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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine made from grapes grown in California, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">California</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Wine region</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg/250px-Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg/375px-Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg/500px-Napa_Valley_Silverado_Trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa Valley AVA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">State of California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State">U.S. State</a> <a href="/wiki/Appellation#United_States" title="Appellation">Appellation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_America-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of wine industry</th><td class="infobox-data">255<sup id="cite_ref-Misson_Grape_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misson_Grape-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-regions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Viticultural_Areas#California" title="List of American Viticultural Areas">List of California AVAs</a><sup id="cite_ref-California_AVAs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California_AVAs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total area</th><td class="infobox-data">102,271,360 acres (159,799 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size of planted vineyards</th><td class="infobox-data">620,000 acres (250,905 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_America-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grapes produced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albari%C3%B1o" title="Albariño">Albariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvarelh%C3%A3o" title="Alvarelhão">Alvarelhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastardo (grape)">Bastardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Muscat" title="Black Muscat">Black Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Charbono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concord_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord (grape)">Concord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolcetto" title="Dolcetto">Dolcetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_(grape)" title="Flora (grape)">Flora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freisa" title="Freisa">Freisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamay_Beaujolais" title="Gamay Beaujolais">Gamay Beaujolais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamay_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamay noir">Gamay noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsanne_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsanne (grape)">Marsanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Canelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat Canelli">Muscat Canelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_(grape)" title="Niagara (grape)">Niagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Muscat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Muscat">Orange Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petite_Sirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Sirah">Petite Sirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitivo">Primitivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussanne" title="Roussanne">Roussanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubired" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubired">Rubired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Cabernet" title="Ruby Cabernet">Ruby Cabernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souz%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Souzão">Souzão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony (grape)">Symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teroldego" title="Teroldego">Teroldego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinta_Amarela" title="Tinta Amarela">Tinta Amarela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinta_Cao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinta Cao">Tinta Cao</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinta_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinta Madeira (page does not exist)">Tinta Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trousseau_gris" title="Trousseau gris">Trousseau gris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdigui%C3%A9" title="Valdiguié">Valdiguié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdelho" title="Verdelho">Verdelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_America-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of wineries</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 4,200<sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_America-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>California wine</b> production has a rich viticulture history since 1680 when <a href="/wiki/Jesuit#Northern_Spanish_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit"> Spanish Jesuit</a> missionaries planted <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> vines native to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean region</a> in their established <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Altar_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar wine">wine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">religious services</a>. In the 1770s, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missionaries</a> continued the practice under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Father Junípero Serra</a> who planted California's first <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taber_pg32_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber_pg32-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Misson_Grape_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misson_Grape-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its contemporary wine production grew steadily since the end of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mostly known for its <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port-style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug</a> wine products. As the market favored <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French brands</a>, California's <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">table wine</a> business grew modestly,<sup id="cite_ref-Taber_pg40_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber_pg40-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but quickly gained international prominence at the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Paris Wine Tasting of 1976</a>, when renown French <a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">oenophiles</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Blind_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind tasting">blind tasting</a>, ranked the California wines higher than the primer French labels in the <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay (white)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon (red)</a> categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Taber_pg216_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber_pg216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result caused a <a href="/wiki/Bottle_Shock" title="Bottle Shock">'shock'</a> in viticulture industry since France was regarded as foremost producer of the world's finest table wines. This event contributed to expanding the recognition and prestige of vintners in the <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a>, specifically, the "Golden State".<sup id="cite_ref-BusWeek_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusWeek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state produces about ninety percent of the <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">American wine</a> supply and is the fourth largest wine producer among the world's independent nations.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pg_462_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_462-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California has more than 4,200 wineries ranging from home-grown and small boutiques to large corporations with international distribution, and even more vineyards and growers, at close to 6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_Country" title="Wine Country">Wine Country</a>, in Northern California, is an internationally-recognized premier wine-growing region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_California_wine" title="History of California wine">History of California wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg/220px-Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg/330px-Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg/440px-Vancouver-Carlos-mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Spanish mission of St. Carlos</a> founded near <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The state of California was first introduced to <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> vines, a species of wine grapes native to the Mediterranean region, in the 18th century by the Spanish missionaries, who planted vineyards with each <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">mission</a> they established. The wine was used for religious <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">sacraments</a> as well as for daily life. <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cuttings</a> from the vine of the "common black grape" (as it was known) brought to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in 1520 were used to start the vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The grape's association with the church caused it to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Mission_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission grape">Mission grape</a>, which was to become the dominant grape variety in California until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> in the mid-19th century brought waves of new settlers to the region, increasing the population and local demand for wine. The newly growing wine industry took hold in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> around the counties of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_AVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County AVA">Sonoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa</a>. The first commercial winery in California, <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Winery" title="Buena Vista Winery">Buena Vista Winery</a>, was founded in 1857 by <a href="/wiki/Agoston_Haraszthy" title="Agoston Haraszthy">Agoston Haraszthy</a> and is located in <a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma, California</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Patchett" title="John Patchett">John Patchett</a> opened the first commercial winery in the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Napa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa County">Napa County</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period some of California's oldest wineries were founded including <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Winery" title="Buena Vista Winery">Buena Vista Winery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gundlach_Bundschu" title="Gundlach Bundschu">Gundlach Bundschu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inglenook_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglenook Winery">Inglenook Winery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markham_Vineyards" title="Markham Vineyards">Markham Vineyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schramsberg_Vineyards" title="Schramsberg Vineyards">Schramsberg Vineyards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese immigration to the United States">Chinese immigrants</a> played a prominent role in developing the Californian wine industry during this period - building wineries, planting vineyards, digging the <a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">underground cellars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvesting</a> grapes. Some even assisted as <a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">winemakers</a> before the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, which severely affected the Chinese community in favor of encouraging "white labor". By 1890, most of the Chinese workers were out of the wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylloxera_and_Prohibition">Phylloxera and Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phylloxera and Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 19th century also saw the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> epidemic, a type of parasite similar to <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, which had already <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">ravaged France and other European vineyards</a>. Vineyards were destroyed, and many smaller operations went out of business. The remedy of <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> resistant American <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> was well known, and the Californian wine industry was able to rebound quickly, utilizing the opportunity to expand the plantings of new <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a>. By the turn of the 20th century, nearly 300 grape varieties were being grown in the state, supplying approximately 800 wineries. </p><p>Worldwide recognition seemed imminent until January 16, 1919, when the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18th Amendment</a> ushered in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>. Vineyards were ordered to be uprooted, and cellars were destroyed. Some vineyards and wineries were able to survive by converting to <a href="/wiki/Table_grape" title="Table grape">table grape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a> production. A few more were able to stay in operation to continue to provide churches sacramental wine, an allowed exception to the Prohibition laws. By the time <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of Prohibition">Prohibition was repealed</a> in 1933, only 140 wineries were still in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg/220px-Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg/330px-Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg/440px-Robert_Mondavi_entrance_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The Robert Mondavi Winery was designed to reflect the winemaking history of the Spanish missions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Californian wine industry slowly recovered from Prohibition. By the 1960s, it was primarily known for its <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweet</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port-style</a> wines made from <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Seedless" class="mw-redirect" title="Thompson Seedless">Thompson Seedless</a> grapes and <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wines</a>. A new wave of vintners emerged ushering in a renaissance period in California wine production with techniques strengthening the grape production, fermentation and bottling processes. Several well-known wineries began in this decade, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mondavi" title="Robert Mondavi">Robert Mondavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heitz_Wine_Cellars" title="Heitz Wine Cellars">Heitz Wine Cellars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Bruce_Winery" title="David Bruce Winery">David Bruce Winery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains_AVA" title="Santa Cruz Mountains AVA">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>. As the quality of Californian wine improved, the region started to receive international attention. A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Watershed" class="extiw" title="wikt:Watershed">watershed</a> event in the viticulture industry occurred in 1976 to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> wine connoisseur, merchant and founder of France's first private wine school, <i><a href="/wiki/Academie_du_Vin" class="mw-redirect" title="Academie du Vin">L'Academie du Vin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spurrier_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Spurrier (wine)">Steven Spurrier</a>, organized the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Paris Wine Tasting of 1976</a> where renown French <a href="/wiki/Oenophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenophiles">oenophiles</a> participated in a <a href="/wiki/Blind_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind tasting">blind tasting</a> to judge the best <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">wines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">California's wine regions</a> and France's prestigious <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Taber_pg216_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber_pg216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Taber, the sole journalist who attended the event, penned the article "Judgment of Paris" in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine reporting the shocking results when the local judges ranked the California vintages higher than the primer French labels in both <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay (white)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon (red)</a> categories. As Jim Barrett, general manager/part owner of <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Montelena" title="Chateau Montelena">Chateau Montelena</a> whose 1973 Chardonnay ranked the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)#The_results" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">highest</a>, said: "Not bad for kids from the sticks."<sup id="cite_ref-Time_1976_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_1976-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1976 event led to expanding the recognition and prestige of vintners in the New World, specifically, California.<sup id="cite_ref-BusWeek_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusWeek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, it was reported that, for the first time in 16 years, California wine sales were down. This was not due to a decrease in drinking wine as much as it was a decrease in customers' willingness to spend large amounts on wine. Jon Fredrikson, president of Gomberg, Fredrikson & Associates, said that although sales of $3 to $6 a bottle of wine and $9 to $12 wine had seen growth, sales of wine over $20 had stagnated. Much of this loss in the market was occurring in overseas sales, as opposed to U.S. sales in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California wine export volume has shown impressive growth and demonstrating increased popularity in a highly competitive global market. Its vintages continue to perform around the world, especially in Southeast Asia, Mexico and the EU. California vintners represent 80% of U.S. wine production and 95% of U.S. wine exports. Honore Comfort, Wine Institute vice president of international marketing commented, “...there is no doubt that California wines will remain a top choice for wine drinkers around the world.”