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id="toc-Shipboard_ECM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_and_acoustic_analogies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_and_acoustic_analogies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infrared and acoustic analogies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_and_acoustic_analogies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مضاد إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاد إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioelektron_m%C3%BCbariz%C9%99" title="Radioelektron mübarizə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioelektron mübarizə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Радиоелектронно противодействие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоелектронно противодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contramesures_electr%C3%B2niques" title="Contramesures electròniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contramesures electròniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronische_Gegenma%C3%9Fnahmen" title="Elektronische Gegenmaßnahmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronische Gegenmaßnahmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contramedidas_electr%C3%B3nicas" title="Contramedidas electrónicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contramedidas electrónicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پادکار الکترونیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادکار الکترونیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-mesure_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Contre-mesure électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contre-mesure électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penangkal_elektronik" title="Penangkal elektronik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penangkal elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contromisure_elettroniche" title="Contromisure elettroniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contromisure elettroniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1di%C3%B3elektronikai_zavar%C3%B3kont%C3%A9ner" title="Rádióelektronikai zavarókonténer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádióelektronikai zavarókonténer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BB%E6%92%83" title="電子攻撃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子攻撃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniske_mottiltak" title="Elektroniske mottiltak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektroniske mottiltak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniske_mottiltak" title="Elektroniske mottiltak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektroniske mottiltak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medidas_de_ataque_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Medidas de ataque eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medidas de ataque eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Радиоэлектронное подавление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоэлектронное подавление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_protiukrepi" title="Elektronski protiukrepi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronski protiukrepi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1_%C3%B6nlem" title="Elektronik karşı önlem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik karşı önlem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Радіоелектронна протидія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіоелектронна протидія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="برقیاتی امتضاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیاتی امتضاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849203#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasures&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic countermeasures">Electronic countermeasures</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic device for deceiving detection systems</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg/250px-Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg/375px-Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg/500px-Two_airmen_inspect_an_electronic_countermeasures_pod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Inspecting an AN/ALQ-184 Electronic Attack Pod.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electronic countermeasure</b> (<b>ECM</b>) is an electrical or electronic device designed to <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">trick or deceive</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used both offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy, or make the real target appear to disappear or move about randomly. It is used effectively to protect <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missiles</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a> use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances so that the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar jamming">jamming</a>. Self-protecting (defensive) ECM includes using <a href="/wiki/Blip_enhancement" title="Blip enhancement">blip enhancement</a> and jamming of <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">missile terminal homers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">Russo-Japanese war</a>. On July 13, 1904, Russian <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> stations installed in the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a> fortress and on board Russian light cruisers successfully interrupted wireless communication between a group of Japanese battleships. The spark-gap transmitters in the Russian stations generated senseless noise while the Japanese were making attempts to coordinate their efforts in the bombing of a Russian naval base. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> interfered with enemy communications along the western front during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> tried to intercept German naval radio transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also efforts at sending false radio signals, having shore stations send transmissions using ships' call signs, and jamming enemy radio signals.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there were also attempts by the Ottoman side to jam Allied wireless communications during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ECM expanded to include dropping <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a> (originally called Window), jamming and spoofing radar and navigation signals.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German bomber aircraft navigated using radio signals transmitted from ground stations, which the British disrupted with spoofed signals in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beams" title="Battle of the Beams">Battle of the Beams</a>. During the RAF's night attacks on Germany the extent of electronic countermeasures was much expanded, and a specialised organisation, <a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a>, was formed to counter the increasing German <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a> force and radar defences. <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> developments included <a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missiles</a> designed to home in on enemy radar transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Orchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orchard">Operation Orchard</a> Israeli attack on a suspected Syrian nuclear weapons site, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Air Force">Israel Air Force</a> used electronic warfare to take control of Syrian airspace prior to the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli electronic warfare (EW) systems took over Syria's air defense systems, feeding them a false sky-picture while Israel Air Force jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets and returned.