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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sports played under floodlights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports_played_under_floodlights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports played under floodlights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports_played_under_floodlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Polo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_rules_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_rules_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Australian rules football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_rules_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaelic_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaelic_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gaelic games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaelic_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Winter sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Motorsports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorsports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llifolau" title="Llifolau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llifolau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysmast" title="Lysmast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysmast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutlicht" title="Flutlicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flutlicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foco_(iluminaci%C3%B3n)" title="Foco (iluminación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Foco (iluminación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foku_(argiztapena)" title="Foku (argiztapena) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Foku (argiztapena)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EA%B4%91%EB%93%B1" title="투광등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투광등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_(illuminazione)" title="Faro (illuminazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faro (illuminazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlight" title="Floodlight – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Floodlight" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%89%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="投光照明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投光照明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flomlys" title="Flomlys – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flomlys" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ආලෝක විදුලි පහන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආලෝක විදුලි පහන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlight" title="Floodlight – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Floodlight" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Прожекторне освітлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прожекторне освітлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q381704#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlit&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodlit">Floodlit</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-intensity electric light with a broad beam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Floodlight%22">"Floodlight"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Floodlight%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Floodlight%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Floodlight%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Floodlight%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Floodlight%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Floodlight" title="Talk:Floodlight">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floodlights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/220px-Floodlights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/330px-Floodlights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/440px-Floodlights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Floodlights</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG/220px-Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG/330px-Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG/440px-Alan_higgs_centre_floodlights_17o07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> field at a sports center illuminated with floodlights.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>floodlight</b> is a broad-beamed, <a href="/wiki/Gas_discharge_lamp#High-intensity_discharge_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas discharge lamp">high-intensity</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial light">artificial light</a>. It can provide functional area lighting<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for travel-ways, parking, entrances, work areas, and <a href="/wiki/Sporting_venue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting venue">sporting venues</a> to enable visibility adequate for safe task performance, ornamental lighting for advertising, façades, monuments, or support perimeter security.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floodlights are often used to illuminate outdoor <a href="/wiki/Playing_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing field">playing fields</a> while an outdoor sports event is <a href="/wiki/Night_game" title="Night game">being held during low-light conditions</a>. More focused kinds are often used as a <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">stage lighting instrument</a> in live performances such as <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>. </p><p>Floodlights may also be used to add effects to buildings at night, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_illumination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architectural illumination (page does not exist)">architectural illumination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg/220px-The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg/330px-The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg/440px-The_Adelaide_Airport_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Floodlights at <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">Adelaide Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common type of floodlight was the <a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">metal-halide lamp</a>, which emits a bright white light (typically 75–100 lumens/Watt). <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium-vapor lamps</a> are also commonly used for sporting events, as they have a very high <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a> to watt ratio (typically 80–140 lumens/Watt), making them a cost-effective choice when certain lux levels must be provided.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have been replaced by LED floodlights. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Metal halide floodlight"><img alt="Metal halide floodlight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG/120px-HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG/180px-HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG/240px-HK_CWB_Tung_Lo_Wan_%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%82_Saint_Mary%27s_Church_electric_light_lamp_May-2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metal halide floodlight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LED_floodlights.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="LED floodlights"><img alt="LED floodlights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LED_floodlights.jpg/120px-LED_floodlights.