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<button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable-sweep_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-sweep_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Variable-sweep wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-sweep_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avionics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Avionics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Armament and equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Engine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upgrades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upgrades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Upgrades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upgrades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Air_Force_(Luftwaffe)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Air_Force_(Luftwaffe)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 German Air Force (Luftwaffe) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Air_Force_(Luftwaffe)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Navy_(Marineflieger)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Navy_(Marineflieger)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 German Navy (Marineflieger) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Navy_(Marineflieger)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Air_Force_(Aeronautica_Militare)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Air_Force_(Aeronautica_Militare)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Air_Force_(Aeronautica_Militare)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Royal Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Saudi_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Royal Saudi Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Saudi_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tornado_IDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornado_IDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Tornado IDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornado_IDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornado_ECR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornado_ECR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tornado ECR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornado_ECR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornado_ADV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornado_ADV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tornado ADV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornado_ADV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Operators </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Former operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aircraft on display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Tornado_GR4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Tornado_GR4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Specifications (Tornado GR4) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Tornado_GR4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Panavia Tornado</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تورنادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تورنادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پاناویا تورنادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاناویا تورنادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%82%98%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%ED%86%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84" title="파나비아 토네이도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파나비아 토네이도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title="פאנאוויה טורנדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנאוויה טורנדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89_IDS" title="トーネード IDS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーネード IDS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ٹارنیڈو بمبار جہاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹارنیڈو بمبار جہاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Panavia Tornado" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AF%DB%86" title="پاناڤیا تۆڕناڵدۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاناڤیا تۆڕناڵدۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Панавија торнадо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панавија торнадо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tornado IDS/ECR</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg/300px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg/450px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg/600px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="1731" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption"><a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> Tornado GR4 in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multirole_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Multirole aircraft">Multirole aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Aircraft_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavia Aircraft GmbH">Panavia Aircraft GmbH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (historical)</li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>990:<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>745, Panavia Tornado IDS</li><li>194, Panavia Tornado ADV</li><li>051, Panavia Tornado ECR</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1979–1998</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 (RAF)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Panavia Tornado is a family of <a href="/wiki/Twin-engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-engine">twin-engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">variable-sweep wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-role_combat_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-role combat aircraft">multi-role combat aircraft</a>, jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> There are three primary <a href="#Variants">Tornado variants</a>: the Tornado IDS (<a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">interdictor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">strike</a>) <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a>, the Tornado ECR (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic warfare aircraft">electronic combat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a>) <a href="/wiki/SEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAD">SEAD</a> aircraft and the <a href="/wiki/Tornado_ADV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado ADV">Tornado ADV</a> (air defence variant) <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a>. The Tornado was developed and built by <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Aircraft_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavia Aircraft GmbH">Panavia Aircraft GmbH</a>, a tri-national consortium consisting of <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm" title="Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm">MBB</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> of West Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Aeritalia" title="Aeritalia">Aeritalia</a> of Italy. It first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its <a href="/wiki/Multirole" class="mw-redirect" title="Multirole">multirole</a> design, it was able to replace several different types of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a> (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado, in addition to the three original partner nations. A training and evaluation unit operating from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore" title="RAF Cottesmore">RAF Cottesmore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tri-National_Tornado_Training_Establishment" title="Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment">Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment</a>, maintained a level of international co-operation beyond the production stage. The Tornado was operated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a>, and RSAF during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991, in which the Tornado conducted many low-altitude penetrating strike missions. The Tornados of various services were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, in Libya during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">2011 Libyan civil war</a>, as well as smaller roles in Afghanistan, Yemen, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Syria</a>. Including all variants, 990<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> aircraft were built. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFVG_(1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AFVG_%281965%29.jpg/220px-AFVG_%281965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AFVG_%281965%29.jpg/330px-AFVG_%281965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AFVG_%281965%29.jpg/440px-AFVG_%281965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of the <a href="/wiki/BAC/Dassault_AFVG" title="BAC/Dassault AFVG">AFVG</a>, an ancestor to the MRCA programme</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/BAC/Dassault_AFVG" title="BAC/Dassault AFVG">BAC/Dassault AFVG</a></div> During the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to <a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">variable-geometry wing</a> designs to gain the maneuverability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> designs. The United Kingdom had cancelled the procurement of the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a> tactical strike and reconnaissance aircraft in 1965 and then -in 1967 - the US <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">General Dynamics F-111K</a> aircraft that was supposed to fulfil the same role, and was still looking for a replacement for its <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> strategic bomber and <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> strike aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-segell124-4">[2]</a> Britain and France had initiated the <a href="/wiki/BAC/Dassault_AFVG" title="BAC/Dassault AFVG">BAC/Dassault AFVG</a> (from "Anglo-French Variable Geometry") project in 1965, but this had ended with French withdrawal in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> Britain continued to develop a variable-geometry aircraft similar to the proposed AFVG, and sought new partners to achieve this.<a href="#cite_note-torn_birt_11-6">[4]</a> West German <a href="/wiki/Entwicklungsring_S%C3%BCd" title="Entwicklungsring Süd">EWR</a> with Boeing then with <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Aircraft" title="Fairchild Aircraft">Fairchild-Hiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_Aviation" title="Republic Aviation">Republic Aviation</a> had been developing design studies of the swing-wing EWR-Fairchild-Hiller A400 AVS Advanced Vertical Strike (which has a similar configuration to the Tornado) from 1964 to 1968.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> In 1968, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada formed a working group to examine replacements for the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104G_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed F-104G Starfighter">Lockheed F-104G Starfighter</a> multi-role fighter-bomber,<a href="#cite_note-104replac-10">[8]</a> initially called the Multi Role Aircraft (MRA), later renamed as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA).<a href="#cite_note-jerr53-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> As the partner nations' requirements were so diverse, it was decided to develop a single aircraft that could perform a variety of missions that were previously undertaken by a fleet of different aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by <a href="/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice-Marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Giddings" title="Michael Giddings">Michael Giddings</a>, and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> By the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-jef_28-15">[13]</a> Canada and Belgium had departed before any long-term commitments had been made to the programme;<a href="#cite_note-haglund_48-16">[14]</a> Canada had found the project politically unpalatable; there was a perception in political circles that much of the manufacturing and specifications were focused on Western Europe. France had made a favourable offer to Belgium on the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_5" title="Dassault Mirage 5">Dassault Mirage 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haglund_48-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panavia_Aircraft_GmbH">Panavia Aircraft GmbH</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Panavia Aircraft GmbH">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Aircraft_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavia Aircraft GmbH">Panavia Aircraft GmbH</a></div> On 26 March 1969, four partner nations – United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, to develop and manufacture the MRCA.<a href="#cite_note-segell124-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-104replac-10">[8]</a> The project's aim was to produce an aircraft capable of undertaking missions in the tactical strike, reconnaissance, air defence, and maritime roles.<a href="#cite_note-segell124-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-104replac-10">[8]</a> Various concepts, including alternative fixed-wing and single-engine designs, were studied while defining the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-jef_26-17">[15]</a> The Netherlands pulled out of the project in 1970, citing that the aircraft was too complicated and technical for the <a href="/wiki/RNLAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RNLAF">RNLAF</a>'s preferences,<a href="#cite_note-segell124-4">[2]</a> which had sought a simpler aircraft with outstanding manoeuvrability.<a href="#cite_note-haglund_49-18">[16]</a> An additional blow was struck when the German requirement reduced from an initial 600 aircraft to 324 in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-jef_28-9-19">[17]</a> It has been suggested that Germany deliberately placed an unrealistically high initial order to secure the company headquarters and initial test flight in Germany rather than the UK, to have a bigger design influence.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG/220px-RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG/330px-RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG/440px-RAF_Tornado_F2.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Formation take-off of an RAF Tornado GR.1 and a Tornado F.2 prototype in September 1982</figcaption></figure> When the agreement was finalised, the United Kingdom and West Germany each had a 42.5% stake of the workload, with the remaining 15% going to Italy; this division of the production work was heavily influenced by international political bargaining.<a href="#cite_note-haglund_52+56-21">[19]</a> The front fuselage and tail assembly was assigned to <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a> (now <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>) in the United Kingdom; the centre fuselage to <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm" title="Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm">MBB</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>) in West Germany; and the wings to <a href="/wiki/Aeritalia" title="Aeritalia">Aeritalia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a>) in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-segell125-22">[20]</a> Similarly, tri-national worksharing was used for engines and equipment. A separate multinational company, <a href="/wiki/Turbo-Union" title="Turbo-Union">Turbo-Union</a>, was formed in June 1970 to develop and build the <a href="/wiki/RB199" class="mw-redirect" title="RB199">RB199</a> engines for the aircraft, with ownership split 40% <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a>, 40% <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU</a>, and 20% <a href="/wiki/FIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FIAT">FIAT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-segell124-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wellington-23">[21]</a> At the conclusion of the project definition phase in May 1970, the concepts were reduced to two designs; a single seat Panavia 100 which West Germany initially preferred, and the twin-seat Panavia 200 which the RAF preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Wellington-23">[21]</a> The aircraft was briefly called the Panavia Panther, and the project soon coalesced towards the two-seat option.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> In September 1971, the three governments signed an Intention to Proceed (ITP) document, at which point the aircraft was intended solely for the low-level strike mission, where it was viewed as a viable threat to Soviet defences in that role.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> It was at this point that Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff announced, "two-thirds of the fighting front line will be composed of this single, basic aircraft type".<a href="#cite_note-segell125-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototypes_and_testing">Prototypes and testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prototypes and testing">edit</a>]</div> The first of fifteen development aircraft (nine prototypes, P01 to P09, and six pre-series, PS11 to PS 16) flew on 14 August 1974 at <a href="/wiki/Manching" title="Manching">Manching</a>, Germany; the pilot, Paul Millett described his experience: "Aircraft handling was delightful... the actual flight went so smoothly that I did begin to wonder whether this was not yet another simulation".<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Flight testing led to the need for minor modifications. Airflow disturbances were corrected by re-profiling the <a href="/wiki/Intake" title="Intake">engine intakes</a> and the fuselage to minimise <a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">surging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffeting">buffeting</a> at supersonic speeds.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> According to Jim Quinn, programmer of the Tornado development simulation software and engineer on the Tornado engine and engine controls, the prototype was safely capable of reaching <a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruise</a>, but the engines had severe safety issues at high altitude while trying to decelerate. At high altitude and low turbine speed the compressor did not provide enough pressure to hold back the combustion pressure and would result in a violent vibration as the combustion pressure backfired into the intake. To avoid this effect the engine controls would automatically increase the minimum idle setting as altitude increased, until at very high altitudes the idle setting was so high, however, that it was close to maximum dry thrust. This resulted in one of the test aircraft being stuck in a mach 1.2 supercruise at high altitude and having to reduce speed by turning the aircraft, because the idle setting at that altitude was so high that the aircraft could not decelerate.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_GR1,_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1390711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Third Tornado prototype P.03 (XX947) at <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airport" title="Farnborough Airport">RAE Farnborough</a>, August 1980</figcaption></figure> The British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> assigned Chief Engineer Ted Talbot from the Concorde development team to provide intake design assistance to the Tornado development team in order to overcome these issues, which they hesitantly agreed to after noting that the Concorde intake data had apparently already been leaked to the Soviet Union. The German engineers working on the Tornado intake were unable to produce a functional Concorde style intake despite having data from the Concorde team. To make the problem worse, their management team incorrectly filed a patent on the Concorde design, and then tried to sue the British engineers who had provided the design to them. The German lawyers realised that the British had provided the designs to the German team, and requested further information to help their engineers overcome the problems with the Tornado intake, but Chief Engineer Talbot refused. According to Talbot, the Concorde engineers had determined the issue with the Tornado intake was that the engine did not respond to unexpected changes in the intake position, and therefore the engine was running at the wrong setting for a given position of the intake ramps. This was because the Concorde had similar issues due to control pressure not being high enough to maintain proper angles of the intake ramps. Aerodynamic forces could force the intakes into the improper position, and so they should have the ability to control the engines if this occurs. The Tornado intake system did not allow for this. Due to the behaviour of the German management team, the British engineers declined to share this information, and so the Tornado was not equipped with the more advanced intake design of the Concorde.