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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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id="toc-Early_patents_and_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_patents_and_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early patents and tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_patents_and_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1909–1915:_Alabastra_and_Kinoplastikon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1909–1915:_Alabastra_and_Kinoplastikon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1909–1915: Alabastra and Kinoplastikon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1909–1915:_Alabastra_and_Kinoplastikon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_systems_of_stereoscopic_filmmaking_(pre-1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_systems_of_stereoscopic_filmmaking_(pre-1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_systems_of_stereoscopic_filmmaking_(pre-1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Polaroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Polaroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Introduction of Polaroid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Polaroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"golden_era"_(1952–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"golden_era"_(1952–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 The "golden era" (1952–1954) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"golden_era"_(1952–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_(1960–1984)_in_single_strip_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_(1960–1984)_in_single_strip_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Revival (1960–1984) in single strip format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_(1960–1984)_in_single_strip_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebirth_of_3D_(1985–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebirth_of_3D_(1985–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Rebirth of 3D (1985–2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebirth_of_3D_(1985–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_resurgence_(2003–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_resurgence_(2003–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Mainstream resurgence (2003–2010) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_resurgence_(2003–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_3-D_Expositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_3-D_Expositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 World 3-D Expositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_3-D_Expositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience_decline_in_theaters_&_3D_streaming_(2011–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_decline_in_theaters_&_3D_streaming_(2011–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Audience decline in theaters & 3D streaming (2011–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_decline_in_theaters_&_3D_streaming_(2011–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Techniques </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Techniques subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Producing_3D_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producing_3D_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Producing 3D films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producing_3D_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Live action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Animation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2D_to_3D_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_to_3D_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 2D to 3D conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2D_to_3D_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displaying_3D_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displaying_3D_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Displaying 3D films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displaying_3D_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anaglyph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaglyph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Anaglyph </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaglyph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarization_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarization_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Polarization systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_shutter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_shutter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Active shutter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_shutter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_filter_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_filter_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Interference filter technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_filter_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autostereoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autostereoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Autostereoscopy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autostereoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brightness_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brightness_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Brightness concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brightness_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Post-conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">3D film</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" > 46 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-rolprent" title="3D-rolprent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="3D-rolprent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فيلم ثلاثي الأبعاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم ثلاثي الأبعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_(%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B)" title="3D (བློས་བསླངས་) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="3D (བློས་བསླངས་)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_3D" title="Cinema 3D – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema 3D" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="3D film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-film" title="3D-film – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="3D-film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-Film" title="3D-Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="3D-Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_3D" title="Cine 3D – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine 3D" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فیلم سه‌بعدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم سه‌بعدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_en_relief" title="Cinéma en relief – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma en relief" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopyske_film" title="Stereoskopyske film – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stereoskopyske film" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="3차원 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3차원 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Ստերեոկինո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստերեոկինո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="त्रिआयामी चलचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिआयामी चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="3D film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_3D" title="Film 3D – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_tridimensionale" title="Cinema tridimensionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema tridimensionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%93" title="סרט תלת-ממד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט תלת-ממד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="3D ფილმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="3D ფილმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ത്രിമാന ചലച്ചിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ത്രിമാന ചലച്ചിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="3-D ფილმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="3-D ფილმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_3D" title="Filem 3D – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopische_film" title="Stereoscopische film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stereoscopische film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="立体映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="立体映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-film" title="3D-film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="3D-film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredimensjonal_film" title="Tredimensjonal film – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tredimensjonal film" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="3D film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਥਰੀ-ਡੀ ਚਲਚਿਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਰੀ-ਡੀ ਚਲਚਿਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_3D" title="Film 3D – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film 3D" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_3D" title="Filme 3D – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme 3D" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_3D" title="Film 3D – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film 3D" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Стереокинематограф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стереокинематограф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="3D film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E_%DA%95%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فیلمی سێ ڕەھەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی سێ ڕەھەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%D0%94_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="3Д филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="3Д филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="3D film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-elokuva" title="3D-elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="3D-elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-film" title="3D-film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="3D-film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முப்பரிமாணத் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முப்பரிமாணத் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ภาพยนตร์สามมิติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์สามมิติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_boyutlu_film" title="Üç boyutlu film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç boyutlu film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Стереокінематограф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стереокінематограф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phim_3D" title="Phim 3D – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phim 3D" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="三维电影 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三维电影" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film that gives an illusion of three-dimensional depth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about motion pictures that give an illusion of depth. For 2D motion pictures created using <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modeling software">3D modeling software</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a>. For motion pictures created using stereophotogrammetry, see <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumetric video">Volumetric video</a>.</div> 3D films are <a href="/wiki/Motion_pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion pictures">motion pictures</a> made to give an illusion of <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> solidity, usually with the help of <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy#3D_viewers" title="Stereoscopy">special glasses</a> worn by viewers. They have existed in some form since 1915[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and display a 3D film, and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment business. Nonetheless, 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema, and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> high-end theaters and <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>-themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a> in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated <a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> in his film <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_to_Language" title="Goodbye to Language">Goodbye to Language</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/3D_film" title="Special:EditPage/3D film">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_film">Before film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before film">edit</a>]</div> The basic components of 3D film were introduced separately between 1833 and 1839. Stroboscopic animation was developed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plateau" title="Joseph Plateau">Joseph Plateau</a> in 1832 and published in 1833 in the form of a stroboscopic disc,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> which he later called the fantascope and became better known as the <a href="/wiki/Phenakistiscope" title="Phenakistiscope">phénakisticope</a>. Around the very same time (1832/1833), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>, but he did not really make it public before June 1838.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The first practical forms of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> were introduced in January 1839 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a>. A combination of these elements into animated stereoscopic photography may have been conceived early on, but for decades it did not become possible to capture motion in real-time photographic recordings due to the long exposure times necessary for the light-sensitive emulsions that were used. Charles Wheatstone got inventor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a> to produce some <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> pairs for the stereoscope and received the first results in October 1840.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Only a few more experimental stereoscopic photographs were made before <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> introduced his stereoscope with lenses in 1849. Wheatstone also approached Joseph Plateau with the suggestion to combine the stereoscope with the fantascope. In 1849, Plateau published about this concept in an article about several improvements made to his fantascope and suggested a <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> technique that would involve a series of photographs of purpose-made plaster statuettes in different poses.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The idea reached <a href="/wiki/Jules_Duboscq" title="Jules Duboscq">Jules Duboscq</a>, an instrument maker who already marketed Plateau's Fantascope as well as the stereoscopes of Wheatstone and Brewster. In November 1852, Duboscq added the concept of his "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope" to his stereoscope patent. Production of images proved very difficult, since the photographic sequence had to be carefully constructed from separate still images. The bioscope was no success and the only extant disc, without apparatus, is found in the Joseph Plateau collection of the University of Ghent. The disc contains 12 albumen image pairs of a machine in motion.