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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Ivatan_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Ivatan_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indigenous Ivatan religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_Ivatan_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous Ivatan religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Ivatan_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immortals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immortals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Immortals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immortals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%ED%83%84%EC%A1%B1" title="이바탄족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이바탄족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattao_nga_Ibatan" title="Tattao nga Ibatan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tattao nga Ibatan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Ivatan" title="Suku Ivatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Ivatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иватандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иватандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شعب ايفاتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب ايفاتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Иватаны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иватаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-wante%E2%80%99-_zen_%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%AC%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="Yi-wante’- zen 伊萬特人 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yi-wante’- zen 伊萬特人" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Ibatan" title="Mga Ibatan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Ibatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ivatan" title="Người Ivatan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ivatan" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian ethnolinguistic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ivatan people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Ibatan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg/200px-Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg/300px-Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg/400px-Ivatan_Old_Woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An elderly Ivatan woman</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>38,622</b> (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="Philippines"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholicism</a>),<br />minority also, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestral worship</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocanos</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ivatan people</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnolinguistic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babuyan_Islands" title="Babuyan Islands">Babuyan Islands</a> of the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. They are genetically closely related to other ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">Northern Luzon</a>, but also share close linguistic and cultural affinities to the <a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quismundo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quismundo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture of the Ivatans is partly influenced by the environmental condition of Batanes. Unlike the old-type nipa huts common in the Philippines, Ivatans have adopted their now-famous stone houses made of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, designed to protect against the hostile climate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippine jade culture</a></div> <p>A 2011 genetic study has concluded that it is likely that the Batanes Islands were initially only used as "stepping stones" during the early stages of the maritime <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> from Taiwan into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a> (c. 3000 BCE). It was later re-colonized by Austronesians from northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> at around 1200 BCE, which became the ancestors of the Ivatan people.<sup id="cite_ref-Loo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bellwoodbatanes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellwoodbatanes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological excavations also reveal that the islands were part of the extensive trade in jade artifacts (<i><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a></i>), a network that extended to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. The Ivatan also maintained close trade relationships and intermarried with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a> in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-bellwoodbatanes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellwoodbatanes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jade_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jade-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological assemblages of Batanes can be divided into four distinct phases, with minor variation between islands. Phase 1 (2500 to 1000 BCE), is characterized by red-slipped and fine cord-marked pottery similar to the pottery assemblages of prehistoric Taiwan. Phase 2 (1300 BCE to 1 CE), is characterized by circle-stamped and red-slipped pottery that later also developed rectangular and "fishnet" designs. Phase 2 also features Fengtian <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a> sourced from Taiwan. Phase 3 (500 BC/1 CE to 1200 CE), is characterized by plain red-slipped pottery. Phase 4 (c. 1200 CE onwards), is characterized by imported pottery, indicating trade contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan dynasties</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bellwoodbatanes_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellwoodbatanes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivatan_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivatan_Man.jpg/220px-Ivatan_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivatan_Man.jpg/330px-Ivatan_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivatan_Man.jpg/440px-Ivatan_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An Ivatan man fresh from work.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 26, 1783, Batanes was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncip_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1786, Ivatans were forced to resettle in the lowlands of Batanes.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ivatans lived under Spanish rule for 115 years and gained their independence on September 18, 1898. However, June 6 is celebrated in Batanes as its founding day.<sup id="cite_ref-ncip_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, the population of the Ivatans was 15,026, an increase of 24% over the 1980 population of 12,091. These were distributed to the six municipalities, with 38% residing in <a href="/wiki/Basco,_Batanes" title="Basco, Batanes">Basco</a>, 23% in <a href="/wiki/Itbayat,_Batanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itbayat, Batanes">Itbayat</a>, 12% in <a href="/wiki/Sabtang,_Batanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabtang, Batanes">Sabtang</a>, 11% in <a href="/wiki/Mahatao,_Batanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatao, Batanes">Mahatao</a> and 8% for <a href="/wiki/Uyugan,_Batanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyugan, Batanes">Uyugan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivana,_Batanes" title="Ivana, Batanes">Ivana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000 census, 15,834 Ivatans were among the 16,421 population in Batanes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivatans can be found in almost every part of the country as a minority, especially in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, nearby <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> (most specifically <a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_(historical_province)" title="Cotabato (historical province)">Cotabato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mother tongue of the Ivatans is the <i>Chirin nu Ibatan</i> but is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>. A distinct <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a>, the Ivatan has two dialects including <i>Basco</i>, the <i>Itbayáten</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly Yami.