/campaign-dhat-es-salasil">The Campaign of Dhat es-Salasil</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/conquest-makkah">The Conquest of Makkah</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn">The Battle of Hunayn</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ali-and-battle-hunayn">Ali and the Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-hunayn#ansar-and-spoils-hunayn">The Ansar and the Spoils of Hunayn</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/expedition-tabuk">The Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/proclamation-surah-baraah-or-al-tawbah">The Proclamation of Surah Bara'ah or Al Tawbah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/last-expedition">The Last Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/farewell-pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/coronation-ali-ibn-abi-talib-future">The Coronation of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Future Sovereign of the Muslims and as Head of the Islamic State</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-leader-prayers">Abu Bakr as Leader in Prayers</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/unwritten-testament-messenger-god">The Unwritten Testament of the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god">The Wives of the Muhammad the Apostle of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/wives-muhammad-apostle-god#translators-note">Translator's Note</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god">The Death of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#monday-rabi-al-awwal-1-11-h">Monday, Rabi al-Awwal 1, 11 A. H.</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-muhammad-messenger-god#burial-prophet">Burial of the Prophet</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions">The Reaction of the Family and the Companions of Muhammad Mustafa to his Death</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/reaction-family-and-companions#death-muhammad-mustafa-and-his-umma">The Death of Muhammad Mustafa and his Umma</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession">Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/muhammad-mustafa-and-his-succession#following-attempt-answer-question">Following is an attempt to answer this question.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government">The Sunni Theory of Government</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#1-election">1. Election:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#2-nomination">2. Nomination:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#3-selection-plutocrats">3. Selection by plutocrats:</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/sunni-theory-government#4-seizure-government-naked-force">4. Seizure of the government by naked force:</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-1">The Struggle for Power 1</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2">The Struggle for Power 2</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-2#meeting-ansar-saqifa">The Meeting of the Ansar in Saqifa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3">The Struggle for Power 3</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saqifa-banu-saeda">Saqifa Banu Sa'eda</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-3#saads-speech">Saad's Speech</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/struggle-power-4">The Struggle for Power 4</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/critique-saqifa">A Critique of Saqifa</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history">Saqifa and the Logic of History</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-1">Question 1</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-2">Question 2</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-3">Question 3</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-4">Question 4</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-5">Question 5</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-6">Question 6</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-7">Question 7</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-8">Question 8</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-9">Question 9</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#question-10">Question 10</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saqifa-and-logic-history#answer">Answer</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/saad-ibn-ubada-ansari-candidate">Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate for Caliphate</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/abu-bakr-first-khalifa-muslims">Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Abu Bakr</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#first-civil-war-islam">The First Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#usamas-expedition">Usama's Expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#malik-ibn-nuweira-and-massacre-his-tribe">Malik ibn Nuweira and the Massacre of his Tribe</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#other-conquests-abu-bakr">Other Conquests of Abu Bakr</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#seizure-abu-bakr-estate-fadak">Seizure by Abu Bakr of the Estate of Fadak</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#alis-retirement-public-life">Ali's Retirement from Public life</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#death-fatima-zahra">The Death of Fatima Zahra</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-policy">Abu Bakr's Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#noldeke">Noldeke</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#aims-wars-abu-bakr-and-umar">The Aims of the Wars of Abu Bakr and Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-sickness-and-death">Abu Bakr's sickness and death</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/principal-events-caliphate-abu-bakr#abu-bakrs-election-and-democracy">Abu Bakr's election and democracy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/democracy-and-muslims">Democracy and the Muslims</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa">Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#principal-events-caliphate-umar">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Umar</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#civil-and-military-administration-and-policy">Civil and Military Administration and Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#some-reflections-conquests-arabs">Some Reflections on the Conquests of the Arabs</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#last-days-umar-bin-al-khattab">The Last Days of Umar bin al-Khattab</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#members-electoral-committee">The Members of the Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#following-deductions-can-be-made-umars-arrangements-finding-khalifa">Following deductions can be made from Umar's arrangements for finding a khalifa:</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#muawiyas-verdict-umars-electoral-committee">Muawiya's Verdict on Umar's Electoral Committee</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/umar-bin-al-khattab-second-khalifa#umar-and-muhammad-mustafa-messenger-god">Umar and Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims">Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#alis-protest">Ali's Protest</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#protest-ammar-ibn-yasir">The Protest of Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-sufyans-congratulations-uthman">Abu Sufyan's Congratulations to Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-bin-affan-third-khalifa-muslims-644-656">Uthman bin Affan, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims, 644-656</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-marriages">Uthman's Marriages</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#principal-events-caliphate-uthman">Principal Events of the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#favoritism-and-nepotism-khilafat-uthman">Favoritism and Nepotism in the Khilafat of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#hakam-bin-abul-aas">Hakam bin Abul Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#marwan-bin-al-hakam">Marwan bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#harith-bin-al-hakam">Harith bin al-Hakam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-khalid">Abdullah bin Khalid</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#walid-bin-aqaba">Walid bin Aqaba</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#saeed-bin-aas">Saeed bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-bin-saad-bin-abi-sarh">Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#new-governors-provinces">New Governors of the Provinces</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#kufa">Kufa</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#basra">Basra</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#modern-historians-and-caliphate-uthman">Modern Historians and the Caliphate of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-friends-muhammad-messenger-god">Uthman and the Friends of Muhammad, the Messenger of God</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abu-dharr-el-ghiffari">Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#ammar-ibn-yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdullah-ibn-masood">Abdullah ibn Masood</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-king-makers">Uthman and the King-makers</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#abdur-rahman-bin-auf">Abdur Rahman bin Auf</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#causes-assassination-uthman">Causes of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthmans-assassination">Uthman's Assassination</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#aftermath-assassination-uthman">The Aftermath of the Assassination of Uthman</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims#uthman-and-“abdullah-bin-saba”">Uthman and “Abdullah bin Saba”</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph">Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph of the Muslims</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#restoration-kingdom-heaven-earth-caliphate-ali-ibn-abi-talib">The Restoration of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth – (The Caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib)</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#state-umma-alis-accession-throne">The State of the Umma at Ali's Accession to the Throne</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#dismissal-uthmans-governors">Dismissal of Uthman's Governors</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#new-governors">The New Governors</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#1-qays-ibn-saad-ansari-governor-egypt">1. Qays ibn Saad Ansari, the governor of Egypt.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#2-uthman-bin-hunaif-governor-basra">2. Uthman bin Hunaif, the governor of Basra.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#3-ammara-bin-shihab-ansari-governor-designate-kufa">3. Ammara bin Shihab Ansari, the governor - designate of Kufa.</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#4-sahl-bin-hunaif-ansari-governor-designate-syria">4. Sahl bin Hunaif Ansari, the governor - designate of Syria.</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#5-obaidullah-ibn-abbas-governor-yemen">5. Obaidullah ibn Abbas, the governor of Yemen.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-ibn-abi-talib-fourth-caliph#qathm-ibn-abbas-governor-designate-makkah">Qathm ibn Abbas, the governor - designate of Makkah.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war">Prelude to the War</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#talha-bin-obaidullah">Talha bin Obaidullah</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#zubayr-bin-awwam">Zubayr bin Awwam</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/prelude-war#ayesha-bint-abu-bakr">Ayesha bint Abu Bakr</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel">The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#second-civil-war-islam">The Second Civil War in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ibn-saad">Ibn Saad</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#hakim">Hakim</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel#ali-enters-basra">Ali Enters Basra</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/change-capital-medina-kufa">The Change of Capital from Medina to Kufa</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads">The Revival of the Umayyads</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muawiya-bin-abu-sufyan">Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#muhammad-ibn-ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/revival-umayyads#amr-bin-aas">Amr bin