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radar_ECM">Radar ECM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radar ECM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">Radar jamming and deception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radar_jamming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radar_jamming.jpg/220px-Radar_jamming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radar_jamming.jpg/330px-Radar_jamming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radar_jamming.jpg/440px-Radar_jamming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Simulated radar screen in US Navy training exercise showing simulated jamming (triangular white area lower right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Basic radar ECM strategies are (1) radar interference, (2) target modifications, and (3) changing the electrical properties of air.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interference techniques include jamming and deception. Jamming is accomplished by a friendly platform transmitting signals on the radar frequency to produce a noise level sufficient to hide echos.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jammer's continuous transmissions will provide a clear direction to the enemy radar, but no range information.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deception may use a transponder to mimic the radar echo with a delay to indicate incorrect range.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transponders may alternatively increase return echo strength to make a small decoy appear to be a larger target.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Target modifications include radar absorbing coatings and modifications of the surface shape to either "stealth" a high-value target or enhance reflections from a decoy.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispersal of small aluminium strips called <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaff (radar countermeasure)">chaff</a> is a common method of changing the electromagnetic properties of air to provide confusing radar echos.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications_ECM">Communications ECM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communications ECM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio jamming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Squadron,_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment,_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg/220px-1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg/330px-1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg/440px-1st_Squadron%2C_3rd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_operate_the_Drone_Defender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Drone counter measures (1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment of the US Army drill with the Battelle DroneDefender, 30 October 2018, Iraq.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio jamming or communications jamming is the deliberate transmission of radio signals that disrupt communications by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio to the point where the target communications link is either degraded or denied service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_ECM">Aircraft ECM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aircraft ECM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/220px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/330px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/440px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado ECR</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>ECM is practiced by nearly all modern military units—land, sea or air. Aircraft, however, are the primary weapons in the ECM battle because they can "see" a larger patch of earth than a sea or land-based unit. When employed effectively, ECM can keep aircraft from being tracked by search radars, or targeted by <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a>. An aircraft ECM can take the form of an attachable underwing pod or could be embedded in the airframe. Fighter planes using a conventional electronically scanned antenna mount dedicated jamming pods instead or, in the case of the US, German, and Italian air forces, may rely on electronic warfare aircraft to carry them. ECM pods vary widely in power and capability; while many fighter aircraft are capable of carrying an ECM pod, these pods are generally less powerful, capable and of shorter range than the equipment carried by dedicated ECM aircraft, thus making dedicated ECM aircraft an important part of any airforce’s inventory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_airborne_jammers">Future airborne jammers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Future airborne jammers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Jammer" title="Next Generation Jammer">Next Generation Jammer</a> is being developed to replace the current <a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-99" title="AN/ALQ-99">AN/ALQ-99</a> carried on the E/A-18G electronic warfare plane. Planned for adoption around 2020, it will use a small AESA antenna divided into quadrants<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for all around coverage and retain the capability of highly directional jamming. </p><p><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>'s Precision Electronic Warfare (PREW) project aims to develop a low-cost system capable of synchronizing several simple airborne jamming pods with enough precision to replicate the directionality of an electronically scanned antenna, avoiding collateral jamming of non-targeted receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An expendable active decoy that uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio_frequency_memory" title="Digital radio frequency memory">DRFM</a> technology to jam RF based threats has already been developed by <a href="/wiki/Selex_ES" title="Selex ES">Selex ES</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (merged into <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a> new name of Finmeccanica since 2017). The system, named <a href="/wiki/BriteCloud" title="BriteCloud">BriteCloud</a>, is self-contained within a small canister that is similar to a standard flare cartridge. The 55 mm format of the system has undergone flight trials with the <a href="/wiki/Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripen">Gripen</a> aircraft and the development of a 218 variant is at an advanced stage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_ECM_aircraft">Dedicated ECM aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dedicated ECM aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">EA-3 Skywarrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">EB-66 Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EC-130H_Compass_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="EC-130H Compass Call">EC-130H Compass Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-6_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-6 Prowler">EA-6B Prowler</a> equipped with ALQ-92 communications jammer, ALQ-100 multi-band track breaking system, and five ALQ-99 tactical jammer pods.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-18G_Growler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-18G Growler">EA-18G Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-111A_Raven" class="mw-redirect" title="EF-111A Raven">EF-111A Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado ECR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-16" title="Shenyang J-16">J-16 D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Su-24MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-28" title="Yakovlev Yak-28">Yak-28PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mi-8PP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipboard_ECM">Shipboard ECM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shipboard ECM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ULQ-6 deception transmitter was one of the earlier shipboard ECM installations.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/AN/SLQ-32_Electronic_Warfare_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite">Raytheon SLQ-32</a> shipboard ECM package came in three versions providing warning, identification and bearing information about radar-guided cruise missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SLQ-32 V3 included quick reaction electronic countermeasures for cruisers and large amphibious ships and auxiliaries in addition to the RBOC (Rapid Blooming Off-board Chaff) launchers found on most surface ships.