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perspective</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: learner perspective"> <meta name="keywords" content="learner perspective"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="learner perspective"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3562</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: learner perspective</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3562</span> A Survey of WhatsApp as a Tool for Instructor-Learner Dialogue, Learner-Content Dialogue, and Learner-Learner Dialogue</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Panah">Ebrahim Panah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yasir%20Babar"> Muhammad Yasir Babar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thanks to the development of online technology and social networks, people are able to communicate as well as learn. WhatsApp is a popular social network which is growingly gaining popularity. This app can be used for communication as well as education. It can be used for instructor-learner, learner-learner, and learner-content interactions; however, very little knowledge is available on these potentials of WhatsApp. The current study was undertaken to investigate university students’ perceptions of WhatsApp used as a tool for instructor-learner dialogue, learner-content dialogue, and learner-learner dialogue. The study adopted a survey approach and distributed the questionnaire developed by Google Forms to 54 (11 males and 43 females) university students. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The result of data analysis indicates that students have positive attitudes towards WhatsApp as a tool for Instructor-Learner Dialogue: it easy to reach the lecturer (4.07), the instructor gives me valuable feedback on my assignment (4.02), the instructor is supportive during course discussion and offers continuous support with the class (4.00). Learner-Content Dialogue: WhatsApp allows me to academically engage with lecturers anytime, anywhere (4.00), it helps to send graphics such as pictures or charts directly to the students (3.98), it also provides out of class, extra learning materials and homework (3.96), and Learner-Learner Dialogue: WhatsApp is a good tool for sharing knowledge with others (4.09), WhatsApp allows me to academically engage with peers anytime, anywhere (4.07), and we can interact with others through the use of group discussion (4.02). It was also found that there are significant positive correlations between students’ perceptions of Instructor-Learner Dialogue (ILD), Learner-Content Dialogue (LCD), Learner-Learner Dialogue (LLD) and WhatsApp Application in classroom. The findings of the study have implications for lectures, policy makers and curriculum developers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instructor-learner%20dialogue" title="instructor-learner dialogue">instructor-learner dialogue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learners-contents%20dialogue" title=" learners-contents dialogue"> learners-contents dialogue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner-learner%20dialogue" title=" learner-learner dialogue"> learner-learner dialogue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whatsapp%20application" title=" whatsapp application"> whatsapp application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120275/a-survey-of-whatsapp-as-a-tool-for-instructor-learner-dialogue-learner-content-dialogue-and-learner-learner-dialogue" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120275.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3561</span> The Difficulties Encountered in Overseeing Learner-Centered Instructional Activities for Elementary School Children in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Van%20Son%20Huynh">Van Son Huynh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thanh%20Huan%20Nguyen"> Thanh Huan Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tat%20Thien%20Do"> Tat Thien Do</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Mai%20Thu%20Nguyen"> Thi Mai Thu Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thien%20Vu%20Giang"> Thien Vu Giang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given the necessity for substantial and all-encompassing educational reform, particularly in elementary Education, it is imperative to prioritize learner-centered instruction at the elementary level. This study focuses on the difficulties encountered in overseeing learner-centered instructional activities for elementary school children in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest city in Vietnam in terms of population. Although learner-centered solutions have been implemented, there are still certain weaknesses, including an emphasis on content and worries about lax monitoring. The purpose of this study, named "Management of Learner-Centered Teaching Activities for Primary School Students in HCMC," is to enhance and advance theories related to the management of learner-centered teaching activities. The study evaluates the present condition of learner-centered teaching activities and management practices in HCMC, aiming to suggest solutions for improving the efficiency of managing such activities in primary schools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20school" title="primary school">primary school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20children%20in%20Ho%20Chi%20Minh%20City" title=" school children in Ho Chi Minh City"> school children in Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner-centered%20instructional%20activities" title=" learner-centered instructional activities"> learner-centered instructional activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner-centered%20teaching%20activities%20and%20management." title=" learner-centered teaching activities and management."> learner-centered teaching activities and management.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180049/the-difficulties-encountered-in-overseeing-learner-centered-instructional-activities-for-elementary-school-children-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3560</span> Learner-Centered E-Learning in English Language Classes in Vietnam: Teachers’ Challenges and Recommendations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Chang%20Duyen%20Can">Thi Chang Duyen Can</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Althoughthe COVID-19 epidemic is under control, online education technology in Vietnam will still thrive in the learner-centered trend. Most of the Vietnamese students are now ready to familiarize themselves with and access to online learning. Even in some cases, online learning, if combined with new tools, is far more effective and exciting for students than some traditional instruction. However, little research has been conducted to explore Vietnamese teachers’ difficulties in moderating learner-centered E-learning. Therefore, the study employed the mixed method (n=9) to (i) uncover the challenges faced by Vietnamese teachers in English language online classes using learner-centred approach and (ii) propose the recommendations to improve the quality of online training in universities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner-centered%20e-learning" title="learner-centered e-learning">learner-centered e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20language%20classes" title=" english language classes"> english language classes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers%27%20challenges" title=" teachers' challenges"> teachers' challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20learning" title=" online learning"> online learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157819/learner-centered-e-learning-in-english-language-classes-in-vietnam-teachers-challenges-and-recommendations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3559</span> Explaining Motivation in Language Learning: A Framework for Evaluation and Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Bower">Kim Bower</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evaluating and researching motivation in language learning is a complex and multi-faceted activity. Various models for investigating learner motivation have been proposed in the literature, but no one model supplies a complex and coherent model for investigating a range of motivational characteristics. Here, such a methodological framework, which includes exemplification of sources of evidence and potential methods of investigation, is proposed. The process model for the investigation of motivation within language learning settings proposed is based on a complex dynamic systems perspective that takes account of cognition and affects. It focuses on three overarching aspects of motivation: the learning environment, learner engagement and learner identities. Within these categories subsets are defined: the learning environment incorporates teacher, course and group specific aspects of motivation; learner engagement addresses the principal characteristics of learners' perceived value of activities, their attitudes towards language learning, their perceptions of their learning and engagement in learning tasks; and within learner identities, principal characteristics of self-concept and mastery of the language are explored. Exemplifications of potential sources of evidence in the model reflect the multiple influences within and between learner and environmental factors and the possible changes in both that may emerge over time. The model was initially developed as a framework for investigating different models of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in contrasting contexts in secondary schools in England. The study, from which examples are drawn to exemplify the model, aimed to address the following three research questions: (1) in what ways does CLIL impact on learner motivation? (2) what are the main elements of CLIL that enhance motivation? and (3) to what extent might these be transferable to other contexts? This new model has been tried and tested in three locations in England and reported as case studies. Following an initial visit to each institution to discuss the qualitative research, instruments were developed according to the proposed model. A questionnaire was drawn up and completed by one group prior to a 3-day data collection visit to each institution, during which interviews were held with academic leaders, the head of the department, the CLIL teacher(s), and two learner focus groups of six-eight learners. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. 2-4 naturalistic observations of lessons were undertaken in each setting, as appropriate to the context, to provide colour and thereby a richer picture. Findings were subjected to an interpretive analysis by the themes derived from the process model and are reported elsewhere. The model proved to be an effective and coherent framework for planning the research, instrument design, data collection and interpretive analysis of data in these three contrasting settings, in which different models of language learning were in place. It is hoped that the proposed model, reported here together with exemplification and commentary, will enable teachers and researchers in a wide range of language learning contexts to investigate learner motivation in a systematic and in-depth manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investigate" title="investigate">investigate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language-learning" title=" language-learning"> language-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20motivation%20model" title=" learner motivation model"> learner motivation model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20systems%20perspective" title=" dynamic systems perspective"> dynamic systems perspective</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46028/explaining-motivation-in-language-learning-a-framework-for-evaluation-and-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3558</span> EFL Teacher Cognition and Learner Autonomy: An Exploratory Study into Algerian Teachers’ Understanding of Learner Autonomy </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Ghout">Linda Ghout</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of the present case study was to explore EFL teachers’ understanding of learner autonomy. Thus, it sought to uncover how teachers at the de Department of English, University of Béjaia, Algeria view the process of language learning, their learners’ roles, their own roles and their practices to promote learner autonomy. For data collection, firstly, a questionnaire was designed and administered to all the teachers in the department. Secondly, interviews were conducted with some volunteers for the sake of clarifying emerging issues and digging deeper into some of the teachers’ answers to the questionnaire. The analysis revealed interesting data pertaining to the teachers’ cognition and its effects on their teaching practices. With regard to their views of language learning, it seems that the participants hold discrete views which are in opposition with the principles of learner autonomy. The teachers seemed to have a limited knowledge of the characteristics of autonomous learners and autonomy- based methodology. When it comes to teachers’ practices to promote autonomy in their classes, the majority reported that the most effective way is to ask students to search for information on their own. However, in defining their roles in the EFL learning process, most of the respondents claimed that teachers should play the role of facilitators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title="English">English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20autonomy" title=" learner autonomy"> learner autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20process" title=" learning process"> learning process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20cognition" title=" teacher cognition"> teacher cognition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38581/efl-teacher-cognition-and-learner-autonomy-an-exploratory-study-into-algerian-teachers-understanding-of-learner-autonomy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38581.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3557</span> An Assessment of the Usage of Learner Centred Methods among Student Teachers of Federal College of Education Kontagora</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiq%20Habiba%20Alhaji">Sadiq Habiba Alhaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This is a descriptive survey design intended to determine the level of usage of the learner centred methods by student teachers of Federal College of Education Kontagora, Niger State, Nigeria. The study was guided by two null hypotheses formulated by the researcher. The population of the study are students of Federal College of Education, Kontagora. The Target Population consisted of one hundred Teaching practice students drawn from sciences, Arts, and humanities who were posted to various schools practicing different teaching methods. The student teachers were supervised using the checklist designed by the researcher to determine their level of usage of learner centred methods. Data collected was analysed using t test of independent variables. It was recommended that pre service and in service teachers should be equipped with the skills of using learner centred methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title="assessment">assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usage" title=" usage"> usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20centred" title=" learner centred"> learner centred</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methods" title=" methods"> methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%20teachers" title=" student teachers"> student teachers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151360/an-assessment-of-the-usage-of-learner-centred-methods-among-student-teachers-of-federal-college-of-education-kontagora" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3556</span> Adaptive E-Learning System Using Fuzzy Logic and Concept Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mesfer%20Al%20Duhayyim">Mesfer Al Duhayyim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Newbury"> Paul Newbury</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes an effective adaptive e-learning system that uses a coloured concept map to show the learner's knowledge level for each concept in the chosen subject area. A Fuzzy logic system is used to evaluate the learner's knowledge level for each concept in the domain, and produce a ranked concept list of learning materials to address weaknesses in the learner’s understanding. This system obtains information on the learner's understanding of concepts by an initial pre-test before the system is used for learning and a post-test after using the learning system. A Fuzzy logic system is used to produce a weighted concept map during the learning process. The aim of this research is to prove that such a proposed novel adapted e-learning system will enhance learner's performance and understanding. In addition, this research aims to increase participants' overall understanding of their learning level by providing a coloured concept map of understanding followed by a ranked concepts list of learning materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20e-learning%20system" title="adaptive e-learning system">adaptive e-learning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coloured%20concept%20map" title=" coloured concept map"> coloured concept map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ranked%20concept%20list" title=" ranked concept list"> ranked concept list</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87018/adaptive-e-learning-system-using-fuzzy-logic-and-concept-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3555</span> Sociocultural Barriers to the Development of Autonomous Foreign Language Learning: Some Teaching Strategies to Overcome Such Challenges in a Mexican Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaideth%20Zobeida%20Ponce%20Alonso">Zaideth Zobeida Ponce Alonso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Emilia%20Fierro%20Lopez"> Laura Emilia Fierro Lopez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20del%20Rocio%20Dominguez%20Gaona"> Maria del Rocio Dominguez Gaona</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study is part of the Master in Modern Languages at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, and it aims to analyze how the sociocultural background might influence the development of learner autonomy in foreign language education in order to propose some strategies to overcome such challenges. Given the lack of research on the sociocultural barriers in learner