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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Big_Commune_&_Sheikh_Madar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Big_Commune_&_Sheikh_Madar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Big Commune & Sheikh Madar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Big_Commune_&_Sheikh_Madar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1960–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SNM_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNM_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>SNM offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SNM_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hargeisa_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hargeisa_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Hargeisa campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hargeisa_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>International Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hargeisa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هرجيسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرجيسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هرجیسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هرجیسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="হারগেইসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হারগেইসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa_(kapital_sa_rehiyon)" title="Hargeysa (kapital sa rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hargeysa (kapital sa rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Χαργκέισα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαργκέισα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargejso" title="Hargejso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hargejso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هرجیسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرجیسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC" title="하르게이사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하르게이사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Հարգեյսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարգեյսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%C3%A6" title="Харгейсæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Харгейсæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargheisa" title="Hargheisa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hargheisa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="הרגייסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרגייסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ჰარგეისა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰარგეისა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ჰარგეისა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰარგეისა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هرجيسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرجيسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هرگیسا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هرگیسا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5" title="ハルゲイサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハルゲイサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਰਜੀਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਰਜੀਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ہرجيسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرجيسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargejsa" title="Hargejsa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hargejsa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargheisa" title="Hargheisa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hargheisa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargejsa" title="Hargejsa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hargejsa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ھەرگیسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەرگیسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeysa" title="Hargeysa – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Hargeysa" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A" title="அர்கீசொ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அர்கீசொ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ฮาร์เกย์ซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาร์เกย์ซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ҳаргейса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаргейса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Харгейса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харгейса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ہرجيسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہرجيسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hargeisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%A8" title="哈尔格萨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈尔格萨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%A8" title="哈尔格萨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈尔格萨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hargeisa&params=9_33_47_N_44_4_3_E_region:SO-Mu_type:city(1200000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°33′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°4′3″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.56306°N 44.06750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.56306; 44.06750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" 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</p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and most populous city of Somaliland</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Maroodi Jeh, Somaliland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hargeisa</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Hargeysa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">هرجيسا</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:257px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HargeisaDrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drone view of the capital city of Hargeisa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/258px-HargeisaDrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/387px-HargeisaDrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/516px-HargeisaDrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hargeisa War Memorial"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg/127px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg/191px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg/254px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisamosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jama Mosque"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hargeisamosque.jpg/127px-Hargeisamosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hargeisamosque.jpg/191px-Hargeisamosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hargeisamosque.jpg/254px-Hargeisamosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain,_Hargeisa,_Somalilanad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naasa Hablood mountain"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/258px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/387px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/516px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Drone view of Hargeisa, Hargeisa downtown, Hargeisa, Jama Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Naasa_Hablood" title="Naasa Hablood">Naasa Hablood</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hargeisa"><img alt="Flag of Hargeisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hargeisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="294" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Hargeisa"><img alt="Official logo of Hargeisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg/100px-Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg/150px-Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg/200px-Hargeisa_Local_Government_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Local council seal of Hargeisa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_76dc745d8a959d6e4ce4e85175f85fa07a2c2db6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hargeisa&revid=1257273065&groups=_76dc745d8a959d6e4ce4e85175f85fa07a2c2db6" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hargeisa&revid=1257273065&groups=_76dc745d8a959d6e4ce4e85175f85fa07a2c2db6 