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LED_floodlights.jpg/180px-LED_floodlights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LED_floodlights.jpg/240px-LED_floodlights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">LED floodlights</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PH_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halogen floodlight"><img alt="Halogen floodlight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PH_2.jpg/120px-PH_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PH_2.jpg/180px-PH_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PH_2.jpg/240px-PH_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Halogen floodlight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electrodeless induction floodlight"><img alt="Electrodeless induction floodlight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg/120px-Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg/180px-Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg/240px-Electrodeless_induction_lamp_floodlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electrodeless induction floodlight</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> floodlights are bright enough to be used for illumination purposes on large sport fields. The main advantages of LEDs in this application are their lower power consumption, longer life, and instant start-up (the lack of a "warm-up" period reduces game delays after power outages). They have replaced many metal halide floodlights. <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp" title="Induction lamp">electrodeless induction floodlights</a> also exist. </p><p>The first LED lit sports field in the United Kingdom was switched on at <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Vale_Sports_Club_Ground" title="Taunton Vale Sports Club Ground">Taunton Vale Sports Club</a> on 6 September 2014. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_played_under_floodlights">Sports played under floodlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sports played under floodlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the top tiers of many <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional sports</a>, it is a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadiums</a> to have floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside daylight hours. Evening or night matches may suit spectators who have work or other commitments earlier in the day, and enable television broadcasts during lucrative <a href="/wiki/Primetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime">primetime</a> hours. Some sports grounds which do not have permanent floodlights installed may make use of portable temporary ones instead. Many larger floodlights (see bottom picture) will have gantries for bulb changing and maintenance. These will usually be able to accommodate one or two maintenance workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polo">Polo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first sport to play under floodlights was <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, on 18 July 1878. <a href="/wiki/Ranelagh_Club" title="Ranelagh Club">Ranelagh Club</a> hosted a match in <a href="/wiki/Fulham" title="Fulham">Fulham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> against <a href="/wiki/The_Hurlingham_Club" title="The Hurlingham Club">the Hurlingham Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-played_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-played-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_rules_football">Australian rules football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australian rules football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg/220px-Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg/330px-Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg/440px-Football_electric_lighting_MCG_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5652" data-file-height="3492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> match under electric lights at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, 1879</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1879, two matches of <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> were staged at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> under electric lights. The first was between two "scratch" teams composed of military personnel. The following week, two of the city's leading football clubs, rivals <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club" title="Carlton Football Club">Carlton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club" title="Melbourne Football Club">Melbourne</a>, played another night match. On both occasions, the lights failed to illuminate the whole ground, and the spectators struggled to make sense of the action in the murky conditions. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG/220px-Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG/330px-Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG/440px-Trent_Bridge_Floodlights.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A floodlight at <a href="/wiki/Trent_Bridge" title="Trent Bridge">Trent Bridge</a> cricket ground in Nottingham</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was first played under floodlights on 11 August 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during an <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_game" title="Exhibition game">exhibition game</a> at <a href="/wiki/Highbury_stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Highbury stadium">Highbury stadium</a> in England. International <a href="/wiki/Day/night_cricket" title="Day/night cricket">day/night cricket</a>, played under floodlights, began in 1979. Since then, many cricket stadiums have installed floodlights and use them for both domestic and international matches. Traditional cricket floodlights are mounted at the top of a tall pole, to elevate them out of the <a href="/wiki/Fielding_(cricket)" title="Fielding (cricket)">fielder</a>'s eyeline when the ball is hit high into the air. However, some cricket stadiums have lower-mounted floodlights, particularly if the stadium is shared with other sports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelic_games">Gaelic games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gaelic games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noel_Walsh" title="Noel Walsh">Noel Walsh</a>'s advocacy was pivotal in the spread of floodlights in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Munster_GAA" title="Munster GAA">Munster Council</a>, Walsh had a pilot project for floodlights at <a href="/wiki/Austin_Stack_Park" title="Austin Stack Park">Austin Stack Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a> which "became a template for every county and club ground in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Association football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soccer_floodlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Soccer_floodlight.jpg/220px-Soccer_floodlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Soccer_floodlight.jpg/330px-Soccer_floodlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Soccer_floodlight.jpg/440px-Soccer_floodlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A floodlight used on a football field</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headingley_floodlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headingley_floodlight.jpg/220px-Headingley_floodlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headingley_floodlight.jpg/330px-Headingley_floodlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headingley_floodlight.jpg/440px-Headingley_floodlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Floodlights on a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> field at the <a href="/wiki/Headingley_Stadium" title="Headingley Stadium">Headingley Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, UK. This is a common style of floodlights at older football and rugby grounds in England and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. (Note the two gantries near the