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Most of the other early attempts to create motion pictures also aimed to include the stereoscopic effect. In November 1851, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Claudet" title="Antoine Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a> claimed to have created a stereoscope that showed people in motion.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The device initially only showed two phases, but during the next two years, Claudet worked on a camera that would record stereoscopic pairs for four different poses (patented in 1853).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Claudet found that the stereoscopic effect did not work properly in this device, but believed the illusion of motion was successful.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1855, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Czermak" title="Johann Nepomuk Czermak">Johann Nepomuk Czermak</a> published an article about his Stereophoroskop. His first idea to create 3D animation involved sticking pins in a stroboscopic disc to create a sequence that would show one pin moving further into the cardboard and back. He also designed a device that would feed the image pairs from two stroboscopic discs into one lenticular stereoscope and a vertical predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">zoetrope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> On February 27, 1860, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hubert_Desvignes" title="Peter Hubert Desvignes">Peter Hubert Desvignes</a> received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. This included a version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Desvignes' Mimoscope, received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the <a href="/wiki/1862_International_Exhibition" title="1862 International Exhibition">1862 International Exhibition</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." The horizontal slits (like in Czermak's Stereophoroskop) allowed a much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1861, American engineer <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Sellers_II" title="Coleman Sellers II">Coleman Sellers II</a> received US patent No. 35,317 for the <a href="/wiki/Kinematoscope" title="Kinematoscope">kinematoscope</a>, a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". In his application he stated: "This has frequently been done with plane pictures but has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". He used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in a sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On August 11, 1877, the Daily Alta newspaper announced a project by <a href="/wiki/Eadward_Muybridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadward Muybridge">Eadward Muybridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Leland Stanford</a> to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">instantaneous</a> pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his <a href="/wiki/Zoopraxiscope" title="Zoopraxiscope">zoopraxiscope</a> were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> demonstrated his <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> on November 29, 1877, after previous announcements of the device for recording and replaying sound had been published earlier in the year. An article in Scientific American concluded: "It is already possible, by ingenious optical contrivances, to throw stereoscopic photographs of people on screens in full view of an audience. Add the talking phonograph to counterfeit their voices and it would be difficult to carry the illusion of real presence much further". <a href="/wiki/Wordsworth_Donisthorpe" title="Wordsworth Donisthorpe">Wordsworth Donisthorpe</a> announced in the January 24, 1878, edition of Nature that he would advance that conception: "By combining the phonograph with the kinesigraph I will undertake not only to produce a talking picture of Mr. Gladstone which, with motionless lips and unchanged expression shall positively recite his latest anti-Turkish speech in his own voice and tone. Not only this, but the life size photograph itself shall move and gesticulate precisely as he did when making the speech, the words and gestures corresponding as in real life."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Dr. Phipson, a correspondent for British news in a French photography magazine, relayed the concept, but renamed the device "Kinétiscope" to reflect the viewing purpose rather than the recording option. This was picked up in the United States and discussed in an interview with Edison later in the year.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Neither Donisthorpe's or Edison's later moving picture results were stereoscopic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_patents_and_tests">Early patents and tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early patents and tests">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1890s, British film pioneer <a href="/wiki/William_Friese-Greene" title="William Friese-Greene">William Friese-Greene</a> filed a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for a 3D film process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a> to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.<a href="#cite_note-limbacher-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Eugene Ives</a> patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+3⁄4 inches (4.45 centimeters) apart.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On June 10, 1915, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a> and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In red-green <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaglyph image">anaglyph</a>, the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Doro" title="Marie Doro">Marie Doro</a>, a segment of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Mason" title="John B. Mason">John Mason</a> playing a number of passages from <a href="/wiki/Jim_the_Penman_(1915_film)" title="Jim the Penman (1915 film)">Jim the Penman</a> (a film released by <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</a> that year, but not in 3D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1909–1915:_Alabastra_and_Kinoplastikon">1909–1915: Alabastra and Kinoplastikon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1909–1915: Alabastra and Kinoplastikon">edit</a>]</div> By 1909, the German film market suffered much from overproduction and too much competition. German film tycoon <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Messter" title="Oskar Messter">Oskar Messter</a> had initially gained much financial success with the Tonbild synchronized <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> of his Biophon system since 1903, but the films were losing money by the end of the decade and Messter would stop Tonbild production in 1913. Producers and exhibitors were looking into new film attractions and invested for instance in colorful imagery. The development of stereoscopic cinema seemed a logical step to lure visitors back into the movie theatres. In 1909, German civil engineer August Engelsmann patented a process that projected filmed performances within a physical decor on an actual stage. Soon after, Messter obtained patents for a very similar process, probably by agreement with Engelsmann, and started marketing it as "Alabastra". Performers were brightly dressed and brightly lit while filmed against a black background, mostly miming their singing or musical skills or dancing to the circa four-minute pre-recorded phonographs. The film recordings would be projected from below, to appear as circa 30 inch figures on a glass pane in front of a small stage, in a setup very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a> illusion that offered a popular stage trick technique since the 1860s. The glass pane was not visible to the audience and the projected figures seemed able to move around freely across the stage in their virtual tangible and lifelike appearance. The brightness of the figures was necessary to avoid see-through spots and made them resemble alabaster sculptures. To adapt to this appearance, several films featured Pierrot or other white clowns, while some films were probably hand-coloured. Although Alabastra was well received by the press, Messter produced few titles, hardly promoted them and abandoned it altogether a few years later. He believed the system to be uneconomical due to its need for special theatres instead of the widely available movie screens, and he did not like that it seemed only suitable for stage productions and not for "natural" films. Nonetheless, there were numerous imitators in Germany and Messter and Engelsmann still teamed with American swindler Frank J. Goldsoll set up a short-lived variant named "Fantomo" in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Loew-23">[23]</a> Rather in agreement with Messter or not, Karl Juhasz and Franz Haushofer opened a Kinoplastikon theatre in Vienna in 1911. Their patented system was very similar to Alabaster, but projected life-size figures from the wings of the stage. With much higher ticket prices than standard cinema, it was targeted at middle-class audiences to fill the gap between low-brow films and high-class theatre. Audiences reacted enthusiastically and by 1913 there reportedly were 250 theatres outside Austria, in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia and North America. However, the first Kinoplastikon in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> started in January 1914 and the premiere in New York took place in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">Hippodrome</a> in March 1915. In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Booth" title="Walter R. Booth">Walter R. Booth</a> directed 10 films for the U.K. Kinoplastikon, presumably in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hepworth" title="Cecil Hepworth">Cecil Hepworth</a>. Theodore Brown, the licensee in the U.K. also patented a variant with front and back projection and reflected decor, and Goldsoll applied for a very similar patent only 10 days later.<a href="#cite_note-Loew-23">[23]</a> Further development and exploitation was probably haltered by World War I. Alabastra and Kinoplastikon were often advertised as stereoscopic and screenless. Although in reality the effect was heavily dependent on glass screen projection and the films were not stereoscopic, the shows seemed truly three-dimensional as the figures were clearly separate from the background and virtually appeared inside the real, three-dimensional stage area without any visible screen. Eventually, longer (multi-reel) films with story arcs proved to be the way out of the crisis in the movie market and supplanted the previously popular short films that mostly aimed to amuse people with tricks, gags or other brief variety and novelty attractions. Sound film, stereoscopic film and other novel techniques were relatively cumbersome to combine with multiple reels and were abandoned for a while. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_systems_of_stereoscopic_filmmaking_(pre-1952)">Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Fairall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Harry_Fairall.jpg/220px-Harry_Fairall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Harry_Fairall.jpg/330px-Harry_Fairall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Harry_Fairall.jpg/440px-Harry_Fairall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Fairall in 1922</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereoscopic_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stereoscopic_camera.jpg/220px-Stereoscopic_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stereoscopic_camera.jpg/330px-Stereoscopic_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stereoscopic_camera.jpg/440px-Stereoscopic_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Fairall's 3D camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg/350px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg/525px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/The_National_Archives_UK_-_WORK_25-208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Audience wearing special glasses watch a 3D "stereoscopic film" at the Telekinema on the South Bank in London during the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> 1951.</figcaption></figure> The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an out-of-house audience was <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Love_(1922_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Power of Love (1922 film)">The Power of Love</a>, which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a> Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, <a href="/wiki/Harry_K._Fairall" title="Harry K. Fairall">Harry K. Fairall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> Robert F. Elder.<a href="#cite_note-limbacher-19">[19]</a> It was filmed dual-strip in black and white, and single strip color anaglyphic release prints were produced using a color film invented and patented by Harry K. Fairall. A single projector could be used to display the movie but anaglyph glasses were used for viewing. The camera system and special color release print film all received U.S Patent No. 1,784,515 on December 9, 1930.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>. Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Prizma" title="Prizma">Prizma</a> color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roxy_Rothafel" title="Samuel Roxy Rothafel">Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel</a> to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. Also in December 1922, <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Hammond" title="Laurens Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a> (later inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>) premiered his <a href="/wiki/Teleview" title="Teleview">Teleview</a> system, which had been shown to the trade and press in October. Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye <a href="/wiki/Release_print" title="Release print">prints</a> and two interlocked <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">projectors</a>, left and right <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. The only theater known to have installed Teleview was the Selwyn Theater in New York City, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3D shadows, and <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_M.A.R.S._(1922_film)" title="The Man from M.A.R.S. (1922 film)">M.A.R.S.</a>, the only Teleview <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature</a>. The show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty (M.A.R.S. itself got poor reviews), but Teleview was never seen again.<a href="#cite_note-3dmovingpictures.com-29">[29]</a> In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Eugene Ives</a> and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. The first film, entitled Plastigrams, was distributed nationally by <a href="/wiki/Educational_Pictures" title="Educational Pictures">Educational Pictures</a> in the red-and-blue anaglyph format. Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "Stereoscopiks Series" released by <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé Films</a> in 1925: Zowie (April 10), Luna-cy! (May 18), The Run-Away Taxi (December 17) and Ouch (December 17).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On September 22, 1924, Luna-cy! was re-released in the <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">De Forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> sound-on-film system.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. In Paris, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lumiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lumiere">Louis Lumiere</a> shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following March he exhibited a remake of his 1895 short film L'Arrivée du Train, this time in anaglyphic 3D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's Audioscopiks series. The prints were by <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> in the red-and-green anaglyph format, and were narrated by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a>. The first film, Audioscopiks, premiered January 11, 1936, and The New Audioscopiks premiered January 15, 1938. Audioscopiks was nominated for the Academy Award in the category <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award,_Best_Short_Subject,_Novelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award, Best Short Subject, Novelty">Best Short Subject, Novelty</a> in 1936. With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3D, another Pete Smith Specialty called <a href="/wiki/Third_Dimensional_Murder" title="Third Dimensional Murder">Third Dimensional Murder</a> (1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red-and-blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of the few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Pierce_(makeup_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Pierce (makeup artist)">Jack Pierce</a> for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> outside of their company. While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_of_Polaroid">Introduction of Polaroid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction of Polaroid">edit</a>]</div> While attending <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a> conceived the idea of reducing <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a> by <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarizing light</a>. He took a <a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">leave of absence</a> from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1932, he introduced Polaroid J Sheet as a commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_(polarizer)" title="Polaroid (polarizer)">Polaroid filters</a> in stereoscopic presentations. In February 1936, Land gave the first public demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3D photography at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf-Astoria Hotel">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> It is unknown what film was run for audiences at this exhibition. Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new form of projection, however. Two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye view, had to be synced up in projection using an external <a href="/wiki/Selsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Selsyn">selsyn</a> motor. Furthermore, polarized light would be largely depolarized by a matte white screen, and only a <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screen</a> or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images. Later that year, the feature, Nozze Vagabonde appeared in Italy, followed in Germany by Zum Greifen nah (You Can Nearly Touch It), and again in 1939 with Germany's Sechs Mädel rollen ins Wochenend (Six Girls Drive Into the Weekend). The Italian film was made with the Gualtierotti camera; the two German productions with the Zeiss camera and the Vierling shooting system. All of these films were the first exhibited using Polaroid filters. The <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss Company</a> in Germany manufactured glasses on a commercial basis commencing in 1936; they were also independently made around the same time in Germany by E. Käsemann and by J. Mahler.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1939, John Norling shot In Tune With Tomorrow, the first commercial 3D film using Polaroid in the US[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. This short premiered at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a> and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motors Pavilion. In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title New Dimensions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1953, it was reissued by RKO as Motor Rhythm. Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3D process was 1940's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_Movies:_Thrills_For_You&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magic Movies: Thrills For You (page does not exist)">Magic Movies: Thrills For You</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> Co. for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition" title="Golden Gate International Exposition">Golden Gate International Exposition</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Produced by John Norling, it was filmed by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen from the Pennsylvania Railroad's trains. In the 1940s, World War II prioritized military applications of stereoscopic photography and it once again went on the back burner in most producers' minds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"golden_era"_(1952–1954)">The "golden era" (1952–1954)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The "golden era" (1952–1954)">edit</a>]</div> What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3D began in late 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, <a href="/wiki/Bwana_Devil" title="Bwana Devil">Bwana Devil</a>, produced, written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Arch_Oboler" title="Arch Oboler">Arch Oboler</a>. The film was shot in "Natural Vision", a process that was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother, Julian, and two other associates, shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, The Lions of Gulu.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The critically panned film was nevertheless highly successful with audiences due to the novelty of 3D, which increased Hollywood interest in 3D during a period that had seen declining box-office admissions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As with practically all of the features made during this boom, Bwana Devil was projected dual-strip, with <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_(polarizer)" title="Polaroid (polarizer)">Polaroid filters</a>. During the 1950s, the familiar disposable <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">anaglyph</a> glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sonney" title="Dan Sonney">Dan Sonney</a>, and three shorts produced by <a href="/wiki/Lippert_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippert Productions">Lippert Productions</a>. However, even the Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively. Because the features utilized two projectors, the capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet (1,800 m), or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every feature-length film. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script at a major plot point. During Christmas of 1952, producer <a href="/wiki/Sol_Lesser" title="Sol Lesser">Sol Lesser</a> quickly premiered the dual-strip showcase called Stereo Techniques in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them, Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses) and Around is Around, were directed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_McLaren" title="Norman McLaren">Norman McLaren</a> in 1951 for the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. The other three films were produced in Britain for The <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. These were A Solid Explanation, Royal River, and The Black Swan. James Mage was also an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his Triorama program on February 10, 1953, with his four shorts: Sunday In Stereo, Indian Summer, American Life, and This is Bolex Stereo.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This show is considered lost. Another early 3D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short A Day in the Country, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Besser" title="Joe Besser">Joe Besser</a>, which was composed mostly of test footage. Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only. April 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Dark" title="Man in the Dark">Man in the Dark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wax_(1953_film)" title="House of Wax (1953 film)">House of Wax</a>, the first 3D feature with <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a>. House of Wax was (outside of <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a>) the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound; it was also the film that typecast <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3D features (the others were <a href="/wiki/The_Mad_Magician" title="The Mad Magician">The Mad Magician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Mission" title="Dangerous Mission">Dangerous Mission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Sinbad" title="Son of Sinbad">Son of Sinbad</a>). The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting filmgoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal-International</a> released its first 3D feature, <a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Outer_Space" title="It Came from Outer Space">It Came from Outer Space</a>, on May 27, 1953, with stereophonic sound. That was followed by Paramount's first 3D feature, <a href="/wiki/Sangaree_(film)" title="Sangaree (film)">Sangaree</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lamas" title="Fernando Lamas">Fernando Lamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Dahl" title="Arlene Dahl">Arlene Dahl</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_The_Walt_Disney_Company#Marvel_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assets owned by The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Studios</a> entered 3D with its May 28, 1953, release of <a href="/wiki/Melody_(1953_film)" title="Melody (1953 film)">Melody</a>, which accompanied the first 3D western, Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ti" title="Fort Ti">Fort Ti</a> at its Los Angeles opening. It was later shown at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>'s Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short <a href="/wiki/Working_for_Peanuts" title="Working for Peanuts">Working for Peanuts</a>, entitled, 3-D Jamboree. The show was hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Mickey Mouse Club">Mousketeers</a> and was in color. Columbia released several 3D westerns produced by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Katzman" title="Sam Katzman">Sam Katzman</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/William_Castle" title="William Castle">William Castle</a>. Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia and Allied Artists features as <a href="/wiki/13_Ghosts" title="13 Ghosts">13 Ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_on_Haunted_Hill" title="House on Haunted Hill">House on Haunted Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Tingler" title="The Tingler">The Tingler</a>. Columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3D. <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Stooges" title="The Three Stooges">The Three Stooges</a> starred in <a href="/wiki/Spooks_(1953_film)" title="Spooks (1953 film)">Spooks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pardon_My_Backfire" title="Pardon My Backfire">Pardon My Backfire</a>; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in Down the Hatch. Producer <a href="/wiki/Jules_White" title="Jules White">Jules White</a> was optimistic about the possibilities of 3D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3D. Down the Hatch was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed Down the Hatch in 3D for film festivals.) <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ireland (actor)">John Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Dru" title="Joanne Dru">Joanne Dru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Carey" title="Macdonald Carey">Macdonald Carey</a> starred in the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Broder" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Broder">Jack Broder</a> color production <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Lee" title="Hannah Lee">Hannah Lee</a>, which premiered on June 19, 1953. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder counter-sued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with the film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another famous entry in the golden era of 3D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of <a href="/wiki/Robot_Monster" title="Robot Monster">Robot Monster</a>. The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly built camera rig, luck was on the <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a>'s side, as many find the 3D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. Robot Monster also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a>. The film was released June 24, 1953, and went out with the short <a href="/wiki/Stardust_in_Your_Eyes" title="Stardust in Your Eyes">Stardust in Your Eyes</a>, which starred nightclub comedian, <a href="/wiki/Slick_Slavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Slick Slavin">Slick Slavin</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> produced its only 3D feature, <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(1953_film)" title="Inferno (1953 film)">Inferno</a>, in 1953, starring <a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Fleming" title="Rhonda Fleming">Rhonda Fleming</a>. Fleming, who also starred in <a href="/wiki/Those_Redheads_From_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Those Redheads From Seattle">Those Redheads From Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jivaro_(film)" title="Jivaro (film)">Jivaro</a>, shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in Sangaree, Phantom of the Rue Morgue and <a href="/wiki/Drums_of_Tahiti" title="Drums of Tahiti">Drums of Tahiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a>. The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953. The factors causing this decline were: <ul><li>Two prints had to be projected simultaneously.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The prints had to remain exactly alike after repair, or synchronization would be lost.