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Hargeisa</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hargeisa&params=9_33_47_N_44_4_3_E_region:SO-Mu_type:city(1200000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°33′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°4′3″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.56306°N 44.06750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.56306; 44.06750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Somaliland" title="Districts of Somaliland">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_District" title="Hargeisa District">Hargeisa District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hargeisa" title="Mayor of Hargeisa">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdikarim_Ahmed_Mooge" title="Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge">Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">140 km<sup>2</sup> (50 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,334 m (4,377 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somaliland" title="List of cities in Somaliland">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,600/km<sup>2</sup> (3,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hargeysaawi<br />هرجيساوي</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+252</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhhgov.org/">dhhgov.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hargeisa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">har-<span style="font-size:90%">GAY</span>-sə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Hargeysa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هرجيسا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Harjīsā</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Jubba_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jubba-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital and largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, still considered internationally to be part of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. It is also the regional capital of the <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a> region of Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hargeisa was founded as a watering and trading stop between the coast and the interior by the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a>. Initially it served as a watering well for the vast livestock of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan that inhabited that specific region and later were joined by other Isaaq clans that currently inhabit Hargeisa. In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Protectorate">Somaliland Protectorate</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and as scheduled united days later with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 90% of the city was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a>, a state-sponsored campaign of violence during the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a>. </p><p>Hargeisa is situated in a valley in the <a href="/wiki/Ogo_Mountains" title="Ogo Mountains">Galgodon</a> (Ogo) highlands, and sits at an elevation of 1,334 m (4,377 ft). Home to <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the city is also a commercial hub for precious stone-cutting, construction, retail services and trading, among other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Jubba_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jubba-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The town evolved in the latter half of the 1800s as a <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> settlement established by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a>, near a water-stop used by nomadic stock-herders on the way to the town of Harar. It proposes a possible derivation of the name "Hargeisa" from the sobriquet <i>Harar as-sagir</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> the little"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Norman Bennett, Madar named the settlement Hargeisa or <i>Little Harar</i> since he aspired for it to emulate the city of Harar as a center for Islamic teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another etymological root for Hargeisa's name derives from the towns connection to the skins trade. Hargeisa has been a watering and trading stop between the coast and the interior, and chief amongst the goods traded were the hide skins procured from the interior to be processed in the settlement. In this etymological version, 'Hargeisa' is derived from <i>hargageys</i>, which means "place to sell hides and skins" in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laas_Geel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/220px-Laas_Geel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/330px-Laas_Geel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/440px-Laas_Geel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Rock art from the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period are found in the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex, on the outskirts of Hargeisa. During November and December 2002, an archaeological survey was carried out in the area by a French team of researchers. The expedition's objective was to search for rock shelters and caves containing stratified archaeological infills capable of documenting the period when production economy appeared in this part of Somaliland (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="5th millennium BCE">5th</a></span> and 2nd millennium BCE). During the course of the survey, the French archaeological team discovered the Laas Geel <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>, encompassing an area of ten rock alcoves (caves). In an excellent state of preservation, the paintings show human figures with their hands raised and facing long-horned, humpless <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-African_Archeology_Volume_1_2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-African_Archeology_Volume_1_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rock art had been known to the area's inhabitants for centuries before the French discovery. However, the existence of the site had not been broadcast to the international community. In November 2003, a mission returned to Laas Geel and a team of experts undertook a detailed study of the paintings and their prehistoric context. </p><p>Somaliland generally is home to numerous such <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a>, with similar rock art and/or ancient edifices such as the <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> rock art. However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored, a process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodd_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodd-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Big_Commune_&_Sheikh_Madar"><span id="The_Big_Commune_.26_Sheikh_Madar"></span>The Big Commune & Sheikh Madar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HargeisaCloseup1885.png/275px-HargeisaCloseup1885.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HargeisaCloseup1885.png/413px-HargeisaCloseup1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HargeisaCloseup1885.png/550px-HargeisaCloseup1885.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of an 1885 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis#Eidagale" title="Garhajis">Eidagale</a> subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map</figcaption></figure> <p>According to traditional poetic (gabay) oral accounts, Hargeisa was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> pas a watering and trading stop for passing nomads and caravans. It is believed that and the <a href="/wiki/Habar_Yoonis" title="Habar Yoonis">Habar Yoonis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> subtribes were amongst the early settlers of Hargeisa.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hargeisa continued to grow with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> Shirwa, widely considered to be the founder of Hargeisa religious commune and the modern iteration of the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_(right).