<sup id="cite_ref-Exports_Wine_Institute_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exports_Wine_Institute-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for U.S. wine began to flatten in 2018 but <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> distorted sales and shipments as consumers temporarily bought more.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, as much as 500,000 tons of grapes went unharvested as demand decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_geography">Climate and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">Geography of California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital-elevation-map-california.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Digital-elevation-map-california.png/220px-Digital-elevation-map-california.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Digital-elevation-map-california.png/330px-Digital-elevation-map-california.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Digital-elevation-map-california.png/440px-Digital-elevation-map-california.png 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>Landmass and elevations of California</figcaption></figure> <p>California is a very geologically diverse region and varies greatly in the range of climates and <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroirs</a></i> that can be found. Most of the state's wine regions are found between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>. The Pacific Ocean and large bays, like <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bays</a>, serve as tempering influences to the wine regions nearby providing cool winds and <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> that balance the heat and sunshine.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> can be a vinicultural hazard, most areas of California receive sufficient amounts of rainfall with the annual precipitation in regions north of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> between 24 and 45 inches (610–1,143 mm) and southern areas receiving 13 to 20 inches (330–508 mm). Winters are mild with little threat of <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> damage though springtime. To curb the threat of frost, vineyard owners will often employ the use of wind machines, sprinklers and <a href="/wiki/Smudge_pot" title="Smudge pot">smudge pots</a> to protect the vines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_126-127_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_126-127-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While California's wine regions can be generally classified as a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean climate (wine)">Mediterranean climate</a>, there are also regions with more <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental climate (wine)">continental dry climates</a>. Proximity to the Pacific and unobstructed access to the coastal <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> dictates the relative coolness of a wine region.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> barriers, like some parts of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a> counties will be warmer due to the lack of this cooling influence. The soil types and landforms of California vary greatly, having been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plates</a>. In some areas the soils can be so diverse that vineyards will establish blocks of the same vine variety planted on different soils for purpose of identifying different blending components. This diversity is one of the reasons why California has so many different and distinct <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_126-127_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_126-127-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_irrigation">Water and irrigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water and irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average vineyard in California uses 318 gallons of water to produce a single gallon of wine through <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. The average depends, in part, on the region where the grapes are grown, with 243 gallons of water per wine gallon in the North Coast region to 471 gallons per on the Central Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_wine_region_map_en.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/California_wine_region_map_en.JPG/250px-California_wine_region_map_en.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/California_wine_region_map_en.JPG/375px-California_wine_region_map_en.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/California_wine_region_map_en.JPG/500px-California_wine_region_map_en.JPG 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>General locations of California's wine regions</figcaption></figure> <p>California has over 427,000 acres (1,730 km<sup>2</sup>) planted under vines mostly located in a stretch of land covering over 700 miles (1,100 km) from <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County_wine" title="Mendocino County wine">Mendocino County</a> to the southwestern tip of <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>. There are 147 <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="American Viticultural Areas">American Viticultural Areas</a> (AVAs), including the well-known <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_Valley_AVA" title="Russian River Valley AVA">Russian River Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_AVA" title="Rutherford AVA">Rutherford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley_AVA" title="Sonoma Valley AVA">Sonoma Valley AVAs</a>. The Central Valley is California's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_producing_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine producing regions">wine region</a> stretching for 300 miles (480 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a>. This one region produces nearly 75% of all California wine grapes and includes many of California's bulk, <a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">box</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wine</a> producers like Gallo, <a href="/wiki/Franzia" title="Franzia">Franzia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronco_Wine_Company" title="Bronco Wine Company">Bronco Wine Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California is often divided into four main regions:<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pg_469-473_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_469-473-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>North Coast</b> – Includes most of <a href="/wiki/North_Coast,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="North Coast, California">North Coast, California</a>, north of San Francisco Bay. The large <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_AVA" title="North Coast AVA">North Coast AVA</a> covers most of the region. Notable wine regions include <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley wine">Napa County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_wine" title="Sonoma County wine">Sonoma County</a> and the AVAs within them. <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County_wine" title="Mendocino County wine">Mendocino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_County_wine" title="Lake County wine">Lake Counties</a> also reside in this region.</li> <li><b>Central Coast</b> – Includes most of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast of California">Central Coast of California</a> including the area surrounding San Francisco Bay extending south through the historic <a href="/wiki/Monterey_County_wine" title="Monterey County wine">Monterey</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County_wine" title="San Luis Obispo County wine">San Luis Obispo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County_wine" title="Santa Barbara County wine">Santa Barbara Counties</a>. The vast <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_AVA" title="Central Coast AVA">Central Coast AVA</a> encompasses the region. Notable wine regions in this area include <a href="/wiki/Livermore_Valley_AVA" title="Livermore Valley AVA">Livermore Valley AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA" title="Santa Clara Valley AVA">Santa Clara Valley AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_AVA" title="San Francisco Bay AVA">San Francisco Bay AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains_AVA" title="Santa Cruz Mountains AVA">Santa Cruz Mountains AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey_AVA" title="Monterey AVA">Monterey AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA" title="Paso Robles AVA">Paso Robles AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SLO_Coast_AVA" class="mw-redirect" title="SLO Coast AVA">SLO Coast AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Valley_AVA" title="Santa Maria Valley AVA">Santa Maria Valley AVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley_AVA" title="Santa Ynez Valley AVA">Santa Ynez Valley AVA</a>.</li> <li><b>South Coast</b> – Includes portion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, namely the coastal regions south of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> down to the border with Mexico. Notable wine regions in this area include <a href="/wiki/Temecula_Valley_AVA" title="Temecula Valley AVA">Temecula Valley AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley_of_the_California_High_Desert_AVA" title="Antelope Valley of the California High Desert AVA">Antelope Valley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Leona_Valley_AVA" title="Leona Valley AVA">Leona Valley AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Pasqual_Valley_AVA" title="San Pasqual Valley AVA">San Pasqual Valley AVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramona_Valley_AVA" title="Ramona Valley AVA">Ramona Valley AVA</a>. Local vintiers in the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Rey,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Rey, California">San Luis Rey</a> area are in the proposal process to establish a viticultural area specific to that region.