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>It sometimes required two projectionists to keep sync working properly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>When either prints or shutters became out of sync, even for a single frame, the picture became virtually unwatchable and accounted for headaches and eyestrain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The necessary silver projection screen was very directional and caused sideline seating to be unusable with both 3D and regular films, due to the angular darkening of these screens. Later films that opened in wider-seated venues often premiered flat for that reason (such as <a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_(film)" title="Kiss Me Kate (film)">Kiss Me Kate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>A mandatory intermission was needed to properly prepare the theater's projectors for the showing of the second half of the film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sol Lesser attempted to follow up Stereo Techniques with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The project was to be called <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_3-D_Follies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The 3-D Follies (page does not exist)">The 3-D Follies</a> and was to be distributed by RKO.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the general loss of interest in 3D, Lesser canceled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3D film to be aborted in production.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two of the three shorts were shot: Carmenesque, a burlesque number starring exotic dancer <a href="/wiki/Lili_St._Cyr" title="Lili St. Cyr">Lili St. Cyr</a>, and Fun in the Sun, a sports short directed by famed set designer/director <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a>, who also directed the 3D feature The Maze for Allied Artists. Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was wide-screen, but two-dimensional, <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a>, first utilized by Fox with CinemaScope and its September premiere in <a href="/wiki/The_Robe_(film)" title="The Robe (film)">The Robe</a>. Anamorphic films needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. Cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3D because it was owned by one company that focused on quality control. However, most of the 3D features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> formats ranging from 1.66:1 to 1.85:1. In early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3D formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3D", causing some confusion among scholars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There was no single instance of combining CinemaScope with 3D until 1960, with a film called <a href="/wiki/September_Storm" title="September Storm">September Storm</a>, and even then, that was a blow-up from a non-anamorphic negative.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] September Storm also went out with the last dual-strip short, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Attack (page does not exist)">Space Attack</a>, which was actually shot in 1954 under the title The Adventures of Sam Space. In December 1953, 3D made a comeback with the release of several important 3D films, including MGM's musical <a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_(film)" title="Kiss Me Kate (film)">Kiss Me, Kate</a>. Kate was the hill over which 3D had to pass to survive. MGM tested it in six theaters: three in 3D and three-flat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to trade ads of the time, the 3D version was so well-received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, most publications, including <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macgowan" title="Kenneth Macgowan">Kenneth Macgowan</a>'s classic film reference book Behind the Screen, state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. The film, adapted from the popular <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical, starred the MGM songbird team of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a> as the leads, supported by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller" title="Ann Miller">Ann Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keenan_Wynn" title="Keenan Wynn">Keenan Wynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Van_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby Van (actor)">Bobby Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a>, Kurt Kasznar and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Rall" title="Tommy Rall">Tommy Rall</a>. The film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound. Several other features that helped put 3D back on the map that month were the John Wayne feature <a href="/wiki/Hondo_(film)" title="Hondo (film)">Hondo</a> (distributed by Warner Bros.), Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Miss_Sadie_Thompson" title="Miss Sadie Thompson">Miss Sadie Thompson</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>, and Paramount's <a href="/wiki/Money_From_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Money From Home">Money From Home</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>. Paramount also released the cartoon shorts Boo Moon with <a href="/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper, the Friendly Ghost</a> and Popeye, Ace of Space with <a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye the Sailor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> released a 3D <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> film <a href="/wiki/Cease_Fire_(1953_film)" title="Cease Fire (1953 film)">Cease Fire</a> filmed on actual Korean locations in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Top_Banana_(film)" title="Top Banana (film)">Top Banana</a>, based on the popular <a href="/wiki/Top_Banana_(musical)" title="Top Banana (musical)">stage musical</a> with <a href="/wiki/Phil_Silvers" title="Phil Silvers">Phil Silvers</a>, was brought to the screen with the original cast. Although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3D.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the film was shot and edited in 3D, <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on January 27, 1954.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It remains one of two "Golden era" 3D features, along with another United Artists feature, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Passage" title="Southwest Passage">Southwest Passage</a> (with John Ireland and Joanne Dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive). A string of successful films filmed in 3D followed the second wave, but many were widely or exclusively shown flat. Some highlights are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Line" title="The French Line">The French Line</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Roland" title="Gilbert Roland">Gilbert Roland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>/RKO production. The film became notorious for being released without an MPAA seal of approval after several suggestive lyrics were included, as well as one of Ms. Russell's particularly revealing costumes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Playing up her sex appeal, one tagline for the film was, "It'll knock both of your eyes out!" The film was later cut and approved by the MPAA for a general flat release, despite having a wide and profitable 3D release.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza,_Son_of_Cochise" title="Taza, Son of Cochise">Taza, Son of Cochise</a>, a sequel to 1950s <a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(1950_film)" title="Broken Arrow (1950 film)">Broken Arrow</a>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a> in the title role, Barbara Rush as the love interest, and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Reason" title="Rex Reason">Rex Reason</a> (billed as Bart Roberts) as his renegade brother. Originally released flat through Universal-International. It was directed by the great stylist <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Douglas Sirk</a>, and his striking visual sense made the film a huge success when it was "re-premiered" in 3D in 2006 at the Second 3D Expo in Hollywood.</li> <li>Two ape films: <a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Rue_Morgue" title="Phantom of the Rue Morgue">Phantom of the Rue Morgue</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Karl_Malden" title="Karl Malden">Karl Malden</a> and Patricia Medina, produced by Warner Bros. and based on <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla_at_Large" title="Gorilla at Large">Gorilla at Large</a>, a Panoramic Production starring <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a>, distributed flat and 3D through Fox.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon" title="Creature from the Black Lagoon">Creature from the Black Lagoon</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carlson_(actor)" title="Richard Carlson (actor)">Richard Carlson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Adams" title="Julie Adams">Julie Adams</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Arnold_(director)" title="Jack Arnold (director)">Jack Arnold</a>. Although arguably the most famous 3D film, it was typically seen in 3D only in large urban theaters and shown flat in the many smaller neighborhood theaters.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It was the only 3D feature that spawned a 3D sequel, <a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Creature" title="Revenge of the Creature">Revenge of the Creature</a>, which was in turn followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Creature_Walks_Among_Us" title="The Creature Walks Among Us">The Creature Walks Among Us</a>, shot flat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Ray_Milland" title="Ray Milland">Ray Milland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings" title="Robert Cummings">Robert Cummings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, is considered by aficionados of 3D to be one of the best examples of the process. Although available in 3D in 1954, there are no known playdates in 3D,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] since Warner Bros. had just instated a simultaneous 3D/2D release policy. The film's screening in 3D in February 1980 at the York Theater in San Francisco did so well that Warner Bros. re-released the film in 3D in February 1982. The film is now available on <a href="/wiki/3D_Blu-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Blu-ray">3D Blu-ray</a>, marking the first time it was released on home video in its 3D presentation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_(film)" title="Gog (film)">Gog</a>, the last episode in <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a>' Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI) trilogy dealing with realistic science fiction (following <a href="/wiki/The_Magnetic_Monster" title="The Magnetic Monster">The Magnetic Monster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riders_to_the_Stars" title="Riders to the Stars">Riders to the Stars</a>). Most theaters showed it flat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_(film)" title="The Diamond (film)">The Diamond</a> (released in the United States as The Diamond Wizard), a 1954 British <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime film</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Dennis_O%27Keefe" title="Dennis O'Keefe">Dennis O'Keefe</a>. The only stereoscopic feature shot in Britain, released flat in both the UK and US.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Allen" title="Irwin Allen">Irwin Allen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Mission" title="Dangerous Mission">Dangerous Mission</a> released by RKO in 1954 featuring Allen's trademarks of an all-star cast facing a disaster (a forest fire). Bosley Crowther's New York Times review mentions that it was shown flat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Sinbad" title="Son of Sinbad">Son of Sinbad</a>, another RKO/Howard Hughes production, starring <a href="/wiki/Dale_Robertson" title="Dale Robertson">Dale Robertson</a>, Lili St. Cyr, and Vincent Price. The film was shelved after Hughes ran into difficulty with The French Line, and was not released until 1955, at which time it went out flat, converted to the SuperScope process.</li></ul> 3D's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. Even though <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> had created a well-designed "Tell-Tale Filter Kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3D,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as CinemaScope. The last 3D feature to be released in that format during the "Golden era" was <a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Creature" title="Revenge of the Creature">Revenge of the Creature</a>, on February 23, 1955. Ironically, the film had a wide release in 3D and was well received at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-Amazing104-105-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_(1960–1984)_in_single_strip_format">Revival (1960–1984) in single strip format</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revival (1960–1984) in single strip format">edit</a>]</div> Stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. One film of notoriety was the Beaver-Champion/Warner Bros. production, <a href="/wiki/The_Mask_(1961_film)" title="The Mask (1961 film)">The Mask</a> (1961). The film was shot in 2-D, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream-world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, these scenes went to anaglyph 3D. These scenes were printed by Technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph. Although 3D films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3D cinema was set into motion by Arch Oboler, the producer who had started the craze of the 1950s. Using a new technology called Space-Vision 3D. The origin of "Space-Vision 3D" goes back to Colonel Robert Vincent Bernier, a forgotten innovator in the history of stereoscopic motion pictures. His Trioptiscope Space-Vision lens was the gold standard for the production and exhibition of 3-D films for nearly 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> "Space-Vision 3D" stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. This so-called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set-ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3D images. Unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect synchronization, unless improperly spliced in repair. Arch Oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Bubble_(1966_film)" title="The Bubble (1966 film)">The Bubble</a>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cole_(actor)" title="Michael Cole (actor)">Michael Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Walley" title="Deborah Walley">Deborah Walley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Desmond" title="Johnny Desmond">Johnny Desmond</a>. As with Bwana Devil, the critics panned The Bubble, but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual-strip prints of their productions. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Stereovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereovision">Stereovision</a>, a new entity founded by director/inventor Allan Silliphant and optical designer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Condon" title="Chris Condon">Chris Condon</a>, developed a different 35 mm single-strip format, which printed two images squeezed side by side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through Polaroid filters. Louis K. Sher (Sherpix) and Stereovision released the softcore sex comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Stewardesses" title="The Stewardesses">The Stewardesses</a> (self-rated X, but later re-rated R by the MPAA). The film cost US$100,000 to produce, and ran for months in several markets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] eventually earning $27 million in North America, alone ($140 million in constant-2010 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3-Dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films ever. It was later released in 70 mm 3D. Some 36 films worldwide were made with Stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above-below), anamorphic (side by side) or 70 mm 3D formats.