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<span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_altitude_Mendoza_Malbec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_altitude_Mendoza_Malbec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>High altitude Mendoza Malbec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_altitude_Mendoza_Malbec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbek" title="Malbek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Malbek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Малбек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малбек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мальбек – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мальбек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%B2%A1" title="말벡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말벡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A7" title="מלבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="マルベック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルベック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мальбек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мальбек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malbec" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мальбек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мальбек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine variety</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Los Angeles-based band, see <a href="/wiki/Malbec_(band)" title="Malbec (band)">Malbec (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cauli" redirects here. For the vegetable, see <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Piperdy" redirects here. For the Mauritian businessman nicknamed "Piperdy", see <a href="/wiki/Ajum_Goolam_Hossen" title="Ajum Goolam Hossen">Ajum Goolam Hossen</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Malbec</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Malbec_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malbec_grapes.jpg/250px-Malbec_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malbec_grapes.jpg/330px-Malbec_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malbec_grapes.jpg/500px-Malbec_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Malbec grapes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Auxerrois in Cahors, Côt, Pressac (<a href="#Synonyms">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Argentina, Cahors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=2889">2889</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Malbec</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[malbɛk]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-malbec.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a purple <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">grape variety</a> used in making <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>. The grapes tend to have an inky dark color and robust <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a>, and are known as one of the six grapes allowed in the blend of red <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux wine</a>. In France, plantations of Malbec are now found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South West France</a>, though the grape is grown worldwide. It is also available as an <a href="/wiki/Argentine_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine (wine)">Argentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a>. </p><p>The grape became less popular in Bordeaux after 1956 when <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> killed off 75% of the crop. Despite Cahors being hit by the same frost, which devastated the vineyards, Malbec was replanted and continued to be popular in that area. Winemakers in the region frequently mixed Malbec with <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannat" title="Tannat">Tannat</a> to make dark, <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full-bodied</a> wines, but have ventured into 100% Malbec varietal wines more recently.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_198_&_204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular but unconfirmed theory claims that Malbec is named after a Hungarian peasant who first spread the grape variety throughout France.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French <a href="/wiki/Ampelographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographer">ampelographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viticulturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticulturalist">viticulturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a> notes, however, that most evidence suggests that Côt was the variety's original name and that it probably originated in northern <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (wine)">Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to similarities in synonyms, Malbec is often confused with other varieties of grape. <i>Malbec argenté</i> is not Malbec, but rather a variety of the southwestern French grape <a href="/wiki/Abouriou" title="Abouriou">Abouriou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_198_&_204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cahors, the Malbec grape is referred to as Auxerrois or Côt Noir; this is sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Auxerrois_blanc" title="Auxerrois blanc">Auxerrois blanc</a>, which is an entirely different variety.<sup id="cite_ref-epi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Malbec grape is a thin-skinned grape and needs more sun and heat than either <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> to mature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It <a href="/wiki/Ripens_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripens (wine)">ripens</a> <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">mid-season</a> and can bring very deep color, ample <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannin</a>, and a particular plum-like flavor component which adds complexity to <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a> blends. Sometimes, especially in its traditional growing regions, it is not <a href="/wiki/Trellised_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellised (vine)">trellised</a> but is instead cultivated as bush vines (the goblet system). In such cases, it is sometimes kept to a relatively low yield of about 6 tons per hectare. Wines produced using this growing method are rich, dark, and juicy.