autonomy in a Mexican context and the need to hear teachers’ voices about this issue, qualitative data was obtained from semi-structured interviews with six language teachers on their perspectives on learner autonomy, its application to the language classroom, and their experiences with Mexican and foreign learners/contexts in order to find out differences regarding learner autonomy. The results suggest three main sociocultural characteristics: preference for an authority figure, tendency towards collectivism, and low tolerance of ambiguity. Finally, nine strategies were proposed in order to help language teachers to deal with such sociocultural characteristics when fostering learner autonomy in the border city of Mexicali, where this study was carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20autonomy" title="learner autonomy">learner autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mexican%20context" title=" Mexican context"> Mexican context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociocultural%20influence" title=" sociocultural influence"> sociocultural influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers%27%20perspectives" title=" teachers' perspectives"> teachers' perspectives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20strategies" title=" teaching strategies"> teaching strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128292/sociocultural-barriers-to-the-development-of-autonomous-foreign-language-learning-some-teaching-strategies-to-overcome-such-challenges-in-a-mexican-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3554</span> Distance Training Packages on Providing for Learner with Special Needs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jareeluk%20Ratanaphan">Jareeluk Ratanaphan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purposed of this research were; 1.To survey the teacher’s needs on knowledge about special education management for special needs learner 2.To development of distance training packages on providing for learner with special needs. 3. To study the effects of using the packages on trainee’s achievement. 4. To study the effects of using the packages on trainee’s opinion on the distance training packages. The design of the experiment was research and development. The research sample for survey were 86 teachers, and 22 teachers for study the effects of using the packages on achievement and opinion. The research instrument comprised: 1) training packages on special education management for special needs learner 2) achievement test 3) questionnaire. Mean, percentage, standard deviation, t-test and content analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the research were as follows: 1. The teacher’s needs on knowledge about teaching for learner with learning disability, mental retardation, autism, physical and health impairment and research in special education. 2. The package composed of special education management for special needs student document and manual of distance training packages. The efficiency of packages was established at 79.50/81.35. 3. The results of using the packages were the posttest average scores of trainee’s achievement were higher than pretest. 4. The trainee’s opinion on the package was at the highest level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance%20training" title="distance training">distance training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training%20package" title=" training package"> training package</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher" title=" teacher"> teacher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20with%20special%20needs" title=" learner with special needs"> learner with special needs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41594/distance-training-packages-on-providing-for-learner-with-special-needs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3553</span> Learner Autonomy Transfer from Teacher Education Program to the Classroom: Teacher Training is not Enough</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ira%20Slabodar">Ira Slabodar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous learning in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) refers to the use of target language, learner collaboration and students’ responsibility for their learning. Teachers play a vital role of mediators and facilitators in self-regulated method. Thus, their perception of self-guided practices dictates their implementation of this approach. While research has predominantly focused on inadequate administration of autonomous learning in school mostly due to lack of appropriate teacher training, this study examined whether novice teachers who were exposed to extensive autonomous practices were likely to implement this method in their teaching. Twelve novice teachers were interviewed to examine their perception of learner autonomy and their administration of this method. It was found that three-thirds of the respondents experienced a gap between familiarity with autonomous learning and a favorable attitude to this approach and their deficient integration of self-directed learning. Although learner-related and institution-oriented factors played a role in this gap, it was mostly caused by the respondents’ not being genuinely autonomous. This may be due to indirect exposure rather than explicit introduction of the learner autonomy approach. The insights of this research may assist curriculum designers and heads of teacher training programs to rethink course composition to guarantee the transfer of methodologies into EFL classes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20autonomy" title="learner autonomy">learner autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20training" title=" teacher training"> teacher training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20as%20a%20foreign%20language%20%28efl%29" title=" english as a foreign language (efl)"> english as a foreign language (efl)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genuinely%20autonomous%20teachers" title=" genuinely autonomous teachers"> genuinely autonomous teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=explicit%20instruction" title=" explicit instruction"> explicit instruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-determination%20theory" title=" self-determination theory"> self-determination theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178787/learner-autonomy-transfer-from-teacher-education-program-to-the-classroom-teacher-training-is-not-enough" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3552</span> A Method for Consensus Building between Teachers and Learners in a Value Co-Creative Learning Service</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryota%20Sugino">Ryota Sugino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satoshi%20Mizoguchi"> Satoshi Mizoguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koji%20Kimita"> Koji Kimita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keiichi%20Muramatsu"> Keiichi Muramatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatsunori%20Matsui"> Tatsunori Matsui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshiki%20Shimomura"> Yoshiki Shimomura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving added value and productivity of services entails improving both value-in-exchange and value-in-use. Value-in-use is realized by value co-creation, where providers and receivers create value together. In higher education services, value-in-use comes from learners achieving learning outcomes (e.g., knowledge and skills) that are consistent with their learning goals. To enhance the learning outcomes of a learner, it is necessary to enhance and utilize the abilities of the teacher along with the abilities of the learner. To do this, however, the learner and the teacher need to build a consensus about their respective roles. Teachers need to provide effective learning content; learners need to choose the appropriate learning strategies by using the learning content through consensus building. This makes consensus building an important factor in value co-creation. However, methods to build a consensus about their respective roles may not be clearly established, making such consensus difficult. In this paper, we propose some strategies for consensus building between a teacher and a learner in value co-creation. We focus on a teacher and learner co-design and propose an analysis method to clarify a collaborative design process to realize value co-creation. We then analyze some counseling data obtained from a university class. This counseling aimed to build a consensus for value-in-use, learning outcomes, and learning strategies between the teacher and the learner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consensus%20building" title="consensus building">consensus building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20co-creation" title=" value co-creation"> value co-creation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20service" title=" learning service"> learning service</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38414/a-method-for-consensus-building-between-teachers-and-learners-in-a-value-co-creative-learning-service" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3551</span> Differentiation: A Risky Route To An Inclusive Reality </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20C.