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Luis_Rey_Proposal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Luis_Rey_Proposal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Central Valley</b> – Includes California's Central Valley and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Foothills_AVA" title="Sierra Foothills AVA">Sierra Foothills AVA</a>. Notable wine regions in this area include the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_AVA" title="Lodi AVA">Lodi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Valley-Miramonte_AVA" title="Squaw Valley-Miramonte AVA">Squaw Valley-Miramonte AVAs</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grapes_and_wines">Grapes and wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grapes and wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Zin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/California_Zin.jpg/220px-California_Zin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/California_Zin.jpg/330px-California_Zin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/California_Zin.jpg/440px-California_Zin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A California Zinfandel</figcaption></figure> <p>Over one hundred grape varieties are grown in California including <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spanish</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">hybrid grapes</a> and new <i>Vitis vinifera</i> varieties developed at the <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_Department_of_Viticulture_and_Enology" title="UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology">UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology</a>. The seven leading grape varieties are:<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> <p>Other important red wine grapes include <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petite_Sirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Sirah">Petite Sirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tannat" title="Tannat">Tannat</a>. Important white wine varietals include <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Colombard" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colombard">French Colombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsanne" title="Marsanne">Marsanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Canelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat Canelli">Muscat Canelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussane" class="mw-redirect" title="Roussane">Roussane</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trousseau_gris" title="Trousseau gris">Trousseau gris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_644-651-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up until the late 1980s, the Californian wine industry was dominated by the Bordeaux varietals and Chardonnay. Sales began to drop as wine drinkers grew bored<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the familiarity of these wines. Groups of winemakers like <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône Rangers">Rhône Rangers</a> and a new wave of Italian winemakers dubbed "Cal-Ital" reinvigorated the industry with new wine styles made from different varieties like Syrah, Viognier, Sangiovese and Pinot grigio. The Santa Cruz-based <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Doon_Vineyard" title="Bonny Doon Vineyard">Bonny Doon Vineyard</a> was one of the first wineries to promote these grape varieties in California actively. The large variety of wine grapes also encourages a large variety of wines. California produces wines made in nearly every single known wine style including <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, vintners have begun reviving <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Heirloom variety">heirloom grape varieties</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Trousseau_gris" title="Trousseau gris">Trousseau gris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdigui%C3%A9" title="Valdiguié">Valdiguié</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World_wine_styles">New World wine styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New World wine styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg/220px-Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg/330px-Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg/440px-Barrel_fermented_California_Chard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A barrel-fermented California Chardonnay.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Californian winemakers do craft wines in more "Old World" or European wine styles, most Californian wines favor simpler, more fruit dominant <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World wines</a>. The reliably warm weather allows many wineries to use <a href="/wiki/Very_ripe_fruit_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Very ripe fruit (wine)">very ripe fruit</a> which creates a more <a href="/wiki/Fruit_forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit forward">fruit forward</a> rather than earthy or mineralic style of wine. It also creates the opportunity for higher <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol level">alcohol levels</a> with many Californian wines having over 13.5 percent alcohol content. The style of Californian Chardonnay differs greatly from wines like <a href="/wiki/Chablis_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chablis (wine)">Chablis</a> with Californian winemakers frequently using <a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">malolactic fermentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> aging to make buttery, full bodied wines.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_636-643_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_636-643-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Californian Sauvignon blancs are not as herbaceous as wines from the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a> and are more acidic. Some Sauvignon blanc are given time in oak which can dramatically change the profile of the wine. Robert Mondavi first pioneered this style as a <i>Fume blanc</i> which other Californian winemakers have adopted. However, that style is not strictly defined to mean an oak wine.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_644-651-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg/220px-California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg/330px-California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg/440px-California_Sauvignon_blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Sauvignon blanc from California.</figcaption></figure> <p>The style of California Cabernet Sauvignon that first put California on the world's wine map at the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a> is still a trademark style today. The wines are known for their concentration of fruits which produces lush, rich wines. Merlot became widely planted in the 1990s due to its wide popularity, and is still the highest selling of all varietal wines in the country. Many sites that were ill-suited for the grape began to produce harsh, characterless wines trying to model Cabernet. Merlot, when planted on better sites tend to produce a plush, concentrated style. The profile of Californian Pinot noir generally takes on a more intense, fruity style than the subtler, more elegant wines of Burgundy or <a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a>. Until being passed up by Cabernet in 1998, Zinfandel was the most widely planted red wine grape in California. This was due in part to the wide popularity of <a href="/wiki/White_Zinfandel" title="White Zinfandel">White Zinfandel</a>. Despite being made from the same grape, the only similarity between White and Red Zinfandel is the name. Zinfandel is a powerful, fruity wine with high levels of acidity and a jam-type flavor. White Zinfandel is a thin, slightly sweet blush wine. While the grape does have European origins, Zinfandel is considered a unique American style grape.