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2009 The Stewardesses was remastered by Chris Condon and director Ed Meyer, releasing it in <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealD_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="RealD Cinema">RealD Cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a>. The quality of the 1970s 3D films was not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. Paul Morrisey's <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol's Frankenstein">Flesh For Frankenstein</a> (aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein) was a superlative example of such a combination. Between 1981 and 1983 there was a new Hollywood 3D craze started by the spaghetti western <a href="/wiki/Comin%27_at_Ya!" title="Comin' at Ya!">Comin' at Ya!</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Parasite_(1982_film)" title="Parasite (1982 film)">Parasite</a> was released it was billed as the first horror film to come out in 3D in over 20 years. Horror films and reissues of 1950s 3D classics (such as Hitchcock's <a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a>) dominated the 3D releases that followed. The second sequel in the <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)" title="Friday the 13th (franchise)">Friday the 13th</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_III" title="Friday the 13th Part III">Friday the 13th Part III</a>, was released very successfully. Apparently saying "part 3 in 3D" was considered too cumbersome so it was shortened in the titles of <a href="/wiki/Jaws_3-D" title="Jaws 3-D">Jaws 3-D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amityville_3-D" title="Amityville 3-D">Amityville 3-D</a>, which emphasized the screen effects to the point of being annoying at times, especially when flashlights were shone into the eyes of the audience. The science fiction film <a href="/wiki/Spacehunter:_Adventures_in_the_Forbidden_Zone" title="Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone">Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone</a> was the most expensive 3D film made up to that point with production costs about the same as <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a> but not nearly the same box office success, causing the craze to fade quickly through spring 1983. Other sci-fi/fantasy films were released as well including <a href="/wiki/Metalstorm:_The_Destruction_of_Jared-Syn" title="Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn">Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_the_Four_Crowns" title="Treasure of the Four Crowns">Treasure of the Four Crowns</a>, which was widely criticized for poor editing and plot holes, but did feature some truly spectacular closeups. 3D releases after the second craze included <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wasn%27t_There_(1983_film)" title="The Man Who Wasn't There (1983 film)">The Man Who Wasn't There</a> (1983), Silent Madness and the 1985 animated film <a href="/wiki/Starchaser:_The_Legend_of_Orin" title="Starchaser: The Legend of Orin">Starchaser: The Legend of Orin</a>, whose plot seemed to borrow heavily from Star Wars. Only Comin' At Ya!, Parasite, and Friday the 13th Part III have been officially released on VHS and/or DVD in 3D in the United States (although Amityville 3D has seen a 3D DVD release in the United Kingdom). Most of the 1980s 3D films and some of the classic 1950s films such as <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wax_(1953_film)" title="House of Wax (1953 film)">House of Wax</a> were released on the now defunct Video Disc (VHD) format in Japan as part of a system that used shutter glasses. Most of these have been unofficially transferred to DVD and are available on the <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey market</a> through sites such as eBay. Stereoscopic movies were also popular in other parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan" title="My Dear Kuttichathan">My Dear Kuttichathan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> film which was shot with stereoscopic 3D and released in 1984. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebirth_of_3D_(1985–2003)">Rebirth of 3D (1985–2003)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rebirth of 3D (1985–2003)">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> began producing non-fiction films for its nascent 3D business, starting with We Are Born of Stars (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Kroitor" title="Roman Kroitor">Roman Kroitor</a>, 1985). A key point was that this production, as with all subsequent IMAX productions, emphasized mathematical correctness of the 3D rendition and thus largely eliminated the eye fatigue and pain that resulted from the approximate geometries of previous 3D incarnations. In addition, and in contrast to previous 35mm-based 3D presentations, the very large field of view provided by IMAX allowed a much broader 3D "stage", arguably as important in 3D film as it is theatre. <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> also began more prominent use of 3D films in special venues to impress audiences with <a href="/wiki/Magic_Journeys" title="Magic Journeys">Magic Journeys</a> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, 1986, starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>) being notable examples. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> production <a href="/wiki/Transitions_(film)" title="Transitions (film)">Transitions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colin_Low_(filmmaker)" title="Colin Low (filmmaker)">Colin Low</a>), created for <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> in Vancouver, was the first IMAX presentation using polarized glasses. Echoes of the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Kroitor" title="Roman Kroitor">Roman Kroitor</a>, 1990) was the first IMAX film to be presented using alternate-eye shutterglass technology, a development required because the dome screen precluded the use of polarized technology. From 1990 onward, numerous films were produced by all three parties to satisfy the demands of their various high-profile special attractions and <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>'s expanding 3D network. Films of special note during this period include the extremely successful Into the Deep (<a href="/wiki/Graeme_Ferguson_(filmmaker)" title="Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)">Graeme Ferguson</a>, 1995) and the first IMAX 3D fiction film <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Courage" title="Wings of Courage">Wings of Courage</a> (1996), by director <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a>, about the pilot <a href="/wiki/Henri_Guillaumet" title="Henri Guillaumet">Henri Guillaumet</a>. Other stereoscopic films produced in this period include: <ul><li>The Last Buffalo (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Low_(filmmaker)" title="Stephen Low (filmmaker)">Stephen Low</a>, 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muppet*Vision_3D" title="Muppet*Vision 3D">Jim Henson's Muppet*Vision 3D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a>, 1991)</li> <li>Imagine (John Weiley, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Audience" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey, I Shrunk the Audience">Honey, I Shrunk the Audience</a> (Daniel Rustuccio, 1994)</li> <li>Into the Deep (<a href="/wiki/Graeme_Ferguson_(filmmaker)" title="Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)">Graeme Ferguson</a>, 1995)</li> <li>Across the Sea of Time (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Low_(filmmaker)" title="Stephen Low (filmmaker)">Stephen Low</a>, 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Courage" title="Wings of Courage">Wings of Courage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a>, 1996)</li> <li>L5, First City in Space (<a href="/wiki/Graeme_Ferguson_(filmmaker)" title="Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)">Graeme Ferguson</a>, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_3-D:_Battle_Across_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="T2 3-D: Battle Across Time">T2 3-D: Battle Across Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>, 1996)</li> <li>Paint Misbehavin (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Kroitor" title="Roman Kroitor">Roman Kroitor</a> and Peter Stephenson, 1997)</li> <li>IMAX Nutcracker (1997)</li> <li>The Hidden Dimension (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Rex:_Back_to_the_Cretaceous" title="T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous">T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brett_Leonard" title="Brett Leonard">Brett Leonard</a>, 1998)</li> <li>Mark Twain's America (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Low_(filmmaker)" title="Stephen Low (filmmaker)">Stephen Low</a>, 1998)</li> <li>Siegfried & Roy: The Magic Box (<a href="/wiki/Brett_Leonard" title="Brett Leonard">Brett Leonard</a>, 1999)</li> <li>Galapagos (Al Giddings and David Clark, 1999)</li> <li>Encounter in the Third Dimension (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Adventure" title="Alien Adventure">Alien Adventure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 1999)</li> <li>Ultimate G's (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberworld">Cyberworld</a> (Hugh Murray, 2000)</li> <li>Cirque du Soleil: Journey of Man (Keith Melton, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Castle_(2001_film)" title="Haunted Castle (2001 film)">Haunted Castle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 2001)</li> <li>Panda Vision (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toni_Myers" title="Toni Myers">Toni Myers</a>, 2002)</li> <li>SOS Planet (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 2002)</li> <li>Ocean Wonderland (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_Love_Again_(2003_film)" title="Falling in Love Again (2003 film)">Falling in Love Again</a> (Munro Ferguson, 2003)</li> <li>Misadventures in 3D (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stassen" title="Ben Stassen">Ben Stassen</a>, 2003)</li></ul> By 2004, 54% of IMAX theaters (133 of 248) were capable of showing 3D films.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Shortly thereafter, higher quality <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, digital video capture, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70mm film projectors, created an opportunity for another wave of 3D films.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-machinist-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_resurgence_(2003–2010)">Mainstream resurgence (2003–2010)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mainstream resurgence (2003–2010)">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_the_Abyss" title="Ghosts of the Abyss">Ghosts of the Abyss</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> was released as the first full-length 3D IMAX feature filmed with the <a href="/wiki/Reality_Camera_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality Camera System">Reality Camera System</a>. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Vince Pace, to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film <a href="/wiki/Spy_Kids_3-D:_Game_Over" title="Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over">Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Aliens_of_the_Deep" title="Aliens of the Deep">Aliens of the Deep</a> IMAX (2005), and <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sharkboy_and_Lavagirl_in_3-D" title="The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D">The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D</a> (2005). In 2004, Las Vegas Hilton released <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Experience" title="Star Trek: The Experience">Star Trek: The Experience</a> which included two films. One of the films, <a href="/wiki/Borg_Invasion_4-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Borg Invasion 4-D">Borg Invasion 4-D</a> (Ty Granoroli), was in 3D. In August of the same year, rap group <a href="/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse" title="Insane Clown Posse">Insane Clown Posse</a> released their ninth studio album <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Pit" title="Hell's Pit">Hell's Pit</a>. One of two versions of the album contained a DVD featuring a 3D short film for the track "<a href="/wiki/Bowling_Balls" title="Bowling Balls">Bowling Balls</a>", shot in high-definition video.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe,_Malcolm_Ludgate,_with_IMAX_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg/220px-Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg/330px-Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg/440px-Director_of_Photography_for_IMAX%C2%AE_3D_movie_Hidden_Universe%2C_Malcolm_Ludgate%2C_with_IMAX_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="3830" /></a><figcaption>Shooting of the film <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Universe_3D" title="Hidden Universe 3D">Hidden Universe 3D</a> with <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> camera.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> In November 2004, <a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a> was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3D feature. It was released in 3,584 theaters in 2D, and only 66 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This pattern continued and prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3D and 3D presentation of animated films. In June 2005, the Mann's Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a> and The Polar Express were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months. In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)" title="Chicken Little (2005 film)">Chicken Little</a> in digital 3D format. <a href="/wiki/The_Butler%27s_in_Love" title="The Butler's in Love">The Butler's in Love</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Arquette" title="David Arquette">David Arquette</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley" title="Elizabeth Berkley">Elizabeth Berkley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jane" title="Thomas Jane">Thomas Jane</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> was released on June 23, 2008. The film was shot at the former <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> studios using <a href="/wiki/KernerFX" class="mw-redirect" title="KernerFX">KernerFX</a>'s prototype Kernercam stereoscopic camera rig. Ben Walters suggested in 2009 that both filmmakers and <a href="/wiki/Film_exhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Film exhibitor">film exhibitors</a> regain interest in 3D film. There was more 3D exhibition equipment, and more dramatic films being shot in 3D format. One incentive is that the technology is more mature. Shooting in 3D format is less limited, and the result is more stable. Another incentive was the fact that while 2D ticket sales were in an overall state of decline, revenues from 3D tickets continued to grow at the time.