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg/150px-Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg/225px-Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg/300px-Sheikh_Madar_of_Hargeisa_%28right%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> (right) and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a> in Hargeisa 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Madar Shirwa was born in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and belonged to the Nuh Ismail subdivision of the Sa'ad Musa <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>. Madar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> to study the Islamic Sciences under the top ulema of Harar, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Khalil, one of the ulema of Harar, advised <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a> commune in present-day Hargeisa and spread the teachings he was taught, which lead Sheikh Madar and his companions to found the Big Commune (Jama'a weyne) of Little Harar (Hargeisa) in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>. Somali pastoralists heavily follow rain and pastures this would change with the agricultural and stationary lifestyle Madar would introduce on the back of large <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> plantations. This was to maintain self-sufficiency and Sheikh Madar and the other Mullahs would take care of the sick and elderly inhabitants of the growing settlement. Lastly, Sheikh Madar pushed towards a common religious identity rather than identifying solely by tribe. Stone houses and other structures would be built and Hargeisa would develop into a large permanent settlement irrespective of the caravan trade that defined it in decades prior.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> met with the 4th Isaaq Grand Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a> outside Hargeisa in a famous 1870 <i>shir</i> (meeting) to discuss issues regarding the new town of Hargeisa and agreed that poaching and tree cutting in the vicinity should be banned.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H. Swayne, a British soldier and explorer who traversed the Somali peninsula between the 1880-1890s wrote about Hargeisa in his journals: </p> <blockquote><p>This town is built some five hundred yards from the right bank of the Aleyadera nala, and at an elevation of thirty or forty feet above it. Round the place is a patch of jowari (sorghum) cultivation, two and a half miles long and a quarter of a mile broad. Quantities of livestock of all kinds graze on the low undulating hills for half a mile from the Aleyadera nala on either bank. Hargeisa is situated on two important caravan routes, one from Ogaden and the other from Harar. There are good direct camel-roads to <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a>. Supplies of rice, tobacco, and dates can sometimes be bought here in the trading season. Some four hundred people are employed looking after the jowari fields, and may be seen sitting on platforms, shouting and throwing stones to scare birds from the crops. There is abundance of good water in the bed of the river, and a masonry well has been built, and is kept in order by an Arab from Aden. The town is full of blind and lame people, who are under the protection of Sheikh Mattar and his mullahs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Somaliland">British Somaliland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/250px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/375px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Women's market in Hargeisa, <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1888, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> and chiefs, the British established a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in the region referred to as <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> with <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> becoming the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British garrisoned the protectorate from <a href="/wiki/Aden_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Settlement">Aden</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and administered it from their <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> until 1905 and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>. </p><p>The capital was moved from Berbera to Hargeisa, and the city was granted capital status in 1941. During the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, the protectorate was <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">invaded by Italy</a> in August 1940, but recaptured by the British in March 1941. In 1945 the British administration had grown weary of the influence <i><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">wadaads</a></i> had wielded in the protectorate and moved to arrest several in Hargeisa. They had been deemed nuisances to implementing 'modern education' and agricultural reforms in Somaliland. Following their arrests on June 4, a mob formed and temporarily freed the imprisoned <i>wadaads</i> who were recaptured the next day. Religious leaders motivated the city's inhabitants and a crowd of several thousand rioters marched on the Hargeisa District Headquarters determined to free the imprisoned <i>wadaads</i>. They were fired upon by the District Commissioner's troops with one dying and dozens imprisoned for trying to free the Sheikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protectorate gained its independence on 26 June 1960 as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before uniting as planned days later with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–1991"><span id="1960.E2.80.931991"></span>1960–1991</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/220px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/330px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/440px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_War_Memorial" title="Hargeisa War Memorial">MiG monument in Hargeisa</a> commemorating Somaliland's breakaway from the rest of Somalia during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-independence period, Hargeisa was administered as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Woqooyi Galbeed">Woqooyi Galbeed</a> province of Somalia. Numerous new development projects were subsequently launched in the city by the Somali government. Among these initiatives was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_Provincial_Museum" title="Hargeisa Provincial Museum">Hargeisa Provincial Museum</a>. It was the first museum to be established in Somalia since independence in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-mi1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hargeisa International Airport">Hargeisa International Airport</a> was also renovated and modernized, with the ultimate aim of equipping the facility to accommodate larger aircraft and offer more flight destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiugb_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiugb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SNM_offensive">SNM offensive</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1988_Hargeisa-Burao_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Hargeisa-Burao offensive">1988 Hargeisa-Burao offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></div> <p>On 31 May 1988, at 2:15 a.m, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> (shortened SNM) attacked Hargeisa. With two Habar yunis leaders, one in Burco and the other in the capital city Hargeisa.<sup id="cite_ref-:51_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNM force attacking Hargeisa was estimated at 500 men equipped with 84 vehicles, of whom only 14 were left due to vehicles being sent to the front in Adadley.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNM captured the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/26th_Division_(Somalia)" title="26th Division (Somalia)">26th Division</a>, as well as capturing the Birjeex arms depot where the SNM collected ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An SNM fighter who partook in the Hargeisa offensive described Somali troops dropping their uniforms on the ground and fleeing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNM encountered stiff resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Army">Somali Army</a> as they surrounded Radio Hargeisa's headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to heavy bombardment from Somali heavy artillery and tanks, the SNM force tasked with capturing Hargeisa airport fell back and retreated to Adadley.