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Liao</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Chechen Liao"> <meta name="keywords" content="Chechen Liao"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Chechen Liao"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 104</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Chechen Liao</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Developing a Framework for Online Auction Effectiveness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To"> Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiao-Ying%20Chen"> Chiao-Ying Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An introduction of internet auction has significantly widened the pool of consumers who participate in auctions and increased the number of companies attempting to sell their products in an auction format. Previous research on auctions has focused almost exclusively on the behavior of professional bidders. In this study, we focus on the characteristic of seller, auction parameter and the effect of supply and demand, and examine these impacts on auction effectiveness. In particular, a framework for online auction effectiveness was developed. The framework will help researchers and practitioner to find ways to improve online auction effectiveness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Auction%20Effectiveness" title="Auction Effectiveness">Auction Effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Framework%20Developing" title=" Framework Developing"> Framework Developing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Online%20Auction" title=" Online Auction"> Online Auction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selling%20Strategy" title=" Selling Strategy"> Selling Strategy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50851/developing-a-framework-for-online-auction-effectiveness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Factors Drive Consumers to Purchase Digital Music: An Empirical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Jen%20Huang"> Yi-Jen Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Ting%20Lu"> Yu-Ting Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores and complements digital aspects. In this study, we construct a research model based on the theory of reasoned action and extend it with the advantages and disadvantages of intangibility (convenience, perceived risk), some characteristics of digital products (price, variety, trialability), and factors related to entertainment (perceived playfulness) to predict what consumers really consider when they buy digital music. Eight hypotheses were tested and supported. Finally, we prove that the theory of reasoned action is still valid in the field of digital products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20music" title="digital music">digital music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20product" title=" digital product"> digital product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theory%20of%20reasoned%20action" title=" theory of reasoned action "> theory of reasoned action </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29870/factors-drive-consumers-to-purchase-digital-music-an-empirical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> The Impact of Training Method on Programming Learning Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin%20Yi%20Yang"> Chin Yi Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although several factors that affect learning to program have been identified over the years, there continues to be no indication of any consensus in understanding why some students learn to program easily and quickly while others have difficulty. Seldom have researchers considered the problem of how to help the students enhance the programming learning outcome. The research had been conducted at a high school in Taiwan. Students participating in the study consist of 330 tenth grade students enrolled in the Basic Computer Concepts course with the same instructor. Two types of training methods-instruction-oriented and exploration-oriented were conducted. The result of this research shows that the instruction-oriented training method has better learning performance than exploration-oriented training method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20performance" title="learning performance">learning performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=programming%20learning" title=" programming learning"> programming learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TDD" title=" TDD"> TDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training%20method" title=" training method"> training method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10123/the-impact-of-training-method-on-programming-learning-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Developing a Model for Information Giving Behavior in Virtual Communities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To">Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao"> Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-Ling%20Lin"> Tzu-Ling Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Virtual communities have created a range of new social spaces in which to meet and interact with one another. Both as a stand-alone model or as a supplement to sustain competitive advantage for normal business models, building virtual communities has been hailed as one of the major strategic innovations of the new economy. However for a virtual community to evolve, the biggest challenge is how to make members actively give information or provide advice. Even in busy virtual communities, usually, only a small fraction of members post information actively. In order to investigate the determinants of information giving willingness of those contributors who usually actively provide their opinions, we proposed a model to understand the reasons for contribution in communities. The study will definitely serve as a basis for the future growth of information giving in virtual communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20giving" title="information giving">information giving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20identity" title=" social identity"> social identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20community" title=" virtual community"> virtual community</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50884/developing-a-model-for-information-giving-behavior-in-virtual-communities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> A City Adapting to the Mobile Government and Hybrid Culture Established by Khitan-Liao (907-1125): Up-Capital (Shangjing) and its Special Tent Zone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robin%20Ruowei%20Yang">Robin Ruowei Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Khitan-Liao dynasty (907-1125) was founded by the nomadic Khitan people and showed its peculiarities. This regime not only effectively ruled their own nomads, but also ruled the farming ethnic groups of the Han (漢) and others. It also controlled vast territories that included the northern border domains of China, East Asia, and even Central Asia. Different from the practice of other nomadic people, Khitan-Liao built settlement towns and cities on the Mongolia steppe from beginning of the dynasty, which made the