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Testing revealed that a nose-wheel steering augmentation system, connecting with the <a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">yaw damper</a>, was necessary to counteract the destabilising effect produced by deploying the <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reverser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust reverser">thrust reverser</a> during the landing roll.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> From 1967 until 1984 Soviet <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agents were provided details on the Tornado by the head of the West German <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm" title="Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm">Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm</a> Planning department, Manfred Rotsch.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Two prototypes were lost in accidents, both of which had been primarily caused by poor piloting decisions and errors leading to two ground collision incidents;<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> a third Tornado prototype was seriously damaged by an incident involving <a href="/wiki/Pilot-induced_oscillation" title="Pilot-induced oscillation">pilot-induced pitch oscillation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> During the type's development, aircraft designers of the era were beginning to incorporate features such as more sophisticated stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Aircraft such as the Tornado and the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> made use of these new technologies.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Failure testing of the Tornado's triplex <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analogue</a> command and stability augmentation system (CSAS) was conducted on a series of realistic flight control rigs; the variable-sweep wings in combination with varying, and frequently very heavy, payloads complicated the clearance process.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG/220px-F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG/330px-F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG/440px-F-15C_Tornado_IDS_DFST8901717.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>A USAF <a href="/wiki/F-15C" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15C">F-15C</a> flanked by Luftwaffe (bottom) and RAF (top) Tornados in 1987</figcaption></figure> The contract for the Batch 1 aircraft was signed on 29 July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Wellington-23">[21]</a> The first flight of a production aircraft was on 10 July 1979 by ZA319 at BAe Warton.<a href="#cite_note-firstprdctn-37">[35]</a> The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> on 5 and 6 June 1979 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The first Italian Tornado was delivered on 25 September 1981. On 29 January 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Tri-National_Tornado_Training_Establishment" title="Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment">Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment</a> (TTTE) officially opened at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore" title="RAF Cottesmore">RAF Cottesmore</a>, remaining active in training pilots from all operating nations until 31 March 1999.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The 500th Tornado to be produced was delivered to West Germany on 19 December 1987.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft; <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was the only export customer of the Tornado.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamamah_arms_deal" title="Al-Yamamah arms deal">Al-Yamamah arms deal</a> between British Aerospace and the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> had committed to purchasing eight Tornado F2s and the equipment to operate them for a total value of £250 million in August 1985,<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> but cancelled the order in 1990 due to financial difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> During the 1970s, Australia considered joining the MRCA programme to find a replacement for their ageing <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Dassault Mirage IIIs</a>; ultimately the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a> was selected to meet the requirement.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Canada similarly opted for the F/A-18 after considering the Tornado.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Japan considered the Tornado in the 1980s, along with the F-16 and F/A-18, before selecting the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-2" title="Mitsubishi F-2">Mitsubishi F-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In the 1990s, both <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> expressed interest in acquiring a small number of Tornado ECR aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/EADS" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS">EADS</a> proposed a Tornado ECR variant with a greater <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> capability for Australia.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Production came to an end in 1998; the last batch of aircraft produced going to the Royal Saudi Air Force, who had ordered a total of 96 IDS Tornados.<a href="#cite_note-Janes_241-53">[51]</a> In June 2011, it was announced that the Tornado fleet had flown collectively over one million flying hours.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Aviation author Jon Lake noted that "The Trinational Panavia Consortium produced just short of 1,000 Tornados, making it one of the most successful postwar bomber programs".<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In 2008, AirForces Monthly said of the Tornado: "For more than a quarter of a century ... the most important military aircraft in Western Europe."<a href="#cite_note-afmimportance-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030617-N-4374S-016_A_German_fighter_jet_Panavia_Tornado_GR.Mk_1,_flies_over_the_Aegis_class,_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vella_Gulf_(CG_72)_during_the_annual_maritime_exercise_Baltic_Operations_2003_(BALTOPS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/US_Navy_030617-N-4374S-016_A_German_fighter_jet_Panavia_Tornado_GR.Mk_1%2C_flies_over_the_Aegis_class%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vella_Gulf_%28CG_72%29_during_the_annual_maritime_exercise_Baltic_Operations_2003_%28BALTOPS%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/US_Navy_030617-N-4374S-016_A_German_fighter_jet_Panavia_Tornado_GR.Mk_1%2C_flies_over_the_Aegis_class%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vella_Gulf_%28CG_72%29_during_the_annual_maritime_exercise_Baltic_Operations_2003_%28BALTOPS%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/US_Navy_030617-N-4374S-016_A_German_fighter_jet_Panavia_Tornado_GR.Mk_1%2C_flies_over_the_Aegis_class%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vella_Gulf_%28CG_72%29_during_the_annual_maritime_exercise_Baltic_Operations_2003_%28BALTOPS%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Flyover of a German Navy Tornado during a training exercise in 2003</figcaption></figure> The Panavia Tornado is a multirole, twin-engined aircraft designed to excel at low-level penetration of enemy defences. The mission envisaged during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was the delivery of conventional and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ordnance" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear ordnance">nuclear ordnance</a> on the invading forces of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries of Eastern Europe; this dictated several significant features of the design. Variable wing geometry allowed for minimal drag during the low-level dash towards a well-prepared enemy. Advanced navigation and flight computers, including the then-innovative <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> system, greatly reduced the workload of the pilot during low-level flight and eased control of the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frédriksen_255-59">[57]</a> For long range missions, the Tornado has a retractable <a href="/wiki/Probe_and_drogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Probe and drogue">refuelling probe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type – the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. The most extensive modification from the base Tornado design was the Tornado ADV, which was stretched and armed with long range anti-aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor role.<a href="#cite_note-eagles_88-91-61">[59]</a> Tornado operators have undertaken various life extension and upgrade programmes to keep their Tornado fleets as viable frontline aircraft. With these upgrades it is projected that the Tornado shall be in service until 2025, more than 50 years after the first prototype took flight.<a href="#cite_note-AIjun07_p29-62">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable-sweep_wing">Variable-sweep wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variable-sweep wing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">variable-sweep wing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg/220px-RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg/330px-RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg/440px-RIAS_2014_Tornado_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Deployed swing wings</figcaption></figure> In order for the Tornado to perform well as a low-level supersonic strike aircraft, it was considered necessary for it to possess good high-speed and low-speed flight characteristics. To achieve high-speed performance, a <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta</a> wing is typically adopted, but these wing designs are inefficient at low speeds. To operate at both high and low speeds with great effectiveness, the Tornado uses a variable-sweep wing.<a href="#cite_note-jerr53-11">[9]</a> This approach had been adopted by earlier aircraft, such as the American <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a>, which is the most similar in mission flexibility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The swing-wing was also used by the older American <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a> strike fighter, and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a> fighter. The smaller Tornado has many similarities with the F-111, however the Tornado differs in being a multi-role aircraft with more advanced onboard systems and avionics.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The level of <a href="/wiki/Wing_sweep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing sweep">wing sweep</a> (i.e. the angle of the wings in relation to the fuselage) can be altered in flight at the pilot's control. The variable wing can adopt any sweep angle between 25 degrees and 67 degrees, with a corresponding speed range for each angle. Some Tornado ADVs were outfitted with an automatic wing-sweep system to reduce pilot workload.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> When the wings are swept back, the exposed <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing area</a> is lowered and <a href="/wiki/Wave_drag" title="Wave drag">drag</a> is significantly decreased, which is conducive to performing high-speed low-level flight.<a href="#cite_note-jerr53-11">[9]</a> The weapons pylons pivot with the angle of the variable-sweep wings so that the stores point in the direction of flight and do not hinder any wing positions.<a href="#cite_note-jerr54-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In development, significant attention was given to the Tornado's short-field take-off and landing (<a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a>) performance. Germany, in particular, encouraged this design aspect.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> For shorter take-off and landing distances, the Tornado can sweep its wings forwards to the 25-degree position, and deploy its full-span <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">leading edge slats</a> to allow the aircraft to fly at lower speeds.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> These features, in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reverser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust reverser">thrust reverser</a>-equipped engines, give the Tornado excellent low-speed handling and landing characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics">Avionics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Avionics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg/170px-Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg/255px-Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg/340px-Tornado_GR.4_Forward_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Forward cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg/220px-Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg/330px-Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg/440px-Tornado_GR.4_Aft_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Aft cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4</figcaption></figure> The Tornado features a <a href="/wiki/Tandem-seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem-seat">tandem-seat</a> cockpit, crewed by a pilot and a <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator/weapons officer</a>; both <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-optical">electro-optical</a> controls are used to fly the aircraft and manage its systems.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> An array of dials and switches are mounted on either side of a centrally placed <a href="/wiki/CRT_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT monitor">CRT monitor</a>, controlling the navigational, communications, and weapons-control computers.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> BAE Systems developed the Tornado Advanced Radar Display Information System (TARDIS), a 32.5-centimetre (12.8 in) <a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">multi-function display</a>, to replace the rear cockpit's Combined Radar and Projected Map Display; the RAF began installing TARDIS on the GR4 fleet in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The primary flight controls of the Tornado are a <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> hybrid, consisting of an analogue <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quadruplex" class="extiw" title="wikt:quadruplex">quadruplex</a> Command and Stability Augmentation System (CSAS) connected to a digital Autopilot & Flight Director System (AFDS).<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In addition a level of mechanical reversion capacity was retained to safeguard against potential failure.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> To enhance pilot awareness, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">artificial feel</a> was built into the flight controls, such as the centrally located <a href="/wiki/Joystick#Aviation" title="Joystick">stick</a>. Because the Tornado's variable wings enable the aircraft to drastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses adjust automatically to wing profile changes and other changes to flight attitude.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> As a large variety of munitions and stores can be outfitted, the resulting changes to the aircraft's flight dynamics are routinely compensated for by the flight stability system.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG/220px-Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG/330px-Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG/440px-Luftwaffe_GR-4_Tornado_undergoing_maintenance_during_Cooperative_Cope_Thunder_2004.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A German Air Force Tornado ECR undergoing maintenance in July 2004</figcaption></figure> The Tornado incorporates a combined navigation/attack <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler radar</a> that simultaneously scans for targets and conducts fully automated <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain-following">terrain-following</a> for low-level flight operations. Being able to conduct all-weather hands-off low-level flight was considered one of the core advantages of the Tornado.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The Tornado ADV had a different radar system to other variants, designated <a href="/wiki/AI.24_Foxhunter" title="AI.24 Foxhunter">AI.24 Foxhunter</a>, as it is designed for <a href="/wiki/Air_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defence">air defence</a> operations. It was capable of tracking up to 20 targets at ranges of up to 160 kilometres (100 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Frédriksen_255-59">[57]</a> The Tornado was one of the earliest aircraft to be fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">digital data bus</a> for data transmission. A Link 16 JTIDS integration on the F3 variant enabled the exchange of radar and other sensory information with nearby friendly aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Some Tornado variants carry different avionics and equipment, depending on their mission. The Tornado ECR operated by Germany and Italy is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defences" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Enemy Air Defences">Suppression of Enemy Air Defences</a> (SEAD) missions. The Tornado ECR is equipped with an emitter-locator system (ELS) to detect radar use.<a href="#cite_note-janes_237-79">[77]</a> German ECRs have a <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> infrared imaging system for reconnaissance flights.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> RAF and RSAF Tornados have the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> Range Finder and Marked Target Seekers (LRMTS) for targeting <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser-guided">laser-guided</a> munitions.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In 1991, the RAF introduced TIALD, allowing Tornado GR1s to <a href="/wiki/Target_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Target designation">laser-designate</a> their own targets.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The GR1A and GR4A reconnaissance variants were equipped with TIRRS (Tornado Infrared Reconnaissance System), consisting of one SLIR (Sideways Looking Infra Red) sensor on each side of the fuselage forward of the engine intakes to capture oblique images, and a single IRLS (<a href="/wiki/Infrared_linescan" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared linescan">InfrarRed LineScan</a>) sensor mounted on the fuselage's underside to provide vertical images.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> TIRRS recorded images on six <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tapes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evans_p97-9-84">[82]</a> The newer <a href="/wiki/RAPTOR" title="RAPTOR">RAPTOR</a> reconnaissance pod replaced the built-in TIRRS system.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament_and_equipment">Armament and equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Armament and equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG/220px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG/330px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG/440px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>German Air Force Tornado 44+96, electronic warfare pod</figcaption></figure> The Tornado is cleared to carry the majority of air-launched weapons in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> inventory, including various <a href="/wiki/Gravity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity bomb">unguided</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missiles</a>, as well as specialised weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-personnel_mine" title="Anti-personnel mine">anti-personnel mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-runway" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-runway">anti-runway</a> munitions.