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id="toc-Origins_and_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_proposals_of_a_German–Italian_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_proposals_of_a_German–Italian_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_proposals_of_a_German–Italian_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danube_alliance,_dispute_over_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danube_alliance,_dispute_over_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Danube alliance, dispute over Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danube_alliance,_dispute_over_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_German–Italian–Japanese_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_German–Italian–Japanese_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_German–Italian–Japanese_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Axis_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Axis_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major Axis powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_Axis_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major Axis powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_Axis_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_justifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_justifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>War justifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_justifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupied_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupied_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Occupied territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupied_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_justifications_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_justifications_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>War justifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_justifications_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonies_and_dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonies_and_dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Colonies and dependencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonies_and_dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3.1</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3.2</span> <span>In Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_justifications_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_justifications_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>War justifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_justifications_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonies_and_dependencies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonies_and_dependencies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Colonies and dependencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonies_and_dependencies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Tripartite_Pact_signatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Tripartite_Pact_signatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other Tripartite Pact signatories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Tripartite_Pact_signatories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Tripartite Pact signatories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Tripartite_Pact_signatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany's_main_European_ally_(September_1943_–_August_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany's_main_European_ally_(September_1943_–_August_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Germany's main European ally (September 1943 – August 1944)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany's_main_European_ally_(September_1943_–_August_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_State_of_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Independent State of Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_State_of_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia_(two-day_membership)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia_(two-day_membership)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Yugoslavia (two-day membership)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia_(two-day_membership)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Comintern_Pact_signatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anti-Comintern Pact signatories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signatories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-Comintern Pact signatories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China_(Reorganized_National_Government_of_China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_(Reorganized_National_Government_of_China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>China (Reorganized National Government of China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_(Reorganized_National_Government_of_China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manchuria_(Manchukuo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchuria_(Manchukuo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Manchuria (Manchukuo)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchuria_(Manchukuo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateral_Pacts_with_the_Axis_Powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_Pacts_with_the_Axis_Powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bilateral Pacts with the Axis Powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bilateral_Pacts_with_the_Axis_Powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bilateral Pacts with the Axis Powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_Pacts_with_the_Axis_Powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burma_(Ba_Maw_government)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma_(Ba_Maw_government)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Burma (Ba Maw government)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma_(Ba_Maw_government)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vichy_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Vichy France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puppet_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puppet_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Puppet states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Puppet_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Puppet states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Puppet_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania_(Albanian_Kingdom)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_(Albanian_Kingdom)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Albania (Albanian Kingdom)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_(Albanian_Kingdom)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_(Italian_Social_Republic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_(Italian_Social_Republic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Italy (Italian Social Republic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_(Italian_Social_Republic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_German–Italian_client_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_German–Italian_client_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Joint German–Italian client states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_German–Italian_client_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece_(Hellenic_State)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece_(Hellenic_State)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Greece (Hellenic State)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece_(Hellenic_State)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azad_Hind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azad_Hind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Azad Hind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azad_Hind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_Mongolia_(Mengjiang)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Mongolia_(Mengjiang)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Mongolia_(Mengjiang)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines_(Second_Republic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_(Second_Republic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.5</span> <span>Philippines (Second Republic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_(Second_Republic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_(Empire_of_Vietnam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_(Empire_of_Vietnam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.6</span> <span>Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_(Empire_of_Vietnam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German,_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German,_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German,_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-German,_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German–Japanese_Axis-cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German–Japanese_Axis-cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>German–Japanese Axis-cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German–Japanese_Axis-cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Print sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Axis powers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilmoondhede" title="Spilmoondhede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spilmoondhede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دول المحور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دول المحور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencies_de_la_Exa_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Potencies de la Exa na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Potencies de la Exa na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu_Mok%C3%B5iha_Ret%C3%A3_Mbaretete_Mbytegu%C3%A1gui" title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Retã Mbaretete Mbyteguágui – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Retã Mbaretete Mbyteguágui" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Roma-Tokio_oxu" title="Berlin-Roma-Tokio oxu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berlin-Roma-Tokio oxu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میحور دؤولتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میحور دؤولتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে অক্ষশক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে অক্ষশক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhia-sim-kok" title="Chhia-sim-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhia-sim-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96" title="Краіны Восі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Краіны Восі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96" title="Краіны Восі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Краіны Восі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Страни от Оста – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Страни от Оста" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sile_Osovine" title="Sile Osovine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sile Osovine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahel_Roma-Berlin-Tokyo" title="Ahel Roma-Berlin-Tokyo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ahel Roma-Berlin-Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A8ncies_de_l%27Eix" title="Potències de l'Eix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potències de l'Eix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95%D0%BB%C2%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="«Тĕнĕл» патшалăхĕсем тата вĕсемпе пĕрлĕхлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="«Тĕнĕл» патшалăхĕсем тата вĕсемпе пĕрлĕхлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osa_Berl%C3%ADn%E2%80%93%C5%98%C3%ADm%E2%80%93Tokio" title="Osa Berlín–Řím–Tokio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osa Berlín–Řím–Tokio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksemagterne" title="Aksemagterne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aksemagterne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achsenm%C3%A4chte" title="Achsenmächte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Achsenmächte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teljeriigid" title="Teljeriigid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teljeriigid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Δυνάμεις του Άξονα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυνάμεις του Άξονα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencias_del_Eje" title="Potencias del Eje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencias del Eje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akso_Berlino-Romo-Tokio" title="Akso Berlino-Romo-Tokio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akso Berlino-Romo-Tokio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardatzeko_potentziak" title="Ardatzeko potentziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardatzeko potentziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیروهای محور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای محور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sarveldini" title="Ásarveldini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ásarveldini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_Rome-Berlin-Tokyo" title="Axe Rome-Berlin-Tokyo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Axe Rome-Berlin-Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Cochaarjys_Essylagh" title="Yn Cochaarjys Essylagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Cochaarjys Essylagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencias_do_Eixe" title="Potencias do Eixe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potencias do Eixe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%B6%95%EA%B5%AD" title="추축국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추축국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Առանցքի ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առանցքի ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="अक्ष शक्तियाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्ष शक्तियाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sile_Osovine" title="Sile Osovine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sile Osovine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axo_Roma-Berlin-Tokio" title="Axo Roma-Berlin-Tokio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Axo Roma-Berlin-Tokio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Poros" title="Blok Poros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blok Poros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentias_del_Axe" title="Potentias del Axe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Potentias del Axe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Сæмæны бæстæтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæмæны бæстæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96xulveldin" title="Öxulveldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öxulveldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenze_dell%27Asse" title="Potenze dell'Asse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potenze dell'Asse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מדינות הציר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינות הציר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poros_(Perang_Donya_II)" title="Poros (Perang Donya II) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poros (Perang Donya II)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ღერძი ბერლინი-რომი-ტოკიო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღერძი ბერლინი-რომი-ტოკიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ось елдері мен олардың одақтастары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ось елдері мен олардың одақтастары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%C3%ABnzes_de_l%27ascil" title="Putënzes de l'ascil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Putënzes de l'ascil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%99" title="ອຳນາດແກນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອຳນາດແກນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potestates_Axis" title="Potestates Axis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Potestates Axis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass_valstis" title="Ass valstis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ass valstis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1is_(politika)" title="Ašis (politika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ašis (politika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengelyhatalmak" title="Tengelyhatalmak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengelyhatalmak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сили на Оската – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сили на Оската" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അച്ചുതണ്ട് ശക്തികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അച്ചുതണ്ട് ശക്തികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwiet_tal-Assi_tat-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="Qawwiet tal-Assi tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Qawwiet tal-Assi tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="अक्ष राष्ट्रे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अक्ष राष्ट्रे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دول المحور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دول المحور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuasa_Paksi" title="Kuasa Paksi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuasa Paksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Тэнхлэгийн гүрнүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнхлэгийн гүрнүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝင်ရိုးတန်းနိုင်ငံများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝင်ရိုးတန်းနိုင်ငံများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmogendheden" title="Asmogendheden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asmogendheden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E8%BB%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="枢軸国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="枢軸国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksemaktene" title="Aksemaktene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aksemaktene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksemaktene" title="Aksemaktene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aksemaktene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A9ncias_de_l%27Axe" title="Poténcias de l'Axe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poténcias de l'Axe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Rim_o%CA%BBqi" title="Berlin-Rim oʻqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berlin-Rim oʻqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੋਮ-ਬਰਲਿਨ-ਟੋਕੀਓ ਧੁਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮ-ਬਰਲਿਨ-ਟੋਕੀਓ ਧੁਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achsenm%C3%A4chte" title="Achsenmächte – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Achsenmächte" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="محوری طاقتاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محوری طاقتاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="محور ځواکونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محور ځواکونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="អំណាចអ័ក្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំណាចអ័ក្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwa_Osi" title="Państwa Osi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwa Osi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%AAncias_do_Eixo" title="Potências do Eixo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potências do Eixo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puterile_Axei" title="Puterile Axei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Puterile Axei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%A3" title="Краины Осѣ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Краины Осѣ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%C2%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Страны «оси» и их союзники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страны «оси» и их союзники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_pouers" title="Axis pouers – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Axis pouers" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqit%C3%AB_e_Boshtit" title="Fuqitë e Boshtit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fuqitë e Boshtit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assi" title="Assi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Assi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Axis powers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Berl%C3%ADn-R%C3%ADm-Tokio" title="Os Berlín-Rím-Tokio – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Os Berlín-Rím-Tokio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sile_osi" title="Sile osi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sile osi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1" title="وڵاتەکانی تەوەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وڵاتەکانی تەوەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Силе Осовине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Силе Осовине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sile_Osovine" title="Sile Osovine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sile Osovine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselivallat" title="Akselivallat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akselivallat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axelmakterna" title="Axelmakterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Axelmakterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangyarihang_Aksis" title="Kapangyarihang Aksis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapangyarihang Aksis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அச்சு நாடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சு நாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అక్ష రాజ్యాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్ష రాజ్యాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B0" title="ฝ่ายอักษะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝ่ายอักษะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئوق دۆلەتلەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوق دۆلەتلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phe_Tr%E1%BB%A5c" title="Phe Trục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phe Trục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" title="軸心國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="軸心國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahum_nga_Axis" title="Gahum nga Axis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gahum nga Axis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" title="軸心國 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="軸心國" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" title="軸心國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軸心國" 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/The_Rome%E2%80%93Berlin_Axis" title="The Rome–Berlin Axis">The Rome–Berlin Axis</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Axis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Axis (disambiguation)">Axis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Axis powers</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Achsenmächte</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Potenze dell'Asse</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">樞軸國, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sūjikukoku</i></span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1936–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_(1940)_in_Tokio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg/250px-Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg/375px-Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg/500px-Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Celebration of the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Tokyo <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Major Axis powers:</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Other Axis states:</span></b> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Tri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hun_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hun-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Tri_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Tri_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Republic of Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tri_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pup_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tri_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pup_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">Kingdom of Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Collective_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective defense">Military alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/World_War_II#Axis_collapse_and_Allied_victory_(1944–1945)" title="World War II">Defeated</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Footnotes</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germany, Italy, and Japan are typically described as being the "major" (or similar) countries amongst the Axis powers (see e.g., <i>Global Strategy</i>, Momah, p. 71, or <i>Encyclopedia of World War II</i>, Tucker & Roberts, p. 102).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italian surrender in September 1943</a>, the Kingdom of Italy fought as a co-belligerent of the Allies, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, a German puppet state, was formed in northern Italy and existed until the surrender on 29 April 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tri-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tri_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tri_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tri_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tri_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tri_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, generally considered Axis powers (see e.g., <i>Facts About the American Wars</i>, Bowman, p. 432, which includes them in a list of "Axis powers", or <i>The Library of Congress World War II Companion</i>, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn, p. 39, which lists them as "The Axis").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hun-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hun_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a>, a German puppet under <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> from 15 October 1944 onwards (see <i>Germany and the Axis Powers</i>, DiNardo, p. 189).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official position of wartime government was that they were a co-belligerent of the Axis against the USSR and United Kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, but generally considered to be a member of the Axis (see e.g., Bowman, p. 432, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn p. 39, or Dinardo p. 95).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pup-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pup_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pup_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Puppet state installed by the Axis powers (see e.g., <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>, Lemkin, p. 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Declared war on the United Kingdom and United States in alliance with Japan on 25 January 1942, generally considered to be a member of the Axis (e.g. Bowman, p. 432).</span> </li> </ol></div></div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218,_Berlin,_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L09218%2C_Berlin%2C_Japanische_Botschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Flags of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> draping the facade of the Embassy of Japan on the <a href="/wiki/Tiergartenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Tiergartenstraße">Tiergartenstraße</a> in Berlin (September 1940)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-065-24%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Ankunft_Mussolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (right) beside Italy's <i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/220px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/330px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/440px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Japan's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> (center) with fellow government representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. To the left of Tojo, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a> from Burma, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> from China. To the right of Tojo, from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" title="Wan Waithayakon">Wan Waithayakon</a> from Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> from the Philippines, and <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> from India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/220px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/330px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/440px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The signing of the Tripartite Pact by Germany, Japan, and Italy on 27 September 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Seated from left to right are the Japanese ambassador to Germany <a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Kurusu" title="Saburō Kurusu">Saburō Kurusu</a>, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Axis powers</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally called the <b>Rome–Berlin Axis</b><sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg_et_al_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_et_al-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also <b>Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis</b>, was the military <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> which initiated <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and fought against the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Its principal members were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. The Axis were united in their far-right positions and general opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion. </p><p>The Axis grew out of successive diplomatic efforts by Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the <a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">protocol signed by Germany and Italy</a> in October 1936, after which Italian leader <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> declared that all other European countries would thereafter rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term "Axis".