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1 June, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_Airport" title="Hargeisa Airport">Hargeisa Airport</a>, the SNM overran the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Somali army counterattack the SNM line of defense in the city was behind Hargeisa's radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-:51_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hargeisa_campaign">Hargeisa campaign</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/220px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/330px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/440px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Up to 90% of Hargeisa (2nd largest city of the Somali Republic) was destroyed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dictator <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>'s response to the SNM attacks was of unparalleled brutality; with explicit aims of handling the "Isaaq problem", he ordered "the shelling and aerial bombardment of the major cities in the northwest and the systematic destruction of Isaaq dwellings, settlements and water points. In one of the most brutal episodes of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a>, the regime targeted civilian members of the Isaaq group specifically,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the cities of Hargeisa and <a href="/wiki/Burco" class="mw-redirect" title="Burco">Burco</a> and to that end employed the use of indiscriminate <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">artillery shelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombardment</a> against civilian populations belonging to the Isaaq ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 90% of the city was destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> <p>After the collapse of the Somali central government and the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Somaliland, a slow process of infrastructural reconstruction subsequently began in Hargeisa and other towns in the country. </p><p>Since 1991, Hargeisa has undergone a large-scale facelift. The renovations have been largely financed by local entrepreneurs, as well as Somali expatriates sending <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a> funds to relatives in the region through some of the various Somali-owned money transfer operators.<sup id="cite_ref-Usrs_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usrs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the destroyed residential and commercial buildings have since been reconstructed, with many newer structures erected. Single-storey buildings downtown are also progressively giving way to multi-storey <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">high-rises</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <p>Hargeisa has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BSh</i>). The city generally features very warm winters and hot summers. However, despite its location in the tropics, due to the high altitude Hargeisa seldom experiences either very hot or very cold weather, a trait rarely seen in semi-arid climates. The city receives the bulk of its rain between the months of April and September, averaging just over 400 millimetres (16 in) of rainfall annually. Average monthly temperatures in Hargeisa range from 18 °C or 64.4 °F in the months of December and January to 24 °C or 75.2 °F in the month of June. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hargeisa </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">412<br />(16.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13<br />(56) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (temperatures, humidity and percent sunshine)<sup id="cite_ref-faoclimate_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faoclimate-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faosun_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faosun-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (extremes and precipitation)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/220px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/330px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/440px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Meeting hall of Somaliland <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">House of Representatives</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated in the Maroodi Jeh region of Somaliland, Hargeisa is the seat of the Somaliland's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a>, the presidential palace, and government ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hgc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hgc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mayor of Hargeisa in 1960 was Aadan Cumar fure, who held the position from 1950-1959. The current municipal administration is led by <a href="/wiki/Abdikarim_Ahmed_Mooge" title="Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge">Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Waddani" title="Waddani">Waddani</a> party, he was elected the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hargeisa" title="Mayor of Hargeisa">Mayor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Somaliland_municipal_elections" title="2021 Somaliland municipal elections">2021 Somaliland municipal elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2></div> <p>According to a more recent December 2017 report from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Research_and_Development_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Research and Development Institute (page does not exist)">Social Research and Development Institute</a> (SORADI) based in Hargeisa, the city divided into eight sub-districts; being the <a href="/wiki/31_May_District" title="31 May District">31 May</a>, <a href="/wiki/26_June_District" title="26 June District">26 June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Dhagah_District" title="Ahmed Dhagah District">Ahmed Dhagah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Moallim_Haruun_District" title="Ahmed Moallim Haruun District">Ahmed Moallim Haruun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gacan_Libaax_District" title="Gacan Libaax District">Gacan Libaax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Kodbuur_District" title="Ibrahim Kodbuur District">Ibrahim Kodbuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamoud_Haibe_District" title="Mohamoud Haibe District">Mohamoud Haibe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Moge_District" title="Mohamed Moge District">Mohamed Moge Districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SORADI_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SORADI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is contradictory to an April 2003 report by the <a href="/wiki/Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network" title="Famine Early Warning Systems Network">Famine Early Warning Systems Network</a> (FEWS NET), which states only five sub-districts exist: being the 26 June, Ahmed Dhagah, Gacan Libaax, Ibrahim Kodbuur, and Mohamoud Haibe sub-districts, each having between four and six sub-sections of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably a redistricting occurred sometime between 2004 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-SORADI_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SORADI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each sub-district has their own elected council members, whose responsibility is to represent their district and fulfil their populations needs.<sup id="cite_ref-SORADI_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SORADI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase the effectiveness of these sub-districts, especially underrepresented ones such as Gacan Libaax, a so-called "accountability <a href="/wiki/Forum_(legal)" title="Forum (legal)">forum</a>" has been established to discuss and create policy to better represent marginalized communities.