<a href="#cite_note-evans_pp66-8-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corde_298-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-granby_raf-89">[87]</a> To improve survivability in combat, the Tornado is equipped with onboard countermeasures, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">flare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a> dispensers to electronic countermeasure pods that can be mounted under the wings.<a href="#cite_note-RAFGR4-90">[88]</a> Underwing fuel tanks and a <a href="/wiki/Buddy_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy store">buddy store</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial refuelling">aerial refuelling</a> system that allows one Tornado to refuel another are available to extend the aircraft's range.<a href="#cite_note-lame-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG/220px-Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG/330px-Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG/440px-Tornado_ECR_JaBoG_32_1997.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>German Air Force Tornado ECR 46+26, queuing to be refuelled by a <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> in September 1997</figcaption></figure> In the decades since the Tornado's introduction, all of the Tornado operators have undertaken various upgrade and modification programmes to allow new weapons to be used by their squadrons. Amongst the armaments that the Tornado has been adapted to deploy are the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Paveway" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Paveway">Enhanced Paveway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition" title="Joint Direct Attack Munition">Joint Direct Attack Munition</a> bombs, and modern <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missiles">cruise missiles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/KEPD_350" class="mw-redirect" title="KEPD 350">Taurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a> missiles. These upgrades have increased the Tornado's capabilities and combat accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-Corde_298-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-fi_assta2-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-defpro_jdam-93">[91]</a> Precision weapons such as cruise missiles have replaced older munitions such as <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Strike variants have a limited air-to-air capability with <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> or <a href="/wiki/AIM-132_ASRAAM" class="mw-redirect" title="AIM-132 ASRAAM">AIM-132 ASRAAM</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a> (AAMs). The Tornado ADV was outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Beyond_visual_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond visual range">beyond visual range</a> AAMs such as the <a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a> missiles.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The Tornado is armed with two 27 mm (1.063 in) <a href="/wiki/Mauser_BK-27" title="Mauser BK-27">Mauser BK-27</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolver_cannon" title="Revolver cannon">revolver cannon</a> internally mounted underneath the fuselage; the Tornado ADV was only armed with one cannon.<a href="#cite_note-eagles_88-91-61">[59]</a> When the RAF GR1 aircraft were converted to GR4, the FLIR sensor replaced the left hand cannon, leaving only one;<a href="#cite_note-AIAp08_p25-97">[95]</a> the GR1A reconnaissance variant gave up both its guns to make space for the sideways looking infra-red sensors.<a href="#cite_note-evans_p98-9-98">[96]</a> The Mauser BK-27 was developed specifically for the Tornado, but has since been used on several other European fighters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dassault/Dornier_Alpha_Jet" title="Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet">Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab JAS 39 Gripen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAH-99">[97]</a> The Tornado is capable of delivering air-launched <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. In 1979, Britain considered replacing its <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> submarines with either the <a href="/wiki/Trident_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident missile">Trident</a> submarines or the Tornado as the main bearer of its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Although the UK proceeded with Trident, several Tornado squadrons based in Germany were assigned to <a href="/wiki/SACEUR" class="mw-redirect" title="SACEUR">SACEUR</a> to deter a major Soviet offensive with both conventional and nuclear weapons, namely the <a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a> nuclear bomb, which was retired in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-strategicdefencereview-102">[100]</a> German and Italian Tornados are capable of delivering US <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a>, which are made available through NATO.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine">Engine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbo-Union_RB199" title="Turbo-Union RB199">Turbo-Union RB199</a></div> Britain considered the selection of <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> to develop the advanced engine for the MRCA to be essential, and was strongly opposed to adopting an engine from an American manufacturer, to the point where the UK might have withdrawn over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In September 1969, Rolls-Royce's <a href="/wiki/RB199" class="mw-redirect" title="RB199">RB199</a> engine was selected to power the MRCA. One advantage over the US competition was that a <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a> between the partner nations had been agreed; the engine was to be developed and manufactured by a joint company, <a href="/wiki/Turbo-Union" title="Turbo-Union">Turbo-Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jef_50-105">[103]</a> The programme was delayed by Rolls-Royce's entry into receivership in 1971. however the nature of the multinational collaboration process helped avoid major disruption of the Tornado programme.<a href="#cite_note-jef_51-106">[104]</a> Research from the <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_airliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic airliner">supersonic airliner</a> <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> contributed to the development and final design of the RB199 and of the engine control units.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RB199_Cosford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RB199_Cosford.JPG/220px-RB199_Cosford.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RB199_Cosford.JPG/330px-RB199_Cosford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RB199_Cosford.JPG/440px-RB199_Cosford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>RB199 on static display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Museum Cosford">Royal Air Force Museum Cosford</a></figcaption></figure> To operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions and speeds up to Mach 2, the RB199 and several other engines make use of <a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">variable intake ramps</a> to control the air flow.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The hydraulic system is pressurised by syphoning power from both or either operational engine; the hydraulics are completely contained within the airframe rather than integrating with the engine to improve safety and maintainability.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In case of double-engine, or double-generator, failure, the Tornado has a single-use battery capable of operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to 13 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Relatively rarely among fighter aircraft, the RB199 is fitted with <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reverser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust reverser">thrust reversers</a> to decrease the distance required to land safely.<a href="#cite_note-Frédriksen_255-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> To fully deploy the thrust reverser during landings, the <a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">yaw damper</a> is connected to the steering of the nosewheel to provide greater stability.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In August 1974, the first RB199 powered flight of a prototype Tornado occurred and the engine completed its qualification tests in late 1978.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The final production standard engine met both reliability and performance standards, though the development cost had been higher than predicted, in part due to the ambitious performance requirements.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> At the time of the Tornado's introduction to service, the <a href="/wiki/Turbine_blades" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbine blades">turbine blades</a> of the engine suffered from a shorter life span than desired, which was rectified by the implementation of design revisions upon early-production engines.<a href="#cite_note-jef_54-115">[113]</a> Several uprated engines were developed and used on both the majority of Tornado ADVs and Germany's Tornado ECRs.<a href="#cite_note-jef_55-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-turbounion-117">[115]</a> The DECU (Digital Engine Control Unit)<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> is the current engine control unit for RB199 engines superseding the analogue MECU (Main Engine Control Unit) also known as CUE.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg/220px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg/330px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg/440px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_MOD_45155235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>RAF GR4 of <a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAF">No. 9 Squadron</a> shows off a payload including Paveway, <a href="/wiki/Brimstone_(missile)" title="Brimstone (missile)">Brimstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Litening" class="mw-redirect" title="Litening">Litening pod</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upgrades">Upgrades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Upgrades">edit</a>]</div> Being designed for low-level operations, the Tornado required modification to perform in medium level operations that the RAF adopted in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The RAF's GR1 fleet was extensively re-manufactured as Tornado GR4s. Upgrades on Tornado GR4s included a <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a>, a wide-angle HUD (<a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up display</a>), improved <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> displays, NVG (<a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night vision devices</a>) capabilities, new <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) receiver. The upgrade eased the integration of new weapons and sensors which were purchased in parallel, including the <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a>, the Brimstone anti-tank missile, <a href="/wiki/GBU-24_Paveway_III" title="GBU-24 Paveway III">Paveway III</a> laser-guided bombs and the <a href="/wiki/RAPTOR" title="RAPTOR">RAPTOR</a> reconnaissance pod.<a href="#cite_note-BAE_GR4_up-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAFGR4-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAPJ30_p119-0-122">[120]</a> The first flight of a Tornado GR4 was on 4 April 1997. The RAF accepted its first delivery on 31 October 1997 and deliveries were completed in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In 2005, the RSAF opted to have their Tornado IDSs undergo a series of upgrades to become equivalent to the RAF's GR4 configuration.<a href="#cite_note-saudi_upgrade-124">[122]</a> On 21 December 2007 BAE signed a £210m contract for CUSP, the Capability Upgrade Strategy (Pilot).<a href="#cite_note-Hoyle20080109-125">[123]</a> This project would see RAF GR4/4A improved in two phases, starting with the integration of the Paveway IV bomb and a communications upgrade, followed by a new tactical datalink in Phase B.<a href="#cite_note-Hoyle20080109-125">[123]</a> Beginning in 2000, German IDS and ECR Tornados received the ASSTA 1 (Avionics System Software Tornado in Ada) upgrade. ASSTA 1 involved a replacement weapons computer, new GPS and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Laser Inertial</a> navigation systems.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The new computer allowed the integration of the <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">HARM III, HARM 0 Block IV/V</a> and Taurus KEPD 350 missiles, the <a href="/wiki/Litening" class="mw-redirect" title="Litening">Rafael Litening II</a> <a href="/wiki/Targeting_pod#Laser_designator" title="Targeting pod">laser designator pod</a> and <a href="/wiki/GBU-24_Paveway_III" title="GBU-24 Paveway III">GBU-24 Paveway III</a> laser-guided bombs.<a href="#cite_note-AIdec11_p72-74-127">[125]</a> The ASSTA 2 upgrade began in 2005, primarily consisting of several new digital avionics systems and a new ECM suite; these upgrades are to be only applied to 85 Tornados (20 ECRs and 65 IDSs), as the Tornado is being replaced in part by the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AIdec11_p74-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-fi_assta2-92">[90]</a> The ASSTA 3 upgrade programme, started in 2008, will introduce support for the laser-targeted <a href="/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition" title="Joint Direct Attack Munition">Joint Direct Attack Munition</a> along with further software changes.<a href="#cite_note-defpro_jdam-93">[91]</a> In January 2016, Bild newspaper stated that the newest upgrade of the ASSTA suite to version 3.1, which includes colour multifunctional LCD screens in place of monochrome CRT displays, is interfering with helmet-mounted night-vision optical displays worn by pilots, rendering German Tornado bombers deployed to Syria useless for night missions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The defence ministry admitted that bright cockpit lights could be a distraction for pilots, and said that the solution will be implemented in a few weeks, but denied the need to fly night missions in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg/220px-RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg/330px-RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg/440px-RDNG-AMLCD_TV_TAB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A 'new' AMLCD TV TAB DU in test mode showing color bars. The bezel is removed to allow a wider view angle.</figcaption></figure> The TV TAB displays are used for route planning, the forward-looking infra-red (FLIR) sensors, targeting pods such as TIALD (Thermal Imaging and Laser Designator) and CLDP (Convertible Laser Designator Pod). The original MRCA TV TAB DU navigation display (part number V22.498.90) has a green CRT as the picture source. The original price for one CRT display version was €33,852.64. Due to the light environment, the picture tube was pushed to the limit due to the high brightness levels causing wear of the picture tube. An Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (<a href="/wiki/AMLCD" class="mw-redirect" title="AMLCD">AMLCD</a>) drop fit replacement with a digital screen TV TAB (NSN 5895-99-597-1323) was developed to replace the 'old' wear-sensitive CRT versions. The CRT versions are mainly recognisable by the two white domes at the top of the display containing the light sensors for automatic brightness regulation and the white buttons. The newer digital version is mainly recognisable by the black buttons with big white dots on them. The replacement AMLCD version has a color display instead of the original green monochrome display. A new feature is that the AMLCD has a bezel that reduces the angle of view. The main goal of the AMLCD upgrade was the intended significant reduction in life cycle costs. But it's said that the newer AMLCD version fail rather quickly due to the more sensitive and complex digital electronics compared to the much simpler design of the original CRT display. The old and newer version are a masterpiece of state of the art engineering and both are very well built. For example there's a diagnostic connector at the back panel for quick troubleshooting. The display unit is eventually a rather 'dumb' device. The original display unit is 'just' a display and a keypad. To show a picture, the separate video signal, vertical and horizontal synchronisation signals have to be fed into the display unit since there's no internal electronics for synchronisation separation of the video signal. The additional waveform generator (WFG) is needed to 'create' the desired images for use in the airplane. To power the display unit, a three phase 115 VAC 400 Hz including neutral and a 28 VDC signal have to be supplied to the display unit. The CRT version has a Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) for creating the needed low voltage signals. There's also a High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) for creating the desired high voltage for the CRT picture tube. Since the newer AMLCD has no CRT picture tube, the high voltages are not needed and the mechanical and electrical design is completely different except for the connections, mounting points and functionality. The newer AMLCD version 'only' needs 28 VDC for functionality. But since a drop fit replacement is mandatory, the AMLCD version has a built in three phase 115VAC 400 Hz conversion to 28 VDC. By removing the rear three phase conversion power supply plug-in board and applying 28 VDC (<4.1 A) to the power supply board, the device can be powered for avionics enthusiast use. The AMLCD has a built in menu for selecting the airplane type: GR1, GR4 or F3, a self test and a display test like a grid pattern and color bars shown in the picture.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> BAE Systems announced that, in December 2013, it had test-flown a Tornado equipped with parts made by <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>. The parts included a protective cover for the radio, a landing-gear guard and air-intake door support struts. The test demonstrated the feasibility of making replacement parts quickly and cheaply at the air base hosting the Tornado.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The company claimed that, with some costing less than £100 to make, 3D printing of parts had saved more than £300,000 which potentially could reach more than £1.2 million by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Air_Force_(Luftwaffe)">German Air Force (Luftwaffe)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG/220px-German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG/330px-German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG/440px-German_Panavia_Tornado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>A German Air Force Tornado IDS 43+13 flying above <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, US, 2007</figcaption></figure> The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on 14 August 1974 from <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt_Manching_Airport" title="Ingolstadt Manching Airport">Ingolstadt Manching Airport</a>, in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j75-135">[133]</a> Deliveries of production Tornados began on 27 July 1979. The total number of Tornados delivered to the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> was 247, including 35 ECR variants.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ32_p128-136">[134]</a> Originally Tornados equipped five fighter-bomber wings (<a href="/wiki/Geschwader" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschwader">Geschwader</a>), with one tactical conversion unit and four front-line wings, replacing the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ32_p128,1-137">[135]</a> When one of the two Tornado wings of the German Navy was disbanded in 1994, its aircraft were used to re-equip a Luftwaffe's reconnaissance wing formerly equipped with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas RF-4E Phantoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ32_p129-138">[136]</a> 14 German Tornados undertook combat operations as a part of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The Tornados, operating from <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, Italy, flew reconnaissance missions to survey damage inflicted by previous strikes and to scout new targets.