<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following November saw the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> treaty between Germany and Japan; Italy joined the Pact in 1937, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> in 1939. The "Rome–Berlin Axis" became a <a href="/wiki/Collective_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective defense">military alliance</a> in 1939 under the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>", with the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> of 1940 formally integrating the military aims of Germany, Italy, Japan, and later followed by other nations. The three pacts formed the foundation of the Axis alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its zenith in 1942, the Axis presided over large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia, either through occupation, annexation, or <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a>. In contrast to the Allies,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_&_Roberts1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_&_Roberts1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were no three-way summit meetings, and cooperation and coordination were minimal; on occasion, the interests of the major Axis powers were even at variance with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Momah1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momah1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Axis ultimately came to an end with its defeat in 1945. </p><p> Particularly within Europe, the use of the term "the Axis" sometimes refers solely to the alliance between Italy and Germany, though outside Europe it is normally understood as including Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedinger1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedinger1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_creation">Origins and creation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration#Fascist_support" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism#By_Italian_Fascists" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism#Early_usages" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></div> <p>The term "axis" was first applied to the Italo-German relationship by the Italian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in September 1923, when he wrote in the preface to Roberto Suster's <i>La</i> <i>Germania Repubblicana</i> that "there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of European history passes through Berlin" (<i>non v'ha dubbio che in questo momento l'asse della storia europea passa per Berlino</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, he was seeking an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> in the dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was used by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>'s prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a> when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany and Italy in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1959291_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1959291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gömbös' efforts did affect the Italo-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Rome_Protocols" title="Rome Protocols">Rome Protocols</a>, but his sudden death in 1936 while negotiating with Germany in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Dar%C3%A1nyi" title="Kálmán Darányi">Kálmán Darányi</a>, his successor, ended Hungary's involvement in pursuing a trilateral axis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1959291_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1959291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contentious negotiations between the Italian foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, and the German ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hassell" title="Ulrich von Hassell">Ulrich von Hassell</a>, resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">Nine-Point Protocol</a>, signed by Ciano and his German counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a>, in 1936. When Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November, he proclaimed the creation of a Rome–Berlin axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_proposals_of_a_German–Italian_alliance"><span id="Initial_proposals_of_a_German.E2.80.93Italian_alliance"></span>Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance</h3></div> <p>Italy under <i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to becoming head of government in Italy as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascist</a> movement, Mussolini had advocated alliance with defeated Germany after the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a> settled <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1923, as a goodwill gesture to Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i>, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France, as 1935 was the year when Germany's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000125_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000125-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Capello" title="Luigi Capello">Luigi Capello</a> and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany: that Italy "must ... tow them, not be towed by them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a> in the early 1930s stressed the importance of "decisive weight", involving Italy's relations between France and Germany, in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power, but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another, and sought to balance relations between the three.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199768_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199768-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danube_alliance,_dispute_over_Austria"><span id="Danube_alliance.2C_dispute_over_Austria"></span>Danube alliance, dispute over Austria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/170px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/255px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/340px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="2739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <i>Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German People</i>, 1933–1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the Nazi Party <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">came to power</a> in Germany. Hitler had advocated an alliance between Germany and Italy since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after being appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>, Hitler sent a personal message to Mussolini, declaring "admiration and homage" and declaring his anticipation of the prospects of German–Italian friendship and even alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199775_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199775-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler was aware that Italy held concerns over potential German land claims on South Tyrol, and assured Mussolini that Germany was not interested in South Tyrol. Hitler in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> had declared that South Tyrol was a non-issue considering the advantages that would be gained from a German–Italian alliance. After Hitler's rise to power, the Four Power Directorate proposal by Italy had been looked at with interest by Britain, but Hitler was not committed to it, resulting in Mussolini urging Hitler to consider the diplomatic advantages Germany would gain by breaking out of isolation by entering the Directorate and avoiding an immediate armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199781_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199781-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Four Power Directorate proposal stipulated that Germany would no longer be required to have limited arms and would be granted the right to re-armament under foreign supervision in stages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler completely rejected the idea of controlled rearmament under foreign supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussolini did not trust Hitler's intentions regarding <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> nor Hitler's promise of no territorial claims on South Tyrol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini informed Hitler that he was satisfied with the presence of the anti-Marxist government of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>, and warned Hitler that he was adamantly opposed to Anschluss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler responded in contempt to Mussolini that he intended "to throw Dollfuss into the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this disagreement over Austria, relations between Hitler and Mussolini steadily became more distant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler attempted to break the impasse with Italy over Austria by sending <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> to negotiate with Mussolini in 1933 to convince Mussolini to press Austria to appoint <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazis</a> to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Göring claimed that Nazi domination of Austria was inevitable and that Italy should accept this, as well as repeating to Mussolini of Hitler's promise to "regard the question of the South Tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Göring's visit with Mussolini, Dollfuss immediately went to Italy to counter any German diplomatic headway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dollfuss claimed that his government was actively challenging Marxists in Austria and claimed that once the Marxists were defeated in Austria, that support for Austria's Nazis would decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1934, Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time, in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The meeting did not proceed amicably. Hitler demanded that Mussolini compromise on Austria by pressuring Dollfuss to appoint Austrian Nazis to his cabinet, to which Mussolini flatly refused the demand. In response, Hitler promised that he would accept Austria's independence for the time being, saying that due to the internal tensions in Germany (referring to sections of the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> that Hitler would soon kill in the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>) that Germany could not afford to provoke Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004123_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2004123-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> told the press that the two leaders had made a "gentleman's agreement" to avoid interfering in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg/170px-DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg/255px-DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg/340px-DollfussEnGinebra1933.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, Chancellor of Austria, 1932–1934</figcaption></figure> <p>Several weeks after the Venice meeting, on 25 July 1934, Austrian Nazis assassinated Dollfuss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004123_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2004123-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini was outraged as he held Hitler directly responsible for the assassination that violated Hitler's promise made only weeks ago to respect Austrian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004123–125_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2004123–125-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a>, and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler responded by both denying Nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the German Nazi Party and its Austrian branch, which Germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy effectively abandoned diplomatic relations with Germany while turning to France in order to challenge Germany's intransigence by signing a Franco–Italian accord to protect Austrian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004125_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2004125-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French and Italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with Germany should Hitler dare to attack Austria. </p><p>Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler's support of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_German–Italian–Japanese_alliance"><span id="Development_of_German.E2.80.93Italian.E2.80.93Japanese_alliance"></span>Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hideo_Kodama_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hideo_Kodama_01.jpg/170px-Hideo_Kodama_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Hideo_Kodama_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kodama" title="Hideo Kodama">Hideo Kodama</a>, a wartime cabinet minister in the Empire of Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> in Berlin in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although at the time Japan was unwilling to make an alliance against the United Kingdom and France, Oshima informed von Ribbentrop of Japan's interest in forming a German–Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Ribbentrop expanded on Oshima's proposal by advocating that the alliance be based in a political context of a pact to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed pact was met with mixed reviews in Japan, with a faction of ultra-nationalists within the government supporting the pact while the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Japanese Foreign Ministry</a> were staunchly opposed to the pact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199033_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199033-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was great concern in the Japanese government that such a pact with Germany could disrupt Japan's relations with Britain, endangering years of a beneficial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese accord</a>, that had allowed Japan to ascend in the international community in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199038_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199038-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response to the pact was met with similar division in Germany; while the proposed pact was popular amongst the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, it was opposed by many in the Foreign Ministry, the Army, and the business community who held financial interests in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> to which Japan was hostile. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OKAWA_Shumei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OKAWA_Shumei.jpg/170px-OKAWA_Shumei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OKAWA_Shumei.jpg/255px-OKAWA_Shumei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OKAWA_Shumei.jpg/340px-OKAWA_Shumei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Shūmei Ōkawa</a>, a key exponent of Japanese nationalism</figcaption></figure> <p>On learning of German–Japanese negotiations, Italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy had hoped that due to Japan's long-term close relations with Britain, that an Italo-Japanese alliance could pressure Britain into adopting a more accommodating stance towards Italy in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1936, Italian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> informed Japanese Ambassador to Italy, Sugimura Yotaro, "I have heard that a Japanese–German agreement concerning the Soviet Union has been reached, and I think it would be natural for a similar agreement to be made between Italy and Japan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially Japan's attitude towards Italy's proposal was generally dismissive, viewing a German–Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union as imperative while regarding an Italo-Japanese alliance as secondary, as Japan anticipated that an Italo-Japanese alliance would antagonize Britain that had condemned Italy's invasion of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation, while Italy remained favourable to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199032–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Italy's support for Japan against international condemnation, Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199039–40_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoscaroGattiRaveri199039–40-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg/170px-Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg/255px-Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg/340px-Lt.Gen_Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima_IJA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Lt.Gen <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a>, Japanese ambassador to Germany before and during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200391_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200391-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div> <p>The Axis powers' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a> and defending civilization from <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Axis championed a number of variants on <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creation of territorially contiguous autarkic empires was a common goal of all three major Axis powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedinger1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedinger1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_resources">Economic resources</h2></div> <p>The Axis population in 1938 was 258.9 million, while the Allied population (excluding the Soviet Union and the United States, which later joined the Allies) was 689.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading Axis states had the following domestic populations: Germany 75.5 million (including 6.8 million from recently annexed Austria), Japan 71.9 million (excluding its colonies), and Italy 43.4 million (excluding its colonies). The United Kingdom (excluding its colonies) had a population of 47.5 million and France (excluding its colonies) 42 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20003_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wartime <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of the Axis was $911 billion at its highest in 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">international dollars</a> by 1990 prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798 billion. The United States stood at $1,094 billion, more than the Axis combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200010,_25_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200010,_25-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The burden of the war upon participating countries has been measured through the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> (GNP) devoted to military expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly one-quarter of Germany's GNP was committed to the war effort in 1939, and this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944, prior to the collapse of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China; this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy did not mobilize its economy; its GNP committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity; their economies were small, dependent on <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, external sources of fuel and other industrial resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low, even by 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the three major Axis powers, Japan had the lowest per capita income, while Germany and Italy had an income level comparable to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200019_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200019-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>'s oil gave the country a disproportionate importance in the global conflict. In 1940 and 1941, Romania supplied 94% and 75% of Germany's oil imports respectively. Italy – which lacked both natural and synthetic output – was even more reliant on Romanian oil than Germany. The loss of Romania's oil – following the country's <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">defection from the Axis in August 1944</a> – resulted in Hitler's first admission that the war was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy199517–20_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy199517–20-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_Axis_powers">Major Axis powers</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_Government" title="Flensburg Government">Flensburg Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501,_Warschau,_Walther_v._Brauchitsch,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2001-0706-501%2C_Warschau%2C_Walther_v._Brauchitsch%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>German Führer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> along with General <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a>, during the victory parade in Warsaw after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">defeat of Poland</a>, October 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/220px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/330px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/440px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> bomber aircraft during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/220px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/330px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/440px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>German vehicles advancing during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-107-40%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-118_Angriff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/U-118_Angriff.jpg/220px-U-118_Angriff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/U-118_Angriff.jpg/330px-U-118_Angriff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/U-118_Angriff.jpg/440px-U-118_Angriff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>German submarine <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-118_(1941)" title="German submarine U-118 (1941)">U-118</a></i> under air attack in June 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_justifications">War justifications</h4></div> <p>Hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of World War II as the fault of the intervention of Western powers against Germany during its war with Poland, describing it as the result of "the European and American warmongers".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Copeland_1999_Pp._485_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Copeland_1999_Pp._485-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler had designs for Germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world, such as his intention for Germany's capital of Berlin to become the <i>Welthauptstadt</i> ("World Capital"), renamed <a href="/wiki/Welthauptstadt_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Welthauptstadt Germania">Germania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> crisis that Hitler described: "We are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources".<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_J._Lee_1945._P._237_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee_1945._P._237-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">lebensraum</a></i> ("living space") for the German nation and end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_J._Lee_1945._P._237_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee_1945._P._237-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany justified its war against Poland on the issues of <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German minority within Poland</a> and Polish opposition to the incorporation of the ethnically German-majority <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> into Germany. While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles, after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland, and signed a 10-year <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">Non-Aggression Pact</a> in 1934, revealing his plans to only to his closest associates.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Germany and Poland altered from the early to the late 1930s, as Germany sought rapprochement with Poland to avoid the risk of Poland entering the Soviet sphere of influence, and appealed to anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Karski_2014._P197_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Karski_2014._P197-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler even tried to convince Poland to join the Anti-Comintern Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg200532_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg200532-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union in turn at this time competed with Germany for influence in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Karski_2014._P197_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Karski_2014._P197-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time Germany was preparing for a war with Poland and was secretly preparing the German minority in Poland for a war.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">diplomatic crisis erupted</a> following Hitler demanding that the Free City of Danzig be annexed to Germany, as it was led by a Nazi government seeking annexation to Germany. Germany used legal precedents to justify its intervention against Poland and annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> (led by a local Nazi government that sought incorporation into Germany) in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Kiss._1989_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Kiss._1989-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland rejected Germany's demands and Germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 August 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Young_2006._P._271_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Young_2006._P._271-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany justified its invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in May 1940 by claiming that it suspected that Britain and France were preparing to use the Low Countries to launch an invasion of the industrial <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> region of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When war between Germany versus Britain and France appeared likely in May 1939, Hitler declared that the Netherlands and Belgium would need to be occupied, saying: "Dutch and Belgian air bases must be occupied ... Declarations of neutrality must be ignored".