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class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨賲賳睾賷乇廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬鬲噩丿丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; 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href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨禺賱丕賱丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞賲爻鬲卮賮賶丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱賵丕賱賰賷賱亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮廿胤賱丕賯丕賱賳丕乇賮賷睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲丕賱毓丕丿賱賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-賵氐賮_丕賱賲賵賯毓_賵丕賱賳賯賵卮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賵氐賮_丕賱賲賵賯毓_賵丕賱賳賯賵卮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>賵氐賮丕賱賲賵賯毓賵丕賱賳賯賵卮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賵氐賮_丕賱賲賵賯毓_賵丕賱賳賯賵卮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賳賯賵卮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賳賯賵卮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>丕賱賳賯賵卮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賳賯賵卮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">賯丕乇丞丕賱賲夭丕丿 (爻賰丕賰丕)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞鬲鬲賵丕噩丿賮賯胤賮賷賴匕賴丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕廿賱賶丕賱賱睾丕鬲丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22689145#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞賵氐賱丕鬲亘賷賳丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="丕毓乇囟氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)" rel="discussion" title="賳賯丕卮氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇賱賴噩丞丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="賲毓丕賷賳丞"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=edit" title="毓丿賱丕賱賰賵丿丕賱賲氐丿乇賷賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=history" title="丕賱賳爻禺丕賱爻丕亘賯丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">兀丿賵丕鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E6E3CF;color:#000000"> 丕賱賲賵賯毓丕賱噩睾乇丕賮賷</th> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #D4D0BA dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱賲氐丿乇賷</span></a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&veaction=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱</span></a> </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘"><img alt="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>賯丕乇丞丕賱賲夭丕丿</b> 賴賵噩亘賱賷賯毓賮賷丕賱卮賲丕賱丕賱卮乇賯賷賲賳賲丿賷賳丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="爻賰丕賰丕">爻賰丕賰丕</a> 毓購孬乇賮賷賴毓賱賶賲噩賲賵毓丞賲賳 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賳賯賵卮賳亘胤賷丞 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">丕賱賳賯賵卮丕賱賳亘胤賷丞</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賵氐賮_丕賱賲賵賯毓_賵丕賱賳賯賵卮"><span id=".D9.88.D8.B5.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.88.D9.82.D8.B9_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.82.D9.88.D8.B4"></span>賵氐賮丕賱賲賵賯毓賵丕賱賳賯賵卮</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賵氐賮丕賱賲賵賯毓賵丕賱賳賯賵卮"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賷賯毓丕賱噩亘賱毓賱賶亘毓丿 6 賰賷賱賵丕鬲賲賳囟丕丨賷丞丕賱賱賯丕卅胤丕賱賵丕賯毓丞卮賲丕賱卮乇賯賲丿賷賳丞爻賰丕賰丕. 丕賱賳賯賵卮賲賵噩賵丿丞毓賱賶丕賱賵丕噩賴丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞賱賱噩亘賱賵賴賷賲鬲賯丕乇亘丞賲賳亘毓囟賴丕丕賱亘毓囟. 賷亘賱睾毓丿丿丕賱賳賯賵卮 22 賳賯卮賸丕賳亘胤賷賸丕賵兀睾賱亘賴丕賷丨鬲賵賷毓賱賶毓亘丕乇丕鬲毓爻賰乇賷丞賲賲丕賷丿賱毓賱賶兀賳賰丕鬲亘賴丕賰丕賳賷毓賲賱賮賷丕賱噩賷卮丕賱賳亘胤賷丕賱匕賷賰丕賳賱賴丨丕賲賷丞賲賵噩賵丿丞賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="噩亘賱賯賷丕賱">賯賷丕賱</a>. 賰賲丕鬲馗賴乇兀賱賯丕亘兀賴賲賴丕: 丕賱賮丕乇爻賵丕賱賯丕卅丿賵乇亘賲丕鬲丿賱賵噩賵丿丕賱賳賯賵卮賮賷賯賲丞丕賱噩亘賱毓賱賶兀賳賴丕爻鬲禺丿賲賰賳賯胤丞賲乇丕賯亘丞. 丨賷孬賷爻鬲胤賷毓賲賳賷亘賱睾賯賲鬲賴丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮賰丕賲賱丕賱賲賳胤賯丞丕賱賲丨賷胤丞賵賴賵賲丕賷賲賰賳丕賱丨丕賲賷丞丕賱賳亘胤丞賲賳丨賲丕賷丞賲丿賷賳丞爻賰丕賰丕賵胤乇賷賯丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞丕賱賯丕丿賲賲賳卮乇賯丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞亘丕鬲噩丕賴爻賰丕賰丕賵丿賵賲丞丕賱噩賳丿賱.