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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FreeMat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FreeMat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>FreeMat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FreeMat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU_Scientific_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU_Scientific_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>GNU Scientific Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU_Scientific_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Octave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Octave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Octave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Octave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modelica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modelica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modelica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modelica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scilab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scilab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Scilab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scilab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SciPy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SciPy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>SciPy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SciPy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_SPSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_SPSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alternatives to SPSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_SPSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>R</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demetra+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demetra+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Demetra+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demetra+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multipurpose_mathematics_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multipurpose_mathematics_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Multipurpose mathematics software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multipurpose_mathematics_software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Multipurpose mathematics software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Multipurpose_mathematics_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SageMath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SageMath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>SageMath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SageMath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theorem_provers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theorem_provers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theorem provers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theorem_provers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_mathematics_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_mathematics_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recreational mathematics software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_mathematics_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/List of open-source software for mathematics">improve this article</a> by <a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22">"List of open-source software for mathematics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> to be used for high-order mathematical calculations. This software has played an important role in the field of mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-source software in mathematics has become pivotal in education because of the high cost of textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_algebra_systems">Computer algebra systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Computer algebra systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> (CAS) is a software product designed for manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical formulae">mathematical formulae</a>. The principal objective of a computer algebra system is to systematize monotonous and sometimes problematic <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_data_type" title="Algebraic data type">algebraic</a> manipulation tasks. The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> is the ability to deal with equations <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic computation">symbolically</a> rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic computing">symbolic equations</a>. Computer algebra systems often include facilities for <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">graphing</a> equations and provide a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for the users' own <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">procedures</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axiom"><a href="/wiki/Axiom_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Axiom (computer algebra system)">Axiom</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Axiom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Axiom is a general-purpose CAS. It has been in development since 1971 by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and was originally named <i>scratchpad</i>. Richard Jenks originally headed it but over the years Barry Trager who then shaped the direction of the scratchpad project took over the project. It was eventually sold to the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_Algorithms_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical Algorithms Group">Numerical Algorithms Group</a> (NAG) and was renamed Axiom. After a failure to launch as a product, NAG decided to release it as a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> in 2001 with more than 300 man-years worth of research involved. Axiom is licensed under a Modified <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadabra"><a href="/wiki/Cadabra_(computer_program)" title="Cadabra (computer program)">Cadabra</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cadabra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A CAS designed for the solution of problems in <a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">physical field</a> theory. An unpublished computational program written in <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> called Abra inspired this <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. <i>Abra</i> was originally designed for <a href="/wiki/Physicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicists">physicists</a> to compute problems present in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. Kespers Peeters then decided to write a similar program in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C computing language</a> rather than Pascal, which he renamed <a href="/wiki/Cadabra_(computer_program)" title="Cadabra (computer program)">Cadabra</a>. However, Cadabra has been expanded for a wider range of uses, it is no longer restricted to physicists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CoCoA"><a href="/wiki/CoCoA" title="CoCoA">CoCoA</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CoCoA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CoCoA (COmputations in COmmutative Algebra) is <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> used for computing <a href="/wiki/Polynomials" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynomials">multivariate polynomials</a> and initiated in 1987. Originally written in <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoCoA" title="CoCoA">CoCoA</a> was later translated into <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GAP"><a href="/wiki/GAP_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="GAP (software)">GAP</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: GAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GAP was initiated by <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a> in 1986. This was the case until in 1997 when they decided to co-develop GAP further with CIRCA (Centre for Research in Computational Algebra). Unlike MAXIMA and Axiom, GAP is a system for computational <a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">discrete algebra</a> with particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Computational_group_theory" title="Computational group theory">computational group theory</a>. In March 2005 the GAP Council and the GAP developers have agreed that status and responsibilities of "GAP Headquarters" should be passed to an equal collaboration of a number of "GAP Centres", where there is permanent staff involvement and an element of collective or organizational commitment, while fully recognizing the vital contributions of many individuals outside those centers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathics"><a href="/wiki/Mathics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathics">Mathics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathics is an open-source GPL3 license version of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maxima"><a href="/wiki/Maxima_(software)" title="Maxima (software)">Maxima</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maxima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> had an earlier incarnation, <a href="/wiki/Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a>. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the 1960s, it was maintained by <a href="/wiki/William_Schelter" class="mw-redirect" title="William Schelter">William Schelter</a> from 1982 to 2001. In 1998, Schelter obtained permission to release Maxima as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> under the <a href="/wiki/General_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="General Public License">GNU General Public license</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> was released later that year. Since his death in 2001, a group of Maxima enthusiasts have continued to provide technical support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PARI/GP"><span id="PARI.2FGP"></span><a href="/wiki/PARI/GP" title="PARI/GP">PARI/GP</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: PARI/GP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PARI/GP is a computer algebra system that facilitates number-theory computation. Besides support of factoring, algebraic number theory, and analysis of elliptic curves, it works with mathematical objects like matrices, polynomials, <a href="/wiki/Power_series" title="Power series">power series</a>, algebraic numbers, and <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_function" title="Transcendental function">transcendental functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally developed by Henri Cohen et al at Université Bordeaux I, France, it now is <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> software. The gp interactive shell allows GP-language scripting; the gp2c compiler compiles GP scripts into C; and the PARI C library allows C programs to use PARI/GP functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympy"><a href="/wiki/Sympy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympy">Sympy</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sympy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sympy is a computer algebra system written in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xcas"><a href="/wiki/Xcas" title="Xcas">Xcas</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Xcas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xcas/Giac is an open-source project developed at the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier_University" title="Joseph Fourier University">Joseph Fourier University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> since 2000. Written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, maintained by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Parisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Parisse (page does not exist)">Bernard Parisse's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Parisse" class="extiw" title="fr:Bernard Parisse">fr</a>]</span> et al. and available for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and many others platforms. It has a compatibility mode with <a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derive_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Derive (computer algebra system)">Derive</a> and <a href="/wiki/MuPAD" title="MuPAD">MuPAD</a> software and <a href="/wiki/TI-89" class="mw-redirect" title="TI-89">TI-89</a>, <a href="/wiki/TI-92" class="mw-redirect" title="TI-92">TI-92</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyage_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyage 200">Voyage 200</a> calculators. The system was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> as the CAS for their <a href="/wiki/HP_Prime" title="HP Prime">HP Prime</a> calculator, which utilizes the Giac/Xcas 1.1.2 engine under a dual-license scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geogebra"><a href="/wiki/Geogebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Geogebra">Geogebra</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geogebra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geogebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Geogebra">Geogebra (Geometry and Algebra)</a> - combines geometric objects like circles and graphs of functions with its algebraic representation e.g. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37dd4f282df84a83620f71dc52345122e0e3a514" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.64ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}}"></span> representing a circle with the radius <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span>. Designed for use in schools and educational settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerical_analysis">Numerical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a> is an area of mathematics that creates and analyzes <a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> for obtaining <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical approximations</a> to problems involving <a href="/wiki/Continuous_function" title="Continuous function">continuous</a> <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variables</a>. When an <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary">arbitrary</a> <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> does not have a closed form as its solution, there would not be any analytical tools present to evaluate the desired solutions, hence an approximation method is employed instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FreeMat"><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: FreeMat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FreeMat is an alternative to <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU_Scientific_Library"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GNU Scientific Library</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: GNU Scientific Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GNU Scientific Library (or GSL) is a software library for numerical computations in applied mathematics and science. The GSL is written in C and wrappers are available for other programming languages. The GSL is part of the GNU Project and is distributed under the GNU General Public License. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Octave"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Octave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octave (aka GNU Octave) is an alternative to <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>. Originally conceived in 1988 by John W. Eaton as a companion software for an undergraduate textbook, Eaton later opted to modify it into a more flexible tool. Development began in 1992 and the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">alpha version</a> was released in 1993. Subsequently, version 1.0 was released a year after that in 1994. Octave is a high level <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">language</a> with the primary intention in <a href="/wiki/Numerical_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical computation">numerical computation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modelica"><a href="/wiki/Modelica" title="Modelica">Modelica</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modelica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems including algebraic and differential equations. OpenModelica and Jmodelica are some of the opensource implementations of the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scilab"><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scilab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, Scilab was initiated in the mid-1980s at the <a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> (French national Institute for computer science and control). François Delebecque and Serge Steer developed it and it was released by <a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> in 1994 as an open-source software. Since 2008, <a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a> has been distributed under the <a href="/wiki/CeCILL" title="CeCILL">CeCILL license</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> compatible. In 2010, Scilab Enterprise was founded to provide even more support to the software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SciPy"><a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: SciPy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SciPy is a <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">python</a> programming language library to take advantage of Python's ability to handle large data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_statistical_software" title="Free statistical software">Free statistical software</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source statistical packages">List of open-source statistical packages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a> is the study of how to collate and interpret numerical information from data. It is the science of learning from data and communicating uncertainty. There are two branches in <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>: ‘<a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a>’’ and ‘’ <a href="/wiki/Inferential_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferential statistics">Inferential statistics</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a> involves methods of organizing, picturing and summarizing