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Through the entire history of 3D presentations, techniques to <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">convert</a> existing 2D images for 3D presentation have existed. Few have been effective or survived. The combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Digital_post-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital post-processing">digital post-processing</a> has spawned a new wave of conversion products. In June 2006, <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> released <a href="/wiki/Superman_Returns" title="Superman Returns">Superman Returns</a> including 20 minutes of 3D images converted from the 2D original digital footage. <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> announced that he would re-release his <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> films in 3D based on a conversion process from the company In-Three. Later on in 2011, it was announced that Lucas was working with the company Prime Focus on this conversion.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In late 2005, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> told the press he was involved in patenting a 3D cinema system that did not need glasses, based on plasma screens. A computer splits each film-frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Animated films <a href="/wiki/Open_Season_(2006_film)" title="Open Season (2006 film)">Open Season</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Ant_Bully_(film)" title="The Ant Bully (film)">The Ant Bully</a>, were released in analog 3D in 2006. <a href="/wiki/Monster_House_(film)" title="Monster House (film)">Monster House</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a> were released on <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealD" title="RealD">RealD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a> systems in 2006. On May 19, 2007 <a href="/wiki/Scar_(film)" title="Scar (film)">Scar3D</a> opened at the Cannes Film Market. It was the first US-produced 3D full-length feature film to be completed in <a href="/wiki/Real_D_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Real D Cinema">Real D 3D</a>. It has been the #1 film at the <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> in several countries around the world, including Russia where it opened in 3D on 295 screens. On January 19, 2008, <a href="/wiki/U2_3D" title="U2 3D">U2 3D</a> was released; it was the first live-action digital 3D film. In the same year others 3D films included <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Montana_%26_Miley_Cyrus:_Best_of_Both_Worlds_Concert" title="Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert">Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(2008_Hollywood_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Hollywood film)">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film)" title="Bolt (2008 film)">Bolt</a>. On January 16, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a> released <a href="/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_3D" title="My Bloody Valentine 3D">My Bloody Valentine 3D</a>, the first horror film and first R-rated film to be projected in <a href="/wiki/Real_D_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Real D Cinema">Real D 3D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It was released to 1,033 3D screens, the most ever for this format, and 1,501 regular screens. Another R-rated film, <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Destination" title="The Final Destination">The Final Destination</a>, was released later that year in August on even more screens. It was the first of its <a href="/wiki/Final_Destination" title="Final Destination">series</a> to be released in HD 3D. Major 3D films in 2009 included <a href="/wiki/Coraline_(film)" title="Coraline (film)">Coraline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsters_vs._Aliens" title="Monsters vs. Aliens">Monsters vs. Aliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Up_(2009_film)" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_Games_3D:_The_Movie" title="X Games 3D: The Movie">X Games 3D: The Movie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Destination" title="The Final Destination">The Final Destination</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">Disney's A Christmas Carol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Avatar has gone on to be one of the most expensive films of all time, with a budget at $237 million; it is also the highest-grossing film of all time. The main technologies used to exhibit these films, and many others released around the time and up to the present, are <a href="/wiki/Real_D_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Real D Cinema">RealD 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IMAX_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAX 3D">IMAX 3D</a>. The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D televisions</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and caused 3D films<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to increase in popularity. March and April 2010 saw three major 3D releases clustered together, with <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a> hitting US theaters on March 5, 2010, <a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(2010_film)" title="How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)">How to Train Your Dragon</a> on March 26, 2010, and <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)" title="Clash of the Titans (2010 film)">Clash of the Titans</a> on April 2, 2010. On May 13 of the same year, China's first <a href="/wiki/IMAX_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAX 3D">IMAX 3D</a> film started shooting. The pre-production of the first 3D film shot in France, <a href="/wiki/Derri%C3%A8re_les_murs" title="Derrière les murs">Derrière les murs</a>, began in May 2010 and was released in mid-2011. In October 15th 2010, Jackass 3D was released to theaters. On October 1, 2010 <a href="/wiki/Scar_(film)" title="Scar (film)">Scar3D</a> was the first-ever stereoscopic 3D <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video-on-demand</a> film released through major cable broadcasters for <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D televisions</a> in the United States. Released in the United States on May 21, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After" title="Shrek Forever After">Shrek Forever After</a> by <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>) used the Real D 3D system, also released in IMAX 3D. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_3-D_Expositions">World 3-D Expositions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World 3-D Expositions">edit</a>]</div> In September 2003, Sabucat Productions organized the first World 3-D Exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. The Expo was held at <a href="/wiki/Grauman%27s_Egyptian_Theatre" title="Grauman's Egyptian Theatre">Grauman's Egyptian Theatre</a>. During the two-week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist Robert Furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. In attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold-out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories. In May 2006, the second World 3-D Exposition was announced for September of that year, presented by the <a href="/wiki/3-D_Film_Preservation_Fund" title="3-D Film Preservation Fund">3-D Film Preservation Fund</a>. Along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous Expo, guests from each film. Expo II was announced as being the locale for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3D, including The Diamond Wizard and the Universal short, Hawaiian Nights with <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Van_Doren" title="Mamie Van Doren">Mamie Van Doren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinky_Lee" title="Pinky Lee">Pinky Lee</a>. Other "re-premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included Cease Fire!, Taza, Son of Cochise, Wings of the Hawk, and Those Redheads From Seattle. Also shown were the long-lost shorts Carmenesque and A Day in the Country (both 1953) and William Van Doren Kelley's two Plasticon shorts (1922 and 1923). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience_decline_in_theaters_&_3D_streaming_(2011–present)">Audience decline in theaters & 3D streaming (2011–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Audience decline in theaters & 3D streaming (2011–present)">edit</a>]</div> In the wake of its initial popularity and corresponding increase in the number of screens, more films were being released in the 3D format, yet fewer people were choosing to see them in such a way. For instance, only 45% of the premiere weekend box office earnings of <a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_2" title="Kung Fu Panda 2">Kung Fu Panda 2</a> in 2011 came from 3D screenings as opposed to 60% for <a href="/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After" title="Shrek Forever After">Shrek Forever After</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In addition, the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Cars_2" title="Cars 2">Cars 2</a> opening weekend gross consisted of only 37% from 3D theatres.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger" title="Captain America: The First Avenger">Captain America: The First Avenger</a> were major releases that achieved similar percentages: 43% and 40% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In view of this trend, there has been box office analysis concluding the implementation of 3D presentation is apparently backfiring by discouraging people from going to film theatres at all. As Brandon Gray of <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a> notes, "In each case, 3D's more-money-from-fewer-people approach has simply led to less money from even fewer people."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Parallel, the number of televisions sold with support for <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a> has dropped, let alone those sold with actual 3D goggles. According to the Motion Picture Association of America, despite a record total of 47 3D films being released in 2011, the overall domestic box office receipts were down 18% to $1.8 billion from $2.2 billion in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Although revenues as a whole increased during 2012, the bulk has so far come from 2D presentations as exemplified by little over 50% of filmgoers opting to see the likes of <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a> and 32% choosing <a href="/wiki/Brave_(2012_film)" title="Brave (2012 film)">Brave</a> in their 3D versions. Conflicting reasons are respectively offered by studios and exhibitors: whereas the former blame more expensive 3D ticket prices, the latter argue that the quality of films in general is at fault. However, despite the perceived decline of 3D in the U.S. market, studio chiefs in 2012 were optimistic of better receipts internationally, where there still appeared to be a strong appetite for the format.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Studios are also using 3D to generate additional income from films that are already commercially successful. Such re-releases usually involve a conversion from 2D. For example, Disney has reissued both <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a>, with plans to add some of its other well-known titles.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> has also been modified for 3D,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and there are also plans to similarly present all six <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> films.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a>, a producer of 3D films and one of the leading proponents of the format, blames oversaturation of the market with inferior films, especially ones photographed conventionally and then digitally processed in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>. He claims that such films have led audiences to conclude that the format is not worth the often much higher ticket price.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Daniel Engber, a columnist for <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>, comes to a similar conclusion: "What happened to 3-D? It may have died from a case of acute <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">septicemia</a>—too much crap in the system."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kermode" title="Mark Kermode">Mark Kermode</a>, a noted detractor of 3D, has surmised that there is an emerging policy of distributors to limit the availability of 2D versions, thus "railroading" the 3D format into cinemas whether the paying filmgoer likes it or not. This was especially prevalent during the release of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a> in 2012, where only 30% of prints for theatrical exhibition (at least in the UK) were in 2D.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> His suspicions were later reinforced by a substantial number of complaints about <a href="/wiki/Dredd" title="Dredd">Dredd</a> from those who wished to see it in 2D but were denied the opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In July 2017, IMAX announced that they would begin to focus on screening more Hollywood tentpole movies in 2D (even if there's a 3D version) and have fewer 3D screenings of movies in North America, citing that moviegoers in North America prefer 2D films over 3D films.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2024, 3D films in <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> <a href="/wiki/HDR10" title="HDR10">HDR</a> became available to home media for the first time, with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a> operating system offering two services to access movies in such formats: <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">Apple TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>. Some films were also offered in <a href="/wiki/High_frame_rate" title="High frame rate">high frame rate</a> (48fps), such as <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Way_of_Water" title="Avatar: The Way of Water">Avatar: The Way of Water</a>. Other 3D media shot in 8K with a 180-degree view was also made available under the moniker "Apple Immersive Video."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Techniques">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></div> Stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. Over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in film theaters has waxed and waned. Though <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaglyph image">anaglyph</a> was sometimes used prior to 1948, during the early "Golden Era" of 3D cinematography of the 1950s the polarization system was used for every single feature-length film in the United States, and all but one short film.<a href="#cite_note-Amazing165-168-75">[75]</a> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> 3D systems have continued to dominate the scene, though during the 1960s and 1970s some classic films which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization, and were even shown in 3D on television.<a href="#cite_note-Amazing163-76">[76]</a> In the years following the mid-1980s, some films were made with short segments in anaglyph 3D. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3D film systems that have been developed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producing_3D_films">Producing 3D films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Producing 3D films">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Live_action">Live action</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Live action">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></div> The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D involves using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each other as the average pair of human eyes, recording two separate images for both the left eye and the right eye. In principle, two normal 2D cameras could be put side-to-side but this is problematic in many ways. The only real option is to invest in new stereoscopic cameras. Moreover, some cinematographic tricks that are simple with a 2D camera become impossible when filming in 3D. This means those otherwise cheap tricks need to be replaced by expensive CGI.<a href="#cite_note-failagain-77">[77]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(2008_Hollywood_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Hollywood film)">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a> became the first live-action feature film to be shot with the earliest <a href="/wiki/Fusion_Camera_System" title="Fusion Camera System">Fusion Camera System</a> released in Digital 3D and was later followed by several others. Avatar (2009) was shot in a 3D process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image. It was an improvement to the existing 3D camera system. Many 3D camera rigs still in use simply pair two cameras side by side, while newer rigs are paired with a <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitter</a> or both camera lenses built into one unit. While Digital Cinema cameras are not a requirement for 3D they are the predominant medium for most of what is photographed. Film options include IMAX 3D and <a href="/wiki/Cine_160" title="Cine 160">Cine 160</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animation">Animation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Animation">edit</a>]</div> In the 1930s and 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a> made several cartoons with extensive stereoscopic 3D backgrounds, including several <a href="/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_(film_series)" title="Popeye the Sailor (film series)">Popeye the Sailor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1940s_animated_film_series)" title="Superman (1940s animated film series)">Superman</a> cartoons. In the early to mid-1950s, only half of the major Animation film studios operation experimented with creating traditional 3D animated short subjects. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Studio</a> produced two traditional animation short for stereoscopic 3D, for cinemas. <a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Music:_Melody" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventures in Music: Melody">Adventures in Music: Melody</a> (1953), and the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Working_for_Peanuts" title="Working for Peanuts">Working for Peanuts</a> (1953). Warner Brothers only produced a single cartoon in 3D: <a href="/wiki/Lumber_Jack-Rabbit" title="Lumber Jack-Rabbit">Lumber Jack-Rabbit</a> (1953) starring <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a>. <a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a> produced two cartoons in 3D, the <a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Popeye,_the_Ace_of_Space" title="Popeye, the Ace of Space">Popeye, the Ace of Space</a> (1953), and the <a href="/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Boo_Moon" title="Boo Moon">Boo Moon</a> (1954). <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Lantz Studio">Walter Lantz Studio</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker" title="Woody Woodpecker">Woody Woodpecker</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_Hick" title="Hypnotic Hick">Hypnotic Hick</a> (1953), which was distributed by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>. From the late 1950s until the mid-2000s almost no animation was produced for 3D display in theaters. Although several films used 3D backgrounds. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Starchaser:_The_Legend_of_Orin" title="Starchaser: The Legend of Orin">Starchaser: The Legend of Orin</a>. <a href="/wiki/CGI_animated" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI animated">CGI animated</a> films can be rendered as stereoscopic 3D version by using two virtual cameras. <a href="/wiki/Stop-motion_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop-motion animation">Stop-motion animated</a> 3D films are photographed with two cameras similar to live action 3D films. In 2004 <a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a> was the first stereoscopic 3D CGI-animated feature film. The 3D version was solely released in IMAX theaters. In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)" title="Chicken Little (2005 film)">Chicken Little</a> in digital 3D format, being Disney's first CGI-animated film in 3D. The film was converted from 2D into 3D in post production. nWave Pictures' Fly Me to the Moon (2008) was actually the first animated film created for 3D and released exclusively in 3D in digital theaters around the world. No other animation films have released solely in 3D since. The first 3D feature by <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsters_vs_Aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsters vs Aliens">Monsters vs Aliens</a>, followed in 2009 and used a new digital rendering process called <a href="/wiki/InTru3D" title="InTru3D">InTru3D</a>, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> to create more realistic animated 3D images. InTru3D is not used to exhibit 3D films in theaters; they are shown in either RealD 3D or IMAX 3D. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2D_to_3D_conversion">2D to 3D conversion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2D to 3D conversion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></div> In the case of 2D CGI animated films that were generated from 3D models, it is possible to return to the models to generate a 3D version. For all other 2D films, different techniques must be employed. For example, for the 3D re-release of the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a>, Walt Disney Pictures scanned each original frame and manipulated them to produce left-eye and right-eye versions. Dozens of films have now been converted from 2D to 3D. There are several approaches used for <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a>, most notably depth-based methods.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> However, conversion to 3D has problems. Information is unavailable as 2D does not have information for a perspective view. Some TVs have a 3D engine to convert 2D content to 3D. Usually, on high frame rate content (and on some slower processors even normal frame rate) the processor is not fast enough and <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">lag</a> is possible. This can lead to strange visual effects.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displaying_3D_films">Displaying 3D films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Displaying 3D films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_Display" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Display">3D Display</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anaglyph">Anaglyph</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anaglyph">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaglyph_glasses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/220px-Anaglyph_glasses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/330px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/440px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The traditional 3D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films.</figcaption></figure> Anaglyph images were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3D, and the one most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopy</a> by the public at large, mostly because of non-theatrical 3D media such as comic books and 3D television broadcasts, where polarization is not practical. They were made popular because of the ease of their production and exhibition. The first anaglyph film was invented in 1915 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin S Porter">Edwin S Porter</a>. Though the earliest theatrical presentations were done with this system, most 3D films from the 1950s and 1980s were originally shown polarized.<a href="#cite_note-Amazing-80">[80]</a> In an anaglyph, the two images are <a href="/wiki/Superimposed" class="mw-redirect" title="Superimposed">superimposed</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive light</a> setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. In a <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive light</a> setting, the two images are printed in the same <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary colors</a> on white paper. Glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate images by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black. Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereograms</a>, although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering, particularly in the red component, which is muted, or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>. An alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is <a href="/wiki/ColorCode_3-D" title="ColorCode 3-D">ColorCode 3-D</a>, a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the NTSC television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. ColorCode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue. The polarization 3D system has been the standard for theatrical presentations since it was used for <a href="/wiki/Bwana_Devil" title="Bwana Devil">Bwana Devil</a> in 1952,<a href="#cite_note-Amazing-80">[80]</a> though early Imax presentations were done using the eclipse system and in the 1960s and 1970s classic 3D films were sometimes converted to anaglyph for special presentations. The polarization system has better color fidelity and less ghosting than the anaglyph system. In the post-'50s era, anaglyph has been used instead of polarization in feature presentations where only part of the film is in 3D such as in the 3D segment of <a href="/wiki/Freddy%27s_Dead:_The_Final_Nightmare" title="Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare">Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare</a> and the 3D segments of <a href="/wiki/Spy_Kids_3-D:_Game_Over" title="Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over">Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over</a>. Anaglyph is also used in printed materials and in 3D television broadcasts where polarization is not practical. 3D polarized televisions and other displays only became available from several manufacturers in 2008; these generate polarization on the receiving end. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarization_systems">Polarization systems</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Polarization systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mann3dglasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mann3dglasses.jpg/225px-Mann3dglasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mann3dglasses.jpg/338px-Mann3dglasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mann3dglasses.jpg/450px-Mann3dglasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>cardboard 3D linear polarized glasses from the 1980s similar to those used in the 1950s. Though some were plain white, they often had the name of the theatre and/or graphics from the film</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></div> To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarizing filter">polarizing filters</a>. The viewer wears low-cost glasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> with linear polarization). As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Since no head tracking is involved, the entire audience can view the stereoscopic images at the same time. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REALD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/220px-REALD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/330px-REALD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/440px-REALD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Resembling sunglasses, RealD circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions.</figcaption></figure> Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. For circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. The left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk. Nonetheless, 3D cinema films are made to be viewed without head tilt, and any significant head tilt will result in incorrect parallax and prevent binocular fusion. In the case of <a href="/wiki/RealD_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="RealD Cinema">RealD</a> a <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circularly polarizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> filter which can switch polarity 144 times per second is placed in front of the projector lens. Only one projector is needed, as the left and right eye images are displayed alternately. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> features a new system called <a href="/wiki/Real_D_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Real D Cinema">RealD XLS</a>, which shows both circular polarized images simultaneously: A single <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">4K</a> projector (4096×2160 resolution) displays both <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">2K</a> images (2048×1080 resolution) on top of each other at the same time, a special lens attachment polarizes and projects the images.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Optical attachments can be added to traditional 35mm projectors to adapt them for projecting film in the "over-and-under" format, in which each pair of images is stacked within one frame of film. The two images are projected through different polarizers and superimposed on the screen. This is a very cost-effective way to convert a theater for 3-D as all that is needed are the attachments and a non-depolarizing screen surface, rather than a conversion to digital 3-D projection. Thomson Technicolor currently produces an adapter of this type.<a href="#cite_note-technicolor3d-83">[83]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">metallic screen</a> is necessary for these systems as reflection from non-metallic surfaces destroys the polarization of the light. Polarized stereoscopic pictures have been around since 1936, when <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a> first applied it to motion pictures. The so-called "3-D movie craze" in the years 1952 through 1955 was almost entirely offered in theaters using linear polarizing projection and glasses. Only a minute amount of the total 3D films shown in the period used the <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaglyph image">anaglyph color filter</a> method. Linear polarization was likewise used with consumer level stereo projectors. Polarization was also used during the 3D revival of the 1980s. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3D films.