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_644-651-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sparkling_and_dessert_wines">Sparkling and dessert wines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sparkling and dessert wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg/250px-Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg/375px-Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg/500px-Domaine_Carneros_sparkling_wines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Sparkling wines produced by <a href="/wiki/Domaine_Carneros" title="Domaine Carneros">Domaine Carneros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>California sparkling wine traces its roots to Sonoma in the 1880s with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Korbel_Champagne_Cellars" title="Korbel Champagne Cellars">Korbel Champagne Cellars</a>. The Korbel brothers made sparkling wine according to the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_champenoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Méthode champenoise">méthode champenoise</a></i> from Riesling, <a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscatel" title="Muscatel">Muscatel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a>. Today most California sparkling wine is largely made from the same grapes used in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">Champagne</a>: Chardonnay, Pinot noir and some <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a>. Some wineries will also use <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a>. The premium quality producers still use the <i>méthode champenoise</i> (or traditional method) while some low cost producers, like <a href="/wiki/E_%26_J_Gallo_Winery" title="E & J Gallo Winery">Gallo</a>'s Andre brand or <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Brands" title="Constellation Brands">Constellation Brands</a>' Cook's, will use the <a href="/wiki/Charmat_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmat method">Charmat method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_652-657-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The potential for quality sparkling wine has attracted <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne houses</a> to open up wineries in California. These include <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_et_Chandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët et Chandon">Moët et Chandon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Domaine_Chandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Domaine Chandon">Domaine Chandon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taittinger" title="Taittinger">Taittinger</a>'s Domaine Carneros and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Roederer" title="Louis Roederer">Louis Roederer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roederer_Estate" title="Roederer Estate">Roederer Estate</a>. Despite being made with mostly the same grapes and with the same production techniques, California sparkling wines do not set out to be imitators of Champagne but rather to forge their own distinctive style. Instead of having the "biscuity", yeasty quality that distinguishes most high quality Champagnes, premium California sparkling wines show clarity of fruit flavors without being heavily "fruity". The wines strive for finesse and elegance. The optimal climate condition allows most sparkling wine producers to make a vintage dated wine every year while in Champagne this would only happen in exceptional years.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_652-657-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the wine renaissance of the 1960s, the quality of California's <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a> have been dramatically improved. <a href="/wiki/Beringer_Vineyards" title="Beringer Vineyards">Beringer</a> was one of the first to create a <a href="/wiki/Botrytized" class="mw-redirect" title="Botrytized">botrytized</a> wine from <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>. Though unlike in <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, Beringer's wine was made of grapes regularly harvested and then introduced at the winery to <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> spores created in a laboratory. Since then California winemakers in places like the <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Valley_AVA" title="Anderson Valley AVA">Anderson Valley AVA</a> have found vineyards where this <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a> can occur naturally on the grapes. The Anderson and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Valley_AVA" title="Alexander Valley AVA">Alexander Valley AVAs</a> have also developed a reputation for their <a href="/wiki/Late_Harvest_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Harvest wine">Late Harvest wines</a> made from Riesling. Several French and Italian style <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscat</a> wines are produced throughout California and are known for their intense aromatics and balanced acidity. The port-style wines in California are often made from the traditional <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portuguese wine</a> grapes like <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinta_C%C3%A3o" title="Tinta Cão">Tinta Cão</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinta_Roriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinta Roriz">Tinta Roriz</a>. Some uniquely Californian styles are also made from Zinfandel and Petite Sirah.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_652-657-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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#B71234; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FCC200; border: 1px double #FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Culture of </small><br />California</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_of_California.svg/100px-Bear_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_of_California.svg/150px-Bear_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_of_California.svg/200px-Bear_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous Californian languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California#Religion" title="Culture of California">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Californians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Californians">Indigenous Californians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">Hispanic & Latino Californians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_California" title="Asian Americans in California">Asian Californians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">Black Californians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">White Californians</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)">Arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California#Architecture" title="Culture of California">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_California" title="List of the oldest buildings in California">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_California_missions" title="Architecture of the California missions">Californian Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Colonial_architecture" title="Monterey Colonial architecture">Monterey Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Churrigueresque" class="mw-redirect" title="California Churrigueresque">California Churrigueresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California#Visual_arts" title="Culture of California">Visual Arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_California_artists" title="Early California artists">Early California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Tonalism" title="California Tonalism">California Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurativism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_pottery" title="California pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Clay_Movement" title="California Clay Movement">California Clay Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_sound" title="San Francisco sound">San Francisco sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Chicano soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_pop" title="Sunshine pop">Sunshine pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_ska" title="Orange County ska">Orange County ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_music" title="Yuman music">Yuman music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_burrito" title="Mission burrito">Mission burrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California-style_pizza" title="California-style pizza">California-style pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioppino" title="Cioppino">Cioppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Santa Maria–style barbecue">Santa Maria–style barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobb_salad" title="Cobb salad">Cobb salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carne_asada_fries" title="Carne asada fries">Carne asada fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_dip" title="French dip">French dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_ice_cream" title="Mochi ice cream">Mochi ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Louie" title="Crab Louie">Crab Louie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_cake" title="Chiffon cake">Chiffon cake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California" title="Great Seal of California">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Love_You,_California" title="I Love You, California">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California Poppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_(word)#California" title="Eureka (word)">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_grizzly_bear" title="California grizzly bear">California grizzly bear</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #FCC200; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #FCC200;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_California" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in California">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_California" title="Protected areas of California">Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_California" title="List of museums in California">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">California Historical Landmarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/20px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/30px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/40px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_California" title="Template:Culture of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Culture_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Culture of California (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><i>See also</i> the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:California_wine" title="Category:California wine">California wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wineries_in_California" title="Category:Wineries in California">Wineries in California</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">Agriculture in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Association_of_Winegrape_Growers" title="California Association of Winegrape Growers">California Association of Winegrape Growers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Alcoholic_Beverage_Control" title="California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control">California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country" title="Wine Country">Wine Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Institute_(California)" title="Wine Institute (California)">Wine Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Appellation_America-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appellation_America_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/California.html">"California: Appellation Profile"</a>. <i>Appellation America</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222054/http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/California.