<sup id="cite_ref-winepro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winepro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a varietal, Malbec creates a rather inky red (or violet), intense wine, so it is also commonly used in blends, such as with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon to create the red French Bordeaux claret blend. The grape is blended with <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a> in some regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wine regions use the grape to produce <a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Bordeaux-style blends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The varietal is sensitive to frost and has a propensity for shattering or <a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">coulure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winepro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winepro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malbec_leaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Malbec_leaves.JPG/220px-Malbec_leaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Malbec_leaves.JPG/330px-Malbec_leaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Malbec_leaves.JPG/440px-Malbec_leaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Malbec leaves</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malbec is very susceptible to various <a href="/wiki/Grape_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape disease">grape diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticultural">viticultural</a> hazards—most notably <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">coulure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>, and rot— but the development of new <a href="/wiki/Clones_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clones (plant)">clones</a> and vineyard management techniques have helped control some of these potential problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it is not afflicted with these various ailments, particularly coulure, it does have the potential to produce high yields. Malbec seems to be able to produce well in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">soil types</a> but in the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> based soils of Cahors it seems to produce its most dark and tannic manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_198_&_204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are distinct ampelographical differences in the clones of Malbec found in France and in Argentina, with Argentine Malbec tending to have smaller berries.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_118-119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_118-119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comparative research study conducted by the Catena Institute of Wine and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, examined the difference between the phenolic composition of Malbec wines from California and Mendoza, Argentina. Sixteen vineyards in California and twenty-six blocks in Mendoza were selected based on their uniformity and regional representativeness. The study concluded that there are distinct flavor and compositional differences in Malbec wines produced in Mendoza and California.<sup id="cite_ref-ci_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ci-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malbec is the dominant red variety in Cahors where the <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation Controlée</a> regulations for Cahors require a minimum content of 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-winepro_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winepro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced to Argentina by French agricultural engineer Michel Pouget in 1868, Malbec is now widely planted in Argentina. Grapes from this region produce softer, less tannic-driven wines than those from Cahors. There were once 50,000 hectares planted with Malbec in Argentina; now there are 25,000 hectares in <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendoza (wine)">Mendoza</a> alone, in addition to production in <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Argentinan_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Argentinan province)">La Rioja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salta (province)">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_(Argentinan_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan (Argentinan province)">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catamarca (province)">Catamarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires (province)">Buenos Aires</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> has 2,361 hectares planted with Malbec, the main places are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchagua_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colchagua Valley (page does not exist)">Colchagua Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/O%27Higgins_Region" title="O'Higgins Region">O'Higgins Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maule_Region" title="Maule Region">Maule Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bio-Bio_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-Bio Region">Bio-Bio Region</a>. In <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a> the grape is used to make <a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malbec is also grown in <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State (wine)">Washington State</a>, the Rogue and Umpqua regions of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon (wine)">Oregon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_AVA" title="Grand Valley AVA">Grand Valley AVA</a> of Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Wine">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (wine)">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, British Columbia, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_AVA" title="Long Island AVA">Long Island AVA</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York (wine)">New York</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (wine)">Italy</a> and recently in Texas and southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario (wine)">Ontario</a>, Virginia, and in the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (wine)">Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahors_Chateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cahors_Chateau.jpg/250px-Cahors_Chateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cahors_Chateau.jpg/375px-Cahors_Chateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cahors_Chateau.jpg/500px-Cahors_Chateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A vineyard in Cahors</figcaption></figure> <p>At one point Malbec was grown in 30 different <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments of France</a>, a legacy that is still present in the list of local synonyms for the variety, which easily surpasses 1000 names. In recent times, however, the popularity of the variety has been steadily declining with a 2000 census reporting only 15,000 acres (6,100 hectares) of the vine, which are mostly consigned to the southwestern part of the country. Its stronghold remains Cahors where <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC) regulations stipulates that Malbec must compose at least 70% of the blend, with Merlot and Tannat rounding out the remaining percentage. Outside of Cahors, Malbec is still found in small amounts as a permitted variety in the AOCs of <a href="/wiki/Bergerac_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergerac (AOC)">Bergerac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzet_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buzet (AOC)">Buzet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4tes_de_Duras_(AOC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Côtes de Duras (AOC) (page does not exist)">Côtes de Duras</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Marmandais_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Marmandais (AOC)">Côtes du Marmandais</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fronton_(AOC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fronton (AOC) (page does not exist)">Fronton</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9charmant_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pécharmant (AOC)">Pécharmant</a>. It is also permitted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure">Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure</a></i> (VDQS) of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Brulhois" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Brulhois">Côtes du