<sup id="cite_ref-SORADI_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SORADI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><p> Hargeisa has grown rapidly since the middle of the 20th century. According to <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Lewis" title="Ioan Lewis">I. M. Lewis</a>, Hargeisa's population was estimated to be 30,000 in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style></p><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1932</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+900.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">45,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">90,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">250,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+177.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2005</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">450,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">850,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+88.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Various<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p> In 2005, the UNDP said that the city had a population of 560,028.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CIA factbook, Hargeisa had an estimated population of around 760,000 as of 2015. The main residents of Hargeisa are the <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa" title="Sa'ad Musa">Sa'ad Musa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isamusa" title="Isamusa">Isamusa</a> subclans of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habar_Yoonis" title="Habar Yoonis">Habar Yoonis</a> subclans of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Habr Garhajis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Ayub</a>, all of which are subdivisions of the larger <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Cwfsom_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cwfsom-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, it is estimated that Hargeisa has a population of 1.2 million<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban area occupies 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi), with a population density of 12,600 inhabitants per square kilometre (33,000/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Cwfsom_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cwfsom-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_(Somaliland)(023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg/170px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg/255px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg/340px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a> bank in Hargeisa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hargeisa is the <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial</a> hub to many entrepreneurial industries ranging from finance, retail, imports/export warehouses to gem cutters, construction, food processing, textiles and livestock trading. </p><p>In June 2012, the Partnership Fund for the private sector in Somaliland was launched at Hargeisa's Ambassador Hotel. Part of the larger Partnership for Economic Growth program, the initiative will see $900,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> allocated to 13 private local businesses, as well as the creation of 250 new full-time jobs, half of which are to be earmarked for youth and one third for women. The fund is expected to improve job opportunities for 1,300 entrepreneurs through ameliorated product distribution and investment in new technologies and processing facilities. Eligibility is determined through a competitive and transparent selection process overseen by the Partnership program, the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Somaliland Chamber of Commerce">Somaliland Chamber of Commerce</a>, and government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultfgpftpsis_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultfgpftpsis-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg/250px-Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg/375px-Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg/500px-Hargeisa_bus_station_nigh_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Bus station in Hargeisa at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Buses are the most commonly used form of public transportation in Hargeisa. They travel on a number of routes serving nearly all of the city's districts. Intercity bus services are also available, which connect Hargeisa to other major cities and towns across Somaliland, including <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a>. </p><p>With the growth of urban development, several new <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi</a> companies have sprung up in Hargeisa.<sup id="cite_ref-Tcihcjet_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tcihcjet-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_Taxi" title="Hargeisa Taxi">Hargeisa Taxi</a> is another of the recent taxi firms based in Hargeisa. It has a fleet of four small compact cars and seven passenger minivans, in addition to around 19 other vehicles. GPS devices installed by the Sahal Technology firm allow the cab company's dispatch office to monitor its taxis to ensure that they travel within the speed limit. The office can also disable the vehicles online in the event of theft. Other new taxi firms serving Hargeisa include Dalhis Taxi and Marodi Jeh Taxi. Fares are inexpensive, costing between 15,000 and 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shillings</a> ($2–$3 USD) per ride,<sup id="cite_ref-Tcihcjet_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tcihcjet-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the US dollar is also widely accepted alongside the local currency.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Airport">International Airport</h3></div> <p>For air transportation, the city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hargeisa International Airport">Hargeisa International Airport</a>. The Somali-owned private carriers <a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines" title="Daallo Airlines">Daallo Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Airways" title="Jubba Airways">Jubba Airways</a> offer flights to various other towns in neighbouring Somalia, such as <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bender_Qassim_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bender Qassim International Airport">Bosaso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport">Galkayo</a>. Trips to international destinations are also available, including to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti-Ambouli_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai</a>. It has recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> gained more airlines such as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flydubai" title="Flydubai">flydubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both airlines have listed the city as being in Somalia since August 2024, following an ultimatum from the Somali government, which would have otherwise seen them prohibited from using Somali airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa,_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/330px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/440px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_de_Bruinhorst_Collection_-_Somaliland_2019_-_4442_-_A_young_librarian_arranging_books._The_National_Library_at_Hargeysa%2C_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A young librarian arranging books at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Somaliland" title="National Library of Somaliland">National Library of Somaliland</a> in Hargeisa</figcaption></figure> <p>Various primary schools and <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">nurseries</a> are located in Hargeisa. There are several state-run and privately owned <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> and high schools in the city. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/SOS_Sheikh_Secondary_School" title="SOS Sheikh Secondary School">SOS Sheikh Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaarso_School_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Abaarso School of Science and Technology">Abaarso School of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hargeisa_Technical_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hargeisa Technical School (page does not exist)">Hargeisa Technical School</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaama_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salaama Secondary School (page does not exist)">Salaama Secondary School</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smart Secondary School (page does not exist)">Smart Secondary School</a>, the latter of which is the pre-eminent secondary institution in the area, about 13 km (8 mi) west of Hargeisa. </p><p>The city is home to a number of colleges and universities including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hargeisa" title="University of Hargeisa">University of Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admas_University_College,_Hargeisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Admas University College, Hargeisa">Admas University College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_University_of_Technology" title="Somaliland University of Technology">Somaliland University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gollis_University" title="Gollis University">Gollis University</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Generation_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Generation University (page does not exist)">New Generation University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_University" title="Hope University">Hope University</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marodijeh_International_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marodijeh International University (page does not exist)">Marodijeh International University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Maternity_Hospital" title="Edna Adan Maternity Hospital">Edna Adan Maternity Hospital</a> offers nursing programmes to students. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Practical_Research_and_Training" title="Institute for Practical Research and Training">Institute for Practical Research and Training</a> specializes in (applied) research and training. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Matan_Mosque" title="Ali Matan Mosque">Ali Matan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligubadle" title="Baligubadle">Baligubadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahlay" title="Salahlay">Salahlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voasomali.com/a/5932400.html">"Duqa cusub ee magaalada Hargeysa oo la doortay"</a>. 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duqa+cusub+ee+magaalada+Hargeysa+oo+la+doortay&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voasomali.com%2Fa%2F5932400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063552/https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/2021/06/17/somaliland-abdikarim-ahmed-mooge-sworn-in-as-the-new-mayor-of-hargeisa/">"Somaliland: AbdiKarim Ahmed Mooge Sworn in as the New Mayor of Hargeisa"</a>. 17 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/2021/06/17/somaliland-abdikarim-ahmed-mooge-sworn-in-as-the-new-mayor-of-hargeisa/">the original</a> on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somaliland%3A+AbdiKarim+Ahmed+Mooge+Sworn+in+as+the+New+Mayor+of+Hargeisa&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalilandcurrent.com%2F2021%2F06%2F17%2Fsomaliland-abdikarim-ahmed-mooge-sworn-in-as-the-new-mayor-of-hargeisa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/downloads/hargeisa_discussion-paper-04-2019-hargeisa-somaliland-invisible-city.pdf">https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/downloads/hargeisa_discussion-paper-04-2019-hargeisa-somaliland-invisible-city.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jubba-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jubba_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jubba_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122160435/http://jubba-airways.com/destinations/hargeisa.aspx">"Hargeisa"</a>. Jubba Airways. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jubba-airways.com/destinations/hargeisa.aspx">the original</a> on January 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hargeisa&rft.pub=Jubba+Airways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjubba-airways.com%2Fdestinations%2Fhargeisa.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204170941/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php">"Somalia: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"</a>. <i>world-gazetteer.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world-gazetteer.com&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+largest+cities+and+towns+and+statistics+of+their+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D1350565654%26lng%3Dfr%26des%3Dgamelan%26geo%3D-198%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinasheKennard2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Einashe, Ismail; Kennard, Matt (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/tnamp/">"In the Valley of Death: Somaliland's Forgotten Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston University Press. p. 70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Boston+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D607jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhargeisa%2Blittle%2Bharar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaji_Mukhtar.2003" class="citation book cs1">Haji Mukhtar., M (2003). <i>Historical Dictionary of Somalia</i>. 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University of Alabama. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+relevance+of+Harari+values&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama&rft.aulast=Abubaker&rft.aufirst=Abdulmalik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everythingharar.com%2Ffiles%2FRelevanceofhararivaluesAbdumalik.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518020109/http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/First%20footsteps%20in%20East%20Africa,%20by%20Richard%20Burton%20(chapter8).pdf"><i>First footsteps in East Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/First%20footsteps%20in%20East%20Africa,%20by%20Richard%20Burton%20(chapter8).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsrn.ualberta.ca%2Famcdouga%2FHist347%2Fadditional%2520rdgs%2FFirst%2520footsteps%2520in%2520East%2520Africa%2C%2520by%2520Richard%2520Burton%2520%28chapter8%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span> "The chief Ulema are the <a href="/wiki/Kabir_Khalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabir Khalil">Kabir Khalil</a>, the Kabir Yunis, and the Shaykh Jami: the two former scarcely ever quit their houses, devoting all their time to study and tuition: the latter is a Somali who takes an active part in politics. These professors teach Moslem literature through the medium of Harari, a peculiar dialect confined within the walls"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton._F.1856" class="citation book cs1">Burton. F., Richard (1856). <i>First Footsteps in East Africa</i>. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.pages=360&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Burton.+F.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdurahman.2017" class="citation book cs1">Abdurahman., A (2017). <i>Making Sense of Somali History</i>. Adonis and Abbey. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Somali+History&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Adonis+and+Abbey&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Abdurahman.&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0M8AAAAIAAJ&q=madar+hargeisa">"Leadership in Eastern Africa"</a>. <i>African Research Studies</i> (9): 70. 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Research+Studies&rft.atitle=Leadership+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0M8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmadar%2Bhargeisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWSP_Transition_Programme2005" class="citation book cs1">WSP Transition Programme, War-torn Societies Project (2005). <i>Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Volume 1</i>. Red Sea Press. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Somaliland%3A+Issues+and+Possibilities%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=WSP+Transition+Programme&rft.aufirst=War-torn+Societies+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos-Swayne1900" class="citation book cs1">Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). <i>Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia</i>. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Trips+Through+Somaliland+and+a+Visit+to+Abyssinia&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Carlos-Swayne&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Chisholm (ed.), <i>The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information</i>, Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman2014" class="citation book cs1">Milman, Brock (2014). <i>British Somaliland An Administrative History, 1920-1960</i>. Routledge. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367868840" title="Special:BookSources/9780367868840"><bdi>9780367868840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Somaliland+An+Administrative+History%2C+1920-1960&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780367868840&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Brock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes6_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/26/archives/somaliland-marks-independence-after-73-years-of-british-rule.html">"Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(fee required)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1960-06-26. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224936/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Marks+Independence+After+73+Years+of+British+Rule&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1960-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fsomaliland-marks-independence-after-73-years-of-british-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852">"How Britain said farewell to its Empire"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-07-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425041732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Britain+said+farewell+to+its+Empire&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-10740852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/item/20130519152736-07z9a/?source=search&view=quickview">"Close Residents of Somaliland sit under a war memorial of a MiG fighter jet in the centre of town in Hargeisa"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223150714/http://www.trust.org/item/20130519152736-07z9a/?source=search&view=quickview">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Close+Residents+of+Somaliland+sit+under+a+war+memorial+of+a+MiG+fighter+jet+in+the+centre+of+town+in+Hargeisa&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20130519152736-07z9a%2F%3Fsource%3Dsearch%26view%3Dquickview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mi1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mi1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobelj,_Stefanja2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cobelj, Stefanja (April 24, 2009). "The Provincial Museum of Hargeisa". <i>Museum International</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 150–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.1986.tb00633.x">10.1111/j.1468-0033.1986.tb00633.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+International&rft.atitle=The+Provincial+Museum+of+Hargeisa&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=150-154&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.1986.tb00633.x&rft.au=Cobelj%2C+Stefanja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiugb-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiugb_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), <i>Country report: Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti</i>, (The Unit: 1986), p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:51_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:51_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia_1990.pdf"><i>Somalia: A Government at War With Its Own People</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human Rights Watch. 1990. pp. 137, 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+A+Government+at+War+With+Its+Own+People&rft.pages=137%2C+145&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsomalia_1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunier2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Prunier" title="Gérard Prunier">Prunier, Gérard</a> (2021). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynEhEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Country That Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> pp. 95–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787382039" title="Special:BookSources/9781787382039"><bdi>9781787382039</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1242464786">1242464786</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33740503M">33740503M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306234601/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Country_that_Does_Not_Exist/ynEhEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Country+That+Does+Not+Exist%3A+A+History+of+Somaliland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95-99&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1242464786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL33740503M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781787382039&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynEhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA37"><i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinl" class="citation web cs1">Reinl, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html">"Investigating genocide in Somaliland"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507223827/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigating+genocide+in+Somaliland&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Reinl&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F02%2Finvestigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2002" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Nina J. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXdqkSH4S7EC&pg=PA57"><i>Somalia: Issues, History, and Bibliography</i></a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-265-8"><bdi>978-1-59033-265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+Issues%2C+History%2C+and+Bibliography&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-265-8&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Nina+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXdqkSH4S7EC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geldenhuys, p.131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Usrs-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Usrs_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf">"UK Somali Remittances Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>diaspora-centre.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617224947/http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+term+mean+monthly+sunshine+fraction+in+Somalia&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsddr.faoswalim.org%2Fdownloads%2FLong%2520Term%2520Mean_Monthly__sunshine%2520fraction.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631700_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Hargeisa / Somalia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Hargeisa+%2F+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_631700_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/somalia/hargeisa/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Hargeisa, Somalia"</a>. Time and Date<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000 est.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voasomali.com/a/5932400.html">"Duqa cusub ee magaalada Hargeysa oo la doortay"</a>. <i>VOA</i> (in Somali). 