information from data. <a href="/wiki/Inferential_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferential statistics">Inferential statistics</a> involves methods of using information from a <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a> to draw conclusions about the Population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives_to_SPSS">Alternatives to <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alternatives to SPSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/R_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="R (language)">R Statistics Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a> and <a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a> are open source software competitors to <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a>, widely used for statistical analysis of sampled data. PSPP is maintained by the GNU project. <a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a> is addressing beginners with basic features, while <a href="/wiki/R_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="R (language)">GNU-R Statistics Software</a> has a large community that maintains <a href="/wiki/R_package" title="R package">R packages</a> also beyond statistical analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R"><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> is both a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Statistical_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical computing">statistical computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">graphing</a>. <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a> (Currently known as <a href="/wiki/Lucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucent">Lucent Technologies</a>) by <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> is largely written in <a href="/wiki/C_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C language">C language</a>, users can use <a href="/wiki/C_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="C (language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> commands to manipulate R-objects directly. Also, <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> runs on most <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> platforms. <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> is currently part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></i> <a href="/wiki/GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demetra+"><span id="Demetra.2B"></span><a href="/wiki/Demetra%2B" title="Demetra+">Demetra+</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demetra+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demetra is a program for <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_adjustment" title="Seasonal adjustment">seasonal adjustments</a> that was developed and published by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> – <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> under the <a href="/wiki/EUPL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUPL">EUPL</a> license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multipurpose_mathematics_software">Multipurpose mathematics software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Multipurpose mathematics software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> were created with the original intent of providing a <a href="/wiki/Math" class="mw-redirect" title="Math">math</a> platform that can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>. They contain multiple other <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and hence have more features than the rest of the software mentioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SageMath"><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: SageMath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SageMath is designed partially as a free alternative to the general-purpose mathematics products <a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a> and <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>. It can be downloaded or used through a web site. SageMath comprises a variety of other free packages, with a common interface and language. SageMath is developed in Python. </p><p>SageMath was initiated by <a href="/wiki/William_A._Stein" title="William A. Stein">William Stein</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 2005 for his personal project in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>. It was originally known as "HECKE and Manin". After a short while it was renamed SAGE, which stands for ‘’Software of Algebra and Geometry Experimentation’’. Sage 0.1 was released in 2005 and almost a year later Sage 1.0 was released. It already consisted of <a href="/wiki/PARI/GP" title="PARI/GP">Pari</a>, <a href="/wiki/GAP_(computer_algebra_system)" title="GAP (computer algebra system)">GAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singular_(software)" title="Singular (software)">Singular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxima_(software)" title="Maxima (software)">Maxima</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> that rivals that of <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theorem_provers">Theorem provers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theorem provers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving#Free_software" title="Automated theorem proving">Automated theorem proving § Free software</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_theorem_proving&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Ergo" title="Alt-Ergo">Alt-Ergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automath" title="Automath">Automath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CVC_(theorem_prover)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVC (theorem prover)">CVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_theorem_prover" class="mw-redirect" title="E theorem prover">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaPlanner" title="IsaPlanner">IsaPlanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCF_(theorem_prover)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCF (theorem prover)">LCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizar_system" title="Mizar system">Mizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuPRL" class="mw-redirect" title="NuPRL">NuPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prover9" title="Prover9">Prover9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Verification_System" title="Prototype Verification System">PVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARK (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelf" title="Twelf">Twelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_mathematics_software">Recreational mathematics software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Recreational mathematics software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golly_(program)" title="Golly (program)">Golly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_machine_learning_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source machine learning software">List of open-source machine learning software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_deep-learning_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of deep-learning software">Comparison of deep-learning software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">List of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of graphing software">List of graphing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical_libraries" title="List of numerical libraries">List of numerical libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">List of statistical packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_JoynerWilliam_Stein2007" class="citation web cs1">David Joyner; William Stein (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200710/tx071001279p.pdf">"Open Source Mathematical Software"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Mathematical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Mathematical+Software&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=David+Joyner&rft.au=William+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200710%2Ftx071001279p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_HermanGabriel_Lugo2008" class="citation web cs1">Russell Herman; Gabriel Lugo (24 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russherman.com/Talks/OpenSource_herman_lugo.pdf">"Open Source Resources for Teaching and Research in Mathematics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of North Carolina Wilmington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Resources+for+Teaching+and+Research+in+Mathematics&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Wilmington&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft.au=Russell+Herman&rft.au=Gabriel+Lugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russherman.com%2FTalks%2FOpenSource_herman_lugo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+open-source+software+for+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929045643/http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/">"PARI/GP home page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/">the original</a> on 2019-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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