Brulhois</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Le_Midi" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Midi">Le Midi</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc (wine)">Languedoc</a>, it is permitted (but rarely grown) in the AOC regions of <a href="/wiki/Cabard%C3%A8s_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabardès (AOC)">Cabardès</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4tes_de_Malep%C3%A8re_(AOC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Côtes de Malepère (AOC) (page does not exist)">Côtes de Malepère</a>. There is a small amount of Malbec grown in the middle <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> and permitted in the AOCs of <a href="/wiki/Anjou_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjou (AOC)">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_du_Loir_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux du Loir (AOC)">Coteaux du Loir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touraine_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touraine (AOC)">Touraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> AOC of <a href="/wiki/Saumur_(wine)" title="Saumur (wine)">Saumur</a> where it is blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and Gamay. Still, as elsewhere in France, Malbec is losing acreage to other varieties—most notably Cabernet Franc in the Loire.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the grape was historically a major planting in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, providing color and fruit to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">its blends</a>, in the 20th century it started to lose ground to Merlot and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>. This was due, in part, to its vulnerabilities to so many different vine ailments (coulure, downy mildew, frost). The severe 1956 frost wiped out a significant portion of Malbec vines in Bordeaux, allowing many growers a chance to start anew with different varieties. By 1968, plantings in the <a href="/wiki/Libournais" class="mw-redirect" title="Libournais">Libournais</a> were down to 4,900 hectares (12,100 acres) and fell further to 1,400 hectares (3,460 acres) by 2000. While Malbec has since become a popular component of <a href="/wiki/New_World_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World (wine)">New World</a> <i>meritages</i> or Bordeaux blends, and although it is still a permitted variety in all major <a href="/wiki/Wine_regions_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine regions of Bordeaux">wine regions of Bordeaux</a>, its presence in Bordeaux has dwindled; the only significant plantings are in the regions of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-de-Bourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes-de-Bourg">Côtes-de-Bourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaye" title="Blaye">Blaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entre-Deux-Mers" title="Entre-Deux-Mers">Entre-Deux-Mers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While acreage of the Malbec is declining in France, in Argentina the grape is surging and has become a "national variety" of a sort that is uniquely identified with <a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentine wine</a>. The grape was first introduced to the region in the mid 19th century when provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> instructed the French <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a> Michel Pouget to bring grapevine <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a> from France to Argentina. Among the vines that Pouget brought were the very first Malbec vines to be planted in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_pg_840-844_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_pg_840-844-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the economic turmoil of the 20th century, some plantings of Malbec were pulled out to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wine</a> producing varieties of <a href="/wiki/Criolla_Grande" title="Criolla Grande">Criolla Grande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereza" title="Cereza">Cereza</a>. The grape was rediscovered in the late 20th century as the Argentine wine industry shifted its focus to premium wine production for export. As the Argentine wine industry discovered the unique quality of wine that could be made from the grape, Malbec arose to greater prominence and is today the most widely planted red grape variety in the country. As of 2003 there were over 20,000 hectares (50,000 acres) of Malbec in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mendoza region is the leading producer of Malbec in Argentina with plantings found throughout the country in places such as <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja,_Argentina" title="La Rioja, Argentina">La Rioja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Argentina" title="San Juan, Argentina">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_Province" title="Catamarca Province">Catamarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_pg_840-844_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_pg_840-844-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape clusters of Argentine Malbec are different from its French relatives, having smaller berries in tighter, smaller clusters. This suggests that the cuttings brought over by Pouget and later French immigrants were a unique clone that may have gone extinct in France due to frost and the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloxera epidemic">phylloxera epidemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_pg_300-301_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_atlas_pg_300-301-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentine Malbec wine is characterized by its deep color and intense fruity flavors with a velvety texture.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_848-857_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_848-857-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they lack the tannic structure of French Malbecs, being more plush in texture, Argentine Malbecs have shown aging potential similar to their French counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_altitude_Mendoza_Malbec">High altitude Mendoza Malbec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High altitude Mendoza Malbec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argentina's most highly rated Malbec wines originate from <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a>'s high altitude wine regions of <a href="/wiki/Luj%C3%A1n_de_Cuyo" title="Luján de Cuyo">Luján de Cuyo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uco_Valley" title="Uco Valley">Uco Valley</a>. These districts are located in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Andes_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes mountains">Andes mountains</a> between 800 m and 1500 m elevation (2,800 to 5,000 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-VA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flys_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flys-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winem_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winem-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Argentine <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">vintner</a> Nicolás Catena Zapata has been widely credited for elevating the status of Argentine Malbec and the Mendoza region through serious experimentation into the effects of high altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-VA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Personalities_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Personalities-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DecanterHono_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecanterHono-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, he was the first to plant a Malbec vineyard at almost 1500 m (5,000 feet) elevation in the Gualtallary sub-district of <a href="/wiki/Tupungato" title="Tupungato">Tupungato</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adrianna_Vineyard" title="Adrianna Vineyard">Adrianna Vineyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first to develop a clonal selection of Argentine Malbec.