<sup id="cite_ref-ncip_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ivatans widely speak and understand the Ilocano (<i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of northern Luzon), Tagalog, and English languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivatan residents of Mindanao and their descendants are also fluent speakers of <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> (majority language of large parts of Mindanao), <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> (main lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a>) and various <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_languages" title="Mindanao languages">indigenous Mindanaoan languages</a> in addition to their native language. However, Ivatan language has been endangered especially among newer generation of Ivatans born in Mindanao due to assimilation to the Cebuano-speaking majority, with Cebuano is their main language with varying fluency in their ancestors' native language or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, most Ivatans are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the Philippines">Catholics</a>, like the rest of the country, although some have not converted and practice <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">ancestral worship</a> to their <i><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anitos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncip_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are growing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestant</a> denominations especially in Basco, the capital town of Batanes.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivatan_Woman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/200px-Ivatan_Woman.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/300px-Ivatan_Woman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/400px-Ivatan_Woman.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An Ivatan woman wearing a <i>vakul</i>, a headgear for sunlight and rain protection made from <a href="/wiki/Vuyavuy_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuyavuy palm">vuyavuy palm</a> fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Madulid2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madulid2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ivatan's culture has been largely influenced by the climate of Batanes. Due to severe climatic disruptions to their agriculture, Ivatans have developed numerous successful strategies to protect their food supply and way of life. </p><p>Traditionally, because of frequent typhoons and drought, they plant root crops able to cope with the environment. These crops include yam, sweet potato, taro, garlic, ginger, and onion, as they ensure higher chances of survival during awry climate conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ivatan study the behavior of animals, sky color, wind, and clouds to predict the weather. Ivatans usually gather their animals and stay in their houses when they see that the cows take shelter from the <span title="Ivatan-language romanization"><i lang="ivv-Latn">payaman</i></span> (communal pasture) and birds taking refuge in houses or in the ground. A pink sky with an orange hue also heralds a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The sea is vital to the Ivatan's way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They depend on the flying fish (dibang) and dolphinfish (arayu) present on the shores of Batanes in the months of March through May.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a native delicacy called <i>uvod</i> (the pith of the banana stalk) which is served with the wine <i>palek</i>, on festive occasions such as weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-ncip_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/220px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/330px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/440px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Sinadumparan</i> Ivatan house, one of the oldest structures in the Batanes islands. The house is made of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> and its roofing of <a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">cogon grass</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Before Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, Ivatans built their houses from <a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">cogon grass</a>. These homes were small, well-situated, and designed to protect against strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards introduced large-scale production of lime to the Ivatan for the construction of their now-famous stone houses. Meter-thick <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> walls,<sup id="cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are designed to protect against the harsh Batanes environment,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is known as a terminal passage of typhoons in the Philippines. The basic cogon grass is still preserved as roofs of their houses, thickly constructed to withstand strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These houses are comparable to the white houses in New Zealand, Ireland, and the Scottish Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-colonial Ivatans also constructed fortified hills protected by sheer <a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">embankments</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">ijang</a> (or idjang).<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_and_Dizon_2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_and_Dizon_2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dizon_and_Santiago_1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dizon_and_Santiago_1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the endemic clothing of the Ivatans is the <i>vakul</i>. A <i>vakul</i> is a headgear designed to protect the wearer from sun and rain. It is made from <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_loureiroi" title="Phoenix loureiroi">vuyavuy palm</a> fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madulid2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madulid2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ivatans have three folk song styles: the <i>laji</i>, the <i>kanta,</i> and the <i>kalusan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>laji</i> are ancient lyrical songs that are supposed to be sung when they are merry or just finished work.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kalusan</i> is sung during work.