<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a conference with Germany's military leaders on 23 November 1939, Hitler declared to the military leaders that "We have an <a href="/wiki/Achilles_heel" class="mw-redirect" title="Achilles heel">Achilles heel</a>, the Ruhr", and said that "If England and France push through Belgium and Holland into the Ruhr, we shall be in the greatest danger", and thus claimed that Belgium and the Netherlands had to be occupied by Germany to protect Germany from a British-French offensive against the Ruhr, irrespective of their claims to neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald_2000._P._649-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941 involved issues of <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">lebensraum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and Soviet foreign policy. After Germany invaded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> on Hitler to endorse a "<a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>" led by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Andrey Vlasov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the proposal to support an anti-communist Russian army was met with outright rejection by Hitler, however by 1944 as Germany faced mounting losses on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, Vlasov's forces were recognized by Germany as an ally, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States, Germany supported Japan by declaring war on the US. During the war Germany denounced the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a> that the US adopted to support the Allied powers prior to entry into the alliance, as imperialism directed at dominating and exploiting countries outside of the continental <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_Bennett_Woods_1990._P._200_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_Bennett_Woods_1990._P._200-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler denounced American President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s invoking of the term "freedom" to describe US actions in the war, and accused the American meaning of "freedom" to be the freedom for democracy to exploit the world and the freedom for plutocrats within such democracy to exploit the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_Bennett_Woods_1990._P._200_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_Bennett_Woods_1990._P._200-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div> <p>At the end of World War I, German citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, which included a <a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">war guilt clause</a> and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by the German Empire and all its colonies. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation during the early 1920s</a>. In 1923 <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">the French occupied the Ruhr region</a> when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany's woes. The Nazis, under Hitler, promoted the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stab-in-the-back legend">stab-in-the-back legend</a> stating that Germany had been betrayed by Jews and Communists. The party promised to rebuild Germany as a major power and create a <a href="/wiki/German_question#Later_influence" title="German question">Greater Germany</a> that would include <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, Austria, <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, and other German-populated territories in Europe. The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, and the Soviet Union, as part of the Nazi policy of seeking <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> ("living space") in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. </p><p>Germany renounced the Versailles treaty and <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarized the Rhineland</a> in March 1936. Germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a German air force, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, and naval force, the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> in 1935. Germany <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed Austria in 1938</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Sudetenland</a> from Czechoslovakia, and the <a href="/wiki/Memel_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Memel territory">Memel territory</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in 1939. Germany then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939, creating the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> and the country of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. </p><p>On 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which contained a secret protocol dividing eastern Europe into spheres of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany's invasion of its part of Poland under the Pact eight days later<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200682_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200682-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggered the beginning of World War II. By the end of 1941, Germany occupied a large part of Europe and <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">its military forces</a> were fighting the Soviet Union, nearly capturing Moscow. However, crushing defeats at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> devastated the German armed forces. This, combined with Western Allied <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">landings in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Italy</a>, led to a three-front war that depleted Germany's armed forces and resulted in Germany's defeat in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupied_territories">Occupied territories</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> declared its independence from the rump <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovak State</a> allied itself with Germany. The remainder of the country was occupied by German military forces and organized into the Protectorate. Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> was the name given to the territories of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> that were not <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">directly annexed into German provinces</a>, but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany by the Nazi authorities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a> were established in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Norway, designated as places the "Germanic" populations of which were to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich. By contrast the Reichskommissariats established in the east (<a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a> in the Baltics, <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> in Ukraine) were established as colonies for settlement by Germans. </p><p>In Norway, under <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a>, was installed by the Germans as a client regime <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">during the occupation</a>, while king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a> and the legal <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">government were in exile</a>. Quisling encouraged Norwegians to serve as volunteers <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">in the Waffen-SS</a>, collaborated in the deportation of Jews, and was responsible for the executions of members of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a>. About 45,000 Norwegian collaborators joined the pro-Nazi party <i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i> (National Union), and some police units helped arrest many Jews. However, Norway was one of the first countries where <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance during World War II</a> was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II" title="Legal purge in Norway after World War II">Quisling and other collaborators were executed</a>. Quisling's name has become an international <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Traitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitor">traitor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Bloc_(proposed_alliance)" title="Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)">Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_justifications_2">War justifications</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/340px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in an official portrait</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> described Italy's declaration of war against the Western Allies of Britain and France in June 1940 as the following: "We are going to war against the <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian people</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy condemned the Western powers for enacting sanctions on Italy in 1935 for its actions in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> that Italy claimed was a response to an act of Ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis#Walwal_incident" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Walwal incident</a> of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy, like Germany, also justified its actions by claiming that Italy needed to territorially expand to provide <i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">spazio vitale</a></i> ("vital space") for the Italian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-rodogno46_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodogno46-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1938 in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement, Italy demanded concessions from France to yield to Italy in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France's refusal to accept Italy's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France responded to Italy's demands with threatening naval manoeuvres as a warning to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As tensions between Italy and France grew, Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997185_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997185-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. Italy justified its <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">intervention against Greece in October 1940</a> on the allegation that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> was being used by Britain against Italy, Mussolini informed this to Hitler, saying: "Greece is one of the main points of English maritime strategy in the Mediterranean".<sup id="cite_ref-John_Lukacs_1941._P._116_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Lukacs_1941._P._116-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09,_Nordafrika,_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-09%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy justified its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">intervention against Yugoslavia in April 1941</a> by appealing to both Italian irredentist claims and the fact of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian separatists</a> not wishing to be part of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jozo_Tomasevich_P._30-31_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jozo_Tomasevich_P._30-31-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatian separatism soared after the assassination of Croatian political leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">National Assembly of Yugoslavia</a> in 1928 including the death of <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a>, and Italy endorsed Croatian separatist <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> and his fascist <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement that was based and trained in Italy with the Fascist regime's support prior to intervention against Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jozo_Tomasevich_P._30-31_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jozo_Tomasevich_P._30-31-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4></div> <p>The intention of the Fascist regime was to create a "<a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">New Roman Empire</a>" in which Italy would dominate the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. In 1935–1936 <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Italy invaded and annexed Ethiopia</a> and the Fascist government proclaimed the creation of the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002289_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002289-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, especially the British, who had interests in that area, led to no serious action, although The League did try to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. In 1937 Italy left the League of Nations and joined the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, which had been signed by Germany and Japan the preceding year. In March/April 1939 Italian troops invaded and annexed <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. Germany and Italy signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> on May 22. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38,_Nordafrika,_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/Fiat_M13/40" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M13/40">Fiat M13/40</a> tanks in the North African Campaign in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy was ill-prepared for war, in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935, first with Ethiopia in 1935–1936 and then in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on the side of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200140–41_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200140–41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini refused to heed warnings from his minister of exchange and currency, <a href="/wiki/Felice_Guarneri" title="Felice Guarneri">Felice Guarneri</a>, who said that Italy's actions in Ethiopia and Spain meant that Italy was on the verge of bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200141_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200141-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939 military expenditures by Britain and France far exceeded what Italy could afford.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200141_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKercherLegault200141-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Italy's economic difficulties its soldiers were poorly paid, often being poorly equipped and poorly supplied, and animosity arose between soldiers and class-conscious officers; these contributed to low morale amongst Italian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/220px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/330px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/440px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Italian battleships <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto">Vittorio Veneto</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Littorio" title="Italian battleship Littorio">Littorio</a></i> during the war</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg/220px-A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg/330px-A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg/440px-A_formation_of_Macchi_C.200s_escorting_bombers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/Macchi_C.200" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchi C.200">Macchi C.200</a> fighter aircraft during the war</figcaption></figure> <p>By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. By March 1940, Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene, but the date was not yet chosen. His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared. No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted, Italy's industrial base was only one-tenth of Germany's, and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration. An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials. Mussolini ignored the negative advice.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1941, Italy's attempts to run an autonomous campaign from Germany's, collapsed as a result of military setbacks in Greece, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>; and the country became dependent and effectively subordinate to Germany. After the German-led invasion and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavia during World War II">Yugoslavia</a> and Greece, that had both been targets of Italy's war aims, Italy was forced to accept German dominance in the two occupied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-pp284_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp284-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, by 1941, German forces in North Africa under <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> effectively took charge of the military effort ousting Allied forces from the Italian colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>, and German forces were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany's insolence towards Italy as an ally was demonstrated that year when Italy was pressured to send 350,000 "guest workers" to Germany who were used as forced labour.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hitler was disappointed with the Italian military's performance, he maintained overall favorable relations with Italy because of his personal friendship with Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Lukacs_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Lukacs-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1943, following the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest, and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies. An <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces">armistice</a> was signed on 8 September 1943, and four days later Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">Operation Oak</a> and placed in charge of a puppet state called the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (<i>Repubblica Sociale Italiana</i>/RSI, or <i>Repubblica di Salò</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. In order to liberate the country from the Germans and Fascists, Italy became a <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerent</a> of the Allies; as result, the country descended in <a href="/wiki/Italian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian civil war">Civil War</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army">Italian Co-Belligerent Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">partisans</a>, supported by the Allies, contended the Social Republic's forces and its German allies. Some areas in Northern Italy were liberated from the Germans as late as May, 1945. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Mussolini was killed</a> by Communist partisans on 28 April 1945 while trying to escape to Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601131_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601131-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonies_and_dependencies">Colonies and dependencies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Italian imperialism under Fascism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Colonial_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Italian_Colonial_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Every territory ever controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> at some point in time during World War II <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4a9447; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of Italy</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c9ff6b; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Possessions/colonies of Italy</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#666666; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Occupied territory and protectorates</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Dodecanese Islands</a> were an Italian dependency known as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a> from 1912 to 1943. </p><p>Montenegro was an Italian dependency from 1941 to 1943 known as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Governorate of Montenegro</a> that was under the control of an Italian military governor. Initially, the Italians intended that Montenegro would become an "independent" state closely allied with Italy, reinforced through the strong dynastic links between Italy and Montenegro, as <a href="/wiki/Elena_of_Montenegro" title="Elena of Montenegro">Queen Elena of Italy</a> was a daughter of the last Montenegrin king <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a>. The Italian-backed <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekula_Drljevi%C4%87" title="Sekula Drljević">Sekula Drljević</a> and his followers attempted to create a Montenegrin state. On 12 July 1941, they proclaimed the "Kingdom of Montenegro" under the protection of Italy. In less than 24 hours, that triggered a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">general uprising against the Italians</a>. Within three weeks, the insurgents managed to capture almost all the territory of Montenegro. Over 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> troops and 20,000 of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_Muslim_militia" title="Sandžak Muslim militia">Muslim</a> irregulars were deployed to suppress the rebellion. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941. Montenegro then came under full direct Italian control. With the Italian capitulation of 1943, Montenegro came directly under the control of Germany. </p><p>Politically and economically dominated by Italy from its creation in 1913, Albania was occupied by Italian military forces in 1939 as the Albanian king Zog l fled the country with his family. The Albanian parliament voted to offer the Albanian throne to the King of Italy, resulting in a personal union between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h5></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> was an Italian colony existing from 1936 to 1943. Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936, Italy had two colonies, Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943. The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939; however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_justifications_3">War justifications</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patto_Tripartito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Patto_Tripartito.jpg/220px-Patto_Tripartito.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Patto_Tripartito.jpg/330px-Patto_Tripartito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Patto_Tripartito.jpg/440px-Patto_Tripartito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Italian propaganda poster by <a href="/wiki/Gino_Boccasile" title="Gino Boccasile">Gino Boccasile</a> illustrating the strength of the Tripartite Pact, with <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warrior sinking British and American ships, and the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensigns</a> of the three powers flying behind him.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> under Japanese leadership in a <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> that would free <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a> from domination and rule by clients of Western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan invoked themes of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a> and said that the Asian people needed to be free from Western influence.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States opposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and recognized <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-Shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> as the legitimate government of China. As a result, the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a halt by imposing an embargo on all trade between the United States and Japan. Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, and as a consequence the embargo resulted in an economic and military crisis for Japan, as Japan could not continue its war effort against China without access to petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to maintain its military campaign in China with the major loss of petroleum trade with the United States, Japan saw the best means to secure an alternative source of petroleum in the petroleum-rich and natural-resources-rich <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Marston_2011_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Marston_2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government, including American Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war, fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan identified the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Base">Pearl Harbor Naval Base</a> as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Marston_2011_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Marston_2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Japan initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 as a means to inhibit an American response to the invasion of Southeast Asia, and buy time to allow Japan to consolidate itself with these resources to engage in a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> against the United States, and force the United States to accept Japan's acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Marston_2011_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Marston_2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 December 1941 Japan <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">declared war on the United States and the British Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_3">History</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg/220px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg/330px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg/440px-Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces_in_Battle_of_Shanghai_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">IJN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" title="Special Naval Landing Forces">Special Naval Landing Forces</a> armed with the <a href="/wiki/Type_11_Light_Machine_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 11 Light Machine Gun">Type 11 Light Machine Gun</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg/220px-Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg/330px-Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg/440px-Shokaku_Pearl_Harbor_1st_Wave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> fighter aircraft and other aircraft preparing for takeoff on the aircraft carrier <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></i> on 7 December 1941, for the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png/220px-Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png/330px-Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png/440px-Greater_Asian_Co-prosperity_sphere.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee0303; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e65e5e; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Japanese puppet states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b90303; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Thailand (cooperated with Japan)</div> All are members of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, a constitutional monarchy with <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> as its Emperor, was the principal Axis power in <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</a>. Under the emperor were a political cabinet and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>, with two chiefs of staff. By 1945 the Emperor of Japan was more than a symbolic leader; he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its peak, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> included <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, large parts of China, Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, a small part of India, and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific. </p><p>As a result of the internal discord and economic downturn of the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militaristic elements</a> set Japan on a path of expansionism. As the Japanese home islands lacked natural resources needed for growth, Japan planned to establish hegemony in Asia and become self-sufficient by acquiring territories with abundant natural resources. Japan's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy, who had both pursued similar expansionist policies. Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union. </p><p>Japan entered into conflict <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">against the Chinese</a> in 1937. The Japanese invasion and occupation of parts of China resulted in numerous atrocities against civilians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>. The Japanese also <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">fought skirmishes</a> with Soviet–<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in 1938 and 1939. Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">non-aggression pact</a> with it in 1941. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg/220px-IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg/330px-IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg/440px-IJA-paratroopers-Palembang-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">IJA</a> paratroopers are landing during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Battle of Palembang</a>, February 13, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon,_in_1943_(L42-08.06.02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">IJN</a> Yamato-class Battleships <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a></i> moored in <a href="/wiki/Truk_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Truk Lagoon">Truk Lagoon</a>, in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan's military leaders were divided on diplomatic relationships with Germany and Italy and the attitude towards the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> was in favour of war with the United States, but the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> was generally strongly opposed. When <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> refused American demands that Japan withdraw its military forces from China, a confrontation became more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull20075_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull20075-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War with the United States was being discussed within the Japanese government by 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> was outspoken in his opposition, especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, saying on 14 October 1940: "To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world. But it has been decided. So I will fight the best I can. Doubtless I shall die on board <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato"><i>Nagato</i></a> [his flagship]. Meanwhile, Tokyo will be burnt to the ground three times. Konoe and others will be torn to pieces by the revengeful people, I [shouldn't] wonder. "<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October and November 1940, Yamamoto communicated with Navy Minister Oikawa, and stated, "Unlike the pre-Tripartite days, great determination is required to make certain that we avoid the danger of going to war. "<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada2006275–276-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the European powers focused on the war in Europe, Japan sought to acquire their colonies. In 1940 Japan responded to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">German invasion of France</a> by occupying northern <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> regime, a <i>de facto</i> ally of Germany, accepted the takeover. The allied forces did not respond with war. However, the United States instituted an embargo against Japan in 1941 because of the continuing war in China. This cut off Japan's supply of scrap metal and oil needed for industry, trade, and the war effort. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg/220px-Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg/330px-Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg/440px-Falkenhorst_onodera_morath_fjell_festning_1943_triple_28_cm_triple_naval_gun_gneisenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Military Attaché, Makoto Onodera, visiting <a href="/wiki/Fjell_Fortress" title="Fjell Fortress">Fjell Fortress</a> in Norway, 1943. Behind him is Lieutenant Colonel Eberhard Freiherr von Zedlitz und Neukrich (C-in-C Luftwaffe Feldregiment 502.), and to the right is Fregattenkapitän doktor Robert Morath (Seekommandant in Bergen). Behind Onoderas hand (raised in salute) is General <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Falkenhorst" title="Nikolaus von Falkenhorst">Nikolaus von Falkenhorst</a> (C-in-C German military forces in Norway).</figcaption></figure> <p>To isolate the US forces stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> and to reduce US naval power, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">an attack</a> on the US naval base at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. They also invaded <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Initially achieving a series of victories, by 1943 the Japanese forces were driven back towards the home islands. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in 1945. The Soviets formally declared war in August 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">engaged Japanese forces</a> in Manchuria and northeast China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonies_and_dependencies_2">Colonies and dependencies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese dependency</a> established in 1895. <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese protectorate and dependency</a> formally established by the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I, that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands. Japan received these as a reward by the Allies of World War I, when Japan was then allied against Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Japanese officers training young Indonesian recruits, c. 1945</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies</a> during the war. Japan planned to transform these territories into a client state of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and sought alliance with Indonesian nationalists including future Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, however these efforts did not deliver the creation of an Indonesian state until after Japan's surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Tripartite_Pact_signatories">Other Tripartite Pact signatories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Romanian%E2%80%93Slovak_friendship_proclamation" title="Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation">Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation</a></div> <p>In addition to the three major Axis powers, six other countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> as its member states. Of the additional countries, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, and Romania participated in various Axis military operations with their national armed forces, while the sixth, Yugoslavia, saw its Tripartite signatory government overthrown earlier in a coup merely days after it signed the Pact, and the membership was reversed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity (Hungary)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toldi.jpg/220px-Toldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toldi.jpg/330px-Toldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Toldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Toldi_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toldi (tank)">Toldi I</a> tank as used during the 1941 Axis invasion of the Soviet Union</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, was the first country apart from Germany, Italy, and Japan to adhere to the Tripartite Pact, signing the agreement on 20 November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political instability plagued the country until Miklós Horthy, a Hungarian nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian naval</a> officer, became regent in 1920. The vast majority of the Hungarians desired to recover former territories of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> lost through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>. During the government of <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a>, Hungary drew closer to Germany and Italy largely because of a shared desire to revise the peace settlements made after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people sympathized with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> policy of the Nazi regime. Hungary refused to participate in Nazi Germany's planned invasion of Czechoslovakia during the Sudenten Crisis, but after the Munich Agreement carried out a diplomatic rapprochement in order to avoid Germany developing too close of an alliance with Hungary's rival Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its supportive stance towards Germany and the new efforts in the international policy, Hungary gained favourable territorial settlements by the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a>, after the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> occupied and annexed the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> and in 1940 received <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> from Romania via the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>. Hungarians permitted German troops to transit through their territory during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, and Hungarian forces joined the military operations after the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia. Parts of the former Yugoslavia were annexed to Hungary; the United Kingdom immediately broke off diplomatic relations in response. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg/220px-Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg/330px-Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg/440px-Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian mountains</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Hungary did not initially participate in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, Hungary and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> became belligerents on 27 June 1941. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. All five of Hungary's field armies ultimately participated in the war against the Soviet Union; a significant contribution was made by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Second Army">Hungarian Second Army</a>. </p><p>On 25 November 1941, Hungary was one of thirteen signatories to the renewed Anti-Comintern Pact. Hungarian troops, like their Axis counterparts, were involved in numerous actions against the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating. The Hungarian Second Army was destroyed in fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronezh Front">Voronezh Front</a>, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a>. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German occupation</a> within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished. Afterwards, in late 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of them to their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Hungarian Jews suffered close to 560,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r,_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg/220px-Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg/330px-Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg/440px-Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_1944._%C3%A1prilis_13._Kass_Ferenc_%C5%91rmester_l%C3%A9giharcban_megs%C3%A9r%C3%BClt_M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja_II._vad%C3%A1szrep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pe._Fortepan_9233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja" title="MÁVAG Héja">MÁVAG Héja</a> fighter aircraft, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggiane Re.2000">Reggiane Re.2000</a>, an Italian fighter design</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between Germany and the regency of <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> collapsed in 1944 when Horthy attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with the Soviets and jump out of the war without German approval. Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a>, held his son hostage as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a>. Hungary was reorganized following Horthy's abdication in December 1944 into a totalitarian regime called the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>. He had been <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a> since October 1944 and was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarism">Hungarist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>. Its jurisdiction was effectively limited to an ever-narrowing band of territory in <a href="/wiki/Central_Hungary" title="Central Hungary">central Hungary</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> since by the time they took power the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was already far inside the country. Nonetheless, the Arrow Cross rule, short-lived as it was, was brutal. In fewer than three months, Arrow Cross death squads killed as many as 38,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungarian Jews</a>. Arrow Cross officers helped <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> re-activate the deportation proceedings from which the Jews of Budapest had thus far been spared, sending some 80,000 Jews out of the city on slave labour details and many more straight to death camps. Most of them died, including many who were murdered outright after the end of the fighting as they were returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-remeny.org_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remeny.org-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days after the Szálasi government took power, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> was surrounded by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. German and Hungarian forces tried to hold off the Soviet advance but failed. After fierce fighting, Budapest was taken by the Soviets. A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. </p><p>In March 1945, Szálasi fled to Germany as the leader of a government in exile, until the surrender of Germany in May 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian armored fighting vehicle production during World War II">Romanian armored fighting vehicle production during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Navy_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian Navy during World War II">Romanian Navy during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAR80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/170px-IAR80.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/255px-IAR80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/340px-IAR80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>A formation of Romanian <a href="/wiki/IAR_80" title="IAR 80">IAR 80</a> fighter aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>With the exception of Germany and Italy, Romania was the only country where a Fascist movement came to power without foreign assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When war erupted in Europe, the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> was already subordinated to the interests of Nazi Germany through a <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Romanian_Treaty_for_the_Development_of_Economic_Relations_between_the_Two_Countries_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries (1939)">treaty signed in the spring of 1939</a>. Nevertheless, the country had not totally abandoned pro-British sympathies. Romania had also been allied to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Romanian_alliance" title="Polish–Romanian alliance">Poles</a> for most of the interwar era. Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by Germany and the Soviet Union, and the German conquest of France and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Romania found itself increasingly isolated; meanwhile, pro-German and pro-Fascist elements began to grow. </p><p>The August 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol ceding <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a> to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 28, 1940, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina">occupied and annexed Bessarabia, as well as part of northern Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 August 1940, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> arbitrated <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a> Romania had to cede <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> to Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in September 1940. In an effort to appease the Fascist elements within the country and obtain German protection, <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> appointed the General <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as Prime Minister on September 6, 1940. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ion Antonescu and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater München">Führerbau</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (June 1941)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two days later, Antonescu forced the king to abdicate and installed the king's young son <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael</a> (Mihai) on the throne, then declared himself <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> ("Leader") with dictatorial powers. The <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a> was proclaimed on 14 September, with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> ruling together with Antonescu as the sole legal political movement in Romania. Under King Michael I and the military government of Antonescu, Romania signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> on November 23, 1940. German troops entered the country on 10 October 1941, officially to train the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a>. Hitler's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that "it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrance of German troops in Romania determined Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> to launch an invasion of Greece, starting the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having secured Hitler's approval in January 1941, Antonescu <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">ousted the Iron Guard</a> from power. </p><p>Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Despite not being involved militarily in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, Romania requested that Hungarian troops not operate in the <a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat (1941-1944)">Banat</a>. Paulus thus modified the Hungarian plan and kept their troops west of the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania joined the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Antonescu was the only foreign leader Hitler consulted on military matters<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two would meet no less than ten times throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania re-captured Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Munchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Munchen">Operation Munchen</a> before conquering further Soviet territory and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Siege of Odessa</a>, the city became the capital of the Governorate. Romanian troops <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Campaign">fought their way into the Crimea</a> alongside German troops and contributed significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Siege of Sevastopol</a>. Later, Romanian mountain troops joined the German campaign in the Caucasus, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After suffering devastating losses <a href="/wiki/Romanian_armies_in_the_battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian armies in the battle of Stalingrad">at Stalingrad</a>, Romanian officials began secretly negotiating peace conditions with the Allies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/220px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/330px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/440px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The Romanian <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>'s design was likely used by the Germans to develop the <a href="/wiki/Hetzer" title="Hetzer">Hetzer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry_in_Romania#Weapons_produced_during_World_War_II_and_the_Interwar_period" title="Arms industry in Romania">Romania's military industry</a> was small but versatile, able to copy and produce thousands of French, Soviet, German, British, and Czechoslovak weapons systems, as well as producing capable original products.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga201331_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201331-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Naval_Forces" title="Romanian Naval Forces">Romanian Navy</a> also built sizable warships, such as the minelayer <a href="/wiki/NMS_Amiral_Murgescu" title="NMS Amiral Murgescu">NMS <i>Amiral Murgescu</i></a> and the submarines <a href="/wiki/NMS_Rechinul" title="NMS Rechinul">NMS <i>Rechinul</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/NMS_Marsuinul" title="NMS Marsuinul">NMS <i>Marsuinul</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995350–351_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995350–351-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of originally-designed <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force" title="Romanian Air Force">Romanian Air Force</a> aircraft were also produced, such as the fighter <a href="/wiki/IAR-80" class="mw-redirect" title="IAR-80">IAR-80</a> and the light bomber <a href="/wiki/IAR-37" class="mw-redirect" title="IAR-37">IAR-37</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995239,_243_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995239,_243-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country had <a href="/wiki/Romanian_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian armored fighting vehicle production during World War II">built armored fighting vehicles</a> as well, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>, that likely influenced the design of the German <a href="/wiki/Hetzer" title="Hetzer">Hetzer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995229_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995229-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania had also been a major power in the oil industry since the 1800s. It was one of the largest producers in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> oil refineries provided about 30% of all Axis oil production.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a> has asserted that Romania's crucial contributions to the Axis war effort, including having the third largest Axis army in Europe and sustaining the German war effort through oil and other materiel, meant that it was "on a par with Italy as a principal ally of Germany and not in the category of a minor Axis satellite".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another British historian, Mark Axworthy, believes that Romania could even be considered to have had the second most important Axis army of Europe, even more so than that of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy19959_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy19959-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Antonescu Romania was a fascist dictatorship and a totalitarian state. Between 45,000 and 60,000 Jews were killed in <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> by Romanian and German troops in 1941. According to Wilhelm Filderman at least 150,000 Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina, died under the Antonescu regime (both those deported and those who remained). Overall, approximately 250,000 Jews under Romanian jurisdiction died.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Romanian soldiers on the outskirts of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1943, the tide began to turn. The Soviets pushed further west, retaking Ukraine and eventually launching an <a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">unsuccessful invasion</a> of eastern Romania in the spring of 1944. Romanian troops in the Crimea <a href="/wiki/Kerch-Eltigen_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerch-Eltigen Operation">helped repulse initial Soviet landings</a>, but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Navy">Romanian Navy</a> evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops, an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horia_Macellariu" title="Horia Macellariu">Horia Macellariu</a> the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Jassy-Kishinev Offensive</a> of August 1944, Romania <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">switched sides</a> on August 23, 1944. Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war, reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany's_main_European_ally_(September_1943_–_August_1944)"><span id="Germany.27s_main_European_ally_.28September_1943_.E2.80.93_August_1944.29"></span>Germany's main European ally (September 1943 – August 1944)</h4></div> <p>After the September 1943 <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> with Italy, Romania became the second Axis Power in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanians shared in the spoils of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">Operation Achse</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a>'s</i></span> 5 <a href="/wiki/CB-class_midget_submarine" title="CB-class midget submarine">CB-class midget submarines</a> in the Black Sea being transferred to the Romanian Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania also captured 496 Italians, mostly naval personnel (2 of them later died). Before the month was out, Germany had agreed to systematically supply the Romanian Army with German military vehicles, via the Olivenbaum I-III and Quittenbaum I programs. Deliveries started in November 1943, and by August 1944, Germany had supplied Romania with 10 times more armored vehicles (<a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a>) than during the entire pre-Cassibile period. Having acquired the license to produce the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, Romania planned to assemble 75 from German parts. Deliveries began in May 1944, but only 6 were completed before Romania left the Axis in August 1944. Eleven more were completed by the end of the war with the remaining 58 completed after the war. In 1944, Romania had also gained access to certain <i><a href="/wiki/Wunderwaffe" title="Wunderwaffe">Wunderwaffen</a></i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Werfer-Granate_21" title="Werfer-Granate 21">Werfer-Granate 21</a>. The first Romanian-made <a href="/wiki/Fiesler_Storch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiesler Storch">Fiesler Storch</a> was completed in October 1943, followed by 9 more by May 1944. From March 1944, Germany also contributed to the design and construction of the M-05 and M-06 prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer: <a href="/wiki/Alkett" title="Alkett">Alkett</a> contributed to the Romanian design team and <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> radios along with <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hler" title="Böhler">Böhler</a> armor were provided. The <a href="/wiki/75_mm_Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_Model_1943" title="75 mm Reșița Model 1943">75 mm Reșița gun</a> (production started at the end of 1943) used the projectile chamber of the German <a href="/wiki/Pak_40" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak 40">Pak 40</a>. Technology transfers between the two countries were not necessarily one-way, however. On 6 January 1944, Antonescu showed Hitler the plans of the M-04 prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>. In May 1944, Lieutenant-Colonel Ventz from the <i><a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Waffenamt</a></i> acknowledged that the <i>Hetzer</i> had followed the Romanian design. German-led <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">Army Group South Ukraine</a> could not take major operational decisions without securing <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>'s approval, even as late as 22 August 1944 (the day before <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">he was dismissed</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995152–153,_158,_174,_217,_219,_229–232,_236,_249_and_265–266_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995152–153,_158,_174,_217,_219,_229–232,_236,_249_and_265–266-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entire German army (<a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">the 6th</a>) came under Romanian command in May 1944, when it became part of Romanian general <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a>'s <i>Armeegruppe</i>. For the first time in the war, German commanders came under the actual (rather than nominal) command of their foreign allies. This Romanian-led army group had 24 divisions of which 17 were German.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic (1939–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Tiso_(Berlin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg/220px-Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg/330px-Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg/440px-Jozef_Tiso_%28Berlin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> greeting <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939-1945)">Slovak Republic</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Josef_Tiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Tiso">Josef Tiso</a> signed the Tripartite Pact on 24 November 1940. </p><p>Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on 23 March 1939. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland</a>, having interest in <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a>. Those two regions, along with <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a>, had been <a href="/wiki/Polish-Czechoslovak_border_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts">disputed</a> between Poland and Czechoslovakia since 1918. The Poles fully annexed them following the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>. After the invasion of Poland, Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories. Slovakia invaded Poland alongside German forces, contributing 50,000 men at this stage of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png/220px-Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png/330px-Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png/440px-Japanese_envoy_Oshima_in_Bratislava.png 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a>, Japanese envoy to Slovak Republic and Ambassador to Germany with Slovak president <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> and Slovak prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka">Vojtech Tuka</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. Slovak troops fought on Germany's Eastern Front, furnishing Germany with two divisions totaling 80,000 men. Slovakia declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States in 1942. </p><p>Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a>, which began on 29 August 1944, and was almost immediately crushed by the Waffen SS and Slovak troops loyal to Josef Tiso. </p><p>After the war, Tiso was executed and Slovakia once again became part of Czechoslovakia. The border with Poland was shifted back to the pre-war state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_army_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> during the Balkans campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Тsar Boris III</a> when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. Bulgaria had been on the losing side in the First World War and sought a return of what the Bulgarian leadership saw as lost ethnically and historically Bulgarian territories, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (divided between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>, and Turkey). During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. In 1940 Germany pressured Romania to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a>, returning to Bulgaria the region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobrudja" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Dobrudja">Southern Dobrudja</a>, which it had lost in 1913. The Germans also promised Bulgaria – if it joined the Axis – an enlargement of its territory to the borders specified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>. </p><p>Bulgaria participated in the <a href="/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and Greece by letting German troops attack from its territory and sent troops to Greece on April 20. As a reward, the Axis powers allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of both countries – southern and south-eastern Yugoslavia (<a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a>) and north-eastern Greece (parts of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Thrace">Greek Thrace</a>). The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a>. Despite German pressure, Bulgaria did not take part in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Axis invasion of the Soviet Union</a> and actually never declared war on the Soviet Union. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Navy" title="Bulgarian Navy">Bulgarian Navy</a> was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. </p><p>Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>. This action remained largely symbolic (at least from the Bulgarian perspective), until August 1943, when Bulgarian air defense and air force attacked Allied bombers, returning (heavily damaged) from a mission over the Romanian oil refineries. This turned into a disaster for the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and other major Bulgarian cities, which were heavily bombed by the Allies in the winter of 1943–1944. </p><p>On 2 September 1944, as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> approached the Bulgarian border, a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies, expelled the few remaining German troops, and declared neutrality. These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September, and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country, meeting no resistance. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944">coup d'état of 9 September 1944</a>, which brought a government of the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a> to power. After this, the Bulgarian army (as part of the Red Army's <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front" title="3rd Ukrainian Front">3rd Ukrainian Front</a>) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary, sustaining numerous casualties. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaty</a> treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries. Bulgaria was allowed to keep <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a>, but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_State_of_Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/220px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/330px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/440px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> meeting with NDH leader <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 April 1941, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (<i>Nezavisna Država Hrvatska</i>, or NDH), an installed German–Italian puppet state, co-signed the Tripartite Pact. The NDH remained a member of the Axis until the end of Second World War, its forces fighting for Germany even after its territory had been overrun by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>. On 16 April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>, a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> (<i>"Croatian Liberation Movement"</i>), was proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Poglavnik" title="Poglavnik">Poglavnik</a></i> (leader) of the new regime. </p><p>Initially the Ustaše had been heavily influenced by Italy. They were actively supported by Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> regime in Italy, which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia, as well as accepting Pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in Rome. In 1941 during the Italian invasion of Greece, Mussolini requested that Germany invade Yugoslavia to save the Italian forces in Greece. Hitler reluctantly agreed; Yugoslavia was invaded and the NDH was created. Pavelić led a delegation to Rome and offered the crown of the NDH to an Italian prince of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, who was crowned <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav II">Tomislav II</a>. The next day, Pavelić signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini, ceding <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between the NDH and Italy. Italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the NDH, effectively giving Italy total control of the Adriatic coastline. When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated, the NDH became completely under German influence. </p><p>The platform of the Ustaše movement proclaimed that Croatians had been oppressed by the Serb-dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and that Croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires. The Ustaše perceived Serbs to be racially inferior to Croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying Croatian lands. They saw the extermination and expulsion or deportation of Serbs as necessary to racially purify Croatia. While part of Yugoslavia, many <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalists</a> violently opposed the Serb-dominated Yugoslav monarchy, and assassinated <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a>. Ustashe forces fought against communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisan</a> guerrilla throughout the war. </p><p>The Ustaše regime lacked general support among Croats and never accrued any significant support among the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd201278_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd201278-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Israeli_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israeli-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ustaše regime was backed by parts of the Croat population that during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> had felt oppressed in the Serb-led <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Most of the support it had initially gained by creating a Croatian national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindbaek2002_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindbaek2002-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon coming to power, Pavelić formed the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a> (<i>Hrvatsko domobranstvo</i>) as the official military force of the NDH. Originally authorized at 16,000 men, it grew to a peak fighting force of 130,000. The Croatian Home Guard included an air force and navy, although its navy was restricted in size by the Contracts of Rome. In addition to the Croatian Home Guard, Pavelić was also the supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaše militia">Ustaše militia</a>, although all NDH military units were generally under the command of the German or Italian formations in their area of operations. </p><p>The Ustaše government declared war on the Soviet Union, signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941, and sent troops to Germany's Eastern Front. Ustaše militia were garrisoned in the Balkans, battling the communist partisans. </p><p>The Ustaše government applied racial laws on Serbs, Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, as well as targeting those opposed to the fascist regime, and after June 1941 deported them to the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> in Poland. The racial laws were enforced by the Ustaše militia. The exact number of victims of the Ustaše regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> in Washington, D.C., between <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">320,000 and 340,000 Serbs were killed in the NDH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia_(two-day_membership)"><span id="Yugoslavia_.28two-day_membership.29"></span>Yugoslavia (two-day membership)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_accession_to_the_Tripartite_Pact" title="Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact">Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslav coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. In February 1941, Hitler called for Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact, but the Yugoslav government delayed. In March, divisions of the German army arrived at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack Greece. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. Less than two days later, after demonstrations in the streets of Belgrade, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prince Paul of Yugoslavia">Prince Paul</a> and the government were removed from office by a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. Seventeen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Peter</a> was declared to be of age. The new Yugoslav government under General <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87" title="Dušan Simović">Dušan Simović</a>, refused to ratify Yugoslavia's signing of the Tripartite Pact, and started negotiations with Great Britain and Soviet Union. Winston Churchill commented that "Yugoslavia has found its soul"; however, Hitler invaded and quickly took control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Comintern_Pact_signatories">Anti-Comintern Pact signatories</h2></div> <p>Some countries signed the Anti-Comintern Pact but not the Tripartite Pact. As such their adherence to the Axis may have been less than that of Tripartite Pact signatories. Some of these states were officially at war with members of the Allied powers, others remained neutral in the war and sent only volunteers. Signing the Anti-Comintern Pact was seen as "a <a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a> of loyalty" by the Nazi leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Goda1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goda1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_(Reorganized_National_Government_of_China)"><span id="China_.28Reorganized_National_Government_of_China.29"></span>China (Reorganized National Government of China)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China. Several Japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, which was formed in 1937, and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a> at Nanjing, which was formed in 1938. These governments were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a> at Nanjing on 29 March 1940. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> became head of state. The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime and adopted its symbols. </p><p>The Nanjing Government had no real power; its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the Japanese. The Nanjing Government concluded agreements with Japan and Manchukuo, authorising Japanese occupation of China and recognising the independence of Manchukuo under Japanese protection. The Nanjing Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 9 January 1943. </p><p>The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. Wang's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese, the most prominent being the issue of the regime's flag, which was identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. </p><p>The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanjing Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. The army was almost continuously employed against the communist <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>. Wang Jingwei died on 10 November 1944, and was succeeded by his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a>. Chen had little influence; the real power behind the regime was <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a>, the mayor of Shanghai. Wang's death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had. On 9 September 1945, following the defeat of Japan, the area was surrendered to General <a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a>, a nationalist general loyal to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg/220px-Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg/330px-Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg/440px-Frikorps_danmarks_afrejse_til_oestfronten_hellerup_station_1941_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/Free_Corps_Denmark" title="Free Corps Denmark">Free Corps Denmark</a> leaving for the Eastern Front from <a href="/wiki/Hellerup_railway_station" title="Hellerup railway station">Hellerup railway station</a> in Copenhagen (1941).</figcaption></figure> <p>Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 and never joined the Axis. On 31 May 1939, Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 9, Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">attacked Scandinavia</a>, and the speed of the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a> prevented King <a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X</a> and the Danish government from going into exile. They had to accept "protection by the Reich" and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence. Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes, and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments-in-exile. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Trommer_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trommer-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the United States and Britain ignored Denmark and worked with <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Kauffmann" title="Henrik Kauffmann">Henrik Kauffmann</a> Denmark's ambassador in the US when it came to dealings about using <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a>, and the Danish merchant fleet against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974165_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974165-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941 Danish Nazis set up the <i><a href="/wiki/Frikorps_Danmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikorps Danmark">Frikorps Danmark</a></i>. Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front. Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications. The German presence in Denmark included the construction of part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> fortifications which Denmark paid for and was never reimbursed. </p><p>The Danish protectorate government lasted until 29 August 1943, when the cabinet resigned after the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Folketing_election,_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Folketing election, 1943">regularly scheduled and largely free election</a> concluding the <a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a>'s current term. The Germans imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Safari" title="Operation Safari">Operation Safari</a>, and Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureaucracy functioning under German command. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy" title="Royal Danish Navy">Royal Danish Navy</a> scuttled 32 of its larger ships; Germany seized 64 ships and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile. Sweden allowed formation of a <a href="/wiki/Danish_Brigade_in_Sweden" title="Danish Brigade in Sweden">Danish military brigade in exile</a>; it did not see combat.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a> was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974185–195_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974185–195-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg/220px-Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg/330px-Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg/440px-Axis_attaches_at_the_Finnish_front2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The visit of German, Italian, Japanese, Hungarian and Romanian military delegates in the <a href="/wiki/Uhtua" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhtua">Uhtua</a> sector of the front on 5 April 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact, it fought against the Soviet Union alongside Germany in the 1941–44 <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, during which the official position of the wartime Finnish government was that Finland was a co-belligerent of the Germans whom they described as "brothers-in-arms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979134_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979134-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland did sign the revived Anti-Comintern Pact of November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland signed a <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">peace treaty</a> with the Allied powers in 1947 which described Finland as having been "an ally of Hitlerite Germany" during the continuation war.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Finland was the only democracy to join the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_et_al._p._39_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner_et_al._p._39-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jukes_&_O'Neill_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes_&_O'Neill-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland's relative independence from Germany put it in the most advantageous position of all the minor Axis powers.<sup id="cite_ref-DiNardo1_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiNardo1-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland was unusual in the Axis in its relative lack of participation in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and its lack of a fascist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiehlerGrant2023109–110_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiehlerGrant2023109–110-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst Finland's relationship with Nazi Germany during the Continuation War remains controversial within Finland,<sup id="cite_ref-Tallgren1_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallgren1-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a 2008 <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i></span> survey of 28 Finnish historians, 16 agreed that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, with only 6 disagreeing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mäkinen1_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mäkinen1-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979120_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979120-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns, the Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, launching the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, intending to <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">establish a communist puppet government</a> in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979120–121_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979120–121-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy-Pipe1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy-Pipe1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict threatened <a href="/wiki/Swedish_iron-ore_industry_during_World_War_II" title="Swedish iron-ore industry during World War II">Germany's iron-ore supplies</a> and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979123_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979123-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Finnish resistance, a peace treaty was signed in March 1940, wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, containing Finland's second-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Viipuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Viipuri">Viipuri</a>, and the critical defensive structure of the <a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_Line" title="Mannerheim Line">Mannerheim Line</a>. After this war, Finland sought protection and support from the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeppinen1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeppinen1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOFinland_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOFinland-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-aligned Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJokipii1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokipii1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions. This resulted in Finland being drawn closer to Germany, first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, and later to help regain lost territories. </p><p>In the opening days of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Finland permitted German planes returning from mine dropping runs over <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva River</a> to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. In retaliation, the Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finnish Air Force</a> bases and towns, which resulted in a Finnish declaration of war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941. The Finnish conflict with the Soviet Union is generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/170px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/255px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/340px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a> with Hitler</figcaption></figure> <p>Finland's main objective was to regain territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War. However, on 10 July 1941, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Day">Order of the Day</a> that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>. </p><p>Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Finland were severed on 1 August 1941, after the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bombed German forces in the Finnish village and port of <a href="/wiki/Pechenga_(urban-type_settlement),_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast">Petsamo</a>. The United Kingdom repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union, and declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941, although no other military operations followed. War was never declared between Finland and the United States, though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Ryti-Ribbentrop_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tali-Ihantala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tali-Ihantala.jpg/220px-Tali-Ihantala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tali-Ihantala.jpg/330px-Tali-Ihantala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tali-Ihantala.jpg/440px-Tali-Ihantala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4861" data-file-height="3355" /></a><figcaption>Finnish troops passing by the remains of a destroyed Soviet T-34 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tali-Ihantala" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tali-Ihantala">battle of Tali-Ihantala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Finland maintained command of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">its armed forces</a> and pursued war objectives independently of Germany. Germans and Finns did work closely together during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Operation Silver Fox</a>, a joint offensive against Murmansk. Finland took part in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in its war with the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Goda1_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goda1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between Finland and Germany was also affected by the <a href="/wiki/Ryti-Ribbentrop_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement</a>, which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_strategic_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth strategic offensive">Soviet offensive coordinated with D-Day</a> threatened Finland with complete occupation. The agreement, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament, bound Finland not to seek a separate peace. </p><p>After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill, Ryti's successor as president, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>, dismissed the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets, which resulted in a ceasefire on 4 September and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> on 19 September 1944. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchuria_(Manchukuo)"><span id="Manchuria_.28Manchukuo.29"></span>Manchuria (Manchukuo)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG/220px-Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG/330px-Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG/440px-Military_exercise_of_Manchukuo_Imperial_Army.JPG 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Manchurian soldiers training in a military exercise</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG/220px-Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG/330px-Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG/440px-Manchukuo_Air_Force.JPG 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Manchurian pilots of the Manchukuo Air Force</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchukuo, in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast region of China</a>, had been a Japanese puppet state in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> since the 1930s. It was nominally ruled by <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>. While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, the region had a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> majority. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932, with Puyi as head of state. He was proclaimed the Emperor of Manchukuo a year later. The new Manchu nation was recognized by 23 of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' 80 members. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union were among the major powers who recognised Manchukuo. Other countries who recognized the State were the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states, including Mengjiang, the Burmese government of <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, the Wang Jingwei regime, and the Indian government of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>. The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China. This precipitated Japanese withdrawal from the League. The Manchukuoan state ceased to exist after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1945. </p><p>Manchukuo signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939, but never signed the Tripartite Pact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327,_Spanien,_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Front row in order from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and Spain's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_S%C3%BA%C3%B1er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Serrano Súñer">Serrano Súñer</a> in Madrid, October 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg/220px-Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg/330px-Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/ff/Franco-Mussolini-Serrano-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> (centre) and Serrano Súñer (left) meeting with Mussolini (right) in <a href="/wiki/Bordighera" title="Bordighera">Bordighera</a>, Italy in 1941. At Bordighera, Franco and Mussolini discussed the creation of a Latin Bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Lukacs_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Lukacs-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco"><i>Caudillo</i> Francisco Franco's</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Spanish State</a> gave moral, economic, and military assistance to the Axis powers, while nominally maintaining neutrality. Franco described Spain as a member of the Axis and signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> in 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. Members of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española y de las JONS">Falange</a> party in Spain held irredentist designs on <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2002275_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2002275-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohr200799_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohr200799-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Spain held ambitions on former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish colonies in Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200059_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200059-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1940 the Spanish government approached Germany to propose an alliance in exchange for Germany recognizing Spain's territorial aims: the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the incorporation of all <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, the extension of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> southward to the twentieth parallel, and the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">French Cameroons</a> into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain invaded and occupied the Tangier International Zone, maintaining its occupation until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation caused a dispute between Britain and Spain in November 1940; Spain conceded to protect British rights in the area and promised not to fortify the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987269-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish government secretly held expansionist plans towards Portugal that it made known to the German government. In a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942, Franco declared that Portugal should be annexed into Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994857_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994857-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco had previously won the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Both were eager to establish another fascist state in Europe. Spain owed Germany over $212 million<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for supplies of <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a> during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco's Nationalists. </p><p>When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division – the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> (<i>División Azul</i>) under General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Mu%C3%B1oz_Grandes" title="Agustín Muñoz Grandes">Agustín Muñoz Grandes</a>. </p><p>The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States, which investigated the activities of Spain's ruling <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espanola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS">Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high, even amongst the ruling upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonardBratzel200796_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonardBratzel200796-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Falangists promoted the idea of supporting Spain's former colonies in fighting against American domination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200059_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200059-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the outbreak of war, support for Franco and the Falange was high in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2000122_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2000122-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Falange_Exterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Exterior">Falange Exterior</a>, the international department of the Falange, collaborated with Japanese forces against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999538_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999538-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilateral_Pacts_with_the_Axis_Powers">Bilateral Pacts with the Axis Powers</h2></div> <p>Some countries colluded with Germany, Italy, and Japan without signing either the Anti-Comintern Pact, or the Tripartite Pact. In some cases these bilateral agreements were formalised, in other cases it was less formal. Some of these countries were puppet states established by the Axis Powers themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma_(Ba_Maw_government)"><span id="Burma_.28Ba_Maw_government.29"></span>Burma (Ba Maw government)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a></div> <p>The Japanese Army and Burma nationalists, led by <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a>, seized control of Burma from the United Kingdom during 1942. A <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> was formed on 1 August 1943 under the Burmese nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>. A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Ba Maw regime and Japan was signed by Ba Maw for Burma and Sawada Renzo for Japan on the same day in which the Ba Maw government pledged itself to provide the Japanese "with every necessary assistance in order to execute a successful military operation in Burma". The Ba Maw government mobilised Burmese society during the war to support the Axis war-effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Seekins1_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekins1-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ba Maw regime established the Burma Defence Army (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a>), which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> which fought alongside the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. The Ba Maw has been described as a state having "independence without sovereignty" and as being effectively a Japanese puppet state.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoon1_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoon1-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 March 1945 the Burma National Army revolted against the Japanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phot_and_Tojo.jpg/220px-Phot_and_Tojo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phot_and_Tojo.jpg/330px-Phot_and_Tojo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phot_and_Tojo.jpg/440px-Phot_and_Tojo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phraya_Phahonphonphayuhasena" title="Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena">Phraya Phahon</a> (far left), <a href="/wiki/Thawan_Thamrongnawasawat" title="Thawan Thamrongnawasawat">Thawan Thamrong</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Direk_Jayanama" title="Direk Jayanama">Direk Jayanama</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> (center) in Tokyo 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>As an ally of Japan during the war that deployed troops to fight on the Japanese side against Allied forces, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">Thailand</a> is considered to have been part of the Axis alliance,<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_et_al1_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry_et_al1-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merrill_&_Patterson1_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrill_&_Patterson1-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowman1_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman1-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least "aligned with the Axis powers".<sup id="cite_ref-Smythe_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smythe-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, writing in 1945, the American politician <a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a> described Thailand as "undeniably an Axis country" during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Luce1_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luce1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">Thailand</a> waged the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> in October 1940 to May 1941 to reclaim territory from <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese forces invaded Thailand</a> an hour and a half before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> (because of the International Dateline, the local time was on the morning of 8 December 1941). Only hours after the invasion, Prime Minister Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a> ordered the cessation of resistance against the Japanese. An outline plan of Japan-Thailand joint military operations, whereby Thai forces would invade Burma to defend the right flank of Japanese forces, was agreed on 14 December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Murashima_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murashima-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December 1941, a military alliance with Japan was signed and on 25 January 1942, <a href="/wiki/Sang_Phathanothai" title="Sang Phathanothai">Sang Phathanothai</a> read over the radio Thailand's formal declaration of war on the United Kingdom and the United States. The Thai ambassador to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Mom_Rajawongse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom Rajawongse">Mom Rajawongse</a> <a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">Seni Pramoj</a>, did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war. Therefore, although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. </p><p>The Thais and Japanese agreed that the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni State</a> were to be under Thai control. The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control. On 10 May 1942, the Thai <a href="/wiki/Phayap_Army" title="Phayap Army">Phayap Army</a> entered Burma's eastern Shan State, which had been claimed by Siamese kingdoms. Three Thai infantry and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the air force, engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. <a href="/wiki/Kengtung" title="Kengtung">Kengtung</a>, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. Renewed offensives in June and November saw the Chinese retreat into <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1943 Thailand signed the Greater East Asia Joint Declaration, formally aligning itself with the Axis Powers. The area containing the <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah State</a> was annexed by Thailand in 1942, and four northern states of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> were also transferred to Thailand by Japan as a reward for Thai co-operation. These areas were ceded back to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and Malaya in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Darling_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thai military losses totalled 5,559 men during the war, of whom about 180 died resisting the Japanese invasion of 8 December 1941, roughly 150 died in action during the fighting in the Shan States, and the rest died of malaria and other diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Murashima_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murashima-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Free Thai Movement</a> ("Seri Thai") was established during these first few months. Parallel Free Thai organizations were also established in the United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">The king's</a> aunt, Queen <a href="/wiki/Rambai_Barni" title="Rambai Barni">Rambai Barni</a>, was the nominal head of the British-based organization, and <a href="/wiki/Pridi_Banomyong" title="Pridi Banomyong">Pridi Banomyong</a>, the regent, headed its largest contingent, which was operating within Thailand. Aided by elements of the military, secret airfields and training camps were established, while American <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a> agents slipped in and out of the country. </p><p>As the war dragged on, the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'état. The new civilian government under <a href="/wiki/Khuang_Aphaiwong" title="Khuang Aphaiwong">Khuang Aphaiwong</a> attempted to aid the resistance while maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese. After the war, U.S. influence prevented Thailand from being treated as an Axis country, but the British demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> during the war. Thailand also returned the portions of <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a> and French Indochina that had been annexed. Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the Axis powers. However, the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure. Public opinion was favourable to Phibun, as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20,_Polen,_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011-20%2C_Polen%2C_deutsch-sowjetische_Siegesparade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> to Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin, in the aftermath of the invasion and <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#"Fourth_Partition"" title="Partitions of Poland">partition of Poland</a> by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></div> <p>In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">Britain and France</a> or with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When negotiations with Britain and France failed, they turned to Germany and signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939. Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets, and was assured a supply of oil. This included a secret protocol whereby territories controlled by <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, Finland, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> were divided into <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of interest">spheres of interest</a> of the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union sought to re-annex some of territories that were under control of those states, formerly acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the centuries prior and lost to Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>; that included land such as the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> (Western <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and Western Ukraine) region ceded to Poland after losing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a> of 1919–1921.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 September, barely a week after the pact had been signed, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a>. The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded Poland from the east</a> on 17 September and on 28 September signed a <a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Soviet Frontier Treaty">secret treaty</a> with Nazi Germany to coordinate fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a>. The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs and officers with mass arrests, with many victims sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> in Siberia, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the invasion of Poland, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Baltic_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Baltic Republics">occupied the Baltic countries</a> of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig200820–21_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200820–21-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and annexed <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a> from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, which started the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy-Pipe1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy-Pipe1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish defenses prevented an all-out invasion, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">interim peace</a>, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. </p><p>The Soviet Union provided material support to Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through a pair of commercial agreements, <a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)">the first</a> in 1939 and <a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">the second</a> in 1940, which involved exports of raw materials (<a href="/wiki/Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>, grain, cotton, and rubber). These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade. In October and November 1940, <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet talks</a> about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200658_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200658-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrackman2001341–343_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrackman2001341–343-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 November that contained several secret protocols, including that "the area south of <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in the general direction of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union", referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran, and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrackman2001341–343_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrackman2001341–343-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENekrichUlamFreeze1997202–205_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekrichUlamFreeze1997202–205-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler never responded to Stalin's letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldsonNogee200565–66_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldsonNogee200565–66-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1953520–521_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1953520–521-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Hitler issued a secret directive on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">the invasion of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENekrichUlamFreeze1997202–205_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekrichUlamFreeze1997202–205-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200659_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200659-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons included the Nazi ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vichy_France">Vichy France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></div> <p>The German army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">battle of France</a>. Pétain became the last <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of the French Third Republic</a> on 16 June 1940. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the French government <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">concluded an armistice</a> with Hitler and Mussolini, which came into effect at midnight on 25 June. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany <a href="/wiki/Occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied France">occupied two-thirds</a> of France, including Paris. Pétain was permitted to keep an "<a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">armistice army</a>" of 100,000 men within the <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">unoccupied southern zone</a>. This number included neither the army based in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>. In Africa the Vichy regime was permitted to maintain 127,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachelier200098_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachelier200098-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French also maintained substantial garrisons at the French-mandate territory of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French colony of Madagascar</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>. Some members of the Vichy government pushed for closer cooperation, but they were rebuffed by Pétain. Neither did Hitler accept that France could ever become a full military partner,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton1993_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton1993-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy's military strength. </p><p>After the armistice, relations between the Vichy French and the British quickly worsened. Although the French had told Churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the Germans, the British launched naval attacks intended to prevent the French navy being used, the most notable of which was <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">the attack on the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir</a> on 3 July 1940. Though Churchill defended his controversial decision to attack the French fleet, the action deteriorated greatly the relations between France and Britain. <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">German propaganda</a> trumpeted these attacks as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>France during the war; <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">Occupied and annexed zones by Germany</a> in shades of red, <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian occupation of France during World War II">Italian occupation zones</a> in shades of yellow and striped blue, <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">"Free zone"</a> in blue.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217,_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> (left) meeting with Hitler in October 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/330px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/440px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 July 1940, Pétain was given emergency "full powers" by a majority vote of the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>. The following day approval of the new constitution by the Assembly effectively created the <a href="/wiki/French_State" class="mw-redirect" title="French State">French State</a> (<i>l'État Français</i>), replacing the French Republic with the government unofficially called "Vichy France," after the resort town of <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, where Pétain maintained his seat of government. This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942, while the United Kingdom had recognised <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">de Gaulle's government-in-exile in London</a>. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">foreign Jews in France</a> were deported to Germany. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a>, last President of the Republic, did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to <a href="/wiki/Vizille" title="Vizille">Vizille</a> on 10 July 1940. By 25 April 1945, during Pétain's trial, Lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of Germany, since he had not resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1940, Vichy France was forced to allow <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of French Indochina">Japan to occupy French Indochina</a>, a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation. <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> was the base for the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">invasions of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">the Dutch East Indies</a>. On 26 September 1940, de Gaulle <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">led an attack by Allied forces on the Vichy port of Dakar</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>. Forces loyal to Pétain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting, drawing Vichy France closer to Germany. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> of May 1941, Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French mandate of Syria</a> to support the Iraqi revolt. British and Free French forces attacked later <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon campaign">Syria and Lebanon in June–July 1941</a>, and in 1942 Allied forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">took over French Madagascar</a>. More and more colonies abandoned Vichy, joining the Free French territories of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and others who had sided with de Gaulle <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">from the start</a>. </p><p>In November 1942 Vichy French troops briefly resisted the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">landing of Allied troops in French North Africa</a> for two days, until Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies. In response to the landings, <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">German and Italian forces invaded the non-occupied zone in southern France</a> and ended Vichy France as an entity with any kind of autonomy; it then became a puppet government for the occupied territories. In June 1943, the formerly Vichy-loyal colonial authorities in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> came to an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> to merge with their own interim regime with the <a href="/wiki/Free_France#Creation_of_the_French_National_Committee_(CNF)" title="Free France">French National Committee</a> (<i>Comité Français National</i>, CFN) to form a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a> (<i>Comité Français de Libération Nationale</i>, CFLN) initially led by Darlan. </p><p>In 1943 the <a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>, a paramilitary force which had been founded by Vichy, was subordinated to the Germans and assisted them in rounding up opponents and Jews, as well as fighting the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. The Germans recruited volunteers in units independent of Vichy. Partly as a result of the great animosity of many right-wingers against the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Front Populaire</a>, volunteers joined the German forces in their anti-communist crusade against the USSR. Almost 7,000 joined <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Légion des Volontaires Français</a></i> (LVF) from 1941 to 1944. The LVF then formed the cadre of the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne_(1st_French)" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)">Waffen-SS Division <i>Charlemagne</i></a> in 1944–1945, with a maximum strength of some 7,500. Both the LVF and the <i>Division Charlemagne</i> fought on the eastern front. </p><p>Deprived of any military assets, territory or resources, the members of the Vichy government continued to fulfil their role as German puppets, being quasi-prisoners in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a>" in a castle in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> at the end of the war in May 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg/220px-Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg/330px-Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg/440px-Destroyed_iraqi_artillery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> officer investigates wrecked Iraqi artillery near <a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nationalist">Arab nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashīd ʿAlī al-Gaylānī</a>, who was pro-Axis, <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">seized power in Iraq</a>. British forces responded by deploying to Iraq and in turn removing Rashi Ali from power. During fighting between Iraqi and British forces, Axis forces were deployed to Iraq to support the Iraqis.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashīd_ʿAlī_al-Gaylānī_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashīd_ʿAlī_al-Gaylānī-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Rashid Ali was never able to conclude a formal alliance with the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverfarb_&_Khadduri_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverfarb_&_Khadduri-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-British sentiments were widespread in Iraq prior to 1941. <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> in 1940. When Italy declared war on Britain, Rashid Ali had maintained ties with the Italians. This angered the British government. In December 1940, as relations with the British worsened, Rashid Ali formally requested weapons and military supplies from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Nafi1_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nafi1-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1941 Rashid Ali was forced to resign as a result of British pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashīd_ʿAlī_al-Gaylānī_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashīd_ʿAlī_al-Gaylānī-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1941 Rashid Ali, on seizing power in a coup, repudiated the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_(1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930)">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930</a> and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country. </p><p>On 9 May 1941, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a> who was an associate of Rashid Ali and in asylum in Iraq, declared <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJabārah1985183_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabārah1985183-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule. On 25 May 1941, the Germans stepped up offensive operations in the Middle East. </p><p>Hitler issued <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Directive_No._30" title="Führer Directive No. 30">Order 30</a>: "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq ... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941, with heavy fighting at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Habbaniya" title="RAF Habbaniya">the RAF air base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniyah</a>. The Germans and Italians dispatched aircraft and aircrew to Iraq utilizing Vichy French bases in Syria; this led to Australian, British, Indian and Free French forces <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">entering and conquering Syria</a> in June and July. With the advance of British and Indian forces on Baghdad, Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941. Rashid Ali and al-Husayn, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, fled to Iran, then Turkey, Italy, and finally Germany, where both were welcomed by Hitler and remained throughout the years of the war; Hitler considered Ali to be head of the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Puppet_states">Puppet states</h2></div> <p>Various nominally-independent governments formed out of local sympathisers under varying degrees of German, Italian, and Japanese control were established within the territories that they occupied during the war. Some of these governments declared themselves to be neutral in the conflict with the allies, or never concluded any formal alliance with the Axis powers, but their effective control by the Axis powers rendered them in reality an extension of it and hence part of it. These differed from military authorities and civilian commissioners provided by the occupying power in that they were formed from nationals of the occupied country, and that the supposed legitimacy of the puppet state was recognised by the occupier <i>de jure</i> if not <i>de facto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemkin1_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemkin1-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3></div> <p>The collaborationist administrations of <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied countries in Europe</a> had varying degrees of autonomy, and not all of them qualified as fully recognized <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> was a fully German administration. In <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">occupied Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">National Government</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> – whose name <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">came to symbolize pro-Axis collaboration</a> in several languages – was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a>. It was never allowed to have any armed forces, be a recognized military partner, or have autonomy of any kind. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">the occupied Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a> was given the symbolic title of "Führer of the Netherlands' people". His <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement</a> formed a cabinet assisting the German administration, but was never recognized as a real Dutch government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania_(Albanian_Kingdom)"><span id="Albania_.28Albanian_Kingdom.29"></span>Albania (Albanian Kingdom)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German occupation of Albania</a></div> <p>After the Italian armistice, a vacuum of power opened up in <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Italy">Albania</a>. The Italian occupying forces were rendered largely powerless, as the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a> took control of the south and the National Front (<a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a>) took control of the north. Albanians in the Italian army joined the guerrilla forces. In September 1943 the guerrillas moved to take the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">German paratroopers</a> dropped into the city. Soon after the battle, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">German High Command</a> announced that they would recognize the independence of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">greater Albania</a>. They organized an Albanian government, police, and military in collaboration with the Balli Kombëtar. The Germans did not exert heavy control over Albania's administration, but instead attempted to gain popular appeal by giving their political partners what they wanted. Several Balli Kombëtar leaders held positions in the regime. The joint forces incorporated Kosovo, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, and Presevo into the Albanian state. A High Council of Regency was created to carry out the functions of a head of state, while the government was headed mainly by Albanian conservative politicians. Albania was the only European country occupied by the Axis powers that ended World War II with a larger <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Jewish population</a> than before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarner1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarner1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian government had refused to hand over their Jewish population. They provided Jewish families with forged documents and helped them disperse in the Albanian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Yad_Vashem:_Albania_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yad_Vashem:_Albania-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albania was completely liberated on November 29, 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a>, also referred to as the Nedić regime, was the second Serbian puppet government, after the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Commissioner Government</a>, established on the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the (German) Military Commander in Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was appointed by the German Military Commander in Serbia and operated from 29 August 1941 to October 1944. Although the Serbian puppet regime had some support,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was unpopular with a majority of Serbs who either joined the Yugoslav Partisans or <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister throughout was General <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a>. The Government of National Salvation was evacuated from Belgrade to <a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Kitzbühel">Kitzbühel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> in the first week of October 1944 before the German withdrawal from Serbia was complete. </p><p>Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. Several concentration camps were formed in Serbia and at the 1942 Anti-Freemason Exhibition in Belgrade the city was pronounced to be free of Jews (Judenfrei). On 1 April 1942, a Serbian Gestapo was formed. An estimated 120,000 people were interned in German-run concentration camps in Nedić's Serbia between 1941 and 1944. However the <a href="/wiki/Banjica_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjica Concentration Camp">Banjica Concentration Camp</a> was jointly run by the German Army and Nedic's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Israeli2013_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israeli2013-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50,000 to 80,000 were killed during this period. Serbia became the second country in Europe, following Estonia, to be proclaimed Judenfrei (free of Jews). Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews – 90 percent of Serbia's Jewish population of 16,000 – were murdered in World War II. </p><p>Nedić was captured by the Americans when they occupied the former territory of Austria, and was subsequently handed over to the Yugoslav communist authorities to act as a witness against war criminals, on the understanding he would be returned to American custody to face trial by the Allies. The Yugoslav authorities refused to return Nedić to United States custody. He died on 4 February 1946 after either jumping or falling out of the window of a Belgrade hospital, under circumstances which remain unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy_(Italian_Social_Republic)"><span id="Italy_.28Italian_Social_Republic.29"></span>Italy (Italian Social Republic)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_social_republic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/220px-Italian_social_republic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/330px-Italian_social_republic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/440px-Italian_social_republic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#c1e79c;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #fefa9f;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #c1e79c;"> </span></span> Italian Social Republic (RSI) as of 1943</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c1e79c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> German military operational zones (<a href="/wiki/OZAV" class="mw-redirect" title="OZAV">OZAV</a>/<a href="/wiki/OZAK" class="mw-redirect" title="OZAK">OZAK</a>) under direct German administration</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07,_Italien,_italienische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-311-0926-07%2C_Italien%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>RSI (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Repubblica Sociale Italiana</a>) soldiers, March 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian Fascist leader <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> formed the Italian Social Republic (<i>Repubblica Sociale Italiana</i> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) on 23 September 1943, succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis. </p><p>Mussolini had been removed from office and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July 1943. After the Italian armistice, in a <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">raid</a> led by German paratrooper <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a>, Mussolini was rescued from arrest. </p><p>Once restored to power, Mussolini declared that Italy was a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and that he was the new head of state. He was subject to German control for the duration of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_German–Italian_client_states"><span id="Joint_German.E2.80.93Italian_client_states"></span>Joint German–Italian client states</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece_(Hellenic_State)"><span id="Greece_.28Hellenic_State.29"></span>Greece (Hellenic State)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State (1941–1944)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png/220px-Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png/330px-Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png/440px-Greece_Prefectures_1941-44.png 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Greece, 1941–1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> and the flight of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government in exile">Greek government</a> to Crete and then Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic State (1941-1944)">Hellenic State</a> was formed in May 1941 as a puppet state of both Italy and Germany. Initially, Italy had wished to annex Greece, but was pressured by Germany to avoid civil unrest such as had occurred in Bulgarian-annexed areas. The result was Italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of Germany. Italy had been assured by Hitler of a primary role in Greece. Most of the country was held by Italian forces, but strategic locations (<a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, the islands of the northeastern Aegean, most of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>) were held by the Germans, who seized most of the country's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government. The puppet regime never commanded any real authority, and did not gain the allegiance of the people. It was somewhat successful in preventing secessionist movements like the <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931943)" title="Roman Legion (1941–1943)">Roman Legion</a> from establishing themselves. By mid-1943, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a> had liberated large parts of the mountainous interior ("Free Greece"), setting up a separate administration there. After the Italian armistice, the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces, who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944. In some Aegean islands, German garrisons were left behind, and surrendered only after the end of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></div> <p>The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation of Cambodia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> was a short-lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 9 March 1945 to 15 August 1945. The Japanese entered the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate of Cambodia</a> in mid-1941, but allowed Vichy French officials to remain in administrative posts while Japanese calls for an "Asia for the Asiatics" won over many Cambodian nationalists. </p><p>In March 1945, in order to gain local support, the Japanese dissolved French colonial rule and pressured Cambodia to declare independence within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Sihanouk</a> declared the Kingdom of Kampuchea (replacing the French name) independent. <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a> who had fled to Japan in 1942 returned in May and was appointed foreign minister.<sup id="cite_ref-DChandler_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DChandler-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the date of Japanese surrender, a new government was proclaimed with <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a> as prime minister. When the Allies occupied <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> in October, Son Ngoc Thanh was arrested for collaborating with the Japanese and was exiled to France.<sup id="cite_ref-DChandler_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DChandler-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azad_Hind">Azad Hind</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></div> <p>The <i>Arzi Hukumat-e-<a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i>, the "Provisional Government of Free India" was a state that was recognized by nine Axis governments, and accepted as part of the axis by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Gow_et_al1_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gow_et_al1-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was led by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist">Indian nationalist</a> who rejected <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s nonviolent methods for achieving independence. The <a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a> faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims, and the role of <a href="/wiki/I_Kikan" title="I Kikan">Japanese liaison office</a>. It was revived by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a> with Japanese support in 1942 after the ex-PoWs and Indian civilians in South-east Asia agreed to participate in the INA venture on the condition it was led by Bose. From occupied Singapore Bose declared India's independence on October 21, 1943 . The Indian National Army was committed as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U Go Offensive</a>. It played a largely marginal role in the battle, and suffered serious casualties and had to withdraw with the rest of Japanese forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">siege of Imphal</a> was broken. It was later committed to the defence of Burma <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma campaign 1944–45">against the Allied offensive</a>. It suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part. The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw's government. The provisional government was given <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">nominal control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> from November 1943 to August 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inner_Mongolia_(Mengjiang)"><span id="Inner_Mongolia_.28Mengjiang.29"></span>Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> was a Japanese puppet state in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. It was nominally ruled by Prince <a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> nobleman descended from <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military. Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936, following the Japanese occupation of the region. </p><p>The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanjing, including their policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to the region. Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union. </p><p>Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolians</a> and the central government of China, which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia. When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> government in March 1940, Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation. Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army, which occupied its territory, Prince Demchugdongrub had his own independent army. Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat in World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laos">Laos</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)</a></div> <p>French Indochina, including Laos, had been occupied by the Japanese in 1941, though government by the Vichy French colonial officials had continued. The liberation of France in 1944, bringing <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> to power, meant the end of the alliance between Japan and the Vichy French administration in Indochina. On 9 March 1945 the Japanese staged a military coup in Hanoi, and on 8 April they reached Luang Phrabang. King <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sīsavāngvong</a> was detained by the Japanese, and forced to issue a declaration of independence, albeit one that does not appear to have ever been formalised. French control over Laos was re-asserted in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivarsson_&_Goscha_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivarsson_&_Goscha-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines_(Second_Republic)"><span id="Philippines_.28Second_Republic.29"></span>Philippines (Second Republic)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan#Fall_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">surrender</a> of the Filipino and American forces in <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a>, the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">Philippine National Assembly</a> declared the Philippines an <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">independent Republic</a> and elected <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José Laurel</a> as its <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSPI2005_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSPI2005-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was never widespread civilian support for the state, largely because of the general <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">anti-Japanese sentiment</a> stemming from atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Philippine Republic ended with Japanese surrender in 1945, and Laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the US government. He was granted amnesty by President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>, and remained active in politics, ultimately winning a seat in the post-war <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_(Empire_of_Vietnam)"><span id="Vietnam_.28Empire_of_Vietnam.29"></span>Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> was a short-lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 11 March to 23 August 1945. When the Japanese seized control of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control. This French rule ended on 9 March 1945, when the Japanese officially took control of the government. Soon after, Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> voided the 1884 treaty with France and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a>, a historian, became prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German,_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation"><span id="German.2C_Italian_and_Japanese_World_War_II_cooperation"></span>German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German–Japanese_Axis-cooperation"><span id="German.E2.80.93Japanese_Axis-cooperation"></span>German–Japanese Axis-cooperation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations#Rapprochement,_Axis_and_World_War_II_(1920–1945)" title="Germany–Japan relations">Germany–Japan relations § Rapprochement, Axis and World War II (1920–1945)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Japan industrial co-operation before World War II">Germany–Japan industrial co-operation before World War II</a></div> <p>On 7 December 1941, Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii. According to the stipulation of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. Nevertheless, expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler ordered the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="German declaration of war against the United States (1941)">formally declare war on the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007385_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007385-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler had agreed that Germany would almost certainly declare war when the Japanese first informed him of their intention to go to war with the United States on 17 November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy also <a href="/wiki/Italian_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian declaration of war on the United States (1941)">declared war on the US</a>. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy, as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007Chapter_10_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007Chapter_10-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, American destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> with German and Italian ships and submarines, and the immediate war declaration made the <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Second Happy Time</a> possible for U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941, 2 days before the European Axis powers formally declared war on America, that Germany and Italy already considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans for <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Five">Rainbow Five</a> had been published by the press early in December 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941"><img alt="Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Declaration_of_War_against_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States">Hitler declaring war on the United States</a> on 11 December 1941</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian pilots of a Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 long-range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942"><img alt="Italian pilots of a Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 long-range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg/200px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg/300px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg/400px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_GA_RT_in_East_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian pilots of a <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.75">Savoia-Marchetti SM.75</a> long-range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never approximated."><img alt="German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never approximated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg/200px-German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg/300px-German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg/400px-German_and_Japanese_spheres_of_influence_at_greatest_extent_World_War_II_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never approximated.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis leaders of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_negotiations_on_the_division_of_Asia" title="Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia">Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expansion_operations_and_planning_of_the_Axis_powers" title="List of expansion operations and planning of the Axis powers">List of expansion operations and planning of the Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Axis_powers" title="Foreign relations of the Axis powers">Foreign relations of the Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_Axis_talks" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Soviet Axis talks">German-Soviet Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers" title="Hetalia: Axis Powers">Hetalia: Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" title="Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II">Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Italian imperialism under Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Romanian%E2%80%93Slovak_friendship_proclamation" title="Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation">Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pro-Axis_leaders_and_governments_or_direct_control_in_occupied_territories" title="List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories">List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order (Nazism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">World War II by country</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Achsenmächte</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaksn̩ˌmɛçtə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/De-Achsenm%C3%A4chte.ogg\/De-Achsenm%C3%A4chte.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Achsenm\u00e4chte.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/De-Achsenm%C3%A4chte.ogg/De-Achsenm%C3%A4chte.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Achsenm%C3%A4chte.ogg" title="File:De-Achsenmächte.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Potenze dell'Asse</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[poˈtɛntse<span class="wrap"> </span>delˈlasse]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">枢軸国</span> <i>Sūjikukoku</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[sɯːdʑikɯꜜkokɯ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official name of the occupied territory translated from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gebiet des Militärbefehlshaber Serbiens</i>, a German occupied territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Hehn_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehn-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg_et_al-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_et_al_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergLothaSinha2009" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, Maren; Lotha, Gloria; Sinha, Surabhi (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rome-Berlin-Axis">"Rome-Berlin Axis"</a>. <i>Britannica.Com</i>. Britannica Group, inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.Com&rft.atitle=Rome-Berlin+Axis&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Maren&rft.au=Lotha%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Surabhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRome-Berlin-Axis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelia_Schmitz-Berning2007" class="citation book cs1">Cornelia Schmitz-Berning (2007). <i>Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 745. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019549-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019549-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019549-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vokabular+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=745&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019549-1&rft.au=Cornelia+Schmitz-Berning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooke1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cooke, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKDhPHvv_c0C&q=%22Tripartite+pact%22+%22The+axis%22+%22anti-comintern+pact%22&pg=PA154"><i>History of World War II</i></a>. Vol. 1 – Origins and Outbreak. Marshall Cavendish. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761474838" title="Special:BookSources/0761474838"><bdi>0761474838</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+World+War+II.&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0761474838&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKDhPHvv_c0C%26q%3D%2522Tripartite%2Bpact%2522%2B%2522The%2Baxis%2522%2B%2522anti-comintern%2Bpact%2522%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_&_Roberts1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_&_Roberts1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POspAQAAMAAJ&q=%22major%20Axis%20powers%22"><i>Encyclopedia of World War II A Political, Social and Military History</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Military+History&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781576079997&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOspAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522major%2520Axis%2520powers%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momah1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momah1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomah1994" class="citation book cs1">Momah, Sam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSsvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22major+Axis+powers%22"><i>Global strategy : from its genesis to the post-cold war era</i></a>. 