<sup id="cite_ref-Patente_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patente-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pdf_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fourmagazine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourmagazine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-montecristo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montecristo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-altitude Mendoza has attracted many notable foreign winemakers, such as Paul Hobbs, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rolland" title="Michel Rolland">Michel Rolland</a>, Herve Joyaux-Fabre, Roberto Cipresso and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Antonini" title="Alberto Antonini">Alberto Antonini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MR_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are several Malbecs from the region scoring over 95 points in <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_Spectator" title="Wine Spectator">Wine Spectator</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Parker_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Parker Jr.">Robert Parker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wine_Advocate" title="The Wine Advocate">The Wine Advocate</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-catenaw_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catenaw-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferrer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobos_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-top5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a> is the emblematic strain of <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wine</a> and other varieties of strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir among others are harvested in the country, Malbec has experienced exponential growth in its production during the last decades, due to the discovery of hundred-year-old vines of the variety, as well as the year-on-year increase in hectares planted for its exclusive production in the country. It is currently estimated that in Chile there are 2,361 hectares dedicated exclusively to the production of Malbec.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of malbec in Chile begins in 1841, when a group of French winemakers brought the vine to the country, along with other varieties to be planted in the <a href="/wiki/Parque_Quinta_Normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parque Quinta Normal">Quinta Normal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago</a>, later in 1853 the first malbec strains would be exported from Chile to Argentina, specifically to the Mendoza region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sin_nombre-1_5Oc-1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sin_nombre-1_5Oc-1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the century XIX, French winemakers began to expand Malbec plantations to other regions of the central-south zone of Chile, however they mixed them with other varieties, so the production of Malbec gradually faded over the years, as was the case in the <a href="/wiki/Maule_Region" title="Maule Region">Maule Region</a>, since centenary Malbec vines that had been mixed with other vines were discovered a few years ago in the area. It was not until 1993 that the Viu Manent vineyard became the first Chilean winery to produce, bottle and market 100% Malbec wines produced in the country, from the vineyard they had for more than 100 years in the city of Santa Cruz in the <a href="/wiki/Colchagua_Province" title="Colchagua Province">Colchagua</a> where this variety was found. In 2016, a hundred-year-old Malbec plantation was also discovered in the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Rosendo" title="San Rosendo">San Rosendo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío Region</a>, which was brought to the area by French settlers at the end of the 19th century, which had also been blended with other vines from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the largest amount of Malbec production in Chile is located in the <a href="/wiki/Maule_Region" title="Maule Region">Maule Region</a>, however there are also important plantations of the strain in the Biobío regions and in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchagua_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colchagua Valley (page does not exist)">Colchagua Valley</a> area. The Terroir of the Maule Region is granitic, which causes the malbec of the area to contain a special minerality, in addition the influence of the coast and the mountains give acidity and freshness to the Chilean malbec, these conditions cause an important difference in its par Also, Chilean Malbec tends to have a fresher and more fruity flavor, because it is not harvested as ripe as other Malbec productions in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malbec_and_steak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malbec_and_steak.jpg/250px-Malbec_and_steak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malbec_and_steak.jpg/330px-Malbec_and_steak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malbec_and_steak.jpg/500px-Malbec_and_steak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Malbec <a href="/wiki/Food_and_wine_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and wine pairing">paired</a> with a steak</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a>, Malbec was a significant variety in California used mainly for blended bulk wine production. After Prohibition, the grape was a minor variety until it experienced a surge of interest as a component of "<a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a>" Bordeaux-style blends in the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2003, plantings of Malbec in California increased from 404 hectares (1,000 acres) to more than 2,830 hectares (7000 acres). While the appearance of Californian <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> Malbec is increasing, the grape is still most widely used for blending.