politics, economy and culture of the steppe area develop significantly. In the process of cities’ construction, Khitan-Liao set up five capitals respectively. Except three of them were rebuilt or expanded based on existing cities in agricultural areas, two new capitals were built, namely up-capital (Shangjing) and middle-capital (Zhongjing) in the steppe area. This article takes the up-capital (Shangjing) as an example to investigate a special zone in the capital for settling movable tents which adapted Khitan nomads, especially its nomadic government officials to live in. By using primary Chinese historical records and newly archaeological excavations, this article examines how the special tent zone used by the Khitan rulers, discusses how the Khitan-Liao manifested its hybrid cultural characteristics in urban planning, and its implications in studying the history of Khitan-Liao. The information, discussion and argument presented in this article are also worth considering the influence of urbanization of Khitan-Liao’s urbaization on subsequent dynasties in pre-modern China and Inner Asia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cities%20on%20Steppe" title="cities on Steppe">cities on Steppe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20tent%20zone%20in%20cities" title=" special tent zone in cities"> special tent zone in cities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khitan-Liao" title=" Khitan-Liao"> Khitan-Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20culture" title=" hybrid culture"> hybrid culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170800/a-city-adapting-to-the-mobile-government-and-hybrid-culture-established-by-khitan-liao-907-1125-up-capital-shangjing-and-its-special-tent-zone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Online Impulse Buying: A Study Based on Hedonic Shopping Value and Website Quality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung%20Wen%20Shaw"> Hung Wen Shaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, online impulse buying has been growing rapidly. It has become a major issue of concern and provided a lot of opportunities for online businesses. This study examines the effect of hedonic shopping values on hedonic motivations, and in turn affecting the urge of impulse buying. The study also explores the effects of website quality and the individual characteristics of impulsiveness on the urge of impulse buying. A total of 459 valid questionnaires were collected. Structural equation modelling was used to test the research hypothesis. This study found that adventure shopping, value shopping, and social shopping have a positive effect on hedonic motivations, which in turn positively affect the urge of impulse buying. Website quality and the individual characteristics of impulsiveness have a positive effect on the urge of impulse buying. The result of this study validates the phenomenon of online impulse buying behavior. This study also suggests that having a good website quality is the most important factor for increasing the likelihood of consumer impulse purchase. The study could serve as a basis for future research regarding online impulse buying behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hedonic%20motivation" title="hedonic motivation">hedonic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hedonic%20shopping%20value" title=" hedonic shopping value"> hedonic shopping value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impulse%20buying" title=" impulse buying"> impulse buying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impulsiveness" title=" impulsiveness"> impulsiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=website%20quality" title=" website quality"> website quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106858/online-impulse-buying-a-study-based-on-hedonic-shopping-value-and-website-quality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> Self-Disclosure of Location: Influences of Personality Traits, Intrinsic Motivations and Extrinsic Motivations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng%20Yi%20Lin"> Sheng Yi Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the popularity of smartphone usage and the flourish of social networks, many people began to use the 'check-in' functions to share their location information and days of live and self-disclosure. In order to increase exposure and awareness, some stores provide discounts and other benefits to attract consumers to 'check-in' in their stores. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether personality traits, intrinsic motivations, extrinsic motivations, and privacy concerns would affect self-disclosure of location for consumers. Research data were collected from 407 individuals that have used Facebook check-in in Taiwan. This study used SmartPLS 2.0 structural equation modeling to validate the model. The results show that information sharing, information storage, enjoyment, self-presentation, get a feedback, economic reward, and keep up with trends had significant positive effects on self-disclosure. While extroversion and openness to use have significant positive effects on self-disclosure, conscientiousness and privacy concerns have significant negative effects on self-disclosure. The results of the study provide academic and practical implications for the future growth of location-based self-disclosure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=check-in" title="check-in">check-in</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrinsic%20motivation" title=" extrinsic motivation"> extrinsic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrinsic%20motivation" title=" intrinsic motivation"> intrinsic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality%20trait" title=" personality trait"> personality trait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-disclosure" title=" self-disclosure"> self-disclosure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93562/self-disclosure-of-location-influences-of-personality-traits-intrinsic-motivations-and-extrinsic-motivations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> How Social Capital Mediates the Relationships between Interpersonal Interaction and Health: Location-Based Augmented Reality Games</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To"> Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Hui%20Wang"> Yi-Hui Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently location-based augmented reality games (LBS+AR) have become increasingly popular as a major form of entertainment. Location-based augmented reality games have provided a lot of opportunities for face-to-face interaction among players. Prior studies also indicate that the social side of location-based augmented reality games are one of the major reasons for players to engage in the games. However, the impact of the usage of location-based augmented reality games has not been well explored. The study examines how interpersonal interaction affects social capital and health through playing location-based augmented reality games. The study also investigates how social capital mediates the relationships between interpersonal interaction and health. The study uses survey method to collect data. Six-hundred forty-seven questionnaires are collected. Structural equation modeling is used to investigate the relationships among variables. The causal relationships between variables in the research model are tested. The results of the study indicated that four interpersonal attraction attributes, including ability, proximity, similarity, and familiarity, are identified by ways of factor analysis. Interpersonal attraction is important for location-based augmented reality game-players to develop bonding and bridging social capital. Bonding and bridging social capital have a positive impact on the mental and social health of game-players. The results of the study provide academic and practical implications for future growth of location-based augmented reality games. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title="health">health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpersonal%20interaction" title=" interpersonal interaction"> interpersonal interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-based%20augmented%20reality%20games" title=" location-based augmented reality games"> location-based augmented reality games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital" title=" social capital"> social capital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78880/how-social-capital-mediates-the-relationships-between-interpersonal-interaction-and-health-location-based-augmented-reality-games" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78880.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> The Impact of Work Stress on Professionals' Life and Health: The Usage of Instant Messaging Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To">Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao"> Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Chi%20Sung"> Ming-Chi Sung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Work and family life are the most important areas for men and women today. Every professional is required to meet and fulfill the responsibilities of work and family roles. Although the development and popularity of communication technology bring a lot of benefits, including effective and efficient communication, may also generate conflicts between work and family life. Since mobile devices and the applications of mobile devices, such as instant messages, are ubiquitous, the boundaries of work and family roles are increasingly blurred. Professionals may be in the risk of work over-loading and work-family conflict. This study examines the impact of work stress on professionals’ life and health in the context of instant messaging application of smart phone. This study uses a web-based questionnaire to collect samples. The questionnaires are sent via virtual community sites, instant messaging applications, and e-mail. The study develops and empirically validates a work-family conflict model by integrating the pressure theory and technostress factors. The causal relationship between variables in the research model is tested. In terms of data analysis, Partial Least Square (PLS) in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used for sample analysis and research model testing. The results of this study are as follows. First, both the variables of work-related stress and technological violations positively affect the work-family conflict. Second, both the variables of work-loading and technology-overloading have no effect on work-family conflict. Third, work-family conflict has negative effect on job satisfaction, family satisfaction, physical health, and mental health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title="mental health">mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20health" title=" physical health"> physical health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technostress" title=" technostress"> technostress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-family%20conflict" title=" work-family conflict"> work-family conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-related%20stress" title=" work-related stress"> work-related stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78878/the-impact-of-work-stress-on-professionals-life-and-health-the-usage-of-instant-messaging-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> The Antecedents of Internet Addiction toward Smartphone Usage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To">Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao"> Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hen-Yi%20Huang"> Hen-Yi Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Twenty years after Internet development, scholars have started to identify the negative impacts brought by the Internet. Overuse of Internet could develop Internet dependency and in turn cause addiction behavior. Therefore understanding the phenomenon of Internet addiction is important. With the joint efforts of experts and scholars, Internet addiction has been officially listed as a symptom that affects public health, and the diagnosis, causes and treatment of the symptom have also been explored. On the other hand, in the area of smartphone Internet usage, most studies are still focusing on the motivation factors of smartphone usage. Not much research has been done on smartphone Internet addiction. In view of the increasing adoption of smartphones, this paper is intended to find out whether smartphone Internet addiction exists in modern society or not. This study adopted the research methodology of online survey targeting users with smartphone Internet experience. A total of 434 effective samples were recovered. In terms of data analysis, Partial Least Square (PLS) in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used for sample analysis and research model testing. Software chosen for statistical analysis is SPSS 20.0 for windows and SmartPLS 2.0. The research result successfully proved that smartphone users who access Internet service via smartphone could also develop smartphone Internet addiction. Factors including flow experience, depression, virtual social support, smartphone Internet affinity and maladaptive cognition all have significant and positive influence on smartphone Internet addiction. In the scenario of smartphone Internet use, descriptive norm has a positive and significant influence on perceived playfulness, while perceived playfulness also has a significant and positive influence on flow experience. Depression, on the other hand, is negatively influenced by actual social support and positive influenced by the virtual social support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20addiction" title="internet addiction">internet addiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smartphone%20usage" title=" smartphone usage"> smartphone usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20support" title=" social support"> social support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived%20playfulness" title=" perceived playfulness"> perceived playfulness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70520/the-antecedents-of-internet-addiction-toward-smartphone-usage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Antecedents of Regret and Satisfaction in Electronic Commerce</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chechen%20Liao">Chechen Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui-Lai%20To"> Pui-Lai To</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuang-Chun%20Liu"> Chuang-Chun Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Online