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Appellation+America&rft.atitle=California%3A+Appellation+Profile&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwine.appellationamerica.com%2Fwine-region%2FCalifornia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misson_Grape-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misson_Grape_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misson_Grape_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz,_Jo2011" class="citation web cs1">Diaz, Jo (March 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wine-blog.org/index.php/2011/03/17/the-mission-grape-played-a-major-role-in-california-wine-viticultural-history/">"The Mission Grape Played a Major Role in California Wine Viticultural History"</a>. <i>Wine Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Mission+Grape+Played+a+Major+Role+in+California+Wine+Viticultural+History&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.au=Diaz%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-blog.org%2Findex.php%2F2011%2F03%2F17%2Fthe-mission-grape-played-a-major-role-in-california-wine-viticultural-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-California_AVAs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-California_AVAs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttb.gov/wine/established-avas#California">"Established American Viticultural Areas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(California)</span>. <i>Tax and Trade Bureau</i>. Alcohol and Tobacco, Tax and Trade Bureau, Treasury<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tax+and+Trade+Bureau&rft.atitle=Established+American+Viticultural+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttb.gov%2Fwine%2Festablished-avas%23California&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovercaliforniawines.com/media-trade/statistics/">"Statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovercaliforniawines.com%2Fmedia-trade%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taber_pg32-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taber_pg32_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Taber2005" class="citation book cs1">Taber, George M. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentofparisc00tabe"><i>The Judgment of Paris: California vs France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting That Revolutionized Wine</i></a></span>. Scribner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentofparisc00tabe/page/32/mode/2up">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4751-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-4751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judgment+of+Paris%3A+California+vs+France+and+the+Historic+1976+Paris+Tasting+That+Revolutionized+Wine&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4751-1&rft.aulast=Taber&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudgmentofparisc00tabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmstedRauchway2024" class="citation journal cs1">Olmsted, Kathryn; Rauchway, Eric (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/new-deal-for-wine/32DF1F0C06DD712EF61C0CFC793B3131">"A New Deal for Wine"</a>. <i>Journal of Policy History</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 260–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030623000337">10.1017/S0898030623000337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-0306">0898-0306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+for+Wine&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=260-280&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030623000337&rft.issn=0898-0306&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=Rauchway%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-policy-history%2Farticle%2Fnew-deal-for-wine%2F32DF1F0C06DD712EF61C0CFC793B3131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taber_pg40-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taber_pg40_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Taber2005">Taber (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentofparisc00tabe/page/40/mode/2up">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taber_pg216-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taber_pg216_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taber_pg216_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Taber2005">Taber (2005)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentofparisc00tabe/page/216/mode/2up">216–220</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BusWeek-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BusWeek_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusWeek_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson,_Thane2001" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Thane (May 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018051609/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2001/nf2001058_228.htm">"The Day California Wines Came of Age"</a>. <i>Business Week</i>. 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Dorling Kindersley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee0000stev/page/462/mode/2up">462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8684-0"><bdi>978-0-7566-8684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=462&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-8684-0&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsothebyswinee0000stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovercaliforniawines.com/media-trade/statistics/">"Statistics - California Wine Profile 2021"</a>. <i>California Wine Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Wine+Institute&rft.atitle=Statistics+-+California+Wine+Profile+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovercaliforniawines.com%2Fmedia-trade%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennen2010" class="citation news cs1">Brennen, Nancy (November 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/john-patchett-introducing-one-of-napa-s-pioneers/article_b2750390-f509-11df-9ea4-001cc4c03286.html">"John Patchett: Introducing one of Napa's pioneers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_Register" title="Napa Valley Register">Napa Valley Register</a></i>. 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San Francisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20231120022013/https://wineinstitute.org/press-releases/california-wine-exports-resilient-in-global-markets-led-by-strong-growth-in-mexico-key-asian-markets-and-the-eu/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Institute&rft.atitle=California+Wine+Exports+Resilient+in+Global+Markets%2C+Led+by+Strong+Growth+in+Mexico%2C+Key+Asian+Markets+and+the+EU&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft.au=DiCaro%2C+Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwineinstitute.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fcalifornia-wine-exports-resilient-in-global-markets-led-by-strong-growth-in-mexico-key-asian-markets-and-the-eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2024" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Tyne (August 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agweb.com/news/crops/harvest/grape-growers-desperately-need-you-drink-more-wine-they-grapple-glut">"Grape Growers Desperately Need You to Drink More Wine as They Grapple With a Glut of Uncontracted Grapes"</a>. <i>AgWeb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AgWeb&rft.atitle=Grape+Growers+Desperately+Need+You+to+Drink+More+Wine+as+They+Grapple+With+a+Glut+of+Uncontracted+Grapes&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Tyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agweb.com%2Fnews%2Fcrops%2Fharvest%2Fgrape-growers-desperately-need-you-drink-more-wine-they-grapple-glut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurong2024" class="citation web cs1">Yurong, Dale (October 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc30.com/post/growers-consider-removing-vineyards-wine-consumption-declines/15419172/">"Growers consider removing vineyards as wine consumption declines"</a>. <i>ABC30 Fresno</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/126"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/126">126–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=126-127&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeGageGage2007" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Oz; Gage, Keith; Gage, Sue (2007). <i>Wine atlas: wines and wine regions of the world</i> (Rev. and updated [ed.] ed.). London: Pavilion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-782-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-782-1"><bdi>978-1-86205-782-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+atlas%3A+wines+and+wine+regions+of+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.