%20Ryan">Marie C. Ryan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current paper seeks to reconsider differentiation in order to establish whether differentiation has succeeded in its benevolent aim to support individual needs through teaching adaptations or whether paradoxically our attention to differentiation has served to exclude and marginalise. This paper does not deny variation in learner needs and accepts that inclusion requires teachers to adapt and modify curricular content; rather it seeks to examine whether differentiation as it is conceptualised and implemented is fit for purpose when it comes to adapting teaching in view of learner differences. The paper will also explore an alternative approach to supporting learner differences through teaching modifications which may offer a safer path to an inclusive educational reality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusion" title="inclusion">inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differentiation" title=" differentiation"> differentiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20education" title=" special education"> special education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20design%20for%20learning" title=" universal design for learning"> universal design for learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22689/differentiation-a-risky-route-to-an-inclusive-reality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3550</span> University Lecturers' Attitudes towards Learner Autonomy in the EFL Context in Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nhung%20T.%20Bui">Nhung T. Bui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Part of the dilemma facing educational reforms in Vietnam as in other Asian contexts is how to encourage more independence in students’ learning approaches. Since 2005, the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam has included the students’ ability to learn independently in its national education objectives. While learner autonomy has been viewed as a goal in the teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL) and there has been a considerable literature on strategies to stimulate autonomy in learners, teachers’ voices have rarely been heard. Given that teachers play a central role in helping their students to be more autonomous, especially in an inherent Confucian heritage culture like Vietnam, their attitudes towards learner autonomy should be investigated before any practical implementations could be undertaken. This paper reports significant findings of a survey questionnaire with 262 lecturers of English from 5 universities in Hanoi, Vietnam giving opinions regarding the practices and prospects of learner autonomy in their classrooms. The study reveals that lecturers perceive they should be more responsible than their students in all class-related activities; they most appreciate their students’ ability to learn cooperatively and that they consider stimulating students’ interest as the most important teaching strategy to promote learner autonomy. Lecturers, then, are strongly suggested to gradually ‘empower’ their students through the application of out-of-classroom activities; of learning activities which requires collaboration and team spirit; and of activities which could boost students’ interest in learning English. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20as%20a%20foreign%20language" title="English as a foreign language">English as a foreign language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20autonomy" title=" learner autonomy"> learner autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vietnam" title=" Vietnam"> Vietnam</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43936/university-lecturers-attitudes-towards-learner-autonomy-in-the-efl-context-in-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3549</span> A Research Agenda for Learner Models for Adaptive Educational Digital Learning Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20B%C3%B6ck">Felix Böck</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, data about learners and their digital activities are collected, which could help educational institutions to better understand learning processes, improve them and be able to provide better learning assistance. In this research project, custom knowledge- and data-driven recommendation algorithms will be used to offer students in higher education integrated learning assistance. The pre-requisite for this is a learner model that is as comprehensive as possible, which should first be created and then kept up-to-date largely automatically for being able to individualize and personalize the learning experience. In order to create such a learner model, a roadmap is presented that describes the individual phases up to the creation and evaluation of the finished model. The methodological process for the research project is disclosed, and the research question of how learners can be supported in their learning with personalized, customized learning recommendations is explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20agenda" title="research agenda">research agenda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20model" title=" user model"> user model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20model" title=" learner model"> learner model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20educational%20digital%20learning%20environments" title=" adaptive educational digital learning environments"> adaptive educational digital learning environments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personalized%20learning%20paths" title=" personalized learning paths"> personalized learning paths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recommendation%20system" title=" recommendation system"> recommendation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptation" title=" adaptation"> adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personalization" title=" personalization"> personalization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192209/a-research-agenda-for-learner-models-for-adaptive-educational-digital-learning-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">16</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3548</span> Feedback Preference and Practice of English Majors’ in Pronunciation Instruction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claerchille%20Jhulia%20Robin">Claerchille Jhulia Robin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the perspective of ESL learners towards pronunciation instruction. It sought to determine how these learners view the type of feedback their speech teacher gives and its impact on their own classroom practice of providing feedback. This study utilized a quantitative-qualitative approach to the problem. The respondents were Education students majoring in English. A survey questionnaire and interview guide were used for data gathering. The data from the survey was tabulated using frequency count and the data from the interview were then transcribed and analyzed. Results showed that ESL learners favor immediate corrective feedback and they do not find any issue in being corrected in front of their peers. They also practice the same corrective technique in their own classroom. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESL" title="ESL">ESL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feedback" title=" feedback"> feedback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20perspective" title=" learner perspective"> learner perspective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pronunciation%20instruction" title=" pronunciation instruction"> pronunciation instruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95311/feedback-preference-and-practice-of-english-majors-in-pronunciation-instruction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3547</span> A Longitudinal Case Study of Greek as a Second Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Vassou">M. Vassou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Karasimos"> A. Karasimos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A primary concern in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research is to determine the innate mechanisms of second language learning and acquisition through the systematic study of a learner's interlanguage. Errors emerge while a learner attempts to communicate using the target-language and can be seen either as the observable linguistic product of the latent cognitive and language process of mental representations or as an indispensable learning mechanism. Therefore, the study of the learner’s erroneous forms may depict the various strategies and mechanisms that take place during the language acquisition process resulting in deviations from the target-language norms and difficulties in communication. Mapping the erroneous utterances of a late adult learner in the process of acquiring Greek as a second language constitutes one of the main aims of this study. For our research purposes, we created an error-tagged learner corpus composed of the participant’s written texts produced throughout a period of a 4- year instructed language acquisition. Error analysis and interlanguage theory constitute the methodological and theoretical framework, respectively. The research questions pertain to the learner's most frequent errors per linguistic category and per year as well as his choices concerning the Greek Article System. According to the quantitative analysis of the data, the most frequent errors are observed in the categories of the stress system and syntax, whereas a significant fluctuation and/or gradual reduction throughout the 4 years of instructed acquisition indicate the emergence of developmental stages. The findings with regard to the article usage bespeak fossilization of erroneous structures in certain contexts. In general, our results point towards the existence and further development of an established learner’s (inter-) language system governed not only by mother- tongue and target-language influences but also by the learner’s assumptions and set of rules as the result of a complex cognitive process. It is expected that this study will contribute not only to the knowledge in the field of Greek as a second language and SLA generally, but it will also provide an insight into the cognitive mechanisms and strategies developed by multilingual learners of late adulthood. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greek%20as%20a%20second%20language" title="Greek as a second language">Greek as a second language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error%20analysis" title=" error analysis"> error analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interlanguage" title=" interlanguage"> interlanguage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=late%20adult%20learner" title=" late adult learner"> late adult learner</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130659/a-longitudinal-case-study-of-greek-as-a-second-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3546</span> Experimental Verification of the Relationship between Physiological Indexes and the Presence or Absence of an Operation during E-learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaki%20Omata">Masaki Omata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shumma%20Hosokawa"> Shumma Hosokawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experiment to verify the relationships between physiological indexes of an e-learner and the presence or absence of an operation during e-learning is described. Electroencephalogram (EEG), hemoencephalography (HEG), skin conductance (SC), and blood volume pulse (BVP) values were measured while participants performed experimental learning tasks. The results show that there are significant differences between the SC values when reading with clicking on learning materials and the SC values when reading without clicking, and between the HEG ratio when reading (with and without clicking) and the HEG ratio when resting for four of five participants. We conclude that the SC signals can be used to estimate whether or not a learner is performing an active task and that the HEG ratios can be used to estimate whether a learner is learning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-learning" title="e-learning">e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiological%20index" title=" physiological index"> physiological index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiological%20signal" title=" physiological signal"> physiological signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20of%20learning" title=" state of learning"> state of learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38266/experimental-verification-of-the-relationship-between-physiological-indexes-and-the-presence-or-absence-of-an-operation-during-e-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38266.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3545</span> Effects of Learner-Content Interaction Activities on the Context of Verbal Learning Outcomes in Interactive Courses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alper%20Tolga%20Kumtepe">Alper Tolga Kumtepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdem%20Erdogdu"> Erdem Erdogdu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Recep%20Okur"> M. Recep Okur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eda%20Kaypak"> Eda Kaypak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozlem%20Kaya"> Ozlem Kaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serap%20Ugur"> Serap Ugur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deniz%20Dincer"> Deniz Dincer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Yildirim"> Hakan Yildirim </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interaction is one of the most important components of open and distance learning. According to Moore, who proposed one of the keystones on interaction types, there are three basic types of interaction: learner-teacher, learner-content, and learner-learner. From these interaction types, learner-content interaction, without doubt, can be identified as the most fundamental one on which all education is based. Efficacy, efficiency, and attraction of open and distance learning systems can be achieved by the practice of effective learner-content interaction. With the development of new technologies, interactive e-learning materials have been commonly used as a resource in open and distance learning, along with the printed books. The intellectual engagement of the learners with the content that is course materials may also affect their satisfaction for the open and distance learning practices in general. Learner satisfaction holds an important place in open and distance learning since it will eventually contribute to the achievement of learning outcomes. Using the learner-content interaction activities in course materials, Anadolu University, by its Open Education system, tries to involve learners in deep and meaningful learning practices. Especially, during the e-learning material design and production processes, identifying appropriate learner-content interaction activities within the context of learning outcomes holds a big importance. Considering the lack of studies adopting this approach, as well as its being a study on the use of e-learning materials in Open Education system, this research holds a big value in open and distance learning literature. In this respect, the present study aimed to investigate a) which learner-content interaction activities included in interactive courses are the most effective in learners’ achievement of verbal information learning outcomes and b) to what extent distance learners are satisfied with these learner-content interaction activities. For this study, the quasi-experimental research design was adopted. The 120 participants of the study were from Anadolu University Open Education Faculty students living in Eskişehir. The students were divided into 6 groups randomly. While 5 of these groups received different learner-content interaction activities as a part of the experiment, the other group served as the control group. The data were collected mainly through two instruments: pre-test and post-test. In addition to those tests, learners’ perceived learning was assessed with an item at the end of the program. The data collected from pre-test and post-test were analyzed by ANOVA, and in the light of the findings of this approximately 24-month study, suggestions for the further design of e-learning materials within the context of learner-content interaction activities will be provided at the conference. The current study is planned to be an antecedent for the following studies that will examine the effects of activities on other learning domains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction" title="interaction">interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance%20education" title=" distance education"> distance education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interactivity" title=" interactivity"> interactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20courses" title=" online courses"> online courses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85207/effects-of-learner-content-interaction-activities-on-the-context-of-verbal-learning-outcomes-in-interactive-courses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3544</span> Agreement Across Borders: Theoretical Templates in the Brain of a New Language Learner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadeq%20Al%20Yaari">Sadeq Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayman%20Al%20Yaari"> Ayman Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adham%20Al%20Yaari"> Adham Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montaha%20Al%20Yaari"> Montaha Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aayah%20Al%20Yaari"> Aayah Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajedah%20Al%20Yaari"> Sajedah Al Yaari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how the brain of a new language learner establishes theoretical templates to help understand grammatical structure. Method: The study recruited fourteen typically developing and achieving participants from eleven nationalities (ages between 23 and 30). Pre- and post-tests were administered, and the analysis was psychoneurolinguistically discussed. Results: Outline results show that, in grammar acquisition), the challenge that faces the second language learner is in the establishment of the templates relating to abstract nouns. During the process of grammar acquisition, the earlier, the better and fMRI was found to be the practical detector of brain theoretical templates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=template" title="template">template</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain" title=" brain"> brain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging%20technique" title=" imaging