shopping has become very popular recently. In today’s highly competitive online retail environment, retaining existing customers is a necessity for online retailers. This study focuses on the antecedents and consequences of Internet buyer regret and satisfaction in the online consumer purchasing process. This study examines the roles that online consumer’s purchasing process evaluations (i.e., search experience difficulty, service-attribute evaluations, product-attribute evaluations and post-purchase price perceptions) and alternative evaluation (i.e., alternative attractiveness) play in determining buyer regret and satisfaction in e-commerce. The study also examines the consequences of regret, satisfaction and habit in regard to repurchase intention. In addition, this study attempts to investigate the moderating role of habit in attaining a better understanding of the relationship between repurchase intention and its antecedents. Survey data collected from 431 online customers are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) and support provided for the hypothesized links. These results indicate that online consumer’s purchasing process evaluations (i.e., search experience difficulty, service-attribute evaluations, product-attribute evaluations and post-purchase price perceptions) have significant influences on regret and satisfaction, which in turn influences repurchase intention. In addition, alternative evaluation (i.e., alternative attractiveness) has a significant positive influence on regret. The research model can provide a richer understanding of online customers’ repurchase behavior and contribute to both research and practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20shopping" title="online shopping">online shopping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purchase%20evaluation" title=" purchase evaluation"> purchase evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regret" title=" regret"> regret</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satisfaction" title=" satisfaction"> satisfaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70522/antecedents-of-regret-and-satisfaction-in-electronic-commerce" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Links and Blocks: the Role of Language in Samuel Beckett’s Selected Plays</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su-Lien%20Liao">Su-Lien Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article explores the language in the four plays of Samuel Beckett–Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Krapp’s Last Tape, and Footfalls. It considers the way in which Beckett uses language, especially through fragmentation utterances, repetitions, monologues, contradictions, and silence. It discusses the function of language in modern society, in the theater of the absurd, and in the plays. Paradoxically enough, his plays attempts to communicate the incommunicability of language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title="language">language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Beckett" title=" Samuel Beckett"> Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theater%20of%20the%20absurd" title=" theater of the absurd"> theater of the absurd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20teaching" title=" foreign language teaching"> foreign language teaching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2324/links-and-blocks-the-role-of-language-in-samuel-becketts-selected-plays" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> The Development Status of Terahertz Wave and Its Prospect in Wireless Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiquan%20Liao">Yiquan Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quanhong%20Jiang"> Quanhong Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since terahertz was observed by German scientists, we have obtained terahertz through different generation technologies of broadband and narrowband. Then, with the development of semiconductor and other technologies, the imaging technology of terahertz has become increasingly perfect. From the earliest application of nondestructive testing in aviation to the present application of information transmission and human safety detection, the role of terahertz will shine in various fields. The weapons produced by terahertz were epoch-making, which is a crushing deterrent against technologically backward countries. At the same time, terahertz technology in the fields of imaging, medical and livelihood, communication and communication are for the well-being of the country and the people. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terahertz" title="terahertz">terahertz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging" title=" imaging"> imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title=" communication"> communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20treatment" title=" medical treatment"> medical treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166653/the-development-status-of-terahertz-wave-and-its-prospect-in-wireless-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> An Evaluation Study of Sleep and Sleep-Related Factors in Clinic Clients with Sleep Difficulties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi-Feng%20Lai">Chi-Feng Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Chun%20Liao%20Liao"> Wen-Chun Liao Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many people are bothered by sleep difficulties in Taiwan’s society. However, majority of patients get medical treatments without a comprehensive sleep assessment. It is still a big challenge to formulate a comprehensive assessment of sleep difficulties in clinical settings, even though many assessment tools have existed in literature. This study tries to implement reliable and effective ‘comprehensive sleep assessment scales’ in a medical center and to explore differences in sleep-related factors between clinic clients with or without sleep difficulty complaints. The comprehensive sleep assessment (CSA) scales were composed of 5 dimensions: ‘personal factors’, ‘physiological factors’, ‘psychological factors’, ‘social factors’ and ‘environmental factors, and were first evaluated by expert validity and 20 participants with test-retest reliability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) of the CSA was 0.94 and the alpha of the consistency reliability ranged 0.996-1.000. Clients who visited sleep clinic due to sleep difficulties (n=32, 16 males and 16 females, ages 43.66 ±14.214) and gender-and age- matched healthy subjects without sleep difficulties (n=96, 47 males and 49 females, ages 41.99 ±13.69) were randomly recruited at a ratio of 1:3 (with sleep difficulties vs. without sleep difficulties) to compare their sleep and the CSA factors. Results show that all clinic clients with sleep difficulties did have poor sleep quality (PSQI>5) and mild to moderate daytime sleepiness (ESS >11). Personal factors of long working hours (χ2= 10.315, p=0.001), shift workers (χ2= 8.964, p=0.003), night shift (χ2=9.395, p=0.004) and perceived stress (χ2=9.503, p=0.002) were disruptors of sleep difficulties. Physiological factors from physical examination including breathing by mouth, low soft palate, high narrow palate, Edward Angle, tongue