light for servicing)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bramall_Lane" title="Bramall Lane">Bramall Lane</a> was the first stadium to host floodlit association football matches, dating as far back as 1878, when there were experimental matches at the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> stadium during the dark winter afternoons. With no <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">national grid</a>, lights were powered by <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamoes</a>, and were unreliable. <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Blackburn F.C.">Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darwen_F.C._(1870)" title="Darwen F.C. (1870)">Darwen</a> also hosted floodlit matches in 1878, and in October of the same year <a href="/wiki/Third_Lanark_A.C." title="Third Lanark A.C.">3rd Lanark RV</a> played an exhibition match against <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cup" title="Scottish Cup">Scottish Cup</a> holders <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Leven_F.C." title="Vale of Leven F.C.">Vale of Leven</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cathkin_Park_(1872%E2%80%931903)" title="Cathkin Park (1872–1903)">the first Cathkin Park</a>, with press reports suggesting the lighting from a <a href="/wiki/Gramme_machine" title="Gramme machine">Gramme machine</a> was not successful in illuminating the whole field.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent tests over the next month using three <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> dynamos at <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Park_(1873%E2%80%9383)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden Park (1873–83)">the first Hampden Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Park" title="Rugby Park">Rugby Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock" title="Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Powderhall_Stadium" title="Powderhall Stadium">Powderhall Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced mixed results, in part due to technical issues and weather conditions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C." title="Nottingham Forest F.C.">Nottingham Forest</a> played a floodlit match against <a href="/wiki/Notts_Rangers_F.C." title="Notts Rangers F.C.">Notts Rangers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Ground" title="Gregory Ground">Gregory Ground</a>, Lenton, Nottingham on 25 March 1889. This match was illuminated by 14 <a href="/wiki/Wells_light" title="Wells light">Wells Lights</a> which was a portable illumation system powered by paraffin <sup id="cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each light had 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Candlepower" title="Candlepower">candlepower</a>. These lights were placed around the ground and 'illuminated the playing arena well enough for the spectators to follow most, if not all, the points of play' according to the Nottingham Evening Post on 26 March 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the same article also reported on 26 March 1889 that 'a strong wind was blowing from the Radford goal, and this caused the lights on the town side to shed a considerable portion of their radiance on the adjoining fields, so that dark shadows were often thrown upon the playing ground and it was almost impossible to see a case of handling unless the officials were close to'.<sup id="cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The match was played at 7:45pm and Forest lost 2-0 watched by 5000 spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thames_Ironworks_F.C." title="Thames Ironworks F.C.">Thames Ironworks</a> (who would later be re-formed as <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C." title="West Ham United F.C.">West Ham United</a>) played a number of friendly matches under artificial light at their <a href="/wiki/Hermit_Road" title="Hermit Road">Hermit Road</a> ground during their inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Thames_Ironworks_F.C._season" title="1895–96 Thames Ironworks F.C. season">1895–96</a>. These experiments, which included high-profile fixtures against <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C." title="West Bromwich Albion F.C.">West Bromwich Albion</a>, were set up using engineers and equipment from the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Ironworks_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company">Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tongue2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tongue2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A women's football match in 1921 used floodlights, when <a href="/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C." title="Preston North End F.C.">Preston North End</a>'s ground was covered in thick fog and the spectators couldn't see the game.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929 the <a href="/wiki/Providence_F.C." title="Providence F.C.">Providence Clamdiggers</a> football club hosted the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_F.C._(1907%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–30)">Bethlehem Steel</a> "under the rays of powerful flood lights, an innovation in soccer" at their <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a> stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 May 1933, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a> played a friendly match in Paris against <a href="/wiki/Racing_Club_de_France_football_Colombes_92" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing Club de France football Colombes 92">RC Paris</a> under floodlights. The floodlights were fixed to overhead wires strung above and across the pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-Racing_Club_floodlights_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racing_Club_floodlights-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fresh white coloured ball was introduced after about every 20 minutes and the goalposts were painted yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-1933_RC_Paris_floodlights_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1933_RC_Paris_floodlights-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Chapman" title="Herbert Chapman">Herbert Chapman</a> installed lights into the new West Stand at <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium" title="Arsenal Stadium">Highbury</a> but the Football League refused to sanction their use. This situation lasted until the 1950s, when the popularity of floodlit friendlies became such that the League relented. In September 1949, <a href="/wiki/South_Liverpool_F.C." title="South Liverpool F.C.">South Liverpool</a>'s Holly Park ground hosted the first game in England under "permanent" floodlights: a friendly against a Nigerian XI.