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> These reconnaissance missions were reportedly responsible for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In 1999, German Tornados participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a>, NATO airstrikes against the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>. This was Germany's first offensive air mission since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The ECR aircraft escorted various allies' aircraft while carrying several <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88 HARM</a> missiles to counter attempted use of radar against the allied aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> During the Kosovo hostilities, Germany's IDS Tornados routinely conducted reconnaissance flights to identify both enemy ground forces and civilian refugees within Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The German Tornados flew 2108 hours and 446 sorties, firing 236 HARM missiles at hostile targets.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_Luftwaffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A Luftwaffe Tornado 44+80 of <a href="/wiki/Jagdbombergeschwader_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdbombergeschwader 31">Jagdbombergeschwader 31</a> taking off from <a href="/wiki/Eielson_Air_Force_Base" title="Eielson Air Force Base">Eielson Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, in 2004</figcaption></figure> In June 2007, a pair of Luftwaffe Tornados flew reconnaissance missions over an <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation">anti-globalisation</a> demonstration during the <a href="/wiki/33rd_G8_summit" title="33rd G8 summit">33rd G8 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heiligendamm" title="Heiligendamm">Heiligendamm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Following the mission, the German Defence Ministry admitted one aircraft had broken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes were made in the handling of security of the summit.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_ECR_(26565457453).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg/220px-Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg/330px-Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg/440px-Tornado_ECR_%2826565457453%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Tornado ECR arrives in Austria for an air show, 1997</figcaption></figure> In 2007, a detachment of six Tornados of the <a href="/wiki/Aufkl%C3%A4rungsgeschwader_51_%22Immelmann%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann"">Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann"</a> (51st reconnaissance wing) were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, Northern Afghanistan, to support NATO forces.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The decision to send Tornados to Afghanistan was controversial: one political party launched an unsuccessful legal bid to block the deployment as unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In support of the Afghanistan mission, improvements in the Tornado's reconnaissance equipment were accelerated; enhancing the Tornado's ability to detect hidden <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs).<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The German Tornados were withdrawn from Afghanistan in November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Defence cuts announced in March 2003 resulted in the decision to retire 90 Tornados from service with the Luftwaffe. This led to a reduction in its Tornado strength to four wings by September 2005.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-AImay06_p51-156">[154]</a> On 13 January 2004, the then German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Minister_of_Defence_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Minister of Defence (Germany)">Defence Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Struck_(politician)" title="Peter Struck (politician)">Peter Struck</a> announced further major changes to the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was the plan to cut the German fighter fleet from 426 in early 2004 to 265 by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The German Tornado force was to be reduced to 85, with the type expected to remain in service with the Luftwaffe until 2025.<a href="#cite_note-AIdec11_p74-128">[126]</a> The aircraft being retained have been undergoing a service life extension programme.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Currently, the Luftwaffe operates Tornados with Tactical Wings <a href="/wiki/Taktisches_Luftwaffengeschwader_33" title="Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33">Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33</a> in Cochem/<a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchel_Air_Base" title="Büchel Air Base">Büchel Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Taktisches_Luftwaffengeschwader_51" title="Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 51">Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 51</a> "Immelmann" in Jagel, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. German Tornado aircrew training took place at <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a> in New Mexico, US from January 1996<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> at the Taktische Ausbildungskommando der Luftwaffe USA (TaktAusbKdoLw USA Tactical Training Command of the Luftwaffe USA) which was responsible for training both German F-4 Phantom and Tornado crews. In 1999 the training command was renamed as Fliegerisches Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe (FlgAusbZLw Luftwaffe Training Center). In March 2015, Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> decided to continue this training in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In September 2017, flight training in Holloman for the Tornado was discontinued and transferred to Taktischen Luftwaffengeschwader 51 in Jagel with the US location command dissolved in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> In April 2020, it was reported that the German defence ministry planned to replace its Tornado aircraft with a purchase of 30 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets</a>, 15 EA-18G Growlers, and 55 Eurofighter Typhoons.<a href="#cite_note-flightintgermany-162">[160]</a> The Super Hornet was selected due to its compatibility with nuclear weapons and availability of an electronic attack version. In March 2020, the Super Hornet was not certified for the <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a>, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the [required] timeline."<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> In 2021, Airbus offered to replace Luftwaffe's 90 ageing Tornado Interdiction and Strike (IDS) and Electronic Combat Reconnaissance (ECR) aircraft with 85 new Eurofighter Tranche 5 standard from 2030.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In 2022, the German defence ministry announced that 35 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIs</a> will replace the Tornado fleet for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a> instead of the discussed 30 Boeing Super Hornets.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Navy_(Marineflieger)">German Navy (Marineflieger)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: German Navy (Marineflieger)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG/220px-Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG/330px-Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG/440px-Tornado_MFG1_landing_RAF_Mildenhall_1984.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>A German Navy Tornado 43+65 landing at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Oceana" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Oceana">NAS Oceana</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> In addition to the order made by the Luftwaffe, the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marineflieger" title="Marineflieger">Marineflieger</a> also received 112 of the IDS variant in the anti-shipping and marine reconnaissance roles, again replacing the Starfighter. These Tornados equipped two wings, each with a nominal strength of 48 aircraft. The principal anti-ship weapon was the <a href="/wiki/AS.34_Kormoran" title="AS.34 Kormoran">AS.34 Kormoran</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missile</a>, which were initially supplemented by unguided bombs and <a href="/wiki/BL755" title="BL755">BL755</a> <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a>, and later by <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88 HARM</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-radar_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-radar missile">anti-radar missiles</a>. Pods fitted with panoramic optical cameras and an infrared line scan were carried for the reconnaissance mission.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ32_p132-167">[165]</a> The end of the Cold War and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/CFE_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="CFE Treaty">CFE Treaty</a> led Germany to reduce the size of its armed forces, including the number of combat aircraft. To meet this need, one of the Marineflieger's Tornado wings was disbanded on 1 January 1994; its aircraft replaced the Phantoms of a Luftwaffe reconnaissance wing.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_p94-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAPJ32_p129,2-169">[167]</a> The second wing was enlarged and continued in the anti-shipping, reconnaissance and anti-radar roles until it was disbanded in 2005 with its aircraft and duties passed on to the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Air_Force_(Aeronautica_Militare)">Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare)">edit</a>]</div> The first Italian prototype made its maiden flight on 5 December 1975 from <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautica Militare">Aeronautica Militare</a> received 100 Tornado IDSs (known as the A-200 in Italian service).<a href="#cite_note-AM_names-171">[169]</a> 16 A-200s were subsequently converted to the ECR configuration; the first Italian Tornado ECR (known as the EA-200)<a href="#cite_note-AM_names-171">[169]</a> was delivered on 27 February 1998.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> As a stop-gap measure for 10 years the Aeronautica Militare additionally operated 24 <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Tornado ADVs</a> in the air defence role, which were leased from the RAF to cover the service gap between the retirement of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-173">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight,_5_May_1987_(6426747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg/220px-Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg/330px-Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg/440px-Two_Italian_Panavia_Tornados_of_36_Stormo_in_flight%2C_5_May_1987_%286426747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Two Italian A-200 Tornados participating in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> exercise Dragon Hammer, May 1987</figcaption></figure> Italian Tornados, along with RAF Tornados, took part in the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Operazione_Locusta" title="Operazione Locusta">Operazione Locusta</a> saw eight Tornado IDS interdictors deployed from <a href="/wiki/Gioia_del_Colle" title="Gioia del Colle">Gioia del Colle</a>, Italy, to <a href="/wiki/Al_Dhafra,_Abu_Dhabi" title="Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi">Al Dhafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, as part of Italy's contribution to the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> During the conflict, one aircraft was lost to Iraqi anti-aircraft fire; the pilots ejected safely and were captured by Iraqi forces.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> A total of 22 Italian Tornados were deployed in the NATO-organised <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a> over Kosovo in 1999; the A-200s served in the bombing role while the EA-200s patrolled the combat region, acting to suppress enemy anti-aircraft radars,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> firing 115 AGM-88 HARM missiles.<a href="#cite_note-corriere-177">[175]</a> In 2000, with delays to the Eurofighter, the Aeronautica Militare began a search for another interim fighter. While the Tornado was considered, any long term extension to the lease would have involved upgrade to RAF CSP standard and thus was not considered cost effective. In February 2001, Italy announced its arrangement to lease 35 F-16s from the United States under the PEACE CAESAR programme.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The Aeronautica Militare returned its Tornado ADVs to the RAF, with the final aircraft arriving at <a href="/wiki/RAF_St_Athan" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF St Athan">RAF St Athan</a> on 7 December 2004.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> One aircraft was retained for static display purposes at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force_Museum" title="Italian Air Force Museum">Italian Air Force Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMM-180">[178]</a> In July 2002, Italy signed a contract with the Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) and Panavia for the upgrading of 18 A-200s, the first of which was received in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems (integrated GPS and laser INS) and the ability to carry new weapons, including the Storm Shadow cruise missile, Joint Direct Attack Munition and Paveway III laser-guided bombs.<a href="#cite_note-AIjun07_p27-182">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg/220px-Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg/330px-Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg/440px-Line-up_of_Tornados_at_Trapani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A-200 Tornados of 50° Stormo during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> In response to anticipated violence during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_parliamentary_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan parliamentary election, 2010">2010 Afghanistan elections</a>, Italy, along with several other nations, increased its military commitment in Afghanistan, dispatching four A-200 Tornados to the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Italy has opted to extend the Tornado's service life at the expense of alternative ground-attack aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">AMX International AMX</a>; in 2010 a major upgrade and life extension programme was initiated, to provide new digital displays, <a href="/wiki/Link_16" title="Link 16">Link 16</a> communications capability, night-vision goggles compatibility, and several other upgrades.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In the long term, it is planned to replace the Tornado IDS/ECR fleet in Italian service with the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> with the final Italian Tornado scheduled to be phased out in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-AIjun07_p29-62">[60]</a> The Aeronautica Militare received its first of an eventual 15 upgraded Tornado EA-200s on 15 June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Italian Tornado A-200 and EA-200 aircraft participated in the enforcement of a UN no-fly zone during the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Various coalition aircraft operated from bases in Italy, including RAF Tornados.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Italian military aircraft delivered a combined 710 guided bombs and missiles during the strikes against Libyan targets. Of these Aeronautica Militare Tornados and AMX fighter-bombers released 550 guided bombs and missiles, and Italian Navy AV-8Bs delivered 160 guided bombs. Italian Tornados launched 20 to 30 <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a> cruise missiles with the rest consisting of Paveway and JDAM guided bombs.<a href="#cite_note-defensenews-188">[186]</a> On 19 August 2014, two Aeronautica Militare Tornados collided in mid-air during a training mission near <a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Ascoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> On 14 November 2014, Italy announced it was sending four Tornado aircraft with 135 support staff to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Jaber_Air_Base" title="Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base">Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base</a> and to two other bases in Kuwait in participation of <a href="/wiki/2014_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">coalition operations against the Islamic State</a>. The four aircraft will be used for reconnaissance missions only.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In October 2018, it was announced that the EA-200 Tornado had successfully completed operational testing of the <a href="/wiki/AGM-88E_AARGM" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-88E AARGM">AGM-88E AARGM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> providing capabilities of an "expanded target set, counter-shutdown capability, advanced signals processing for improved detection and locating, geographic specificity, and a weapon impact-assessment broadcast capability."<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Air_Force">Royal Air Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Royal Air Force">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_GR1_27_sq_(25634276814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg/220px-Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg/330px-Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg/440px-Tornado_GR1_27_sq_%2825634276814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR1 ZA613 of <a href="/wiki/No._27_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 27 Squadron RAF">No. 27 Squadron</a> arriving at <a href="/wiki/RIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAT">RIAT</a>, July 1983</figcaption></figure> Nicknamed the "Tonka" by the British,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> their first prototype (XX946) made its maiden flight on 30 October 1974 from <a href="/wiki/BAC_Warton" class="mw-redirect" title="BAC Warton">BAC Warton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PO1-195">[193]</a> The first full production Tornado GR1 (ZA319) flew on 10 July 1979 from Warton.<a href="#cite_note-firstprdctn-37">[35]</a> The first RAF Tornados (ZA320 and ZA322) were delivered to the TTTE at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Crew that qualified from the TTTE went onto the <a href="/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 45 Squadron RAF">Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit</a> (TWCU), which formed on 1 August 1981 at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Honington" title="RAF Honington">RAF Honington</a>, before being posted to a front-line squadron.<a href="#cite_note-UKSqn-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAF">No. IX (B) Squadron</a> became the first front-line squadron in the world to operate the Tornado when it reformed on 1 June 1982, having received its first Tornado GR1 ZA586 on 6 January 1982.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> No. IX (B) Squadron was declared strike combat ready to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in January 1983.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Two more squadrons were formed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a> in 1983 – <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 617 Squadron">No. 617 Squadron</a> on 1 January and <a href="/wiki/No._27_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 27 Squadron RAF">No. 27 Squadron</a> on 12 August.<a href="#cite_note-UKSqn-197">[195]</a> The first RAF Tornado GR1 loss was on 27 September 1983 when ZA586 suffered complete electrical failure and crashed.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Navigator Flt. Lt. Nigel Nickles ejected but the pilot Sqn. Ldr. Michael Stephens died in the crash after ordering ejection.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In January 1984, the TWCU became No. 45 (Reserve) Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-Napier_2017,_p._34-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/RAF_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Germany">RAF Germany</a> (RAFG) began receiving Tornados after the formation of <a href="/wiki/No._15_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 15 Squadron RAF">No. XV (Designate) Squadron</a> on 1 September 1983 at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Laarbruch" title="RAF Laarbruch">RAF Laarbruch</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/No._16_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 16 Squadron RAF">No. 16 (Designate) Squadron</a> in January 1984 (who were both <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> squadrons).