technique"> imaging technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammar%20acquisition" title=" grammar acquisition"> grammar acquisition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187001/agreement-across-borders-theoretical-templates-in-the-brain-of-a-new-language-learner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3543</span> Early Requirement Engineering for Design of Learner Centric Dynamic LMS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kausik%20Halder">Kausik Halder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabendu%20Chaki"> Nabendu Chaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjan%20Dasgupta"> Ranjan Dasgupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a modelling framework that supports the engineering of early requirements specifications for design of learner centric dynamic Learning Management System. The framework is based on i* modelling tool and Means End Analysis, that adopts primitive concepts for modelling early requirements (such as actor, goal, and strategic dependency). We show how pedagogical and computational requirements for designing a learner centric Learning Management system can be adapted for the automatic early requirement engineering specifications. Finally, we presented a model on a Learner Quanta based adaptive Courseware. Our early requirement analysis shows that how means end analysis reveals gaps and inconsistencies in early requirements specifications that are by no means trivial to discover without the help of formal analysis tool. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20courseware" title="adaptive courseware">adaptive courseware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20requirement%20engineering" title=" early requirement engineering"> early requirement engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=means%20end%20analysis" title=" means end analysis"> means end analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20modelling" title=" organizational modelling"> organizational modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirement%20modelling" title=" requirement modelling"> requirement modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8626/early-requirement-engineering-for-design-of-learner-centric-dynamic-lms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">500</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3542</span> Learner Awareness Levels Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of the English and Malay Versions to Measure How and Why Students Learn</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chee%20Choy">S. Chee Choy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pauline%20Swee%20Choo%20Goh"> Pauline Swee Choo Goh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yow%20Lin%20Liew"> Yow Lin Liew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the English version and a Malay translation of the 21-item Learner Awareness Questionnaire for its application to assess student learning in higher education. The Learner Awareness Questionnaire, originally written in English, is a quantitative measure of how and why students learn. The questionnaire gives an indication of the process and motives to learn using four scales: survival, establishing stability, approval, and loving to learn. Data in the present study came from 680 university students enrolled in various programs in Malaysia. The Malay version of the questionnaire supported a similar four-factor structure and internal consistency to the English version. The four factors of the Malay version also showed moderate to strong correlations with those of the English versions. The results suggest that the Malay version of the questionnaire is similar to the English version. However, further refinement for the questions is needed to strengthen the correlations between the two questionnaires. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%20learning" title="student learning">student learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20awareness" title=" learner awareness"> learner awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=questionnaire%20development" title=" questionnaire development"> questionnaire development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrument%20validation" title=" instrument validation "> instrument validation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27809/learner-awareness-levels-questionnaire-development-and-preliminary-validation-of-the-english-and-malay-versions-to-measure-how-and-why-students-learn" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3541</span> Implementing Learner-Centered Teaching Approach In Iraqi Higher Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iman%20Ali%20Ahmed%20Al-Rashed">Iman Ali Ahmed Al-Rashed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper directs attention to the limitations of the teacher-centered strategy in teaching. The aim of this study is to draw more educational attention to learner-centered strategy in order to shift the emphasis from the traditional concept of teaching to a new concept in teaching. To begin bridging the traditional concept of teaching and the new concept, the study will explore the new concept of teaching to support teaching in Arab World generally and in Iraq specifically. A qualitative case study orientation was used to collect data in the form of classroom observations, interviews and field notes. The teaching practices used by three university instructors are investigated and according to the findings, some explanations and recommendations are made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title="case study">case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner-centered%20strategy" title=" learner-centered strategy"> learner-centered strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20study" title=" qualitative study"> qualitative study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher-centered%20strategy" title=" teacher-centered strategy"> teacher-centered strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20teaching" title=" traditional teaching"> traditional teaching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35500/implementing-learner-centered-teaching-approach-in-iraqi-higher-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">548</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3540</span> The Omani Learner of English Corpus: Source and Tools </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anood%20Al-Shibli">Anood Al-Shibli </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Designing a learner corpus is not an easy task to accomplish because dealing with learners’ language has many variables which might affect the results of any study based on learners’ language production (spoken and written). Also, it is very essential to systematically design a learner corpus especially when it is aimed to be a reference to language research. Therefore, designing the Omani Learner Corpus (OLEC) has undergone many explicit and systematic considerations. These criteria can be regarded as the foundation to design any learner corpus to be exploited effectively in language use and language learning studies. Added to that, OLEC is manually error-annotated corpus. Error-annotation in learner corpora is very essential; however, it is time-consuming and prone to errors. Consequently, a navigating tool is designed to help the annotators to insert errors’ codes in order to make the error-annotation process more efficient and consistent. To assure accuracy, error annotation procedure is followed to annotate OLEC and some preliminary findings are noted. One of the main results of this procedure is creating an error-annotation system based on the Omani learners of English language production. Because OLEC is still in the first stages, the primary findings are related to only one level of proficiency and one error type which is verb related errors. It is found that Omani learners in OLEC has the tendency to have more errors in forming the verb and followed by problems in agreement of verb. Comparing the results to other error-based studies indicate that the Omani learners tend to have basic verb errors which can found in lower-level of proficiency. To this end, it is essential to admit that examining learners’ errors can give insights to language acquisition and language learning and most errors do not happen randomly but they occur systematically among language learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error-annotation%20system" title="error-annotation system">error-annotation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error-annotation%20manual" title=" error-annotation manual"> error-annotation manual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20corpora" title=" learner corpora"> learner corpora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbs%20related%20errors" title=" verbs related errors "> verbs related errors </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102230/the-omani-learner-of-english-corpus-source-and-tools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3539</span> Approaches and Strategies Used to Increase Student Engagement in Blended Learning Courses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinar%20Ozdemir%20Ayber">Pinar Ozdemir Ayber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeina%20Hojeij"> Zeina