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, the <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="American Viticultural Areas">American Viticultural Areas</a> (AVA) with the most plantings of Malbec include <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley (AVA)">Napa Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Valley (AVA)">Alexander Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paso Robles (AVA)">Paso Robles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma Valley (AVA)">Sonoma Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other regions in California with some plantings of Malbec include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livermore_Valley_(AVA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livermore Valley (AVA) (page does not exist)">Livermore Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Peak_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Peak (AVA)">Atlas Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel Valley (AVA)">Carmel Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Carneros_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Carneros (AVA)">Los Carneros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramona_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramona Valley (AVA)">Ramona Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast (AVA)">Central Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake_County_AVA" title="Red Hills Lake County AVA">Red Hills Lake County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Hill_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk Hill (AVA)">Chalk Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Lake (AVA)">Clear Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Mountain_District_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Mountain District (AVA)">Diamond Mountain District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian River Valley (AVA)">Russian River Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_Creek_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Creek Valley (AVA)">Dry Creek Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford (AVA)">Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Dorado (AVA)">El Dorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Lucas_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lucas (AVA)">San Lucas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara Valley (AVA)">Santa Clara Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Mountains (AVA)">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Highlands_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Lucia Highlands (AVA)">Santa Lucia Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Valley (AVA)">Santa Maria Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ynez Valley (AVA)">Santa Ynez Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Mountain_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howell Mountain (AVA)">Howell Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Foothills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Foothills (AVA)">Sierra Foothills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Valley (AVA)">Knights Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Mountain_District_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Mountain District (AVA)">Spring Mountain District</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Helena_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena (AVA)">St. Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodi (AVA)">Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stags_Leap_District_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stags Leap District (AVA)">Stags Leap District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madera_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madera (AVA)">Madera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suisun_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisun Valley (AVA)">Suisun Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temecula_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temecula Valley (AVA)">Temecula Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey (AVA)">Monterey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo_unt_Veeder_(AVA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mo unt Veeder (AVA) (page does not exist)">Mount Veeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Coast (AVA)">North Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Knoll_District_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Knoll District (AVA)">Oak Knoll District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkville_Highlands_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkville Highlands (AVA)">Yorkville Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakville_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakville (AVA)">Oakville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paicines_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paicines (AVA)">Paicines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clements_Hills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clements Hills (AVA)">Clements Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fair_Play_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Play (AVA)">Fair Play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow_Creek_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow Creek (AVA)">Willow Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yuba_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yuba (AVA)">North Yuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yountville_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yountville (AVA)">Yountville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Hills_Winery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Hills Winery (page does not exist)">Seven Hills Winery</a> planted the first vines of Malbec planted in Oregon state in the late 1990s in their Windrow vineyard in the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla Walla Valley (AVA)">Walla Walla Valley</a>. Since the turn of the 21st century, several wineries have been experimenting with 100% varietal Malbec as well as using the variety in Meritage blends.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_69-70_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pg_69-70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> it is grown predominately in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Valley (AVA)">Columbia Valley</a> and the sub-AVAs of Walla Walla Valley, <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Hills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattlesnake Hills (AVA)">Rattlesnake Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mountain (AVA)">Red Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahluke_Slope_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahluke Slope (AVA)">Wahluke Slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_Heaven_Hills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse Heaven Hills (AVA)">Horse Heaven Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima Valley (AVA)">Yakima Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Washington State, Malbec is planted in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chelan_AVA" title="Lake Chelan AVA">Lake Chelan AVA</a> where it has consistently produced wines of exceptional quality. </p><p>Other AVAs in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States (wine)">United States</a> producing Malbec include the Ohio appellation of Grand River Valley, the New York appellations of <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_of_Long_Island_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Fork of Long Island (AVA)">North Fork of Long Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger Lakes (AVA)">Finger Lakes</a>; the Oregon appellations of <a href="/wiki/Applegate_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Applegate Valley (AVA)">Applegate Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue Valley (AVA)">Rogue Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oregon_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Oregon (AVA)">Southern Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpqua Valley (AVA)">Umpqua Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willamette Valley (AVA)">Willamette Valley</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho (wine)">Idaho</a> appellation of the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake River Valley (AVA)">Snake River