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>亘毓囟丕賱賳賯賵卮鬲毓賵丿賱毓賴丿 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="丕賱丨丕乇孬丕賱乇丕亘毓賲賱賰丕賱兀賳亘丕胤">丕賱賲賱賰丕賱丨丕乇孬丕賱乇丕亘毓</a> (<a href="/wiki/9_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="9 賯賲">9 賯亘賱丕賱賲賷賱丕丿</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/40" title="40">40 亘毓丿丕賱賲賷賱丕丿</a>) 賵賱禺賱賷賮鬲賴 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="賲丕賱賰丕賱孬丕賳賷賲賱賰丕賱兀賳亘丕胤">賲丕賱賰丕賱孬丕賳賷</a> (40 ~ <a href="/wiki/70" title="70">70</a>) 賵禺賱賷賮鬲賴賴賵丕賱丌禺乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="乇亘兀賷賱丕賱孬丕賳賷賲賱賰丕賱兀賳亘丕胤">乇亘兀賷賱丕賱孬丕賳賷</a> (70 ~ <a href="/wiki/106" title="106">106</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賳賯賵卮"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.82.D9.88.D8.B4"></span>丕賱賳賯賵卮</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=edit&section=2" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賳賯賵卮"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賲賳丕賱賳氐賵氐丕賱賳亘胤賷丞丕賱賲賰鬲賵亘丞賮賷賯丕乇丞丕賱賲夭丕丿賷賯乇兀賰丕賱丌鬲賷: </p><p>亘賱賷賵兀賷匕賰賷乇兀爻丿賮賵丨 </p><p>亘乇鬲賴賭兀賲 ... 賯丿賲爻賱賲賳 </p><p>賷賯乇兀亘丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱丨丕賱賷丞賰丕賱丌鬲賷: </p><p>亘賱賶賵賳毓賲匕賰乇賶兀爻丿賮賵丨 (賱) </p><p>亘賳鬲賴兀賲 (賲賳) 兀賲丕賲 (丕賱廿賱賴) 爻賱賲賳 </p><p>丕賱卮乇丨: 匕賰乇賮賷賴兀爻丿賮賵丨 (毓賱賲賷毓賳賷鬲賳賮爻丕賱兀爻丿) 廿賱丕兀賳賴鬲匕賰乇丕亘賳鬲賴賵丿毓丕賱賴丕丕賱廿賱賴爻賱賲賳貙丕賱匕賷毓丿毓賳丿丕賱賱丨賷丕賳賷賷賳廿賱賴賸丕賱賱賯賵丕賮賱賵兀賳賷胤鬲亘賴丨賲丕賷丞丕賱賯亘賵乇貙賵賴賵賲丕賷丿賱毓賱賶廿賷賲丕賳丕賱兀賳亘丕胤亘兀賴賲賷丞丕賱丿毓丕亍賱賱賲鬲賵賮賶.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7)&action=edit&section=3" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185426">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>丕</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>亘</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67739214">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628200305/http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=38&BookID=147&TOCID=29">"賲賵爻賵毓丞丕賱賲賲賱賰丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞 - 丕賱噩賵賮 禄丕賱亘丕亘丕賱孬丕賱孬: 丕賱丌孬丕乇賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 禄丕賱賮氐賱丕賱孬丕賳賷: 丌孬丕乇賲丕賯亘賱丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 禄孬丕賱孬賸丕: 丕賱丨賵丕囟乇賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓丕賱兀孬乇賷丞丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 禄賲賵賯毓賯丕乇丞丕賱賲夭丕丿"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=38&BookID=147&TOCID=29">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2023-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81+%C2%BB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%C2%BB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%3A+%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%C2%BB+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%8B%D8%A7%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%C2%BB+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudiency.kapl.org.sa%2FLoader.aspx%3Fpageid%3D38%26BookID%3D147%26TOCID%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF+%28%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"賳賯賵卮賳亘胤賷丞噩丿賷丿丞賲賳賯丕乇丞丕賱賲夭丕丿爻賰丕賰丕". <i>賲噩賱丞丕賱毓氐賵乇 - 丕賱賲噩賱丿丕賱爻丕亘毓貙丕賱噩夭亍丕賱孬丕賳賷貙賷賵賱賷賵 1992</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88+1992&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4+%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF+%28%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628202403/http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=38&BookID=147&TOCID=40">"賲賵爻賵毓丞丕賱賲賲賱賰丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞 - 丕賱噩賵賮 禄丕賱亘丕亘丕賱孬丕賱孬: 丕賱丌孬丕乇賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 禄丕賱賮氐賱丕賱孬丕賳賷: 丌孬丕乇賲丕賯亘賱丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 禄乇丕亘毓賸丕: 丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕鬲丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 禄丕賱賳賯賵卮丕賱賳亘胤賷丞"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=38&BookID=147&TOCID=40">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2023-06-28.</cite><span 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