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_F.C." title="Southampton F.C.">Southampton</a>'s stadium, <a href="/wiki/The_Dell_(Southampton)" title="The Dell (Southampton)">The Dell</a>, became the first ground in England to have permanent floodlighting installed. The first game played under the lights there was on 31 October 1950, in a friendly against <a href="/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth" title="AFC Bournemouth">Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic</a>, followed a year later by the first "official" match under floodlights, a <a href="/wiki/Football_Combination" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Combination">Football Combination</a> (reserve team) match against <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tottenham Hotspur">Tottenham Hotspur</a> on 1 October 1951. <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C." title="Swindon Town F.C.">Swindon Town</a> became the first League side to install floodlights at <a href="/wiki/County_Ground,_Swindon" class="mw-redirect" title="County Ground, Swindon">The County Ground</a>. Their first match being a friendly against Bristol City on Monday 2 April 1951. Arsenal followed five months later with the first match under the Highbury lights taking place on Wednesday 19 September 1951. The first international game under floodlights of an England game at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley</a> was 30 November 1955 against Spain, England winning 4–1. The first floodlit <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> match took place at <a href="/wiki/Fratton_Park" title="Fratton Park">Fratton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> on 22 February 1956 between <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Portsmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-football_league_official_site_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-football_league_official_site-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many clubs have taken their floodlights down and replaced them with new ones along the roof line of the stands. This previously had not been possible as many grounds comprised open terraces and roof lines on covered stands were too low. <a href="/wiki/Elland_Road" title="Elland Road">Elland Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anfield" title="Anfield">Anfield</a> were the first major grounds to do this in the early 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Deepdale" title="Deepdale">Deepdale</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Galpharm_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Galpharm Stadium">Galpharm Stadium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/JJB_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="JJB Stadium">JJB Stadium</a> have since been built with traditional floodlights on pylons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first rugby league match to be played under floodlights was on 14 December 1932 when Wigan met Leeds in an exhibition match played at <a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a> in London (8pm kick off).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leeds won 18–9 in front of a crowd of over 10,000 spectators. The venture was such a success that the owners of the White City Ground took over the "Wigan Highfield" club and moved them to play Rugby League games at the ground under floodlights the following season, with most of their matches kicking off on Wednesday Nights at 8pm. That venture only lasted one season before the club moved back up north. </p><p>The first floodlit match for rugby league played in the heartlands was on 31 October 1951 at <a href="/wiki/Odsal_Stadium" title="Odsal Stadium">Odsal Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> when <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Bulls" title="Bradford Bulls">Bradford Northern</a> played <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">New Zealand</a> in front of 29,072.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a club to play in the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> they must have a ground with floodlights adequate for playing a professional game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_sports">Winter sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Winter sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Night_skiing" title="Night skiing">night skiing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg/220px-Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg/330px-Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg/440px-Schattberg_West_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A floodlit piste in <a href="/wiki/Schattberg_(Saalbach-Hinterglemm)" title="Schattberg (Saalbach-Hinterglemm)">Schattberg</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>Winter sports, such as skiing and snowboarding, can be held under a floodlit piste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorsports">Motorsports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Motorsports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of permanent motor racing circuits are floodlit to allow night races to be held. These include <a href="/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit" title="Yas Marina Circuit">Yas Marina Circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Losail_International_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Losail International Circuit">Losail International Circuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit" title="Bahrain International Circuit">Bahrain International Circuit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li>Vehicle <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a></li> <li>Aircraft <a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodlight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narisada, K (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_2"><i>Light Pollution Handbook</i></a> Springer <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2666-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2666-9">978-1-4020-2666-9</a> p37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haas & Reid (1928) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw117bwTBUEC&pg=RA1-PA5">Floodlighting</a> GE Bulletin 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArchitectureOfTheNightASeriesOfArticlesPublishedByTheGeneral">Architecture of the Night : A Series of Articles Published by the General Electric Company to Suggest the Possibilities of Architectural Illumination</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920234320/http://www.edisontechcenter.org/SodiumLamps.html">"edisontechcenter.org"</a>. <i>edisontechcenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/SodiumLamps.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edisontechcenter.org&rft.atitle=edisontechcenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisontechcenter.org%2FSodiumLamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportengland.org/media/694946/taunton-taunton-vale-sports-club.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044047/http://www.sportengland.org/media/694946/taunton-taunton-vale-sports-club.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportengland.org%2Fmedia%2F694946%2Ftaunton-taunton-vale-sports-club.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-played-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-played_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInglis2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Inglis" title="Simon Inglis">Inglis, Simon</a> (2014). <i>Played in London</i>. <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84802-057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84802-057-3"><bdi>978-1-84802-057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Played+in+London&rft.place=Swindon&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84802-057-3&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/240292.html">"Let there be light"</a>. ESPNcricinfo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let+there+be+light&rft.pub=ESPNcricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Fcolumns%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F240292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarry2020" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Stephen (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/champion-of-clare-football-noel-walsh-has-died-996684.html">"Champion of Clare football Noel Walsh has died"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>He was chairman of the GAA's Football Development Committee, championed the merits of the Railway Cup, and promoted the spread of floodlights to GAA grounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Champion+of+Clare+football+Noel+Walsh+has+died&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbreakingnews%2Fsport%2Fgaa%2Fchampion-of-clare-football-noel-walsh-has-died-996684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO_Muircheartaigh2020" class="citation news cs1">O Muircheartaigh, Joe (2 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/noel-walsh-farewell-to-a-driver-of-change-and-fairness-997226.html">"Noel Walsh: Farewell to a driver of change and fairness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Noel+Walsh%3A+Farewell+to+a+driver+of+change+and+fairness&rft.date=2020-05-02&rft.aulast=O+Muircheartaigh&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbreakingnews%2Fsport%2Fgaa%2Fnoel-walsh-farewell-to-a-driver-of-change-and-fairness-997226.