Valley</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Texas_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas (wine)">Texas</a> appellations of <a href="/wiki/Texas_High_Plains_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas High Plains (AVA)">Texas High Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Hill Country (AVA)">Texas Hill Country</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (wine)">Virginia</a> appellations of <a href="/wiki/Monticello_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monticello (AVA)">Monticello</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_of_Roanoke_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Fork of Roanoke (AVA)">North Fork of Roanoke</a>; the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina (wine)">North Carolina</a> appellation of the <a href="/wiki/Yadkin_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadkin Valley (AVA)">Yadkin Valley</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan (wine)">Michigan</a> appellations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mission_Peninsula_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mission Peninsula (AVA)">Old Mission Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leelanau Peninsula (AVA)">Leelanau Peninsula</a>; the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">New Jersey</a> appellation of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Coastal_Plain_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Coastal Plain (AVA)">Outer Coastal Plain</a> and the high altitude, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado (wine)">Colorado</a> appellation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Valley (AVA)">Grand Valley</a>. Additionally, there are some plantings in <a href="/wiki/Missouri_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri (wine)">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (wine)">Georgia</a> outside of federally delineated appellations.<sup id="cite_ref-appellation_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_Malbec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_of_Malbec.jpg/170px-Glass_of_Malbec.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_of_Malbec.jpg/255px-Glass_of_Malbec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_of_Malbec.jpg/340px-Glass_of_Malbec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="3329" /></a><figcaption>Malbec is characterized by its dark coloring.</figcaption></figure> <p>The success of Malbec led some producers in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> to try their hand at the varietal. Grown throughout the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(Chilean_wine_region)" title="Central Valley (Chilean wine region)">Central Valley</a>, Chilean Malbec tends to be more <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic</a> than its counterpart and is used primarily in Bordeaux-style blends. In 2016 a budget-priced La Moneda Reserve Malbec from the UK supermarket chain <a href="/wiki/Asda" title="Asda">Asda</a> won the Platinum Best in Show prize in a <a href="/wiki/Blind_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind tasting">blind tasting</a> at the Decanter World Wine awards.<sup id="cite_ref-Evening_Standard_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evening_Standard-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grapevine was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Australia_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia wine">Australia</a> in the 19th century and was mostly a <a href="/wiki/Bulk_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk wine">bulk wine</a> producing grape. The particular clones planted in Australia were of poor quality and highly susceptible to coulure, frost and downy mildew. By the mid to late 20th century, many acres of Malbec were uprooted and planted with different varieties. By 2000, there were slightly over 1,235 acres (500 hectares), with the <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langhorne_Creek_wine_region" title="Langhorne Creek wine region">Langhorne Creek</a> having the most significant amount. As newer clones become available, plantings of Malbec in Australia have increased slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other regions with some plantings of Malbec include <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Wine">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa wine">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_wine" title="British Columbia wine">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario_wine" title="Ontario wine">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indiana" title="Southern Indiana">Southern Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teperberg_1870" title="Teperberg 1870">Israel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine">Wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wine expert <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a> describes the French style of Malbec common in the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_regions" title="Bordeaux wine regions">Libournais</a> (Bordeaux region) as a "rustic" version of Merlot, softer in tannins and lower in <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a> fruit in its youth. The Malbec of the <a href="/wiki/Cahors_wine" title="Cahors wine">Cahors</a> region is much more tannic with more <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds (wine)">phenolic compounds</a> that contribute to its dark color.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_198_&_204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oz_Clarke" title="Oz Clarke">Oz Clarke</a> describes Cahors' Malbec as dark purple in color with aromas of <a href="/wiki/Damson" title="Damson">damsons</a>, tobacco, garlic, and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisin</a>. In Argentina, Malbec becomes softer with a plusher texture and riper tannins. The wines tend to have juicy fruit notes with violet aromas. In very warm regions of Argentina and Australia, the acidity of the wine may be too low which can cause a wine to taste flabby and weak.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_118-119_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_118-119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malbec grown in Washington state tends to be characterized by dark fruit notes and herbal aromas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_69-70_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pg_69-70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to this in Washington State is Malbec grown in the high desert Lake Chelan AVA terroir. Malbec grapes grown in the glacial soils found within the Lake Chelan AVA produce wines possessing ripe raspberry - black fruit aromas and flavors with moderate acidity and tannins. The C R Sandidge Purtteman and Tsillan Cellars estate vineyards are known to produce stellar Malbec wines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg/250px-Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg/330px-Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg/500px-Malbec_grapes_on_the_vine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Malbec grapes growing in <a href="/wiki/Cafayate" title="Cafayate">Cafayate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">ampelographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a> has documented over a thousand different synonyms for Malbec, stemming in part from its peak period when it was growing in 30 different <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments of France</a>. While Malbec is the name most commonly known to wine drinkers, Galet suggest that Côt was most likely the grape variety's original name and the frequent appearance of <i>Auxerrois</i> as a synonym suggests the northern reaches of Burgundy as being the possible home of the varietal. In Bordeaux, where the variety first gained attention, it was known under the synonym <i><a href="/wiki/Pressac" title="Pressac">Pressac</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common synonyms for Malbec include Agreste, Auxerrois, Auxerrois De Laquenexy, Auxerrois Des Moines De Picpus, Auxerrois Du Mans, Balouzat, Beran, Blanc De Kienzheim, Cahors, Calarin, Cauli, Costa Rosa, Côt, Cot A Queue Verte, Cotes Rouges, Doux Noir, Estrangey, Gourdaux, Grelot De Tours, Grifforin, Guillan, Hourcat, Jacobain, Luckens, Magret, Malbek, Medoc Noir, Mouranne, Navarien, Negre De Prechac, Negrera, Noir De Chartres, Noir De Pressac, Noir Doux, Nyar De Presak, Parde, Périgord, Pied De Perdrix, Pied Noir, Pied Rouge, Pied Rouget, Piperdy, Plant D'Arles, Plant De Meraou, Plant du Lot, Plant Du Roi, Prechat, Pressac, Prunieral, Quercy, Queue Rouge, Quille De Coy, Romieu, Teinturin, Terranis, Vesparo.<sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malbec_World_Day" title="Malbec World Day">Malbec World Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahors_wine" title="Cahors wine">Cahors wine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbec&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_pg_198_&_204-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_198_&_204_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Vines, Grapes & Wines</i> pg 198 & 204 Mitchell Beazley 1986 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6">1-85732-999-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncork.biz/tidbits18.htm">"A short history of Malbec"</a>. <i>Uncork: wine tidbits</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncork%3A+wine+tidbits&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Malbec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uncork.biz%2Ftidbits18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_421-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_421_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJancis_Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/421"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/421">421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=421&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Epicurious Wine Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/drinking/wine_dictionary/entry?id=7052">Malbec Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060328145102/http://www.epicurious.com/drinking/wine_dictionary/entry?id=7052">Archived</a> 2006-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cellar notes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellarnotes.net/malbec_grape.html">Malbec Grape Variety</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winepro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winepro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winepro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winepro_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winepros <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/malbec.htm">Malbec</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118145041/http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/malbec.htm">Archived</a> 2016-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appellation-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appellation_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appellation America <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Malbec.html">Malbec Wine Grape</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pg_118-119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_118-119_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_118-119_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz Clarke. <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i>. pg 118–119. Harcourt Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4">0-15-100714-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ci-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ci_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajevonline.org/content/early/2014/10/22/ajev.2014.14006.abstract">Phenolic Composition of Malbec: A Comparative Study of Research-Scale Wines between Argentina and the United States</a>, American Society for Enology and Viticulture, October 2014 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_pg_840-844-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_pg_840-844_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_pg_840-844_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Domine (ed.). <i>Wine</i>. pp. 840–844. Ullmann Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4611-4">978-3-8331-4611-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_atlas_pg_300-301-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_pg_300-301_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Johnson & J. Robinson. <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i>. pp. 300–301. Mitchell Beazley Publishing, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84000-332-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84000-332-4">1-84000-332-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_848-857-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_848-857_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil. <i>The Wine Bible</i>. pp. 848–857. Workman Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatena2010" class="citation book cs1">Catena, Laura (September 2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vinoargentinoins0000cate"><i>Vino Argentino, An Insiders Guide to the Wines and Wine Country of Argentina</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-7330-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-7330-7"><bdi>978-0-8118-7330-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vino+Argentino%2C+An+Insiders+Guide+to+the+Wines+and+Wine+Country+of+Argentina.&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2010-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-7330-7&rft.aulast=Catena&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvinoargentinoins0000cate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MR_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MR_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolland2006" class="citation book cs1">Rolland, Michel (January 2006). <i>Wines of Argentina</i>. Mirroll. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-20926-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-20926-3-4"><bdi>978-987-20926-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wines+of+Argentina.