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157981">"Modern Political Movements in Somaliland, I"</a>. <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 244–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1157981">10.2307/1157981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720">0001-9720</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157981">1157981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245909931">245909931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Modern+Political+Movements+in+Somaliland%2C+I&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-261&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245909931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1157981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1157981&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1157981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, M. (2016-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zJDQAAQBAJ&dq=hargeisa+population+1930&pg=PA217"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27061-9"><bdi>978-0-230-27061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1932&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27061-9&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4zJDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhargeisa%2Bpopulation%2B1930%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley2010" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, Anna (2010-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXJFAAAAQBAJ&dq=hargeisa+population+1980&pg=PA54"><i>The Early Morning is Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-832-4"><bdi>978-1-84545-832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Morning+is+Phonecall%3A+Somali+Refugees%27+Remittances&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-832-4&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXJFAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhargeisa%2Bpopulation%2B1980%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMines1999" class="citation book cs1">Mines, International Campaign to Ban Land (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiwJHi8Pa2IC&dq=hargeisa+population+1991&pg=PA213"><i>Landmine Monitor Report 1999: Toward a Mine-free World</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-231-9"><bdi>978-1-56432-231-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmine+Monitor+Report+1999%3A+Toward+a+Mine-free+World&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-231-9&rft.aulast=Mines&rft.aufirst=International+Campaign+to+Ban+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiwJHi8Pa2IC%26dq%3Dhargeisa%2Bpopulation%2B1991%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2015" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2015-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&dq=hargeisa+population+2012&pg=PT5625"><i>Political Handbook of the World 2015</i></a>. CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7155-9"><bdi>978-1-4833-7155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World+2015&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-7155-9&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNGfBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhargeisa%2Bpopulation%2B2012%26pg%3DPT5625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf">"OCHA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925103014/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.unocha.org%2Fsites%2Fdms%2FSomalia%2FUNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cwfsom-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cwfsom_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cwfsom_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/">"Somalia"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Somalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsomalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcullen2019" class="citation book cs1">Kilcullen, David (2019). <i>Hargeisa, Somaliland – Invisible City</i>. The Brenthurst Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hargeisa%2C+Somaliland+%E2%80%93+Invisible+City&rft.pub=The+Brenthurst+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ultfgpftpsis-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultfgpftpsis_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218133422/http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/en/USAID/Article/2909/USAID_launches_the_first_grants_program_for_the_private_sector_in_Somaliland">"USAID launches the first grants program for the private sector in Somaliland"</a>. USAID. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/en/USAID/Article/2909/USAID_launches_the_first_grants_program_for_the_private_sector_in_Somaliland">the original</a> on February 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID+launches+the+first+grants+program+for+the+private+sector+in+Somaliland&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feastafrica.usaid.gov%2Fen%2FUSAID%2FArticle%2F2909%2FUSAID_launches_the_first_grants_program_for_the_private_sector_in_Somaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tcihcjet-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tcihcjet_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tcihcjet_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahir2012" class="citation news cs1">Dahir, Barkhad (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/20/feature-02">"Taxi companies in Hargeisa create jobs, ease travel"</a>. <i>Sabahi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042900/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/20/feature-02">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabahi&rft.atitle=Taxi+companies+in+Hargeisa+create+jobs%2C+ease+travel&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Barkhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabahionline.com%2Fen_GB%2Farticles%2Fhoa%2Farticles%2Ffeatures%2F2012%2F12%2F20%2Ffeature-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riftvalley.net/publication/following-mobile-money-somaliland">"Following Mobile Money in Somaliland | Rift Valley Institute"</a>. <i>riftvalley.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riftvalley.net&rft.atitle=Following+Mobile+Money+in+Somaliland+%7C+Rift+Valley+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friftvalley.net%2Fpublication%2Ffollowing-mobile-money-somaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/africa/somaliland/hargeisa">"Discover the City of Hargeisa - flydubai"</a>. <i>flydubai</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220131615/https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/Africa/Somaliland/Hargeisa">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flydubai&rft.atitle=Discover+the+City+of+Hargeisa+-+flydubai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flydubai.com%2Fen%2Fdestinations%2Fafrica%2Fsomaliland%2Fhargeisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipinksi2024" class="citation news cs1">Sipinksi, Dominik (2024-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/144044-ethiopian-airlines-flydubai-comply-with-somali-ultimatum">"Ethiopian Airlines, flydubai comply with Somali ultimatum"</a>. <i>ch-aviation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ch-aviation&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Airlines%2C+flydubai+comply+with+Somali+ultimatum&rft.date=2024-08-27&rft.aulast=Sipinksi&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ch-aviation.com%2Fnews%2F144044-ethiopian-airlines-flydubai-comply-with-somali-ultimatum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHargeisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.hargeisamunicipality.org">Hargeisa City government website</a> (Archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ontheworldmap.com/somaliland/city/hargeisa/">Maps of Hargeisa</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Hargeisa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hargeisa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hargeisa">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hargeisa" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hargeisa">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hargeisa" class="extiw" title="voy:Hargeisa">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168652#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168652#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168652#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132836047">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGYYvxxxhTMyQMR3fXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7648389-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97064862">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536560r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536560r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hargeysa (Somálsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1161470&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547547005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ebe72029-7e71-4726-9239-14a411e6f4dc">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05066574X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> 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