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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(geoloji_termin)" title="Blok (geoloji termin) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Blok (geoloji termin)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="স্তূপ পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তূপ পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_(geologie)" title="Kra (geologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kra (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruchtektonik" title="Bruchtektonik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bruchtektonik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasm%C3%A4estik" title="Pangasmäestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pangasmäestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطعه گسلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطعه گسلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%B8%B5%EC%A7%80%EA%B4%B4" title="단층지괴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단층지괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="भ्रंश-खण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रंश-खण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99e%C5%82amo%C5%A1krutowa_tektonika" title="Přełamoškrutowa tektonika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Přełamoškrutowa tektonika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_sesar" title="Blok sesar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blok sesar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montay_bl%C3%B2k_fay" title="Montay blòk fay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Montay blòk fay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large blocks of rock created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fault-block" redirects here. For geological faulting in general, see <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault (geology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hanging_Hills.jpg/220px-Hanging_Hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hanging_Hills.jpg/330px-Hanging_Hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hanging_Hills.jpg/440px-Hanging_Hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Hills" title="Hanging Hills">Hanging Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a> range); upfaulting (<a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a>) visible from right to left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strikeslip-fault.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Strikeslip-fault.gif/220px-Strikeslip-fault.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Strikeslip-fault.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Horizontal movement between blocks along a strike-slip fault</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fault blocks</b> are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> and localized stresses in <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a>. Large areas of bedrock are broken up into blocks by <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>. Blocks are characterized by relatively uniform <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>. The largest of these fault blocks are called <b>crustal blocks</b>. Large crustal blocks broken off from tectonic plates are called <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those terranes which are the full thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> are called microplates. Continent-sized blocks are called variously <i>microcontinents, continental ribbons, H-blocks, extensional allochthons and outer highs.</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because most stresses relate to the tectonic activity of moving <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plates</a>, most motion between blocks is horizontal, that is parallel to the Earth's crust by <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">strike-slip faults</a>. However vertical movement of blocks produces much more dramatic results. Landforms (<a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, hills, ridges, lakes, valleys, etc.) are sometimes formed when the faults have a large vertical displacement. Adjacent raised blocks (<a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a>) and down-dropped blocks (<a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a>) can form high <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a>. Often the movement of these blocks is accompanied by tilting, due to compaction or stretching of the crust at that point. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fault-block_mountains">Fault-block mountains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_block&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fault-block mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">List of mountain types</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain building">Mountain building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/220px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/330px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/440px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Lifted fault-block geology</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teton_fault_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teton_fault_block.jpg/220px-Teton_fault_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teton_fault_block.jpg/330px-Teton_fault_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Teton_fault_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Tilted fault-block formation in the <a href="/wiki/Teton_Range" title="Teton Range">Teton Range</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fault-block mountains often result from <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a>, an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extensional tectonics</a>. These can be small or form extensive <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> zone. <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is a smaller example. There are two main types of block mountains; uplifted blocks between two faults and <a href="/wiki/Tilted_block_faulting" title="Tilted block faulting">tilted blocks</a> mainly controlled by one fault. </p><p>Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> terrain seen in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> valley, a graben between two horsts – the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges mountains">Vosges mountains</a> (in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), and also the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">Massif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, including the well defined <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belasitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Belasitsa">Belasitsa</a> (linear horst), <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila mountain</a> (vaulted domed shaped horst) and <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin mountain</a> – a horst forming a massive <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> situated between the complex <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> valleys of <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Struma</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Nestos_(river)" title="Nestos (river)">Mesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_368_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_368-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dimitrova53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimitrova53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tilted_block_faulting" title="Tilted block faulting">Tilted type</a> block mountains have one gently sloping side and one steep side with an exposed scarp, and are common in the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range</a> region of the western United States. </p><p>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> is the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Satpura">Satpura</a> horsts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_block&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a> – The formation of mountain ranges</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_block&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A crustal block may or may not also comprise a tectonostratigraphic terrane that has a specific geologic definition.</i> Bulter, Robert F. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Paleomag/book/chap11.pdf">"Chapter 11: Applications to Regional Tectonics"</a> <i>Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes</i> Blackwell, pp. 205–223, page 205, archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041026090142/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Paleomag/book/chap11.pdf">here</a> by <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> on 26 October 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPéron-PinvidicManatschal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Péron-Pinvidic, Gwenn; Manatschal, Gianreto (2010). "From microcontinents to extensional allochthons: witnesses of how continents rift and break apart?". <i>Petroleum Geoscience</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PetGe..16..189P">2010PetGe..16..189P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2F1354-079309-903">10.1144/1354-079309-903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131142997">131142997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petroleum+Geoscience&rft.atitle=From+microcontinents+to+extensional+allochthons%3A+witnesses+of+how+continents+rift+and+break+apart%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131142997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2F1354-079309-903&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PetGe..16..189P&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9ron-Pinvidic&rft.aufirst=Gwenn&rft.au=Manatschal%2C+Gianreto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_368-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_368_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980). <bdi lang="bg">Географски речник на България</bdi> [<i>Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura). p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%28Nauka+i+kultura%29&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Michev%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%28Nikolay%29&rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Mihaylov%29%2C+%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE+%28Tsvetko%29&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Vaptsarov%29%2C+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%28Ivan%29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Kiradzhiev%29%2C+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD+%28Svetlin%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimitrova53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimitrova53_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova_et_al.2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Димитрова (Dimitrova), Людмила (Lyudmila) (2004). <bdi lang="bg">Национален парк "Пирин". План за управление</bdi> [<i>Pirin National Park. Management Plan</i>] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. Sofia: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Water_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Environment and Water (Bulgaria)">Ministry of Environment and Water</a>, Bulgarian Foundation "Biodiversity". p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA+%22%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.+%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Environment+and+Water%2C+Bulgarian+Foundation+%22Biodiversity%22&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28Dimitrova%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%28Lyudmila%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonchevKarakashev2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). <bdi lang="bg">Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България</bdi> [<i>Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ciela. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-649-717-7" title="Special:BookSources/954-649-717-7"><bdi>954-649-717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Ciela&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=954-649-717-7&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Donchev%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE+%28Doncho%29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Karakashev%29%2C+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%28Hristo%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_block&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Plummer, Charles, David McGeary, and Diane Carlson. <i>Physical Geology</i> 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.</li> <li>Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. 2nd educational Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-314-09577-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-314-09577-2">0-314-09577-2</a> (pp. 234,-8)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_block&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/earth/fault-block-mountains/">Fault-Block Mountains</a> – <a href="/wiki/Universe_Today" title="Universe Today">Universe Today</a></li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underlying theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_mechanism" title="Deformation mechanism">Deformation mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s_stress_ellipsoid" title="Lamé's stress ellipsoid">Lamé's stress ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">Fissility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_foliation" title="Oblique foliation">Oblique foliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">Pressure solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">Slickenside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylolite" title="Stylolite">Stylolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">Tectonic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Folding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">Detachment fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">Homocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boudinage" title="Boudinage">Boudinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">Competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Kinematics" title="Structural geology">Kinematic analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_fold_evolution" title="3D fold evolution">3D fold evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress_inversion" title="Paleostress inversion">Paleostress inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress" title="Paleostress">Paleostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_restoration" title="Section restoration">Section restoration</a></li></ul> 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