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-machinist-48">[48]</a> All types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non-3D images. Light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction of the light. As a result, the screen image is darker. This darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. If the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_shutter">Active shutter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Active shutter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/220px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/330px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/440px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a> films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></div> In this technology, a mechanism is used to block light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen. The technology originated with the Eclipse Method, in which the projector alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Teleview" title="Teleview">Teleview</a> system which was used briefly in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-3dmovingpictures.com-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amazing15-16-84">[84]</a> A newer implementation of the Eclipse Method came with <a href="/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD shutter glasses">LCD shutter glasses</a>. Glasses containing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of <a href="/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate-frame sequencing">alternate-frame sequencing</a>. This is the method used by nVidia, <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a>, and earlier <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> systems. A drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. The shutter-glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> However these systems do not require a <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screen</a> for projected images. Liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. Due to these internal polarizers, LCD shutter-glasses darken the display image of any LCD, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non-3D viewing. This is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish <a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">black levels</a>, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interference_filter_technology">Interference filter technology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Interference filter technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D#Interference_filter_systems" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D § Interference filter systems</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a> uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Glasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3D image. This technology eliminates the expensive silver screens required for polarized systems such as <a href="/wiki/RealD" title="RealD">RealD</a>, which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. It is also known as spectral comb filtering or wavelength multiplex visualization The recently introduced Omega 3D/<a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a> system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In June 2012 the Omega 3D/<a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a> system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical's 3D system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega's red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Autostereoscopy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></div> In this method, glasses are not necessary to see the stereoscopic image. <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">parallax barrier</a> technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire image (in the case of lenticular prints). To produce the stereoscopic effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other. Both images are projected onto a high-gain, corrugated screen which reflects light at acute angles. In order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. Lenticular was used for theatrical presentation of numerous shorts in Russia from 1940 to 1948<a href="#cite_note-Amazing163-76">[76]</a> and in 1946 for the feature-length film <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1947_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Though its use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, lenticular has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3D photography.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Son-90">[90]</a> Recent use includes the <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> display that was released in 2009. Other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD displays</a> on monitors, notebooks, TVs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_3D" title="Health effects of 3D">Health effects of 3D</a></div> Some viewers have complained of headaches and eyestrain after watching 3D films.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a>, in addition to other health concerns,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> are more easily induced by 3D presentations. One published study shows that of those who watch 3D films, nearly 55% experience varying levels of headaches, nausea and disorientation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Glasses designed to eliminate eyestrain by converting 3D images back into 2D have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> There are two primary effects of 3D film that are unnatural for human vision: crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation, and the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of, or behind the screen and the real origin of that light on the screen. It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It has recently been discovered that each of the rods and cones in animal eyes can measure the distance to the point on the object that is in focus at the particular rod or cone. Each rod or cone can act as a passive LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging). The lens selects the point on the object for each pixel to which the distance is measured; that is, humans can see in 3D separately with each eye.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> If the brain uses this ability in addition to the stereoscopic effect and other cues no stereoscopic system can present a <a href="/wiki/True_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="True 3D">true 3D</a> picture to the brain. The French National Research Agency (ANR) has sponsored multidisciplinary research in order to understand the effects of 3D film viewing, its grammar[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], and its acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">After <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a>, there were 10 really bad CG movies because everybody thought the success of that film was CG and not great characters that were beautifully designed and heartwarming. Now, you've got people quickly converting movies from <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D</a>, which is not what we did. They're expecting the same result, when in fact they will probably work against the adoption of 3D because they'll be putting out an inferior product.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Avatar director James Cameron<a href="#cite_note-Deadline_Hollywood-100">[100]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Most of the cues required to provide humans with relative depth information are already present in traditional 2D films. For example, closer objects occlude further ones, distant objects are desaturated and hazy relative to near ones, and the brain subconsciously "knows" the distance of many objects when the height is known (e.g. a human figure subtending only a small amount of the screen is more likely to be 2 m tall and far away than 10 cm tall and close). In fact, only two of these depth cues are not already present in 2D films: <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a> (or parallax) and the focus of the eyeball (<a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation</a>). 3D film-making addresses accurate presentation of stereopsis but not of accommodation, and therefore is insufficient in providing a complete 3D illusion. However, promising results from research aimed at overcoming this shortcoming were presented at the 2010 Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference in San Jose, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kermode" title="Mark Kermode">Mark Kermode</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> argued that 3D adds "not that much" value to a film, and said that, while he liked Avatar, the many impressive things he saw in the film had nothing to do with 3D. Kermode has been an outspoken critic of 3D film describing the effect as a "nonsense" and recommends using two right or left lenses from the 3D glasses to cut out the "pointy, pointy 3D stereoscopic vision", although this technique still does not improve the huge brightness loss from a 3D film.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Versions of these "2-D glasses" are being marketed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As pointed out in the article "Virtual Space – the movies of the future"<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] in real life the 3D effect, or stereoscopic vision, depends on the distance between the eyes, which is only about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2 inches. The depth perception this affords is only noticeable near to the head – at about arms length. It is only useful for such tasks as threading a needle. It follows that in films portraying real life, where nothing is ever shown so close to the camera, the 3D effect is not noticeable and is soon forgotten as the film proceeds. Director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> has criticised the notion that traditional film does not allow depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth cues</a> come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."<a href="#cite_note-Playlist-106">[106]</a> Nolan also criticised that shooting on the required <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> does not offer a high enough quality image<a href="#cite_note-Weintraub-107">[107]</a> and that 3D cameras cannot be equipped with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Lens">prime (non-zoom) lenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Playlist-106">[106]</a> Late film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> repeatedly criticized 3D film as being "too dim", sometimes distracting or even nausea-inducing, and argued that it is an expensive technology that adds nothing of value to the film-going experience (since 2-D films already provide a sufficient illusion of 3D).<a href="#cite_note-ebert-108">[108]</a> While Ebert was "not opposed to 3-D as an option", he opposed it as a replacement for traditional film, and preferred 2-D technologies such as <a href="/wiki/MaxiVision48" class="mw-redirect" title="MaxiVision48">MaxiVision48</a> that improve image area/resolution and <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebert-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brightness_concerns">Brightness concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brightness concerns">edit</a>]</div> Most 3D systems will cut down the brightness of the picture considerably – the light loss can be as high as 88%. Some of this loss may be compensated by running the projector's bulb at higher power or using more powerful bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The 2D brightness cinema standard is 14 <a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lamberts</a> (48 <a href="/wiki/Candela_per_square_metre" title="Candela per square metre">candela per square metre</a>), as set by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> standard 196M. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is no official standard for 3D brightness. According to the industry de facto standard, however, the "acceptable brightness range" goes as low as 3.5 fL (12 cd/m2) – just 25% of the standard 2D brightness.<a href="#cite_note-variety-3D-110">[110]</a> Among others, Christopher Nolan has criticized the huge brightness loss: "You're not that aware of it because once you're 'in that world,' your eye compensates, but having struggled for years to get theaters up to the proper brightness, we're not sticking polarized filters in everything."<a href="#cite_note-footlambert-111">[111]</a> In September 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a> standards body issued a "recommended practice" calling for a 3D projection brightness of 7 fL (24 cd/m2), with an acceptable range of 5–9 fL (17–31 cd/m2).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dcimovies.com/Recommended_Practice/#4projection3d">[2]</a> It is not known how many theaters actually achieve such light levels with current technology. Prototype laser projection systems have reached 14 fL (48 cd/m2) for 3D on a cinema screen.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.studiodaily.com/2012/08/christie-to-screen-scorseses-hugo-in-3d-laser-projection-at-ibc/">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-conversion">Post-conversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-conversion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></div> Another major criticism is that many of the films in the 21st century to date were not filmed in 3D, but <a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">converted into 3-D</a> after filming. Filmmakers who have criticized the quality of this process include <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (whose film <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a> was created mostly in 3D from the ground up, with some portions of the film created in 2D,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and is largely credited with the revival of 3D) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bay" title="Michael Bay">Michael Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deadline_Hollywood-100">[100]</a> However, Cameron has said that quality 2D to 3D conversions can be done if they take the time they need and the director is involved.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Cameron's <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> was converted into 3D in 2012, taking 60 weeks and costing $18 million. In contrast, computer-animated films for which the original computer models are still available can be rendered in 3D easily, as the depth information is still available and does not need to be inferred or approximated. This has been done with <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Dimension-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_films_(1914%E2%80%932004)" title="List of 3D films (1914–2004)">List of 3D films (1914–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_films_(2005%E2%80%93present)" title="List of 3D films (2005–present)">List of 3D films (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-D_Film_Preservation_Fund" title="3-D Film Preservation Fund">3-D Film Preservation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Digital_3-D" title="Disney Digital 3-D">Disney Digital 3-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAX_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAX 3D">IMAX 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4DX" title="4DX">4DX</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_film&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">Stereo display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_HD3D" title="AMD HD3D">AMD HD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_Displays_and_Applications" title="Stereoscopic Displays and Applications">Stereoscopic Displays and Applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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