Hojeij</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blended Learning (BL) is a rapidly growing teaching and learning approach, which brings together the best of both face-to-face and online learning to expand learning opportunities for students. However, there is limited research on the practices, opportunities and quality of instruction in Blended Classrooms, and on the role of the teaching faculty as well as the learners in these types of classes. This paper will highlight the researchers’ experiences and reflections on blending their classes. It will focus on the importance of designing effective lesson plans that emphasize learner engagement and motivation in alignment with course learning outcomes. In addition, it will identify the changing roles of the teacher and the learners and suggest appropriate variations to the traditional classroom setting taking into consideration the benefits and the challenges of the Blended Classroom. It is hoped that this paper would provide sufficient input for participants to reflect on ways they can blend their own lessons to promote ubiquitous learning and student autonomy. Practical tips and ideas will be shared with the participants on various strategies and technologies that were used in the researchers’ classes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blended%20learning" title="blended learning">blended learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20autonomy" title=" learner autonomy"> learner autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20engagement" title=" learner engagement"> learner engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20motivation" title=" learner motivation"> learner motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20learning%20tools" title=" mobile learning tools"> mobile learning tools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62837/approaches-and-strategies-used-to-increase-student-engagement-in-blended-learning-courses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3538</span> Self-Regulated Learning: A Required Skill for Web 2.0 Internet-Based Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pieter%20Conradie">Pieter Conradie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Marina%20Moller"> M. Marina Moller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Web 2.0 Internet-based technologies have intruded all aspects of human life. Presently, this phenomenon is especially evident in the educational context, with increased disruptive Web 2.0 technology infusions dramatically changing educational practice. The most prominent of these Web 2.0 intrusions can be identified as Massive Open Online Courses (Coursera, EdX), video and photo sharing sites (Youtube, Flickr, Instagram), and Web 2.0 online tools utilize to create Personal Learning Environments (PLEs) (Symbaloo (aggregator), Delicious (social bookmarking), PBWorks (collaboration), Google+ (social networks), Wordspress (blogs), Wikispaces (wiki)). These Web 2.0 technologies have supported the realignment from a teacher-based pedagogy (didactic presentation) to a learner-based pedagogy (problem-based learning, project-based learning, blended learning), allowing greater learner autonomy. No longer is the educator the source of knowledge. Instead the educator has become the facilitator and mediator of the learner, involved in developing learner competencies to support life-long learning (continuous learning) in the 21st century. In this study, the self-regulated learning skills of thirty first-year university learners were explored by utilizing the Online Self-regulated Learning Questionnaire. Implementing an action research method, an intervention was affected towards improving the self-regulation skill set of the participants. Statistical significant results were obtained with increased self-regulated learning proficiency, positively impacting learner performance. Goal setting, time management, environment structuring, help seeking, task (learning) strategies and self-evaluation skills were confirmed as determinants of improved learner success. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=andragogy" title="andragogy">andragogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20self-regulated%20learning%20questionnaire" title=" online self-regulated learning questionnaire"> online self-regulated learning questionnaire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-regulated%20learning" title=" self-regulated learning"> self-regulated learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%202.0" title=" web 2.0 "> web 2.0 </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14014/self-regulated-learning-a-required-skill-for-web-20-internet-based-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3537</span> Leveraging xAPI in a Corporate e-Learning Environment to Facilitate the Tracking, Modelling, and Predictive Analysis of Learner Behaviour</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libor%20Zachoval">Libor Zachoval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daire%20O%20Broin"> Daire O Broin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oisin%20Cawley"> Oisin Cawley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> E-learning platforms, such as Blackboard have two major shortcomings: limited data capture as a result of the limitations of SCORM (Shareable Content Object Reference Model), and lack of incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms which could lead to better course adaptations. With the recent development of Experience Application Programming Interface (xAPI), a large amount of additional types of data can be captured and that opens a window of possibilities from which online education can benefit. In a corporate setting, where companies invest billions on the learning and development of their employees, some learner behaviours can be troublesome for they can hinder the knowledge development of a learner. Behaviours that hinder the knowledge development also raise ambiguity about learner’s knowledge mastery, specifically those related to gaming the system. Furthermore, a company receives little benefit from their investment if employees are passing courses without possessing the required knowledge and potential compliance risks may arise. Using xAPI and rules derived from a state-of-the-art review, we identified three learner behaviours, primarily related to guessing, in a corporate compliance course. The identified behaviours are: trying each option for a question, specifically for multiple-choice questions; selecting a single option for all the questions on the test; and continuously repeating tests upon failing as opposed to going over the learning material. These behaviours were detected on learners who repeated the test at least 4 times before passing the course. These findings suggest that gauging the mastery of a learner from multiple-choice questions test scores alone is a naive approach. Thus, next steps will consider the incorporation of additional data points, knowledge estimation models to model knowledge mastery of a learner more accurately, and analysis of the data for correlations between knowledge development and identified learner behaviours. Additional work could explore how learner behaviours could be utilised to make changes to a course. For example, course content may require modifications (certain sections of learning material may be shown to not be helpful to many learners to master the learning outcomes aimed at) or course design (such as the type and duration of feedback). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20e-learning%20environment" title=" corporate e-learning environment"> corporate e-learning environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20maintenance" title=" knowledge maintenance"> knowledge maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xAPI" title=" xAPI"> xAPI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107667/leveraging-xapi-in-a-corporate-e-learning-environment-to-facilitate-the-tracking-modelling-and-predictive-analysis-of-learner-behaviour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3536</span> Learning-by-Heart vs. Learning by Thinking: Fostering Thinking in Foreign Language Learning A Comparison of Two Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danijela%20Vranje%C5%A1">Danijela Vranješ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nata%C5%A1a%20Vukajlovi%C4%87"> Nataša Vukajlović</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Turning to learner-centered teaching instead of the teacher-centered approach brought a whole new perspective into the process of teaching and learning and set a new goal for improving the educational process itself. However, recently a tremendous decline in students’ performance on various standardized tests can be observed, above all on the PISA-test. The learner-centeredness on its own is not enough anymore: the students’ ability to think is deteriorating. Especially in foreign language learning, one can encounter a lot of learning by heart: whether it is grammar or vocabulary, teachers often seem to judge the students’ success merely on how well they can recall a specific word, phrase, or grammar rule, but they rarely aim to foster their ability to think. Convinced that foreign language teaching can do both, this research aims to discover how two different approaches to teaching foreign language foster the students’ ability to think as well as to what degree they help students get to the state-determined