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BLR-14 Submarine Acoustic Warfare System (or SAWS) provides an integrated receiver, processor, display, and countermeasures launch system for submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrared_and_acoustic_analogies">Infrared and acoustic analogies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infrared and acoustic analogies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_quieting" title="Acoustic quieting">Acoustic quieting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg/220px-BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg/330px-BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg/440px-BAE_Hot_Brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>BAE Hot Brick infrared jammer</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">Infrared homing</a> systems can be decoyed with <a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">flares</a><sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure" title="Infrared countermeasure">infrared countermeasures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_homing" title="Acoustic homing">Acoustic homing</a> and detection systems used for ships are also susceptible to countermeasures. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> warships use Masker and PRAIRIE (propeller AIR Ingestion and Emission) systems to create small air bubbles around a ship's hull and wake to reduce sound transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface ships tow noisemakers like the <a href="/wiki/AN/SLQ-25_Nixie" title="AN/SLQ-25 Nixie">AN/SLQ-25 Nixie</a> to decoy homing torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Submarines can deploy similar acoustic device countermeasures (or ADCs) from a 3-inch (75-mm) signal launching tube.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States ballistic missile submarines could deploy the Mark 70 MOSS (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_submarine_simulator" title="Mobile submarine simulator">Mobile submarine simulator</a>) decoy from torpedo tubes to simulate a full size submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most navies additionally equip ships with decoy launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AN/MSR-T4" title="AN/MSR-T4">AN/MSR-T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_support_measures" title="Electronic warfare support measures">Electronic warfare support measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_counter-countermeasure" title="Electronic counter-countermeasure">Electronic counter-countermeasure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khibiny_(electronic_countermeasures_system)" title="Khibiny (electronic countermeasures system)">Khibiny (electronic countermeasures system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasukha_(electronic_warfare_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasukha (electronic warfare system)">Krasukha (electronic warfare system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_electronic_warfare_system" title="Samyukta electronic warfare system">Samyukta electronic warfare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starshel" title="Starshel">Starshel</a> rounds</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-proceedings-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polmar (1979), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVahibe_Türkan_Doğruöz2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vahibe Türkan Doğruöz (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canakkalesavaslariansiklopedisi.com/content/tevfik-riza-bey/"><i>Tevfik Rıza Bey</i></a> (in Turkish). Çanakkale Savaşları Ansiklopedisi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-80897-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-80897-7-8"><bdi>978-605-80897-7-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tevfik+R%C4%B1za+Bey&rft.pub=%C3%87anakkale+Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1+Ansiklopedisi&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-605-80897-7-8&rft.au=Vahibe+T%C3%BCrkan+Do%C4%9Fru%C3%B6z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanakkalesavaslariansiklopedisi.com%2Fcontent%2Ftevfik-riza-bey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+countermeasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/And-they-struck-them-with-blindness">[1]</a> By YAAKOV KATZ, 09/29/2010, Jerusalem Post</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/awin/israel-shows-electronic-prowess">Israel Shows Electronic Prowess</a> Nov 26, 2007, David A. Fulghum and Robert Wall, Aviation Week & Space Technology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-us-navy-next-generation-jammer-proceeds-b-371742/">"IN FOCUS: US Navy Next Generation Jammer proceeds, but F-35 integration deferred indefinitely"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IN+FOCUS%3A+US+Navy+Next+Generation+Jammer+proceeds%2C+but+F-35+integration+deferred+indefinitely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fin-focus-us-navy-next-generation-jammer-proceeds-b-371742%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+countermeasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbo.gov/download/f3d/f3d24a4cc17130af66971e0d897baa87/PREW_BAA_24_Aug_09.pdf">Broad Agency Announcement Precision Electronic Warfare (PREW) STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY OFFICE DARPA-BAA 09-65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132819/http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/-/britecloudlaunch">"New Selex ES expendable active decoy 'britecloud' selected by saab for gripen fighter – DETAIL – Leonardo"</a>. <i>uk.leonardocompany.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/-/britecloudlaunch">the original</a> on 2016-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uk.leonardocompany.com&rft.atitle=New+Selex+ES+expendable+active+decoy+%27britecloud%27+selected+by+saab+for+gripen+fighter+%E2%80%93+DETAIL+%E2%80%93+Leonardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.leonardocompany.com%2F-%2Fbritecloudlaunch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+countermeasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816165034/http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/-/britecloud-gripen-trials">"Finmeccanica – Selex Es to hold britecloud trials with Gripen – DETAIL – Leonardo"</a>. <i>uk.leonardocompany.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/-/britecloud-gripen-trials">the original</a> on 2016-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uk.leonardocompany.com&rft.atitle=Finmeccanica+%E2%80%93+Selex+Es+to+hold+britecloud+trials+with+Gripen+%E2%80%93+DETAIL+%E2%80%93+Leonardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.leonardocompany.com%2F-%2Fbritecloud-gripen-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+countermeasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polmar (1979), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.terma.com/media/118849/skws_022007.pdf">http://www.terma.com/media/118849/skws_022007.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426191854/http://terma.com/media/118849/skws_022007.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Polmar, Norman: "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 2)", <i>United States Naval Institute Proceedings</i>, November 1979.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226192655/http://www.spectrumsignal.com/publications/Electronic_Counter_Measures.pdf">Electronic Counter Measures (PDF)</a> (Lee Pucker)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ug.ru/issues/?action=topic&toid=1267&i_id=15">A Down of Electronic Counter Measures</a>- in Russian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer-museum.ru/connect/reb100.htm">100 years of ECM</a>- in Russian</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&oldid=1242822699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_countermeasure&oldid=1242822699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_countermeasures" title="Category:Electronic countermeasures">Electronic countermeasures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_communications" title="Category:Military communications">Military communications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons_countermeasures" title="Category:Weapons countermeasures">Weapons countermeasures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 August 2024, at 23:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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