Aas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin">The Battle of Siffin</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/battle-siffin#battle-layla-tul-harir">The Battle of Layla-tul-Harir</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt">The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the Loss of Egypt</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/death-malik-al-ashtar-and-loss-egypt#loss-egypt">The Loss of Egypt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/assassination-ali">The Assassination of Ali</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/some-reflections-alis-caliphate">Some Reflections on Ali's Caliphate</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy">Ali's Internal and External Policy</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#internal-policy">Internal Policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/alis-internal-and-external-policy#alis-external-policy">Ali's External Policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-apostle-peace">Ali as an Apostle of Peace</a></li> <li class="expanded" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty">Ali and the Ideals of Freedom and Liberty</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/ali-and-ideals-freedom-and-liberty#ali-and-his-legacy">Ali and his Legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/list-firsts-islam">A List of “Firsts” in Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a href="/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/indispensability-equation-islam">The “Indispensability Equation” of Islam</a></li> <li class="leaf" role="presentation"><a 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LOGIN </form> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display:none;" class="row forgot-password-wrapper"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="new_custom_forgot_password"> <div class="form-item form-item-mail form-type-textfield form-group"> <input placeholder="Enter E-mail address" class="form-control form-text required" type="text" name="mail" value="" size="60" maxlength="254"> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper form-group"> <button id="get_magic_link" name="op" value="Magic_link" class="btn btn-default form-submit" style="pointer-events: unset;">GET MAGIC LINK </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="new_register_spacer"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> #new_login_signup_form .modal-content { text-align: center; } #new_login_signup_form .modal-content img.site-logo { padding: 30px; } #new_login_signup_form .dynamic_heading { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 8px 0 32px; color: #949494; text-align: center; } #new_login_signup_form .fboauth-popup { background-color: #39579b; padding: 3px 12px; } #new_login_signup_form .fb-icon { color: white; font-size: x-large; line-height: inherit; } #new_login_signup_form .own-mail-text, #new_login_signup_form .fb-text { color: white; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; vertical-align: super; } #new_login_signup_form .own-mail-text { vertical-align: text-bottom; } #new_login_signup_form .g-mail-wrapper, #new_login_signup_form .own-email-inner { margin-top: 10px; } #new_login_signup_form .google_button, #new_login_signup_form .own_email { background-color: #979595; padding: 3px 12px; text-align: left; width: 220px; } #new_login_signup_form .google_button { background-color: #d50c22 !important; } #new_login_signup_form .login-icons { color: white; font-size: 20px; line-height: inherit; } .forgot-password-wrapper, .sign-up-things-wrapper, .login-things-wrapper { padding: 0% 5% 5% 5%; } .new_custom_forgot_password, .new_custom_register, .new_custom_login { padding: 0px 65px 0px 65px; } #sucessfullsignin, #get_magic_link, #main_signin_submit, #main_login_submit { border: 0px; height: 36px; display: inline-block; border-radius: 20px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 0px 18px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: pointer; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background-color: #083a57; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-transform: uppercase; } #already-a-member, #not-Yet-On-alislam { color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700; } #already-a-member{ margin-top:15px; } div.new_register_spacer{ margin-top:20px; } #custom-registration-errors{ margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: -5px; color: #a94442; } div.custom-error-msg{ display:none; padding: 6px 12px; width: 75%; margin: auto; background-color: #f2dede; border-color: #ebccd1; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 4px; } div.custom-success-msg{ display:none; padding: 6px 12px; width: 75%; margin: auto; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 4px; } #new_login_signup_form div#forgot_password{ text-align: right; margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } #new_login_signup_form .forgot-password-wrapper{ margin-top:20px; } .new_custom_forgot_password .form-item-mail{ margin-bottom:0px; } #sucessfullsignin{ margin-top: 15px; } #new_login_signup_form .own-email-inner, #new_login_signup_form .g-mail-wrapper a, #new_login_signup_form .fb-connect-inner{ display:inline-block; text-decoration:none; } #new_login_signup_form .own_email, #new_login_signup_form .google_button, #new_login_signup_form .fboauth-popup{ display:flex; align-items:center; } #new_login_signup_form .google_button img{ margin-left:1px; } @media (min-width : 0px) and (max-width : 767px) and (orientation : portrait) { .new_custom_forgot_password, .new_custom_register, .new_custom_login { padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; } .g-recaptcha{ transform:scale(0.88); -webkit-transform:scale(0.88); transform-origin:0 0; -webkit-transform-origin:0 0; } } </style> <script src="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/js/js_LleJ_kIYlT09vQ-tDLdeajY5ghbTqt6Q1AQS9YBj37U.js"></script> <script src="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/js/js_MLVgtzZ1ORq9krYqkeOsRay6ou_T-0QZytivuM9tTT8.js"></script> <script>da2a.targets=[ {title:"The Geography of Arabia",url:"https:\/\/www.al-islam.org\/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy\/geography-arabia"}]; da2a.html_done=true;if(da2a.script_ready&&!da2a.done)da2a.init();da2a.script_load();</script> <script src="https://www.al-islam.org/sites/default/files/js/js_MRdvkC2u4oGsp5wVxBG1pGV5NrCPW3mssHxIn6G9tGE.js"></script> </body> </html>