hypertrophy, and occlusion of the worn surface were observed in clinic clients. Psychological factors including higher perceived stress (χ2=32.542, p=0.000), anxiety and depression (χ2=32.868, p=0.000); social factors including lack of leisure activities (χ2=39.857, p=0.000), more drinking habits (χ2=1.798, p=0.018), irregular amount and frequency in meals (χ2=5.086, p=0.024), excessive dinner (χ2=21.511, p=0.000), being incapable of getting up on time due to previous poor night sleep (χ2=4.444, p=0.035); and environmental factors including lights (χ2=7.683, p=0.006), noise (χ2=5.086, p=0.024), low or high bedroom temperature (χ2=4.595, p=0.032) were existed in clients. In conclusion, the CSA scales can work as valid and reliable instruments for evaluating sleep-related factors. Findings of this study provide important reference for assessing clinic clients with sleep difficulties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comprehensive%20sleep%20assessment" title="comprehensive sleep assessment">comprehensive sleep assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep-related%20factors" title=" sleep-related factors"> sleep-related factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep%20difficulties" title=" sleep difficulties"> sleep difficulties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85642/an-evaluation-study-of-sleep-and-sleep-related-factors-in-clinic-clients-with-sleep-difficulties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Generalized Central Paths for Convex Programming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Zhi%20Liao">Li-Zhi Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The central path has played the key role in the interior point method. However, the convergence of the central path may not be true even in some convex programming problems with linear constraints. In this paper, the generalized central paths are introduced for convex programming. One advantage of the generalized central paths is that the paths will always converge to some optimal solutions of the convex programming problem for any initial interior point. Some additional theoretical properties for the generalized central paths will be also reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20path" title="central path">central path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20programming" title=" convex programming"> convex programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20central%20path" title=" generalized central path"> generalized central path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interior%20point%20method" title=" interior point method"> interior point method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58039/generalized-central-paths-for-convex-programming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Integrating Blogging into Peer Assessment on College Students’ English Writing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su-Lien%20Liao">Su-Lien Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of college students in Taiwan do not have sufficient English proficiency to express themselves in written English. Teachers spent a lot of time correcting students’ English writing, but the results are not satisfactory. This study aims to use blogs as a teaching and learning tool in written English. Before applying peer assessment, students should be trained to be good reviewers. The teacher starts the course by posting the error analysis of students’ first English composition on blogs as the comment models for students. Then the students will go through the process of drafting, composing, peer response and last revision on blogs. Evaluation Questionnaires and interviews will be conducted at the end of the course to see the impact and students’ perception for the course. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blog" title="blog">blog</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peer%20assessment" title=" peer assessment"> peer assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20writing" title=" English writing"> English writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error%20analysis" title=" error analysis"> error analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2326/integrating-blogging-into-peer-assessment-on-college-students-english-writing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Flip-Chip Bonding for Monolithic of Matrix-Addressable GaN-Based Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes Array</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Ju%20Chen">Chien-Ju Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Jui%20Yu"> Chia-Jui Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyun-Hao%20Liao"> Jyun-Hao Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Ching%20Wu"> Chia-Ching Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng-Chyi%20Wu"> Meng-Chyi Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 64 × 64 GaN-based micro-light-emitting diode array (μLEDA) with 20 μm in pixel size and 40 μm in pitch by flip-chip bonding (FCB) is demonstrated in this study. Besides, an underfilling (UF) technology is applied to the process for improving the uniformity of device. With those configurations, good characteristics are presented, operation voltage and series resistance of a pixel in the 450 nm flip chip μLEDA are 2.89 V and 1077Ω (4.3 mΩ-cm²) at 25 A/cm², respectively. The μLEDA can sustain higher current density compared to conventional LED, and the power of the device is 9.5 μW at 100 μA and 0.42 mW at 20 mA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN" title="GaN">GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-light-emitting%20diode%20array%28%CE%BCLEDA%29" title=" micro-light-emitting diode array(μLEDA)"> micro-light-emitting diode array(μLEDA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flip-chip%20bonding" title=" flip-chip bonding"> flip-chip bonding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underfilling" title=" underfilling"> underfilling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73765/flip-chip-bonding-for-monolithic-of-matrix-addressable-gan-based-micro-light-emitting-diodes-array" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73765.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Stability of a Self-Excited Machine Due to the Mechanical Coupling </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Soltan%20Rezaee">M. Soltan Rezaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Ghazavi"> M. R. Ghazavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Najafi"> A. Najafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.-H.%20Liao"> W.-H. Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generally, different rods in shaft systems can be misaligned based on the mechanical system usages. These rods can be linked together via U-coupling easily. The system is self-stimulated and may cause instabilities due to the inherent behavior of the coupling. In this study, each rod includes an elastic shaft with an angular stiffness and structural damping. Moreover, the mass of shafts is considered via attached solid disks. The impact of the system architecture and shaft mass on the instability of such mechanism are studied. Stability charts are plotted via a method based on Floquet theory. Eventually, the unstable points have been found and analyzed in detail. The results show that stabilizing the driveline is feasible by changing the system characteristics which include shaft mass and architecture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupling" title="coupling">coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20systems" title=" mechanical systems"> mechanical systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillations" title=" oscillations"> oscillations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotating%20shafts" title=" rotating shafts"> rotating shafts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98061/stability-of-a-self-excited-machine-due-to-the-mechanical-coupling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> The Research of the Game Interface Improvement Due to the Game Operation Dilemma of Player in the Side-Scrolling Shooting Game</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Chieh%20Liao">Shih-Chieh Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng-Yan%20Shuai"> Cheng-Yan Shuai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The feature of a side-scrolling shooting game is facing the surrounding enemy and barraging in entire screen. The player will be in trouble when they are trying to do complicated operations because of the physical and system limitations of the joystick in the games. This study designed the prototype of a new type of arcade stick by focus group and assessed by the expert. By filtering the most representative, and build up the control system for the arcade stick, and testing time and bullets consumed in two experiments, try to prove it works in the game. Finally, the prototype of L-1 solves the dilemma of scroll shooting games when the player uses the arcade stick and improves the function of the arcade stick. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arcade%20stick" title="arcade stick">arcade stick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joystick" title=" joystick"> joystick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20interface" title=" user interface"> user interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2D%20STG" title=" 2D STG"> 2D STG</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156576/the-research-of-the-game-interface-improvement-due-to-the-game-operation-dilemma-of-player-in-the-side-scrolling-shooting-game" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> How Acupuncture Improve Migraine: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsiang-Chun%20Lai">Hsiang-Chun Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsien-Yin%20Liao"> Hsien-Yin Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Lin"> Yi-Wen Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Migraine is a primary headache disorder which presented as recurrent and moderate to severe headaches and affects nearly fifteen percent of people’s daily life. In East Asia, acupuncture is a common treatment for migraine prevention. Acupuncture can modulate migraine through both peripheral and central mechanism and decrease the allodynia process. Molecular pathway suggests that acupuncture relief migraine by regulating neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. This process was also proven by neural imaging. Acupuncture decrease the headache frequency and intensity compared to routine care. We also review the most common chosen acupoints to treat migraine and its treatment protocol. As a result, we suggested that acupuncture can serve as an option to migraine treatment and prevention. However, more studies are needed to establish the mechanism and therapeutic roles of acupuncture in treating migraine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allodynia" title=" allodynia"> allodynia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=headache" title=" headache"> headache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migraine" title=" migraine"> migraine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85872/how-acupuncture-improve-migraine-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Advertising Incentives of National Brands against Private Labels: The Case of OTC Heartburn Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Liao">Lu Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The worldwide expansion of private labels over the past two decades not only transformed the choice sets of consumers but also forced manufacturers of national brands to design new marketing strategies to maintain their market positions. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of private labels on advertising incentives of national brands. The paper first develops a consumer demand model that incorporates spillover effects of advertising and finds positive spillovers of national brands’ advertising on demand for private label products. With the demand estimates, the researcher simulates the equilibrium prices and advertising levels for leading national brands in a counterfactual where private labels are eliminated to quantify the changes in national brands’ advertising incentives in response to the rise of private labels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advertising" title="advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20estimation" title=" demand estimation"> demand estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spillover%20effect" title=" spillover effect"> spillover effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20model" title=" structural model"> structural model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190554/advertising-incentives-of-national-brands-against-private-labels-the-case-of-otc-heartburn-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Face Recognition Using Discrete Orthogonal Hahn Moments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Akhmedova">Fatima Akhmedova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20Liao"> Simon Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most critical decision points in the design of a face recognition system is the choice of an appropriate face representation. Effective feature descriptors are expected to convey sufficient, invariant and non-redundant facial information. In this work, we propose a set of Hahn moments as a new approach for feature description. Hahn moments have been widely used in image analysis due to their invariance, non-redundancy and the ability to extract features either globally and locally. To assess the applicability of Hahn moments to Face Recognition we conduct two experiments on the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) database and University of Notre-Dame (UND) X1 biometric collection. Fusion of the global features along with the features from local facial regions are used as an input for the conventional k-NN classifier. The method reaches an accuracy of 93% of correctly recognized subjects for the ORL database and 94% for the UND database. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=face%20recognition" title="face recognition">face recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hahn%20moments" title=" Hahn moments"> Hahn moments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition-by-parts" title=" recognition-by-parts"> recognition-by-parts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-lapse" title=" time-lapse"> time-lapse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27781/face-recognition-using-discrete-orthogonal-hahn-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Probabilistic-Based Design of Bridges under Multiple Hazards: Floods and Earthquakes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuo-Wei%20Liao">Kuo-Wei Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20Gitomarsono"> Jessica Gitomarsono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bridge reliability against natural hazards such as floods or earthquakes is an interdisciplinary problem that involves a wide range of knowledge. Moreover, due to the global climate change, engineers have to design a structure against the multi-hazard threats. Currently, few of the practical design guideline has included such concept. The bridge foundation in Taiwan often does not have a uniform width. However, few of the researches have focused on safety evaluation of a bridge with a complex pier. Investigation of the scouring depth under such situation is very important. Thus, this study first focuses on investigating and improving the scour prediction formula for a bridge with complicated foundation via experiments and artificial intelligence. Secondly, a probabilistic design procedure is proposed using the established prediction formula for practical engineers under the multi-hazard attacks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge" title="bridge">bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-hazards" title=" multi-hazards"> multi-hazards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scour" title=" scour"> scour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72799/probabilistic-based-design-of-bridges-under-multiple-hazards-floods-and-earthquakes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Geometric Calibration of Computed Tomography Equipment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Hung%20Liao">Chia-Hung Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Chieh%20Lin"> Shih-Chieh Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> X-ray computed tomography (CT) technology has been used in the electronics industry as one of the non-destructive inspection tools for years. The key advantage of X-ray computed tomography technology superior to traditional optical inspection is the penetrating characteristics of X-rays can be used to detect defects in the interior of objects. The objective of this study is to find a way to estimate the system geometric deviation of X-ray CT equipment. Projection trajectories of the characteristic points of standard parts were tracked, and ways to calculate the deviation of various geometric parameters of the system will be proposed and evaluated. A simulation study will be conducted to first find out the effects of system geometric deviation on projected trajectories. Then ways to estimate geometric deviation with collected trajectories will be proposed and tested through simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometric%20calibration" title="geometric calibration">geometric calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20computed%20tomography" title=" X-ray computed tomography"> X-ray computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trajectory%20tracing" title=" trajectory tracing"> trajectory tracing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstruction%20optimization" title=" reconstruction optimization"> reconstruction optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163099/geometric-calibration-of-computed-tomography-equipment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Personal Information Classification Based on Deep Learning in Automatic Form Filling System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunzuo%20Wu">Shunzuo Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xudong%20Luo"> Xudong Luo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuanxiu%20Liao"> Yuanxiu Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the rapid development of deep learning makes artificial intelligence (AI) penetrate into many fields, replacing manual work there. In particular, AI systems also become a research focus in the field of automatic office. To meet real needs in automatic officiating, in this paper we develop an automatic form filling system. Specifically, it uses two classical neural network models and several word embedding models to classify various relevant information elicited from the Internet. When training the neural network models, we use less noisy and balanced data for training. We conduct a series of experiments to test my systems and the results show that our system can achieve better classification results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence%20and%20office" title="artificial intelligence and office">artificial intelligence and office</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20classification" title=" text classification"> text classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129742/personal-information-classification-based-on-deep-learning-in-automatic-form-filling-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> AIPM：An Integrator and Pull Request Matching Model in Github</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhifang%20Liao">Zhifang Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanbing%20Li"> Yanbing Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Xu"> Li Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Zhang"> Yan Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoping%20Fan"> Xiaoping Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinsong%20Wu"> Jinsong Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pull Request (PR) is the primary method for code contributions from the external contributors in Github. PR review is an essential part of open source software developments for maintaining the quality of software. Matching a new PR of an appropriate integrator will make the PR review more effective. However, PR and integrator matching are now organized manually in Github. To reduce this cost, we presented an AIPM model to predict highly relevant integrator of incoming PRs. AIPM uses topic model to extract topics from the PRs, and builds a one-to-one correspondence between topics and integrators. Then, AIPM finds the most suitable integrator according to the maximum entry of the topic-document distribution. On average, AIPM can reach a precision of 60%, and even in some projects, can reach a precision of 80%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pull%20Request" title="pull Request">pull Request</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrator%20matching" title=" integrator matching"> integrator matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Github" title=" Github"> Github</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20source%20project" title=" open source project"> open source project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topic%20model" title=" topic model"> topic model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63126/aipman-integrator-and-pull-request-matching-model-in-github" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> PTFE Capillary-Based DNA Amplification within an Oscillatory Thermal Cycling Device</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyh%20J.%20Chen">Jyh J. Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fu%20H.%20Yang"> Fu H. Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20H.%20Liao"> Ming H. Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study describes a capillary-based device integrated with the heating and cooling modules for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The device consists of the reaction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary, the aluminum blocks, and is equipped with two cartridge heaters, a thermoelectric (TE) cooler, a fan, and some thermocouples for temperature control. The cartridge heaters are placed into the heating blocks and maintained at two different temperatures to achieve the denaturation and the extension step. Some thermocouples inserted into the capillary are used to obtain the transient temperature profiles of the reaction sample during thermal cycles. A 483-bp DNA template is amplified successfully in the designed system and the traditional thermal cycler. This work should be interesting to persons involved in the high-temperature based reactions and genomics or cell analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymerase%20chain%20reaction" title="polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cycles" title=" thermal cycles"> thermal cycles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capillary" title=" capillary"> capillary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TE%20cooler" title=" TE cooler"> TE cooler</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7439/ptfe-capillary-based-dna-amplification-within-an-oscillatory-thermal-cycling-device" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Fabrication of InGaAs P-I-N Micro-Photodiode Sensor Array</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyun-Hao%20Liao">Jyun-Hao Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Ju%20Chen"> Chien-Ju Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Jui%20Yu"> Chia-Jui Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng%20Chyi%20Wu"> Meng Chyi Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Ching%20Wu"> Chia-Ching Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this letter, we reported the fabrication of InGaAs micro-photodiode sensor array with the rapid thermal diffusion (RTD) technique. The spin-on dopant source Zn was used to form the p-type region in InP layer. Through the RTD technique, the InP/InGaAs heterostructure was formed. We improved our fabrication on the p-i-n photodiode to micro size which pixel is 7.8um, and the pitch is 12.8um. The proper SiNx was deposited to form the passivation layer. The leakage current of single pixel decrease to 3.3pA at -5V, and 35fA at -10mV. The leakage current densities of each voltage are 21uA/cm² at -5V and 0.223uA/cm² at -10mV. As we focus on the wavelength from 0.9um to 1.7um, the optimized Si/Al₂O₃ bilayers are deposited to form the AR-coating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InGaAs" title="InGaAs">InGaAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20sensor%20array" title=" micro sensor array"> micro sensor array</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p-i-n%20photodiode" title=" p-i-n photodiode"> p-i-n photodiode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20thermal%20diffusion" title=" rapid thermal diffusion"> rapid thermal diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zn%20diffusion" title=" Zn diffusion"> Zn diffusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73769/fabrication-of-ingaas-p-i-n-micro-photodiode-sensor-array" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Students' Perception of Using Dental E-Models in an Inquiry-Based Curriculum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanqi%20Yang">Yanqi Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chongshan%20Liao"> Chongshan Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheuk%20Hin%20Ho"> Cheuk Hin Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20Bridges"> Susan Bridges </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: To investigate student’s perceptions of using e-models in an inquiry-based curriculum. Approach: 52 second-year dental students completed a pre- and post-test questionnaire relating to their perceptions of e-models and their use in inquiry-based learning. The pre-test occurred prior to any learning with e-models. The follow-up survey was conducted after one year's experience of using e-models. Results: There was no significant difference between the two sets of questionnaires regarding student’s perceptions of the usefulness of e-models and their willingness to use e-models in future inquiry-based learning. Most of the students preferred using both plaster models and e-models in tandem. Conclusion: Students did not change their attitude towards e-models and most of them agreed or were neutral that e-models are useful in inquiry-based learning. Whilst recognizing the utility of 3D models for learning, student's preference for combining these with solid models has implications for the development of haptic sensibility in an operative discipline. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-models" title="e-models">e-models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inquiry-based%20curriculum" title=" inquiry-based curriculum"> inquiry-based curriculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=questionnaire" title=" questionnaire"> questionnaire</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3739/students-perception-of-using-dental-e-models-in-an-inquiry-based-curriculum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Philosophical Interpretations of Spells in the Imperial Chinese Buddhism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saiping%20An">Saiping An</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The spells in Chinese Buddhism are often regarded by current scholarship as syllables with mystical power, as a ritual and practice of oral chanting, or as texts engraved on cultural relics. This study hopes to point out that the spell as a kind of behavior and material also provokes the believers to interpret its soteriology with various Buddhist doctrines and philosophies. It will analyze Mahāvairocana Tantra which is the main classic of the tradition regarded by the academic circles as 'Esoteric Buddhism', two annotations of these scriptures composed in the Tang and Liao Dynasty respectively, as well as some works of monks and lay Buddhists in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. It aims to illustrate that spells in Chinese Buddhism are not simply magical voices and the words engraved on the cultural relics; they have also enriched the doctrines and thoughts of Chinese Buddhism. Their nature and soteriological methods are far more abundant than current academic circles have revealed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spell" title="spell">spell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20Buddhism" title=" Chinese Buddhism"> Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=philosophy" title=" philosophy"> philosophy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buddhist%20doctrines" title=" Buddhist doctrines"> Buddhist doctrines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108168/philosophical-interpretations-of-spells-in-the-imperial-chinese-buddhism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span 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