<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> They were then joined by <a href="/wiki/No._20_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 20 Squadron RAF">No. 20 (Designate) Squadron</a> in May 1984 (who were operating the <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar GR1</a> from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Br%C3%BCggen" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Brüggen">RAF Brüggen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Napier_2017,_p._34-203">[201]</a> Unlike the Tornado squadrons based in the UK which were under control of the British military, those stationed in RAFG were under the control of SACEUR, with the aircraft on <a href="/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert">Quick Reaction Alert</a> (Nuclear), "QRA (N)", being equipped with the WE.177 nuclear bomb.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In the event of the Cold War going 'hot', the majority of RAFG Tornado squadrons were tasked with destroying Warsaw Pact airfields and <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> (SAM) sites in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> While No. 20 Squadron was given a separate responsibility of destroying bridges over the rivers <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> to prevent Warsaw Pact forces from advancing.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> By early 1985, Nos. XV, 16 and 20 Squadrons at RAF Laarbruch had been declared strike combat ready to SACEUR.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_GR1,_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_GR1%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1801303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR1 ZA491 of <a href="/wiki/No._20_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 20 Squadron RAF">No. 20 Squadron</a> in the "desert pink" used for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>, September 1991</figcaption></figure> Tornados began to arrive at RAF Brüggen in September 1984 with the formation of <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 31 Squadron RAF">No. 31 (Designate) Squadron</a>. <a href="/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 17 Squadron RAF">No. 17 (Designate) Squadron</a> was formed in December 1984, with the two Brüggen squadrons joined by <a href="/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 14 Squadron RAF">No. 14 (Designate) Squadron</a> in mid-1985.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> No. IX (B) Squadron relocated from RAF Honington to RAF Brüggen on 1 October 1986, arriving in a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_formation" title="Diamond formation">diamond nine formation</a>. The outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a> in October 1986 between <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> led the end of QRA (Nuclear) for the Tornado force.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> By the end of 1986, the Tornado GR1 fleet had been equipped with a Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) under the nose, and had begun to be equipped with the <a href="/wiki/BOZ_counter-measures_pod" title="BOZ counter-measures pod">BOZ-107</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff and flare</a> dispenser.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The Tornado made its combat debut as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a>, the British contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991. This saw 49 RAF Tornado GR1s deploy to <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Airfield" title="Muharraq Airfield">Muharraq Airfield</a> in Bahrain and to <a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabuk Air Base">Tabuk Air Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhahran_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhahran Airfield">Dhahran Airfield</a> in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-granby2-213">[211]</a> 18 Tornado F3s were deployed to provide air cover, the threat of their long range missiles being a deterrent to Iraqi pilots, who would avoid combat when approached.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-granby2-213">[211]</a> Early on in the conflict, the GR1s targeted military airfields across Iraq, deploying a mixture of 450 kg (1,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/Unguided_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguided bombs">unguided bombs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toss_bombing" title="Toss bombing">loft-bombing</a> attacks and specialised <a href="/wiki/JP233" title="JP233">JP233</a> runway denial weapons. On 17 January 1991, the first Tornado to be lost was shot down by an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/SA-16" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-16">SA-16</a> missile following a failed low-level bombing run.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> On 19 January, another RAF Tornado was shot down during an intensive raid on <a href="/wiki/Tallil_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallil Air Base">Tallil Air Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The impact of the Tornado strikes upon Iraqi airfields is difficult to determine.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> A total of six RAF Tornados were lost in the conflict, four while delivering unguided bombs, one after delivering <a href="/wiki/JP233" title="JP233">JP233</a>, and one trying to deliver laser-guided bombs.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> The UK sent a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> aircraft equipped with <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Pave_Spike" title="Pave Spike">Pave Spike</a> laser designators, allowing Tornado GR1s to drop precision guided weapons guided by the Buccaneers. A planned programme to fit GR1s with the <a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC-Marconi">GEC-Marconi</a> <a href="/wiki/TIALD" title="TIALD">TIALD</a> laser designation system was rapidly accelerated to give the Tornado force the ability to self-designate targets. Author Claus-Christian Szejnmann declared that the TIALD pod enabled the GR1 to "achieve probably the most accurate bombing in the RAF's history".<a href="#cite_note-evans_pp66-8-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Although laser designation proved effective in the Gulf War, only 23 TIALD pods had been purchased by 2000; shortages hindered combat operations over Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg/220px-RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg/330px-RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg/440px-RAF_Panavia_Tornado_GR1A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR1s of Nos. <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 31 Squadron RAF">31</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 17 Squadron RAF">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 14 Squadron RAF">14</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._15_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 15 Squadron RAF">XV (R)</a> Squadrons lined up at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay" title="CFB Goose Bay">CFB Goose Bay</a>, June 1992</figcaption></figure> After the war's opening phase, the GR1s switched to medium-level strike missions; typical targets included munition depots and oil refineries.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Only the reconnaissance Tornado GR1As continued flying the low-altitude high-speed profile, emerging unscathed despite the inherent danger in conducting pre-attack reconnaissance.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> After the conflict, Britain maintained a military presence in the Gulf. Around six GR1s were based at <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al_Salem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Al Salem">Ali Al Salem</a> airbase in Kuwait, contributing the southern no-fly zone as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a>. Six additional GR1s participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a> over Northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> The upgraded Tornado GR4 made its operational debut in Operation Southern Watch; patrolling Iraq's southern airspace from bases in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Both Tornado GR1s and GR4s based at Ali Al Salem, Kuwait, took part in coalition strikes at Iraq's military infrastructure during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Fox">Operation Desert Fox</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> In December 1998, an Iraqi anti-aircraft battery fired six to eight missiles at a patrolling Tornado. The battery was later attacked in retaliation, and no aircraft were lost during the incident.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> It was reported that during Desert Fox RAF Tornados had successfully destroyed 75% of their targets, and out of the 36 missions planned, 28 had been successfully completed.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The GR1 participated in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1999. Tornados initially operated from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Br%C3%BCggen" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Brüggen">RAF Brüggen</a>, Germany and later from <a href="/wiki/Solenzara_Air_Base" title="Solenzara Air Base">Solenzara Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Experiences from Kosovo led to the RAF procuring <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a> missiles and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Paveway" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Paveway">Enhanced Paveway</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart bomb">smart bombs</a> for the Tornado.<a href="#cite_note-Corde_298-88">[86]</a> Following the Kosovo War, the GR1 was phased out as aircraft were upgraded to GR4 standard; the final upgrade was returned to the RAF on 10 June 2003.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> The GR4 was used in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a>, Britain's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. RAF Tornados flew alongside American aircraft in the opening phase of the war, striking Iraqi targets.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Aiming to minimise civilian casualties, Tornados deployed the Storm Shadow <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> for the first time. Whilst 25% of the UK's air-launched weapons in Kosovo were precision-guided, four years later in Iraq this ratio increased to 85%.<a href="#cite_note-Corde_298-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG/220px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG/330px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG/440px-RAF_Tornado_GR4_Iraq.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR4 ZA557 of <a href="/wiki/No._15_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 15 Squadron RAF">No. XV (Reserve) Squadron</a> in flight over Iraq during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a>, August 2004</figcaption></figure> On 23 March 2003, a Tornado GR4 was shot down over Iraq by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> from a US <a href="/wiki/Patriot_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot missile">Patriot missile</a> battery, killing both crew members.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> In July 2003, a US board of inquiry exonerated the battery's operators, observing the Tornado's "lack of functioning IFF (<a href="/wiki/Identification_Friend_or_Foe" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification Friend or Foe">Identification Friend or Foe</a>)" as a factor in the incident.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Problems with Patriot were also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis-identification of friendly aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdown of a <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> F/A-18 a few weeks after the Tornado's loss.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Britain withdrew the last of its Tornados from Iraq in June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> In early 2009, several GR4s arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandahar Airfield">Kandahar Airfield</a>, Afghanistan to replace the <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II">British Aerospace Harrier GR7/9</a> aircraft which had been deployed there since November 2004.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Paveway_IV" title="Paveway IV">Paveway IV</a> guided bombs were brought into service on the RAF's Tornados, having been previously used in Afghanistan by the Harrier II.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> In Summer 2010, extra Tornados were dispatched to Kandahar for the duration of the 2010 Afghan election.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> British Tornados ended operations in Afghanistan in November 2014, having flown over 5,000 pairs sorties over 33,500 hours, including 600 "shows of force" to deter Taliban attacks. During more than 70 engagements, 140 Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs were deployed, and over 3,000 27 mm cannon shells fired.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> (SDSR)'s publication, the Tornado's retirement was under consideration with savings of £7.5 billion anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The SDSR announced the Tornado would be retained at the expense of the Harrier II, although numbers would decline in the transition to the Eurofighter Typhoon and the <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> By July 2013, 59 RAF GR4s were receiving the CUSP avionics upgrade, which achieved Initial Service Date (ISD) in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Fish20140716-245">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg/220px-RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg/330px-RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg/440px-RAF_CONDUCTS_FIRST_AIR_STRIKES_OF_IRAQ_MISSION_MOD_45158635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR4 ZD744 over Iraq during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a>, September 2014</figcaption></figure> On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> announced that Tornados and <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoons</a> would enforce a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_no-fly_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan no-fly zone">no-fly zone in Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> In March 2011, several Tornados flew 3,000-mile (4,800 km) strike missions against targets inside Libya in what were, according to Defence Secretary <a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a>, "the longest range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the Falklands conflict".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Liam-Fox-247">[245]</a> A variety of munitions were used during Tornado operations over Libya, including laser-guided bombs and Brimstone missiles.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> In August 2014, Tornado GR4s were deployed to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a>, Cyprus to support refugees sheltering from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State militants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinjar">Mount Sinjar</a> region of Iraq. The decision came three days after the <a href="/wiki/2014_military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 military intervention against ISIS">United States began conducting air attacks against the Islamic State</a>. Tornados were pre-positioned to gather situational awareness in the region.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> On 27 September 2014, after Parliament approved airstrikes against Islamic State forces inside Iraq, two Tornados conducted their first armed reconnaissance mission in conjunction with coalition aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The next day, two Tornados made the first airstrike on a heavy weapons post and an armoured vehicle, supporting <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Kurdish forces</a> in northwest Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> By 1 March 2015, eight RAF Tornados had been deployed to Akrotiri and conducted 159 airstrikes against IS targets in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> On 2 December 2015, Parliament approved air strikes in Syria as well as Iraq to combat the growing threat of <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a>; Tornados began bombing that evening.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> On 14 April 2018, four Tornado GR4s from RAF Akrotiri struck a Syrian military facility with <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a> cruise missiles in response to a suspected <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">chemical attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a> by the Syrian regime the previous week.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_(46173515434).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg/220px-EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg/330px-EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg/440px-EGYM_-_Panavia_Tornado_GR4_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZG752_%2846173515434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5897" data-file-height="3811" /></a><figcaption>Tornado GR4 in a retro scheme to mark the Tornado GR4's retirement departing <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>, January 2019</figcaption></figure> On 10 July 2018, nine Tornado GR4s from RAF Marham flew over London to celebrate 100 years of the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> During late 2018, the RAF commemorated the Tornado's service with three special schemes:<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> ZG752 paid homage to its early years with a green/grey wraparound camouflage; ZG775 and ZD716 both wore schemes commemorating the final units to operate the type – No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron respectively.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> On 31 January 2019, the Tornado GR4 flew its last operational sorties in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The eight Tornados formerly stationed at RAF Akrotiri returned to RAF Marham in early February 2019, their duties assumed by six Typhoons.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Between September 2014 and January 2019, RAF Tornados accounted for 31% of the estimated 4,315 casualties inflicted upon ISIL by the RAF during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February 2019 over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> On 28 February, nine Tornados flew out of RAF Marham for a diamond nine formation flypast over a graduation parade at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cranwell" title="RAF Cranwell">RAF Cranwell</a> before returning and carrying out a series of passes over RAF Marham.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> On 14 March 2019 the final flight of an RAF Tornado was carried out by Tornado GR4 ZA463, the oldest remaining Tornado, over RAF Marham during the disbandment parade of No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> The Tornado GR4 was officially retired from RAF service on 1 April 2019, the 101st anniversary of the force.<a href="#cite_note-RAFretire-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Post-retirement, five Tornados returned to RAF Honington via road for the Complex Air Ground Environment (CAGE), which simulates a Tornado flight line for training purposes.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> On 2 July 2023, it was reported that pylons from decommissioned RAF Panavia Tornado GR4s had been fitted to Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Su-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-24">Su-24s</a>, so that they could launch the Storm Shadow missile. These Su-24s can carry at least two <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm Shadow missile">Storm Shadow missiles</a> at a time. Unlike missiles carried by the Tornado, it was reported, missiles carried by the Su-24 required the coordinates of targets to be entered before takeoff, while the aircraft was on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Saudi_Air_Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Royal Saudi Air Force">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_(9624799718).