&rft.pub=Mirroll&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-987-20926-3-4&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flys-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flys_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyfishingpatagonia.com/mendoza_wine_malbec_wine_mendoza_malbec">Wine Tours: Argentina – Mendoza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112120211/http://www.flyfishingpatagonia.com/mendoza_wine_malbec_wine_mendoza_malbec">Archived</a> 2011-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Fly Fishing Patagonia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winem-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winem_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/42514">Wine Tip: Malbec Madness</a>, <i>Wine Spectator</i>, April 12, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Personalities-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Personalities_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clickwinegroup.com/winebow/trade_detail.php?id=2122&brand_id=51&pos_id=all">Pierre-Antoine Rovani's Wine Personalities of the Year</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313024525/http://clickwinegroup.com/winebow/trade_detail.php?id=2122&brand_id=51&pos_id=all">Archived</a> 2012-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Robert Parker Jr.'s The Wine Advocate</i>. Issue 156, December 2004, August 27, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecanterHono-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecanterHono_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/news/wine-news/484243/nicolas-catena-honoured-as-decanter-man-of-the-year">Nicolás Catena honoured as Decanter Man of the Year</a>, Decanter.com. September 18, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-might-of-mendoza-the-romantic-tale-behind-argentinas-booming-malbec-grape-9549419.html">"The Might of Mendoza: the romantic tale behind Argentina's booming malbec grape"</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patente-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patente_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://malbecnerds.com/2022/08/09/what-is-the-best-malbec-wine/'">[1]</a>, <i>malbecnerds.com</i>, August 27, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdf-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdf_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catenawines.com/pdf/ws_15-12-09.pdf">The crusade against counterfeits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009124532/http://www.catenawines.com/pdf/ws_15-12-09.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 'Wine Spectator<i>, December 15, 2009.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourmagazine-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fourmagazine_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.four-magazine.com/articles/984/argentinas-malbec-pioneer">Four Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227021559/http://www.four-magazine.com/articles/984/argentinas-malbec-pioneer">Archived</a> 2016-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Wine Spectator</i>, 2012.<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montecristo-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-montecristo_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montecristomagazine.com/magazine/autumn-2014/nicolas-catena">Nicolás Catena Such Great Heights</a>, Gismondi, Anthony, <i>Montecristo Magazine</i>, November 7, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catenaw-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catenaw_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine.com/v6/search/?term=catena%20zapata&mode=xfer">Catena Zapata</a>, "Wine.com"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferrer-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferrer_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine.com/v6/search/?term=achaval%20ferrer">Achaval Ferrer</a>, "Wine.com"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobos-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cobos_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine.com/v6/search/?term=cobos">Cobos</a>, "Wine.com"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-top5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-top5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clickwinegroup.com/winebow/trade_detail.php?id=2129&brand_id=51&pos_id=all">Top 5 Wine Spectator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120328023656/http://clickwinegroup.com/winebow/trade_detail.php?id=2129&brand_id=51&pos_id=all">Archived</a> 2012-03-28 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, 'Wine Spectator<i>, December 15, 2010.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conchaytoro.com/blog/malbec-una-cepa-dos-origenes/#:~:text=Mientras%20que%2C%20in%20Chile%2C%20el,Nacional%20carriedout%20by%20el%20SAG">"Malbec: One Variety, Two Origins"</a>. <i>Concha Y Toro</i>. April 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concha+Y+Toro&rft.atitle=Malbec%3A+One+Variety%2C+Two+Origins&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconchaytoro.com%2Fblog%2Fmalbec-una-cepa-dos-origenes%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMientras%2520que%252C%2520in%2520Chile%252C%2520el%2CNacional%2520carriedout%2520by%2520el%2520SAG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sin_nombre-1_5Oc-1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sin_nombre-1_5Oc-1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/practico/noticia/malbec-una-cepa-emblema-de-argentina-con-historia-chilena/3IARKZ72Q5FE7OMGX6PDJXXS6Q/">"Malbec: an emblematic strain of Argentina with Chilean history"</a>. <i>La Tercera</i>. September 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=Malbec%3A+an+emblematic+strain+of+Argentina+with+Chilean+history&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fpractico%2Fnoticia%2Fmalbec-una-cepa-emblema-de-argentina-con-historia-chilena%2F3IARKZ72Q5FE7OMGX6PDJXXS6Q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/a-centennial-puro-malbec--rediscovered-in-the-south-of-chile-thanks-to-the-weather/42134916">"A pure centennial Malbec, rediscovered in southern Chile thanks to the climate"</a>. <i>Swissinfo</i>. 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=A+pure+centennial+Malbec%2C+rediscovered+in+southern+Chile+thanks+to+the+climate&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fspa%2Fafp%2Fa-centennial-puro-malbec--rediscovered-in-the-south-of-chile-thanks-to-the-weather%2F42134916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregutt_pg_69-70-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_69-70_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_69-70_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gregutt <i>"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"</i> pg 69-70 University of California Press 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4">0-520-24869-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evening_Standard-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evening_Standard_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/foodanddrink/this-437-red-wine-has-been-named-the-best-in-the-world-by-industry-experts-a3268046.html">This £4.37 Asda red wine has been named best in show by industry experts</a>, <i>Evening Standard</i>, June 10, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIVC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaulEibach,_R.1999" class="citation web cs1">Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427134038/http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"</a>. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">the original</a> on 2007-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitis+International+Variety+Catalogue&rft.pub=Information+and+Coordination+Centre+for+Biological+Diversity+%28IBV%29+of+the+Federal+Agency+for+Agriculture+and+Food+%28BLE%29%2C+Deichmanns+Aue+29%2C+53179+Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Maul&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Eibach%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genres.de%2Fidb%2Fvitis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalbec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/12px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/16px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/12px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/16px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414045#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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