+and+updated+%5Bed.%5D&rft.pub=Pavilion&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86205-782-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Oz&rft.au=Gage%2C+Keith&rft.au=Gage%2C+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2019" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Marc (July 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060787567">"Water shortages force a reckoning in Calif. wine country"</a>. <i>E&E News</i>. Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E%26E+News&rft.atitle=Water+shortages+force+a+reckoning+in+Calif.+wine+country&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Fstories%2F1060787567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby_pg_469-473-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_pg_469-473_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2007" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sothebyswineency00stev/page/469"><i>Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i></a> (4 ed.). Dorling Kindersley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sothebyswineency00stev/page/469">469–473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3164-2"><bdi>978-0-7566-3164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=469-473&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-3164-2&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsothebyswineency00stev%2Fpage%2F469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Luis_Rey_Proposal-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-San_Luis_Rey_Proposal_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-08-30/pdf/2023-18587.pdf">"Proposed Establishment of the San Luis Rey Viticultural Area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(27 CFR Part 9 [Docket No. TTB–2023–0007; Notice No. 225] RIN 1513–AD03)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>88</b> (167). <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_Of_The_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department Of The Treasury">Treasury</a>: 59820–59825. August 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Proposed+Establishment+of+the+San+Luis+Rey+Viticultural+Area&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=167&rft.pages=59820-59825&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-2023-08-30%2Fpdf%2F2023-18587.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_644-651-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_644-651_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MacNeill2000">MacNeil (2000)</a>, pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/664">644–651</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vink,_Julia2013" class="citation news cs1">van der Vink, Julia (July 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216130413/http://features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2013/07/24/california-wine-gets-back-to-its-roots/">"California wine gets back to its roots"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2013/07/24/california-wine-gets-back-to-its-roots/">the original</a> on February 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=California+wine+gets+back+to+its+roots&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.au=van+der+Vink%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.blogs.fortune.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F24%2Fcalifornia-wine-gets-back-to-its-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_652-657-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_652-657_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MacNeill2000">MacNeil (2000)</a>, pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/652">652–667</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wines_of_California" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wines of California"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Wines of California</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovercaliforniawine.com">Discover California Wine</a> - <a href="/wiki/California_Wine_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="California Wine Institute">California Wine Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wineinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/CA-AVAs_FINAL-FOR-WEBSITE_8.31.2023.pdf">American Viticultural Areas of California (Source: Wine Institute using Federal Register)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206005216/http://www.winefiles.org/">WineFiles.org</a> - publicly searchable archives of the Sonoma County wine library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttb.gov/ava">TTB AVA Map</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_wine" title="Template:American wine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_wine" title="Template talk:American wine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American wine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">American wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wine by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grape cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(grape)" title="Alexander (grape)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agawam_(grape)" title="Agawam (grape)">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(grape)" title="Beta (grape)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanc_du_Bois" title="Blanc du Bois">Blanc du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spanish_(grape)" title="Black Spanish (grape)">Black Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_(grape)" title="Catawba (grape)">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_White" title="Cayuga White">Cayuga White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassady_(grape)" title="Cassady (grape)">Cassady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonel" title="Chardonel">Chardonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(grape)" title="Clinton (grape)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corot_noir" title="Corot noir">Corot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_(grape)" title="Delaware (grape)">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_(grape)" title="Edelweiss (grape)">Edelweiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_(grape)" title="Frontenac (grape)">Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay_Beaujolais" title="Gamay Beaujolais">Gamay Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himrod" title="Himrod">Himrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_noir" title="Ives noir">Ives noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaeger_70" title="Jaeger 70">Jaeger 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Gray" title="Kay Gray">Kay Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakemont_(grape)" title="Lakemont (grape)">Lakemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crescent_(grape)" title="La Crescent (grape)">La Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_(grape)" title="La Crosse (grape)">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_(grape)" title="Marquette (grape)">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_78" title="Minnesota 78">Minnesota 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(grape)" title="Niagara (grape)">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_(grape)" title="Norton (grape)">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noiret" title="Noiret">Noiret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmo_grapes" title="Olmo grapes">Olmo grapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalty_(grape)" title="Royalty (grape)">Royalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onaka_(grape)" title="Onaka (grape)">Onaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Hybrids" title="Rogers' Hybrids">Rogers' Hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(grape)" title="Flora (grape)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_(grape)" title="Goethe (grape)">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_(grape)" title="Herbert (grape)">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit_(grape)" title="Massasoit (grape)">Massasoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requa_(grape)" title="Requa (grape)">Requa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuppernong" title="Scuppernong">Scuppernong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_grape" title="St. Vincent grape">St. Vincent grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Pepin_(grape)" title="St. Pepin (grape)">St. Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traminette" title="Traminette">Traminette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomcord" title="Thomcord">Thomcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvin_muscat" title="Valvin muscat">Valvin muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignoles_(grape)" title="Vignoles (grape)">Vignoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_blanc" title="Vidal blanc">Vidal blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_wine" title="History of California wine">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine-Glo" title="Vine-Glo">Vine-Glo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_and_Olive_Colony" title="Vine and Olive Colony">Vine and Olive Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wineries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_New_England" title="List of wineries in New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Idaho" title="List of wineries in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Illinois" title="List of wineries in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Kansas" title="List of wineries in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Missouri" title="List of wineries in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries,_breweries,_and_distilleries_in_New_Jersey" title="List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_New_Mexico" title="List of wineries in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_and_wineries_in_South_Dakota" title="List of breweries and wineries in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries,_wineries,_and_distilleries_in_Utah" title="List of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Virginia" title="List of wineries in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Viticultural_Areas" title="List of American Viticultural Areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vineyard_Foundation" title="American Vineyard Foundation">American Vineyard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States" title="Black land loss in the United States">Black land loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Early history of food regulation in the United States">Early history of food regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas" title="List of food plants native to the Americas">List of food plants native to the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia" title="Native American agriculture in Virginia">Native American in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains" title="Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains">Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/100px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/150px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/200px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States" title="Banana production in the United States">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States" title="Blackcurrant production in the United States">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States" title="Hemp in the United States">Hemp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry production in the United States">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States" title="Christmas tree production in the United States">Christmas tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States" title="Hop production in the United States">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States" title="Poultry farming in the United States">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States" title="Rice production in the United States">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States" title="Spinach in the United States">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Tobacco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut shade tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, commonwealth,<br /> or territory-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Alabama">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska" title="Agriculture in Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona" title="Cannabis in Arizona">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas" title="Rice cultivation in Arkansas">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almonds_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds in California">almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnuts_in_California" title="Walnuts in California">walnuts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Colorado">Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut" title="Agriculture in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut" title="Cannabis in Connecticut">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Delaware <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware" title="Cannabis in Delaware">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida" title="Tomato production in Florida">tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida" title="Mango production in Florida">mango</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Agriculture in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii" title="Coffee production in Hawaii">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" title="Genetically modified food in Hawaii">genetically modified food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho" title="Agriculture in Idaho">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Illinois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois" title="Cannabis in Illinois">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Indiana">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky" title="Agriculture in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine" title="Cannabis in Maine">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland" title="Agriculture in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland" title="Cannabis in Maryland">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts" title="Cannabis in Massachusetts">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan" title="Cherry production in Michigan">cherries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mississippi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Missouri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri" title="Cannabis in Missouri">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Montana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana" title="Cannabis in Montana">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nebraska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nevada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada" title="Cannabis in Nevada">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Hampshire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey" title="Cannabis in New Jersey">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York" title="Agriculture in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York" title="Cannabis in New York">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico" title="Cannabis in New Mexico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon" title="Cannabis in Oregon">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cannabis in Puerto Rico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Coffee production in Puerto Rico">coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhode Island <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island" title="Cannabis in Rhode Island">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tennessee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Utah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vermont <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia" title="Cannabis in Virginia">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virgin Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_apples" title="Washington apples">apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>West Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin" title="Agriculture in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wyoming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Guam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam" title="Cannabis in Guam">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Mariana Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas" title="Agriculture in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_rice_production" title="Texas rice production">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Belt" title="Fruit Belt">Fruit Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry" title="Pacific Northwest oyster industry">Pacific Northwest oyster industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service" title="National Agricultural Statistics Service">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture" title="United States Census of Agriculture">United States Census of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000">Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment" title="Children's Act for Responsible Employment">Children's Act for Responsible Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_farm_bill" title="United States farm bill">Farm bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990" title="Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990">Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996" title="Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996">Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act" title="Grain Futures Act">Grain Futures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act" title="Packers and Stockyards Act">Packers and Stockyards Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934" title="Taylor Grazing Act of 1934">Taylor Grazing Act of 1934</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and<br /> environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers" title="Mental health in United States agricultural workers">Agricultural workers mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">Farmer suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States" title="Genetically modified food in the United States">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States" title="Adulterated food in the United States">Adulterated food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_nut_crimes" title="California nut crimes">California nut crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle raiding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States" title="Farmworkers in the United States">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">Farm Labor Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">United Food and Commercial Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_maze" title="Corn maze">Corn maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude_ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Dude ranch">Dude ranch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span 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