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_7507_%289624799718%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4651" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>RSAF Tornado IDS 7507 of 75 Squadron arriving at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a>, August 2013</figcaption></figure> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a> pilots visited RAF Honington to fly and evaluate the Tornado GR1.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> On 25 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabia signed the <a href="/wiki/Al_Yamamah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Yamamah I">Al Yamamah I</a> contract which included the sale of 48 IDS and 24 ADV Tornadoes.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> In October 1985, four RSAF crews joined the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment at RAF Cottesmore.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> The first flight of a Saudi Tornado IDS (701) was on 17 February 1986,<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> and the first four IDS were delivered to <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz Air Base">King Abdul Aziz Air Base</a>, Dharan in 26 March 1986.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> The first Saudi Tornado squadron formed was <a href="/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RSAF" title="No. 7 Squadron RSAF">No. 7 Squadron</a>, which had received 20 aircraft by 8 October 1987.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> The first Saudi ADV (2905) flew on 1 December 1988,<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> and the first deliveries arrived in Saudi Arabia on 20 March 1989.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> The first two RSAF ADV squadrons, <a href="/wiki/No._29_Squadron_RSAF" title="No. 29 Squadron RSAF">Nos. 29</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._34_Squadron_RSAF" title="No. 34 Squadron RSAF">34 Squadrons</a>, were formed and reached their full strength of 12 aircraft each by 1990.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> In the run-up to the Gulf War, the RSAF began to pool its Tornado squadrons together, with the joint 24 aircraft strong ADV unit flying missions as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield">Operation Desert Shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> Saudi Tornados took part in the Gulf War, with No. 7 Squadron carrying out their first mission on the night of 17 January 1991.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> In total, the RSAF flew 665 Tornado IDS sorties and 451 ADV sorties, seeing the loss of one IDS (765) on the night of 19/20 January.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-44">[42]</a> In June 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Yamamah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Yamamah II">Al Yamamah II</a> contract was signed, the main element of which was 48 additional IDSs.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Following experience with both the Tornado and the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle</a>, the RSAF discontinued low-level mission training in the F-15E in light of the Tornado's superior low-altitude flight performance.<a href="#cite_note-cord_210-276">[274]</a> Ten of the Saudi Tornados were fitted with equipment for performing reconnaissance missions. The 22 Tornado ADVs were replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon; the retired aircraft were purchased back by the UK.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> By 2007, both the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Eagle_(missile)" title="Sea Eagle (missile)">Sea Eagle</a> anti-ship missile and the <a href="/wiki/ALARM" title="ALARM">ALARM</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missile</a> that previously equipped the RSAF's Tornados had been withdrawn from service.<a href="#cite_note-cord_210-276">[274]</a> As of 2010,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Saudi Arabia has signed several contracts for new weapon systems to be fitted to their Tornado and Typhoon fleets, such as the short range air-to-air <a href="/wiki/IRIS-T" title="IRIS-T">IRIS-T</a> missile, and the Brimstone and Storm Shadow missiles.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> In September 2006, the Saudi government signed a contract worth £2.5 billion (US$4.7 billion) with <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> to upgrade up to 80 RSAF Tornado IDS aircraft to keep them in service until 2020. The first RSAF Tornado was returned to BAE Systems Warton in December 2006 for upgrade under the "Tornado Sustainment Programme" (TSP) to "equip the IDS fleet with a range of new precision-guided weapons and enhanced targeting equipment, in many cases common with those systems already fielded by the UK's Tornado GR4s."<a href="#cite_note-saudi_upgrade-124">[122]</a> In December 2007, the first RSAF aircraft to complete modernisation was returned to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Starting from the first week of November 2009, RSAF Tornados, along with Saudi F-15s performed air raids during the <a href="/wiki/Shia_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia insurgency in Yemen">Shia insurgency</a> in north Yemen. It was the first time since <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in 1991 that the RSAF had participated in a military operation over hostile territory.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> RSAF Tornados are playing a central role in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> On 7 January 2018, <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthi fighters</a> claimed to have shot down a Saudi warplane which was conducting air-raids over northern Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> According to Saudi reports, the downed aircraft was an RSAF Tornado which was on a combat mission over <a href="/wiki/Saada_Governorate" title="Saada Governorate">Saada province</a> in northern Yemen, it was lost for 'technical reasons' and both crew were rescued.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> On 12 July 2018, another RSAF Tornado crashed in Asir region after returning from Saada, Yemen due to a technical malfunction.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> On 14 February 2020, a Saudi Tornado was shot down during <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> mission in support of Saudi allied Yemeni forces in the Yemeni Al Jouf governorate by Houthis. On the day after, the Saudi command confirmed the loss of a Tornado, while a video was released showing the downing using a two-stage surface to air missile. Both pilots ejected and were captured by Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornado_IDS">Tornado IDS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tornado IDS">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg/220px-Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg/330px-Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg/440px-Tornado_gr4_za597_kemble_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/220px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/330px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/440px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2394" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_F.3,_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_F.3%2C_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6705530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="808" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>Tornado GR1</dt></dl> RAF IDS (interdictor/strike) variants were initially designated the <a href="/wiki/British_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="British military aircraft designation systems">Tornado GR1</a> with later modified aircraft designated Tornado GR1A, Tornado GR1B, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4A. The first of 228 GR1s was delivered on 5 June 1979, and the type entered service in the early 1980s. <dl><dt>Tornado GR1B</dt></dl> The Tornado GR1B was a specialised anti-shipping variant of the GR1, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a>. 26 aircraft were converted and were based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ30_p117-288">[286]</a> Each aircraft was equipped to carry up to four <a href="/wiki/Sea_Eagle_(missile)" title="Sea Eagle (missile)">Sea Eagle</a> anti-ship missiles.<a href="#cite_note-lame-91">[89]</a> At first the GR1B lacked the radar capability to track shipping, instead relying on the missile's seeker for target acquisition; later updates allowed target data to be passed from aircraft to missile.<a href="#cite_note-WAPJ33_p105-289">[287]</a> <dl><dt>Tornado GR1P</dt></dl> A single Tornado GR1 (ZA326, the eighth production aircraft) was re-designated GR1P after being partially rebuilt using parts from different production batches following a fire during engine testing. This aircraft served with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Test_Pilot%27s_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Test Pilot's School">Empire Test Pilot's School</a> until 2005, when it was retired, being the last GR1 in service anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> <dl><dt>Tornado GR4</dt></dl> The UK <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> began studies for a GR1 Mid-Life Update (MLU) in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> The update to GR4 standard, approved in 1994, would improve capability in the medium-altitude role based on lessons learned from the GR1's performance in the 1991 Gulf War. British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) upgraded 142 Tornado GR1s to GR4 standard, beginning in 1996 and finished in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-BAE_GR4_up-121">[119]</a> 59 RAF aircraft later received the CUSP avionics package which integrated the Paveway IV bomb and installed a new secure communications module from Cassidian in Phase A,<a href="#cite_note-Fish20140716-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoyle20080109-125">[123]</a> followed by the Tactical Information Exchange (TIE) datalink from General Dynamics in Phase B.<a href="#cite_note-Fish20140716-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoyle20080109-125">[123]</a> <dl><dt>Tornado GR1A/GR4A</dt></dl> The GR1A is the reconnaissance variant operated by the RAF and RSAF, fitted with the TIRRS (Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System), replacing the cannon.<a href="#cite_note-evans_p98-9-98">[96]</a> The RAF ordered 30 GR1As, 14 as GR1 rebuilds and 16 new aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-evans_p97-292">[290]</a> When the Tornado GR1s were upgraded to become GR4s, GR1A aircraft were upgraded to GR4A standard.<a href="#cite_note-AIAp08_p24-293">[291]</a> The switch from low-level operations to medium/high-level operations means that the internal TIRRS was no longer used.<a href="#cite_note-AIAp08_p28-294">[292]</a> As the GR4A's internal sensors are no longer essential, the RAF's Tactical Reconnaissance Wing operated both GR4A and GR4 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornado_ECR"> Tornado ECR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tornado ECR">edit</a>]</div> Operated by Germany and Italy, the ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance) is a Tornado variant devoted to <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses" title="Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses">Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses</a> (SEAD) missions. It was first delivered on 21 May 1990. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88 HARM</a> missiles.<a href="#cite_note-janes_237-79">[77]</a> The Luftwaffe's 35 ECRs were delivered new, while Italy received 16 converted IDSs. Italian Tornado ECRs differ from the Luftwaffe aircraft as they lack built-in reconnaissance capability and use RecceLite reconnaissance pods. Only Luftwaffe ECRs are equipped with the RB199 Mk.105 engine, which has a higher thrust rating.<a href="#cite_note-Janes_241-53">[51]</a> The German ECRs do not carry a cannon.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> The RAF used the IDS version in the SEAD role instead of the ECR and also modified several of its Tornado F.3s to undertake the mission.<a href="#cite_note-EF3-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornado_ADV">Tornado ADV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tornado ADV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a></div> The Tornado ADV (air defence variant) was an <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a> variant of the Tornado, developed for the RAF (designated Tornado F2 or F3) and also operated by Saudi Arabia and Italy. The ADV had inferior agility to fighters like the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> but was not intended as a dogfighter, rather as a long-endurance interceptor to counter the threat from Cold War bombers.<a href="#cite_note-eagles-299">[297]</a> Although the ADV had 80% parts commonality with the Tornado IDS, the ADV had greater acceleration, improved RB199 Mk.104 engines, a stretched body, greater fuel capacity, the <a href="/wiki/AI.24_Foxhunter" title="AI.24 Foxhunter">AI.24 Foxhunter</a> radar, and software changes. It had only one cannon to accommodate a retractable <a href="/wiki/Inflight_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflight refuelling">inflight refuelling probe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eagles_88-91-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-turbounion-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Panavia_Tornado_operators" title="List of Panavia Tornado operators">List of Panavia Tornado operators</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_operators.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tornado_operators.png/310px-Tornado_operators.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tornado_operators.png/465px-Tornado_operators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tornado_operators.png/620px-Tornado_operators.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Operators <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Current</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Former</div></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a>: 210 IDS and 35 ECR Tornados delivered.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> By December 2018, 94 IDS and 28 ECR aircraft remained in service.<a href="#cite_note-:0-301">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marineflieger" title="Marineflieger">Marineflieger</a>: 112 IDS Tornados delivered, retired in June 2005 with some aircraft being reallocated to the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautica Militare">Aeronautica Militare</a>: 100 IDS A-200 Tornados delivered (18 converted to ECR EA-200s),<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> 24 ADV F3 aircraft later leased from the RAF between 1995 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> By December 2018, 70 A-200 and 5 EA-200 aircraft remained in service.<a href="#cite_note-:0-301">[299]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a>: 96 IDS and 24 ADV Tornados delivered,<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> ADVs retired in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> By December 2018, 81 IDS aircraft remained in service.<a href="#cite_note-:0-301">[299]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_operators">Former operators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Former operators">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>: 385 IDS GR1 and ADV F2/F3 Tornados delivered, including 230 GR1s<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> (142 later upgraded to GR4s),<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> 18 F2s and 147 F3s (retired in 2011).<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKSqn-197">[195]</a> GR4 was retired on 1 April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-RAFretire-266">[264]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_on_display">Aircraft on display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aircraft on display">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG/220px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG/330px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG/440px-Tornado_44%2B96_at_Jagel_pic3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="3099" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_(6571710449).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_F3_MM7210_36-12_%286571710449%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="1785" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1173" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg/220px-Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg/330px-Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg/440px-Tornado_F3_ZH552_gate_guardian_RAF_Leeming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6096" data-file-height="4572" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_(8738052307).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg/220px-43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg/330px-43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg/440px-43%2B74_Panavia_Tornado_IDS_German_Marine_%288738052307%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado,_Imperial_War_Museum,_Duxford,_May_19th_2018._(46653603632).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado%2C_Imperial_War_Museum%2C_Duxford%2C_May_19th_2018._%2846653603632%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="1492" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_(15750730342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_%2745%2B30%27_%2815750730342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="3777" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg/220px-Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg/330px-Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg/440px-Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6159" data-file-height="3464" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <ul><li>ZG791 Tornado GR4 on display at <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Heritage_Museum_(Western_Australia)" title="Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)">Aviation Heritage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_Creek,_Western_Australia" title="Bull Creek, Western Australia">Bull Creek, Western Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Austria</dt></dl> <ul><li>44+66 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Siegharts" title="Groß-Siegharts">Groß-Siegharts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bulgaria</dt></dl> <ul><li>44+13 Tornado IDS on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Military_History_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Military History (Bulgaria)">National Museum of Military History</a>, Sofia.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Estonia</dt></dl> <ul><li>ZE256 Tornado F3 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Aviation_Museum" title="Estonian Aviation Museum">Estonian Aviation Museum</a>, Lange.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li>D-9591 Tornado Prototype P.01 on display at <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_Flugplatz_Berlin-Gatow" title="Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow">Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a></li> <li>XX948 Tornado Prototype P.06 on display at <a href="/wiki/Hermeskeil" title="Hermeskeil">Hermeskeil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a></li> <li>43+55 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/Aeronauticum" title="Aeronauticum">Aeronauticum</a>, Nordholz.<a href="#cite_note-Nordholz-317">[315]</a></li> <li>43+70 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchel_Air_Base" title="Büchel Air Base">Büchel Air Base</a>, Cochem.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a></li> <li>43+86 Tornado IDS (MTU corporate design paint scheme) at <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU Aero Engines</a>, Munich.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a></li> <li>43+96 Tornado IDS on display at Wengerohr, <a href="/wiki/Wittlich" title="Wittlich">Wittlich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a></li> <li>44+31 Tornado IDS (Blue Lightning paint scheme) of the 31st Fighter Bomber Wing "<a href="/wiki/Boelcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Boelcke">Boelcke</a>" at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rvenich_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nörvenich AB">Nörvenich AB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a></li> <li>44+35 Tornado IDS on display at the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne Bonn Airport</a>, Cologne.