<sup id="cite_ref-Datar_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ivatan have legends that are called <i>kabbata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have the <span title="Ivatan-language romanization"><i lang="ivv-Latn">rawod</i></span>, chants that chronicle the adventures of the Ivatan's forefathers as they escape a disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_Ivatan_religion">Indigenous Ivatan religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indigenous Ivatan religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">List of Philippine mythological figures</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immortals">Immortals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immortals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account;<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1994_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the Añitu<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the <span title="Ivatan-language romanization"><i lang="ivv-Latn">yuyus</i></span> used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1994_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper-class travel to the beings' abode in heaven and become stars<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1994_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Añitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Añitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Añitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rirryaw Añitu: place spirit Añitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up the fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ji Rahet Añitu: a grinning place spirit Añitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Añitu<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nuvwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ji P'Supwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayavusay Añitu: place spirit Añitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cairn-dwelling Añitu: place spirit Añitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayuray Añitu: a wandering Añitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred to as a kapri, Añitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dayanak Añitu: a type of very small Añitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune<sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivatan_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. Philippine Statistics Authority<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148369">"Ancient Jades Map 3,000 Years of Prehistoric Exchange in Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (50): 19745–19750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707304104">10.1073/pnas.0707304104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148369">2148369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18048347">18048347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+Jades+Map+3%2C000+Years+of+Prehistoric+Exchange+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=19745-19750&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18048347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0707304104&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=H.-C.&rft.au=Iizuka%2C+Y.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+P.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Bellina%2C+B.&rft.au=Silapanth%2C+P.&rft.au=Dizon%2C+E.&rft.au=Santiago%2C+R.&rft.au=Datan%2C+I.&rft.au=Manton%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jade-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jade_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodHungItzuka2011" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter; Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Itzuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+on+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.atitle=The+Ivatan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncip.gov.ph%2Fresources%2Fethno_detail.php%3Fethnoid%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowthorn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowthorn_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowthorn2003" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740592109"><i>Philippines</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740592109/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-210-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-210-7"><bdi>1-74059-210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-210-7&rft.aulast=Rowthorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781740592109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippine_National_Statistics_Office2002" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Philippine National Statistics Office (July 10, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403060928/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0285tx.html">"Population in Batanes Showed an Upward Swing"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+in+Batanes+Showed+an+Upward+Swing&rft.date=2002-07-10&rft.au=Philippine+National+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov.ph%2Fdata%2Fpressrelease%2F2002%2Fpr0285tx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Ivatan-Batanes-History-Culture-Traditions.html">"Ivatan People of the Philippines: History, Customs, Culture and Traditions [Batanes Islands]"</a>. <i>yodisphere.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Hawaii. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6"><bdi>0-8248-2088-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/860/851">"Death and After Death: Ivatan Beliefs and Pracices"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 509–527. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633468">42633468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Death+and+After+Death%3A+Ivatan+Beliefs+and+Pracices&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-527&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hornedo&rft.aufirst=Florentino+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F860%2F851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornedo_1980-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo_1980_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornedo1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hornedo, Florentino H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/4229/6288">"The World and the Ways of the Ivatan Añitu"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 21–58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632505">42632505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+World+and+the+Ways+of+the+Ivatan+A%C3%B1itu&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-58&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42632505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hornedo&rft.aufirst=Florentino+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4229%2F6288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvatan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad#Bukidnon" title="Lumad">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palaweño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Molbog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon/Tumandok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigrants <br />or expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_Philippines" title="Brazilians in the Philippines">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_the_Philippines" title="Indonesians in the Philippines">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay descent">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_the_Philippines" title="Nepalese people in the Philippines">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Philippines" title="Arabs in the Philippines">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_Philippines" title="Iranians in the Philippines">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Philippines" title="Germans in the Philippines">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Greek settlement in the Philippines">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Polish settlement in the Philippines">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian settlement in the Philippines">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a 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