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1878/1878102503.htm">Football Under the Electric Light</a>, The Scotsman, 25 October 1878, scan via London Hearts Supporters Club</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1878/1878110401.htm">Glasgow–Football Match by the Electric Light</a>, The Scotsman, 5 November 1878, scan via London Hearts Supporters Club</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1878/1878110801.htm">Football by Electric Light</a>, The Scotsman, 9 November 1878, scan via London Hearts Supporters Club</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1878/1878111101.htm">Football. | Electric Light</a>, The Scotsman, 12 November 1878, scan via London Hearts Supporters Club</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nottingham_Evening_Post_–_Football_by_Wells_Light_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nottingham Evening Post – Football by Wells Light". <i><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Evening Post">Nottingham Evening Post</a></i>. 26 March 1889. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Nottingham+Evening+Post+%E2%80%93+Football+by+Wells+Light&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1889-03-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowles2017" class="citation web cs1">Powles, John (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2017/june/29-june/amazing-story-west-ham-uniteds-first-home-ground">"The amazing story of West Ham United's first home ground"</a>. West Ham United F.C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+amazing+story+of+West+Ham+United%27s+first+home+ground&rft.pub=West+Ham+United+F.C.&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Powles&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whufc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017%2Fjune%2F29-june%2Famazing-story-west-ham-uniteds-first-home-ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tongue2016-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tongue2016_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTongue2016" class="citation book cs1">Tongue, Steve (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l67VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>Turf Wars: A History of London Football</i></a>. Pitch Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78531-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78531-248-9"><bdi>978-1-78531-248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turf+Wars%3A+A+History+of+London+Football&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Pitch+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78531-248-9&rft.aulast=Tongue&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl67VDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1921/03/17/pagina-3/615680/pdf.html">"Noticiario Futbol femenino"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mundo_Deportivo" title="Mundo Deportivo">Mundo Deportivo</a></i> (in Spanish). 17 March 1921. p. 3. <q>Recientemente, jugando uno de estos "matchs" en el terreno del Preston North Edd (sic), la niebla muy espesa no permitía a los espectadores seguir el juego. Entonces los "menagers" (sic) decidieron alumbrar el terreno con cuatro potentes reflectores, deslizándose el partido con todo éxito.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mundo+Deportivo&rft.atitle=Noticiario+Futbol+femenino&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1921-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com%2Fpreview%2F1921%2F03%2F17%2Fpagina-3%2F615680%2Fpdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bethlehemsteelsoccer.org/gl102629b.html">"Draw with Providence in Night Soccer game"</a>. Bethlehem Steel Soccer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042023/http://bethlehemsteelsoccer.org/gl102629b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Draw+with+Providence+in+Night+Soccer+game&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbethlehemsteelsoccer.org%2Fgl102629b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Racing_Club_floodlights-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Racing_Club_floodlights_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanchberry1950" class="citation book cs1">Lanchberry, Edward (1950). <i>Footballer's Progress: Raich Carter</i>. Sporting Handbooks Ltd. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footballer%27s+Progress%3A+Raich+Carter&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Sporting+Handbooks+Ltd&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Lanchberry&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1933_RC_Paris_floodlights-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1933_RC_Paris_floodlights_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrick2003" class="citation book cs1">Garrick, Frank (2003). <i>Raich Carter The Biography</i>. SportsBooks Limited. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899807-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-899807-18-7"><bdi>1-899807-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raich+Carter+The+Biography&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=SportsBooks+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-899807-18-7&rft.aulast=Garrick&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawad, Hyder; "Rest in Pieces: South Liverpool FC, 1894-1994 (2014)", p234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-football_league_official_site-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-football_league_official_site_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211234251/http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10794%2C00.html">"The History of the Football League"</a>. The Football League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10794,00.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Football+League&rft.pub=The+Football+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk%2Fpage%2FHistory%2F0%2C%2C10794%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php">"The History of Rugby League"</a>. <i>Rugby League Information</i>. napit.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208130954/http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby+League+Information&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Rugby+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napit.co.uk%2Fviewus%2Finfobank%2Frugby%2Fsuperleague%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402053424/http://www.odsalpasttimes.org/assets/Past_Times_working_time_line_02-08-2011.pdf">"Timeline of events at Odsal stadium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Past Times the social history of Odsal stadium project</i>. Bradford Bulls Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odsalpasttimes.org/assets/Past_Times_working_time_line_02-08-2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Past+Times+the+social+history+of+Odsal+stadium+project&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+events+at+Odsal+stadium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odsalpasttimes.org%2Fassets%2FPast_Times_working_time_line_02-08-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodlight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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