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a></li> <li>44+56 Tornado IDS on display at Fliegergeschichtliche Museum TG JaboG 34, <a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a></li> <li>44+68 Tornado IDS on display at the <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_Flugplatz_Berlin-Gatow" title="Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow">Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a></li> <li>44+84 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeldbruck_Air_Base" title="Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base">Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base</a>, Fürstenfeldbruck.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a></li> <li>44+96 Tornado IDS gate guard at <a href="/wiki/Schleswig_Air_Base" title="Schleswig Air Base">Schleswig Air Base</a> in Jagel, near <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a></li> <li>44+97 Tornado IDS of the Einsatzgeschwader (Expeditionary Air Wing) <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum_Flugwerft_Schleissheim" title="Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim">Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberschlei%C3%9Fheim" title="Oberschleißheim">Oberschleißheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a></li> <li>45+30 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/Aeronauticum" title="Aeronauticum">Aeronauticum</a>, Nordholz.<a href="#cite_note-Nordholz-317">[315]</a></li> <li>45+44 Tornado IDS gate guard at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchel_Air_Base" title="Büchel Air Base">Büchel Air Base</a>, Cochem.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li>MM7001 Pre-production Tornado P.14 on display at <a href="/wiki/Cameri" title="Cameri">Cameri Air Base</a>, Cameri.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a></li> <li>MM7046 Tornado A-200 gate guard at <a href="/wiki/Ghedi_Air_Base" title="Ghedi Air Base">Ghedi Air Base</a>, Brescia.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a></li> <li>MM7080 Tornado A-200 gate guard at <a href="/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base" title="Aviano Air Base">Aviano Air Base</a>, Pordenone.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a></li> <li>MM7210 (ex-ZE836)<a href="#cite_note-AMM-180">[178]</a> Tornado F3 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force_Museum" title="Italian Air Force Museum">Italian Air Force Museum</a>, Vigna di Valle.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li>XX947 Tornado Prototype P.03 on display at PS Aero, <a href="/wiki/Baarlo" title="Baarlo">Baarlo</a>, painted as 98+08 of the German Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Saudi Arabia</dt></dl> <ul><li>765 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul-Aziz_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul-Aziz Air Base">King Abdul-Aziz Air Base</a>, Dhahran.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a></li> <li>2915 Tornado ADV on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Saudi Air Force Museum">Royal Saudi Air Force Museum</a> in Riyadh.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt></dl> <ul><li>XX946 Tornado Prototype P.02 on display at the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-PO1-195">[193]</a></li> <li>XZ630 Pre-production Tornado P.12 on display as a GR4 on the parade ground at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Halton" title="RAF Halton">RAF Halton</a>, Buckinghamshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-demobbed-341">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a></li> <li>XZ631 Tornado GR4 Prototype P.15 on display at <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Air_Museum" title="Yorkshire Air Museum">Yorkshire Air Museum</a>, Elvington, England.<a href="#cite_note-York-343">[341]</a></li> <li>ZA267 Tornado F2T on display at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Syerston" title="RAF Syerston">RAF Syerston</a>, Nottinghamshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-Syerston-344">[342]</a></li> <li>ZA319 Tornado GR1T on display at the <a href="/wiki/Boscombe_Down_Aviation_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Boscombe Down Aviation Collection">Boscombe Down Aviation Collection</a>, Wiltshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a></li> <li>ZA326 Tornado GR1P on display at South Wales Aviation Museum, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-demobbed-341">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a></li> <li>ZA354 Tornado GR1 on display at <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Air_Museum" title="Yorkshire Air Museum">Yorkshire Air Museum</a>, Elvington, England.<a href="#cite_note-York-343">[341]</a></li> <li>ZA357 Tornado GR1 on display at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-Syerston-344">[342]</a></li> <li>ZA398 Tornado GR4A on display at Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre, Cornwall, England<a href="#cite_note-CAHC-347">[345]</a></li> <li>ZA399 Tornado GR1 on display in <a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a>, Cheshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a></li> <li>ZA452 Tornado GR4 on display at <a href="/wiki/Midland_Air_Museum" title="Midland Air Museum">Midland Air Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a></li> <li>ZA457 Tornado GR1B on display at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum London</a>, Hendon, England.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a></li> <li>ZA463 Tornado GR4 on the gate at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a>, Scotland<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a></li> <li>ZA465 Tornado GR1 on display at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, Duxford, England.<a href="#cite_note-ellis23-352">[350]</a></li> <li>ZA469 Tornado GR4 on display at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, Duxford, England.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a></li> <li>ZA556 Tornado GR4 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Academy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Defence Academy of the United Kingdom">Defence Academy of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrivenham" title="Shrivenham">Shrivenham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a></li> <li>ZA607 Tornado GR4 on the gate at <a href="/wiki/MoD_Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Sealand">MoD Sealand</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a></li> <li>ZA614 Tornado GR4 on the gate at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>, Norfolk, England.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a></li> <li>ZD744 Tornado GR4 on display at <a href="/wiki/Montrose_Air_Station_Heritage_Centre" title="Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre">Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre</a>, Angus, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a></li> <li>ZE204 Tornado F3 on display at the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Land,_Sea_and_Air_Museums" title="North East Land, Sea and Air Museums">North East Land, Sea and Air Museums</a>, Tyne and Wear, England.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a></li> <li>ZE760 Tornado F3 on the gate at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a>, Lincolnshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a></li> <li>ZE887 Tornado F3 on display at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum London</a>, Hendon, England.<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a></li> <li>ZE934 Tornado F3 on display at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Flight" title="National Museum of Flight">National Museum of Flight</a>, East Fortune, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a></li> <li>ZE966 Tornado F3 on display at Tornado Heritage Centre, <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Airport" title="Hawarden Airport">Hawarden Airport</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a></li> <li>ZE967 Tornado F3 on the gate at <a href="/wiki/Leuchars_Station" title="Leuchars Station">Leuchars Station</a>, Fife, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a></li> <li>ZG771 Tornado GR4 on display at Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a></li> <li>ZH552 Tornado F3 on display at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a>, North Yorkshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li>ZA374 Tornado GR1 on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a></li> <li>43+74 Tornado IDS of the German Navy, Marinefliegergeschwader 1 at the <a href="/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Pima Air & Space Museum">Pima Air & Space Museum</a>, Tucson, Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a></li> <li>43+75 Tornado IDS on display at <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a>, New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a></li> <li>45+11 Tornado IDS on display at the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Space_History" title="New Mexico Museum of Space History">New Mexico Museum of Space History</a>, New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Tornado_GR4)">Specifications (Tornado GR4)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Specifications (Tornado GR4)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_IDS_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6667" data-file-height="3715" /></a><figcaption>Panavia Tornado IDS 3-view drawing</figcaption></figure> Data from International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000,<a href="#cite_note-Frédriksen_255-59">[57]</a> Tornado, Modern Fighting Aircraft<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 2</li> <li>Length: 16.72 m (54 ft 10 in)</li> <li>Wingspan: 13.91 m (45 ft 8 in) at 25° sweep</li> <li>Swept wingspan: 8.60 m (28 ft 3 in) swept at 67° sweep</li> <li>Height: 5.95 m (19 ft 6 in)</li> <li>Wing area: 26.6 m2 (286 sq ft)</li> <li>Empty weight: 13,890 kg (30,622 lb) <a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a></li> <li>Gross weight: 20,240 kg (44,622 lb) <a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a></li> <li>Powerplant: 2 × <a href="/wiki/Turbo-Union_RB199" title="Turbo-Union RB199">Turbo-Union RB199</a>-34R Mk 103 afterburning 3-spool turbofan, 43.8 kN (9,800 lbf) thrust each dry, 76.8 kN (17,300 lbf) with afterburner</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 2,400 km/h (1,500 mph, 1,300 kn) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)<a href="#cite_note-376">[c]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>1,482 km/h (921 mph; 800 kn) IAS near sea level</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Maximum speed: Mach 2.2</li> <li>Combat range: 3,148 km (1,956 mi, 1,700 nmi) Combat radius Hi-Lo-Hi >850 nmi (>1574 km), combat radius Lo-Lo-Lo >500 nmi (>926 km), Hi-Hi-Hi with 1 hour loiter >700 nmi (> 1296 km).<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a></li> <li>Ferry range: 3,890 km (2,420 mi, 2,100 nmi)</li> <li>Service ceiling: 15,240 m (50,000 ft)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 77 m/s (15,100 ft/min) <a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li>Wing loading: 767 kg/m2 (157 lb/sq ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust/weight</a>: 0.77</li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Guns: 1 × 27 mm (1.06 in) <a href="/wiki/Mauser_BK-27" title="Mauser BK-27">Mauser BK-27</a> revolver cannon internally mounted under starboard side of fuselage with 180 rounds <a href="#cite_note-379">[d]</a></li> <li>Hardpoints: 3 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylon stations<a href="#cite_note-380">[e]</a> with a capacity of 9,000 kg (19,800 lb), with provisions to carry combinations of: <ul><li>Missiles: <ul><li>2 × <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> (AIM-9B / AIM-9G / AIM-9L) (GR.1) or <a href="/wiki/AIM-132_ASRAAM" class="mw-redirect" title="AIM-132 ASRAAM">AIM-132 ASRAAM</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a> for self-defence (GR.4)</li> <li>12 × <a href="/wiki/Brimstone_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Brimstone missile">Brimstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-surface missile</a>; or</li> <li>2 × <a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a></li> <li>9 × <a href="/wiki/ALARM" title="ALARM">ALARM</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bombs: <ul><li>5 × 500 lb (230 kg) <a href="/wiki/Paveway_IV" title="Paveway IV">Paveway IV</a>; or</li> <li>3 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) <a href="/wiki/Paveway" title="Paveway">(UK Mk 20) Paveway II/Enhanced Paveway II</a>; or</li> <li>2 × 2,000 lb (910 kg) <a href="/wiki/GBU-24_Paveway_III" title="GBU-24 Paveway III">Paveway III (GBU-24)/Enhanced Paveway III (EGBU-24)</a>; or</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL755" title="BL755">BL755</a> <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>; or</li> <li>Up to 2 × <a href="/wiki/JP233" title="JP233">JP233</a> or <a href="/wiki/MW-1" title="MW-1">MW-1</a> munitions dispensers (for runway cratering operations)</li> <li>Up to 4 × <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61</a> or <a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a> tactical nuclear weapons</li></ul></li> <li>Other: Up to 4 × <a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">drop tanks</a> for ferry flight/extended range/flight time</li></ul></li></ul> Avionics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAPTOR" title="RAPTOR">RAPTOR</a> aerial reconnaissance pod</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems" title="Rafael Advanced Defense Systems">Rafael</a> <a href="/wiki/LITENING" class="mw-redirect" title="LITENING">LITENING</a> targeting pod; or</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIALD" title="TIALD">TIALD</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser_designator" title="Laser designator">laser designator</a> pod</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">GEC</a> <a href="/wiki/Sky_Shadow_(radar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Shadow (radar)">Sky Shadow</a> electronic countermeasure pod</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOZ_counter-measures_pod" title="BOZ counter-measures pod">BOZ counter-measures pod</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#Panavia_Tornado" title="Aircraft in fiction">Panavia Tornado in fiction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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title="List of active Italian military aircraft">List of active Italian military aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, this was <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> MBB was acquired by <a href="/wiki/DASA" title="DASA">DASA</a> in 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> with operable variable intake ramps, which have been inhibited on the majority of Tornado aircraft except ADV variants </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> 2 ×, each with 180 rounds in GR.1, GR.1B, and IDS </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> the two inner wing pylons have shoulder launch rails for 2 × short-range air-to-air missiles each </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panavia.de/aircraft/overview/variants">"Variants"</a>. www.panavia.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.panavia.de&rft.atitle=Variants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panavia.de%2Faircraft%2Foverview%2Fvariants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-segell124-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segell124_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segell124_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segell124_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segell124_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segell124_4-4">e</a> Segell 1997, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/72865521.html?dids=72865521:72865521&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+22%2C+1967&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=British-French+Work+On+New+Military+Plane+Periled+by+Cost+Fight&pqatl=google">"British-French Work On New Military Plane Periled by Cost Fight."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074414/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/72865521.html?dids=72865521:72865521&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+22,+1967&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=British-French+Work+On+New+Military+Plane+Periled+by+Cost+Fight&pqatl=google">Archived</a> 2 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wall Street Journal, 22 June 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-torn_birt_11-6"><a 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International 1 June 1967, p. 896. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Flight international 23 May 1968, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-104replac-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-104replac_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-104replac_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-104replac_10-2">c</a> Morris, Joe Alex Jr. "Messerschmitt Back in Business." 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RAF Tornado 1974 onwards (all marks and models). Yeovil: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Haynes Publishing">Haynes Publishing</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-247-9"><bdi>978-0-85733-247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAF+Tornado+1974+onwards+%28all+marks+and+models%29&rft.place=Yeovil&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2014-07&rft.isbn=978-0-85733-247-9&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haglund_52+56-21"><a href="#cite_ref-haglund_52+56_21-0">^</a> Haglund 1989, pp. 52, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-segell125-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segell125_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segell125_22-1">b</a> Segell 1997, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellington-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellington_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellington_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellington_23-2">c</a> Long, Wellington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BmAvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2dwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5323,4133149&dq=tornado+bomber&hl=en">"Swing-Wing Wonder Weapon Is Going Into Production."</a> Ludington Daily News,24 August 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Dorrell, David, ed. "Britain's Aircraft Industry enters the 1970s." Air Pictorial, Volume 32, No. 9, September 1970, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Lewis, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E12FC385D11728DDDAA0994D9415B898BF1D3">"Europe's Fighter Jet Program: Tornado Offers Competition for U.S. Concerns Project Valued at $17 billion."</a> The New York Times, 13 November 1979. Retrieved 13 November 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 91–92, 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Jim. "2, Tornado Concept Evolution". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/leesaircraft/specifications--tornado-gr-4">the original</a> on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Specifications+%28Tornado+GR.4%29+%E2%80%93+Combat+Aircraft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fleesaircraft%2Fspecifications--tornado-gr-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3. Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946958-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-946958-26-2">0-946958-26-2</a>.</li> <li>Allen, Calvin H. and W. Lynn Rigsbee. Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996. London: Routledge, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5001-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5001-3">0-7146-5001-3</a>.</li> <li>Ball, Desmond J. The Australian Tactical Fighter Force: Prologue and Prospects. Canberra: Australian National University, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85823-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85823-439-4">0-85823-439-4</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Richard B. Air Power and Desert Storm. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56806-446-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56806-446-2">1-56806-446-2</a>.</li> <li>Cordesman, Anthony H. Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99250-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99250-0">0-275-99250-0</a>.</li> <li>Cordesman, Anthony H. The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons (CSIS Significant Issues Series). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89206-432-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89206-432-3">0-89206-432-3</a>.</li> <li>Cox, Sebastian and Peter Gray. Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo. London: Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8257-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8257-8">0-7146-8257-8</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David. "Lossimouth Strike Wing". World Air Power Journal, Volume 33, Summer 1998, pp. 104–113. London: Aerospace Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86184-015-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86184-015-2">1-86184-015-2</a>. ISSN 0959-7050.</li> <li>Donald, David and Christopher Chant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7L-PvBlfFW0C&pg=PA94">Air War in The Gulf 1991.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-295-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-295-4">1-84176-295-4</a>.</li> <li>Eagles, J.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOGCd7QreKgC&pg=PA88">"Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV."</a> Putnam Aeronautical Review (Naval Institute Press), Volume 2, 1991, pp. 88–93.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Ken (2014). Wreck & Relics, 24th Edition. Manchester: Crecy Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780859-791779" title="Special:BookSources/9-780859-791779"><bdi>9-780859-791779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wreck+%26+Relics%2C+24th+Edition&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Crecy+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9-780859-791779&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1999" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Andy (1999). Panavia Tornado. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-201-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-201-9"><bdi>1-86126-201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panavia+Tornado&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Marlborough%2C+Wiltshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press%2C+1999&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86126-201-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frédriksen, John C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tlOHHCRxuYC&pg=PA255">International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000.</a> Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-364-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-364-5">1-57607-364-5</a>.</li> <li>Geiss, Juergen and Peter Berndt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025913/http://www.europeansecurityanddefence.info/Ausgaben/2010/03_2010/06_Geiss_Berndt/Geiss_Berndt.pdf">Tornados and Further Planning.</a> European Security and Defence, March 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaglund1989" class="citation book cs1">Haglund, David G (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA46">The Defence Industrial Base and The West</a>. London: Routledge, 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00923-5"><bdi>0-415-00923-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+Industrial+Base+and+The+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+1989&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-00923-5&rft.aulast=Haglund&rft.aufirst=David+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WEOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, 13–19 December 2011. pp. 26–52.</li> <li>Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock and John W. R. Taylor, eds. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1997–98. London: Jane's Information Group, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-1788-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-1788-7">0-7106-1788-7</a>.</li> <li>Jarret, D. N. Cockpit Engineering. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-1751-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-1751-3">0-7546-1751-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefford_et_al.2002" class="citation book cs1">Jefford, C.G, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105085913/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2027A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Birth%20of%20Tornado.pdf">The Birth of Tornado</a> (PDF). London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9530345-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9530345-0-X"><bdi>0-9530345-0-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2027A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Birth%20of%20Tornado.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Tornado&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Historical+Society%2C+2002&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-9530345-0-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fdocuments%2FJournal%252027A%2520-%2520Seminar%2520-%2520Birth%2520of%2520Tornado.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jukes, Malcolm. Aircraft Display Systems. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56347-657-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56347-657-6">1-56347-657-6</a>.</li> <li>Koch, Christian and David E. Long. Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-386-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-386-0">1-85043-386-0</a>.</li> <li>Lake, Jon. "Aircraft of the RAF: Part 1 – Panavia Tornado". <a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a>, Vol. 74, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 24–29. ISSN 0306-5634.</li> <li>Lake, Jon. Great Book of Bombers. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1347-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1347-4">0-7603-1347-4</a>.</li> <li>Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part I: IDS and Recce". World Air Power Journal, Volume 30, Autumn/Fall 1997, pp. 98–121. London: Aerospace Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86184-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86184-004-7">1-86184-004-7</a>. ISSN 0959-7050.</li> <li>Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part III: Tornado Operators". World Air Power Journal, Volume 32, Spring 1998, pp. 118–137. London: Aerospace Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86184-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86184-006-3">1-86184-006-3</a>. ISSN 0959-7050.</li> <li>Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3050-7">0-8330-3050-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tm_McLelland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tm McLelland (page does not exist)">Laming, Tim</a>. Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0260-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0260-X">0-7603-0260-X</a>.</li> <li>Lawrence, Richard R. Mammoth Eyewitness Book of How It Happened Battles: Eyewitness Accounts of History's Greatest Battles, from Thermopyle to the Gulf War. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1119-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1119-2">978-0-7867-1119-2</a>.</li> <li>List, Friedrich. "German Air Arms Review". Air International, Vol. 70, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 50–57. ISSN 0306-5634.</li> <li>Lorell, Mark A. Troubled Partnership: A History of US-Japan Collaboration on the FS-X Fighter. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Rutgers University), 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-891-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-891-1">1-56000-891-1</a>.</li> <li>Lowry, Richard S. The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60528-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-60528-006-2">1-60528-006-2</a>.</li> <li>Martin, Stephen. The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and Countertrade. London: Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7186-5782-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7186-5782-1">3-7186-5782-1</a>.</li> <li>Moir, Ian and Allan Seabridge. Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-119-96520-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-119-96520-9">1-119-96520-9</a>.</li> <li>Napier, Michael. Tornado GR1: An Operational History. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B47387%2B302%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+47387+302+5">978 1 47387 302 5</a></li> <li>Niccoli, Riccardo. "New Capabilities for Italy's Tornados". Air International, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 26–29. ISSN 0306-5634.</li> <li>Niccoli, Riccardo. "SAM Busters". Air International, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 46–51. ISSN 0306-5634.</li> <li>Olsen, John Andreas. Global Air Power. Sterling, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59797-680-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59797-680-6">1-59797-680-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%200915.html">"Paris: Biggest Ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a>, Volume 91, Number 3038, 1 June 1967. pp. 893–908.</li> <li>Pratt, Roger. Flight Control Systems: Practical Issues in Design and Implementation. London:Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-766-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-766-7">0-85296-766-7</a>.</li> <li>Peters, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8ebyLhPeZ4C">European Contributions to Operation Allied Air Force: Implications for Transatlantic Cooperation.</a> Washington/Arlington Virginia: Rand Corporation, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3038-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3038-8">0-8330-3038-8</a>.</li> <li>Rachow, Volker. "Luftwaffe Tornado MLU". Air International, Vol. 81, No. 6, December 2011, pp. 70–75. ISSN 0306-5634.</li> <li>Richardson, Doug. Tornado (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 10). New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-925504-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-925504-4">0-13-925504-4</a>.</li> <li>Richardson, Doug. High Tech Warfare. New York: Crescent Books, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-06673-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-06673-4">0-517-06673-4</a>.</li> <li>Ripley, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPQFXHzP-YUC">Conflict in The Balkans, 1991–2000.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-290-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-290-3">1-84176-290-3</a>.</li> <li>Ripley, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2003/2003%20-%202743.html">"World Air Forces 2003"</a>. Flight International, 25 November – 1 December 2003, pp. 27–71.</li> <li>The Royal Air Force Handbook: The Definitive MoD Guide. London: Ministry of Defence, via reprint, Conway, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85753-384-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85753-384-4">1-85753-384-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScutts2000" class="citation book cs1">Scutts, Jerry (27 October 2000). Postwar Aircraft (Osprey Modelling Manuals). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-159-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Aircraft+%28Osprey+Modelling+Manuals%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing%2C+2000&rft.date=2000-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-159-6&rft.aulast=Scutts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegell1997" class="citation book cs1">Segell, Glen (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU39P_O2Ey8C">Wither or Dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe</a>. Staffordshire, UK: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901414-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901414-03-5"><bdi>1-901414-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wither+or+Dither%3A+British+Aerospace+Collaborative+Procurement+with+Europe&rft.place=Staffordshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Glen+Segell+Publishers%2C+1997&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=1-901414-03-5&rft.aulast=Segell&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU39P_O2Ey8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanavia+Tornado" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Spick, Mike and William Green, Gordon Swanborough. Illustrated Anatomy of the World's Fighters. Zenith Imprint, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1124-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1124-2">0-7603-1124-2</a>.</li> <li>Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W. Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations. New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4323-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4323-0">0-8264-4323-0</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft. London: Jane's, 1975–1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-00521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-354-00521-9">0-354-00521-9</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Michael J.H. Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory. London: Reed Business Information, 3rd Edition, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-617-01289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-617-01289-X">0-617-01289-X</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Michael J.H. Jane's Aviation Review. London: Jane's Information Group, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0446-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0446-7">0-7106-0446-7</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%200825.html">"V/STOL 1968"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a>, Volume 93, Number 3089, 23 May 1968. pp. 793–804a.</li> <li>Wertheim, Eric. Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-955-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-955-X">1-59114-955-X</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" class="extiw" title="commons:Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panavia.de">Panavia Managing Tornado</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/tornado.htm">Tornado (BAe) on Fas.org</a></li> 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alenia Aermacchi designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_C-27J_Spartan" title="Alenia C-27J Spartan">C-27J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_M-345" title="Aermacchi M-345">M-311/M-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master" title="Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master">M-346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UAVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_Sky-X" title="Alenia Aermacchi Sky-X">Sky-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_Sky-Y" title="Alenia Aermacchi Sky-Y">Sky-Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_AM.3" title="Aermacchi AM.3">AM.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">AMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_52" title="ATR 52">ATR 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Armed_Forces_aircraft_designation_system,_2009–present" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_military_aircraft" title="Template:Italian military aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_military_aircraft" title="Template talk:Italian military aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_military_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian military aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Armed_Forces_aircraft_designation_system,_2009–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italian Armed Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces_aircraft_designation_system" title="Italian Armed Forces aircraft designation system">aircraft designation system</a>, 2009–present</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–100</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">Q-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Ventus-2" title="Schempp-Hirth Ventus-2">G-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King" title="Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King">H-3D</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-61R" title="Sikorsky S-61R">H-3F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Nimbus-4" title="Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4">G-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow" title="AAI RQ-7 Shadow">Q-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">Q-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APR_Strix_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APR Strix C (page does not exist)">Q-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">A-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">TA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroVironment_RQ-11_Raven" title="AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven">Q-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APR_Sixton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APR Sixton (page does not exist)">Q-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAK-17" title="LAK-17">G-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Vizzola_Calif" title="Caproni Vizzola Calif">G-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APR_Asio-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APR Asio-B (page does not exist)">Q-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APR_Spyball-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APR Spyball-B (page does not exist)">Q-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APR_Crex-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APR Crex-B (page does not exist)">Q-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_C-27J_Spartan" title="Alenia C-27J Spartan">C-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Insitu_ScanEagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Insitu ScanEagle">Q-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">C-42/P-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">H-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_50" title="Dassault Falcon 50">C-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">P-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">H-90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">101–200</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">H-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob_G103_Twin_Astir" title="Grob G103 Twin Astir">G-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">H-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusta_A129_Mangusta" title="Agusta A129 Mangusta">H-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_C-130J_Super_Hercules" title="Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules">C-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139" title="AgustaWestland AW139">H-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.166" title="Piaggio P.166">U-166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169" title="AgustaWestland AW169">H-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.180_Avanti" title="Piaggio P.180 Avanti">C-180</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">201–400</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">H-205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_206" title="Bell 206">H-206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIAI-Marchetti_S.205" title="SIAI-Marchetti S.205">U-208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey" title="Bell UH-1N Twin Huey">H-212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeritalia_G.222" title="Aeritalia G.222">C-222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_228" title="Dornier 228">C-228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Helicopters_AW249_Fenice" title="Leonardo Helicopters AW249 Fenice">H-249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIAI-Marchetti_SF.260" title="SIAI-Marchetti SF.260">T-260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">C-319</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339" title="Aermacchi MB-339">T-339</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_M-345" title="Aermacchi M-345">T-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master" title="Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master">T-346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">401–2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">H-412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD_500_Defender" title="McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender">H-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G550#Variants" title="Gulfstream G550">E-550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner#Variants_of_other_militaries" title="Boeing C-137 Stratoliner">KC-707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-767#Italy" 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