level of foreign language at the end of the semester as defined in the Common European Framework. For this purpose, two different curricula were developed: one is a traditional, learner-centered foreign language curriculum that aims at teaching the four competences as defined in the Common European Framework and serves as a control variable, whereas the second one has been enriched with various thinking routines and aims at teaching the foreign language as a means to communicate ideas and thoughts rather than reducing it to the four competences. Moreover, two types of tests were created for each approach, each based on the content taught during the semester. One aims to test the students’ competences as defined in the CER, and the other aims to test the ability of students to draw on the knowledge gained and come to their own conclusions based on the content taught during the semester. As it is an ongoing study, the results are yet to be interpreted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20european%20framework%20of%20reference" title="common european framework of reference">common european framework of reference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20learning" title=" foreign language learning"> foreign language learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20teaching" title=" foreign language teaching"> foreign language teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20and%20assignment" title=" testing and assignment"> testing and assignment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155824/learning-by-heart-vs-learning-by-thinking-fostering-thinking-in-foreign-language-learning-a-comparison-of-two-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3535</span> Development of Electroencephalograph Collection System in Language-Learning Self-Study System That Can Detect Learning State of the Learner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katsuyuki%20Umezawa">Katsuyuki Umezawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makoto%20Nakazawa"> Makoto Nakazawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manabu%20Kobayashi"> Manabu Kobayashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yutaka%20Ishii"> Yutaka Ishii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michiko%20Nakano"> Michiko Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigeichi%20Hirasawa"> Shigeichi Hirasawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to develop a self-study system equipped with an artificial teacher who gives advice to students by detecting the learners and to evaluate language learning in a unified framework. 'Detecting the learners' means that the system understands the learners' learning conditions, such as each learner’s degree of understanding, the difference in each learner’s thinking process, the degree of concentration or boredom in learning, and problem solving for each learner, which can be interpreted from learning behavior. In this paper, we propose a system to efficiently collect brain waves from learners by focusing on only the brain waves among the biological information for 'detecting the learners'. The conventional Electroencephalograph (EEG) measurement method during learning using a simple EEG has the following disadvantages. (1) The start and end of EEG measurement must be done manually by the experiment participant or staff. (2) Even when the EEG signal is weak, it may not be noticed, and the data may not be obtained. (3) Since the acquired EEG data is stored in each PC, there is a possibility that the time of data acquisition will be different in each PC. This time, we developed a system to collect brain wave data on the server side. This system overcame the above disadvantages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20teacher" title="artificial teacher">artificial teacher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-learning" title=" e-learning"> e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-study%20system" title=" self-study system"> self-study system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simple%20EEG" title=" simple EEG"> simple EEG</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123258/development-of-electroencephalograph-collection-system-in-language-learning-self-study-system-that-can-detect-learning-state-of-the-learner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3534</span> Web-Based Cognitive Writing Instruction (WeCWI): A Theoretical-and-Pedagogical e-Framework for Language Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boon%20Yih%20Mah">Boon Yih Mah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Web-based Cognitive Writing Instruction (WeCWI)’s contribution towards language development can be divided into linguistic and non-linguistic perspectives. In linguistic perspective, WeCWI focuses on the literacy and language discoveries, while the cognitive and psychological discoveries are the hubs in non-linguistic perspective. In linguistic perspective, WeCWI draws attention to free reading and enterprises, which are supported by the language acquisition theories. Besides, the adoption of process genre approach as a hybrid guided writing approach fosters literacy development. Literacy and language developments are interconnected in the communication process; hence, WeCWI encourages meaningful discussion based on the interactionist theory that involves input, negotiation, output, and interactional feedback. Rooted in the e-learning interaction-based model, WeCWI promotes online discussion via synchronous and asynchronous communications, which allows interactions happened among the learners, instructor, and digital content. In non-linguistic perspective, WeCWI highlights on the contribution of reading, discussion, and writing towards cognitive development. Based on the inquiry models, learners’ critical thinking is fostered during information exploration process through interaction and questioning. Lastly, to lower writing anxiety, WeCWI develops the instructional tool with supportive features to facilitate the writing process. To bring a positive user experience to the learner, WeCWI aims to create the instructional tool with different interface designs based on two different types of perceptual learning style. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WeCWI" title="WeCWI">WeCWI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literacy%20discovery" title=" literacy discovery"> literacy discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20discovery" title=" language discovery"> language discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20discovery" title=" cognitive discovery"> cognitive discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20discovery" title=" psychological discovery"> psychological discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16074/web-based-cognitive-writing-instruction-wecwi-a-theoretical-and-pedagogical-e-framework-for-language-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">561</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3533</span> Exploring the Use of Adverbs in Two Young Learners Written Corpora</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chrysanthi%20S.%20Tiliakou">Chrysanthi S. Tiliakou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20T.%20Frantzi"> Katerina T. Frantzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Writing has always been considered a most demanding skill for English as a Foreign Language learners as well as for native speakers. Novice foreign language writers are asked to handle a limited range of vocabulary to produce writing tasks at lower levels. Adverbs are the parts of speech that are not used extensively in the early stages of English as a Foreign Language writing. An additional problem with learning new adverbs is that, next to learning their meanings, learners are expected to acquire the proper placement of adverbs in a sentence. The use of adverbs is important as they enhance “expressive richness to one’s message”. By exploring the patterns of use of adverbs, researchers and educators can identify types of adverbs, which appear more taxing for young learners or that puzzle novice English as a Foreign Language writers with their placement, and focus on their teaching. To this end, the study examines the use of adverbs on two written Corpora of young learners of English of A1 – A2 levels and determines the types of adverbs used, their frequencies, problems in their use, and whether there is any differentiation between levels. The Antconc concordancing tool was used for the Greek Learner Corpus, and the Corpuscle concordancing tool for the Norwegian Corpus. The research found a similarity in the normalized frequencies of the adverbs used in the A1-A2 level Greek Learner Corpus with the frequencies of the same adverbs in the Norwegian Learner Corpus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20corpora" title="learner corpora">learner corpora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20learners" title=" young learners"> young learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=writing" title=" writing"> writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=use%20of%20adverbs" title=" use of adverbs"> use of adverbs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156823/exploring-the-use-of-adverbs-in-two-young-learners-written-corpora" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary 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