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Watt, "The Rome–Berlin Axis, 1936–1940: Myth and Reality", <i>The Review of Politics</i>, 22: 4 (1960), pp. 530–531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1959291-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1959291_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1959291_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1959">Sinor 1959</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000124_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000125-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000125_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gooch. <i>Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922–1940</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Schreiber, Bern Stegemann, Detlef Vogel. <i>Germany and the Second World War</i>. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199768-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199768_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Leitz. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War. p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199775-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199775_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199781-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199781_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199782_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199776_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199778_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2004123-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004123_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville2004123_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeville2004">Neville 2004</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knickerbocker1941-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnickerbocker,_H.R.1941" class="citation book cs1">Knickerbocker, H.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remeny.org&rft.atitle=Szita+Szabolcs%3A+A+budapesti+csillagos+h%C3%A1zak+%281944%E2%80%9345%29+%26%23124%3B+Rem%C3%A9ny&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remeny.org%2Fnode%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202124928/http://www.osa.ceu.hu/galeria/sites/siege/section2.html">"Section2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.ceu.hu/galeria/sites/siege/section2.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.ceu.hu%2Fgaleria%2Fsites%2Fsiege%2Fsection2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2005" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (July 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1zoXqTR_dAC&pg=PA35"><i>Theft of a Nation: Romania Since Communism</i></a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850657163" title="Special:BookSources/9781850657163"><bdi>9781850657163</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theft+of+a+Nation%3A+Romania+Since+Communism&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2005-07-30&rft.isbn=9781850657163&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1zoXqTR_dAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenn2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenn2007">Senn 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dinu C. Giurescu, <i>Romania in the Second World War (1939–1945)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Stockings" title="Craig Stockings">Craig Stockings</a>, Eleanor Hancock, <i>Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II</i>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlile Aylmer Macartney, <i>October Fifteenth: A History of Modern Hungary, 1929–1945, Vol. 1</i>, p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Deletant, <i>Final report</i>, p. 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Kaplan, <i>In Europe's Shadow: Two Cold Wars and a Thirty-Year Journey Through Romania and Beyond</i>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Zabecki" title="David T. Zabecki">David T. Zabecki</a>, <i>World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia</i>, p. 1421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201331-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga201331_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaloga2013">Zaloga 2013</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995350–351-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995350–351_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxworthy1995">Axworthy 1995</a>, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995239,_243-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995239,_243_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxworthy1995">Axworthy 1995</a>, pp. 239, 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995229-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995229_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxworthy1995">Axworthy 1995</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Rick (2013). <i>The Guns at Last Light</i> (1st ed.). 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Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848321151" title="Special:BookSources/9781848321151"><bdi>9781848321151</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Navy%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+the+Regia+Marina+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848321151&rft.aulast=Brescia&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8h7OAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995152–153,_158,_174,_217,_219,_229–232,_236,_249_and_265–266-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy1995152–153,_158,_174,_217,_219,_229–232,_236,_249_and_265–266_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxworthy1995">Axworthy 1995</a>, pp. 152–153, 158, 174, 217, 219, 229–232, 236, 249 and 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel W. 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July 30, 1985 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+Journal+of+the+United+States+Army&rft.pub=Command+and+General+Staff+School&rft.date=1985-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAKmUiGeTyoC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd201278-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd201278_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2012">Shepherd 2012</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israeli-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israeli_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2017" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945</i></a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35148-403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35148-403-9"><bdi>978-1-35148-403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Camps+of+Croatia%3A+Visions+and+Revisions%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-35148-403-9&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxwuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindbaek2002-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sindbaek2002_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindbaek2002" class="citation book cs1">Sindbaek, Tina (2002). <i>Usable History?: Representations of Yugoslavia's Difficult Past from 1945 to 2002</i>. Aarhus University Press. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usable+History%3F%3A+Representations+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Difficult+Past+from+1945+to+2002&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sindbaek&rft.aufirst=Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030711191159/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449">Jasenovac</a> United States Holocaust Memorial Museum web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goda1-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goda1_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goda1_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Goda, Norman J. W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/diplomacy-of-the-axis-19401945/393C46700DD97A5A369609202C1A7572">"The diplomacy of the Axis, 1940–1945"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of the Second World War</i>: <span class="nowrap">276–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139524377.015">10.1017/CHO9781139524377.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139524377" title="Special:BookSources/9781139524377"><bdi>9781139524377</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.atitle=The+diplomacy+of+the+Axis%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139524377.015&rft.isbn=9781139524377&rft.aulast=Goda&rft.aufirst=Norman+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war%2Fdiplomacy-of-the-axis-19401945%2F393C46700DD97A5A369609202C1A7572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navalhistory.dk/Danish/Historien/1939_1945/IkkeAngrebsPagt.htm">"Den Dansk-Tyske Ikke-Angrebstraktat af 1939"</a>. Flådens Historie. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trommer-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trommer_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAage" class="citation web cs1">Aage, Trommer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618002436/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-15.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Denmark'. The Occupation 1940–45"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Ministry of Denmark">Foreign Ministry of Denmark</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-15.asp">the original</a> on 2006-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Denmark%27.+The+Occupation+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Foreign+Ministry+of+Denmark&rft.aulast=Aage&rft.aufirst=Trommer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.dk%2FPublikationer%2FUM%2FEnglish%2FDenmark%2Fkap6%2F6-15.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, <i>The Undeclared War, 1940–1941</i> (1953), pp. 172–173, 424–431, 575–578</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974165-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974165_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrow1974">Petrow 1974</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030711191159/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449">"Jasenovac"</a>. 11 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449">the original</a> on 11 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jasenovac&rft.date=2003-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816205702/http://navalhistory.dk/Danish/Historien/1939_1945/dk_efter29august.htm">"Flåden efter 29 August 1943"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navalhistory.dk/danish/Historien/1939_1945/dk_efter29august.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A5den+efter+29+August+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalhistory.dk%2Fdanish%2FHistorien%2F1939_1945%2Fdk_efter29august.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020812000535/http://www.danforce.dk/article/articleview/2/1/1">"Den Danske Brigade "DANFORCE" Sverige 1943–45"</a>. 12 August 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danforce.dk/article/articleview/2/1/1">the original</a> on 12 August 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Den+Danske+Brigade+%22DANFORCE%22+Sverige+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2002-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danforce.dk%2Farticle%2Farticleview%2F2%2F1%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974185–195-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrow1974185–195_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrow1974">Petrow 1974</a>, pp. 185–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979134-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979134_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby1979">Kirby 1979</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent Forster, "Finland's Foreign Policy 1940–1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy," <i>Scandinavian Studies</i> (1979) 51#2 pp. 109–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066406612&view=1up&seq=229&q1=Finland">"Treaty of Peace With Finland"</a>. 1947. p. 229<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Peace+With+Finland&rft.pages=229&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dosu.32435066406612%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D229%26q1%3DFinland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner_et_al._p._39-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_et_al._p._39_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerOsbourneReyburn2007" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Margaret E.; Osbourne, Linda Barrett; Reyburn, Susan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn/page/38/mode/2up?q=Finland"><i>The Library of Congress World War II companion</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743252195" title="Special:BookSources/9780743252195"><bdi>9780743252195</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Congress+World+War+II+companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780743252195&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft.au=Osbourne%2C+Linda+Barrett&rft.au=Reyburn%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryofcongres0000wagn%2Fpage%2F38%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DFinland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jukes_&_O'Neill-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jukes_&_O'Neill_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukesO'Neill2010" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey; O'Neill, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALd6AcDEuBEC&q=%22Axis+Finland%22&pg=PA52"><i>World War II: The Eastern Front 1941–1945</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1435891340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1435891340"><bdi>978-1435891340</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1435891340&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALd6AcDEuBEC%26q%3D%2522Axis%2BFinland%2522%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiNardo1-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiNardo1_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo2005" class="citation book cs1">DiNardo, R.L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Axis+Powers+from+Coalition+to+Collapse&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780700614127&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZypnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Minor%2520Axis%2520countries%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiehlerGrant2023109–110-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiehlerGrant2023109–110_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiehlerGrant2023">Piehler & Grant 2023</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallgren1-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tallgren1_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallgren2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tallgren, Immi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/50a462/pdf/">"Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? 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(March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1979123-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1979123_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby1979">Kirby 1979</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeppinen1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeppinen1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeppinen1983">Seppinen 1983</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOFinland-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOFinland_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Foreign Office Archive, 371/24809/461–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokipii1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJokipii1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJokipii1987">Jokipii 1987</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation%2C+Analysis+of+Government%2C+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=1584779012&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C%26q%3Dpuppet%2Bstate%2Baxis%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarner1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarner1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarner1997">Sarner 1997</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yad_Vashem:_Albania-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yad_Vashem:_Albania_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031127122807/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205725.pdf">"Shoah Research Center – Albania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205725.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2003-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shoah+Research+Center+%E2%80%93+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25205725.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hehn-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hehn_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hehn_1971">Hehn (1971)</a>, pp. 344–373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2002" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). <i>Balkan holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719064678" title="Special:BookSources/0719064678"><bdi>0719064678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+victim-centred+propaganda+and+the+war+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0719064678&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2007" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David Bruce (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QoNONBC5K8C&pg=PA167"><i>Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08572-9"><bdi>978-1-134-08572-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Genocide%3A+The+Holocaust+and+Historical+Representation&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-08572-9&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QoNONBC5K8C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israeli2013-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israeli2013_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Israeli2013" class="citation book cs1">Raphael Israeli (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M66fG2bhi1AC&pg=PA31"><i>The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4930-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-4930-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Camps+of+Croatia%3A+Visions+and+Revisions%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4930-2&rft.au=Raphael+Israeli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM66fG2bhi1AC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey C. Gunn, <i>Monarchical Manipulation in Cambodia: France, Japan, and the Sihanouk Crusade for Independence,</i> Copenhagen: Nordic Institute for Asian Studies, 2018, Part V</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DChandler-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DChandler_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DChandler_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. Chandler, <i>A History of Cambodia</i>, Silkworm 1993 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gow_et_al1-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gow_et_al1_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowHiramaChapman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gow, I; Hirama, Y; Chapman, J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eoyDDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Thailand%22+%22part+of+the+axis%22"><i>Volume III: The Military Dimension The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000</i></a>. Springer. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230378870" title="Special:BookSources/0230378870"><bdi>0230378870</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+III%3A+The+Military+Dimension+The+History+of+Anglo-Japanese+Relations%2C+1600%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0230378870&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Hirama%2C+Y&rft.au=Chapman%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoyDDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Thailand%2522%2B%2522part%2Bof%2Bthe%2Baxis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivarsson_&_Goscha-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivarsson_&_Goscha_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvarssonGoscha2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ivarsson, Søren; Goscha, Christopher E. (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20071807">"Prince Phetsarath (1890–1959): Nationalism and Royalty in the Making of Modern Laos"</a>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463406000932">10.1017/S0022463406000932</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20071807">20071807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159778908">159778908</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Prince+Phetsarath+%281890%E2%80%931959%29%3A+Nationalism+and+Royalty+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Laos&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159778908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20071807%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463406000932&rft.aulast=Ivarsson&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Goscha%2C+Christopher+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20071807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo2012" class="citation book cs1">Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=Support%20Second%20Republic%20Philippines&pg=PA211"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Philippines</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 211, 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7246-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=211%2C+621&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Artemio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmgX9M_yETIC%26q%3DSupport%2520Second%2520Republic%2520Philippines%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSPI2005-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSPI2005_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&q=Support%20%22Second%20Republic%22%20Philippines&pg=PA160"><i>State And Society In The Philippines</i></a>. State and Society in East Asia Series. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 160, 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1024-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+And+Society+In+The+Philippines&rft.series=State+and+Society+in+East+Asia+Series&rft.pages=160%2C+353&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiOQdEzgP9kC%26q%3DSupport%2520%2522Second%2520Republic%2522%2520Philippines%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullinane,_MichaelBorlaza,_Gregorio_C.Hernandez,_Carolina_G." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cullinane, Michael; Borlaza, Gregorio C.; Hernandez, Carolina G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines/23718/World-War-II">"Philippines"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.au=Cullinane%2C+Michael&rft.au=Borlaza%2C+Gregorio+C.&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Carolina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F456399%2FPhilippines%2F23718%2FWorld-War-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian. Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions the Changed the World, 1940–1941 New York: Penguin, 2007. pp. 444–446 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-123-3">978-1-59420-123-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007385-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007385_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2007">Kershaw 2007</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longerich, Peter <i>Hitler: A Life</i> (2019) p. 784</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007Chapter_10-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2007Chapter_10_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2007">Kershaw 2007</a>, Chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_RedfordPhilip_D._Grove2014" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Redford; Philip D. Grove (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6FrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182"><i>The Royal Navy: A History Since 1900</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857735072" title="Special:BookSources/9780857735072"><bdi>9780857735072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%3A+A+History+Since+1900&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857735072&rft.au=Duncan+Redford&rft.au=Philip+D.+Grove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6FrAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16056">"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Fireside Chat"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%3A+Fireside+Chat.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D16056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/12/02/Historian-FDR-probably-engineered-famous-WWII-plans-leak/4189565419600/">"Historian: FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak"</a>. upi.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historian%3A+FDR+probably+engineered+famous+WWII+plans+leak&rft.pub=upi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1987%2F12%2F02%2FHistorian-FDR-probably-engineered-famous-WWII-plans-leak%2F4189565419600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_3532000/3532401.stm">"BBC On This Day – 11 – 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on US"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 11 December 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+On+This+Day+%E2%80%93+11+%E2%80%93+1941%3A+Germany+and+Italy+declare+war+on+US&rft.date=1941-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fdecember%2F11%2Fnewsid_3532000%2F3532401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsada2006" class="citation book cs1">Asada, Sadao (2006). <i>From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States</i>. Annapolis: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-042-7"><bdi>978-1-55750-042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mahan+to+Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+and+the+United+States&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-042-7&rft.aulast=Asada&rft.aufirst=Sadao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy1995" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Mark (1995). <i>Third Axis – Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>. London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854092670" title="Special:BookSources/9781854092670"><bdi>9781854092670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Axis+%E2%80%93+Fourth+Ally%3A+Romanian+Armed+Forces+in+the+European+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781854092670&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachelier2000" class="citation book cs1">Bachelier, Christian (2000). Azéma & Bédarida (ed.). <i>L'armée française entre la victoire et la défaite</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Le_Seuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Seuil">Le Seuil</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+entre+la+victoire+et+la+d%C3%A9faite&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bachelier&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoscaroGattiRaveri1990" class="citation book cs1">Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvilNLC9pFYC"><i>Rethinking Japan: Literature, visual arts & linguistics</i></a>. Vol. 1. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904404-78-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904404-78-4"><bdi>978-0-904404-78-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Japan%3A+Literature%2C+visual+arts+%26+linguistics&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-904404-78-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvilNLC9pFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2000). <i>Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order</i>. Columbia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1300-6"><bdi>978-0-8262-1300-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaniards+and+Nazi+Germany%3A+Collaboration+in+the+New+Order&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1300-6&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2001" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (2001). <i>The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</i>. London; Portland: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.place=London%3B+Portland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardBratzel2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F. (2007). <i>Latin America During World War II</i>. Lanham Road, Maryland; Plymouth, England: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3740-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-3740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+During+World+War+II&rft.place=Lanham+Road%2C+Maryland%3B+Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3740-8&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bratzel%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Burgwyn, H. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94877-1&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNHxISN-dmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1953). <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(Churchill)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War (Churchill)"><i>The Second World War</i></a>. 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Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1568-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-1568-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Russia%3A+Changing+Systems%2C+Enduring+Interests&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1568-8&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft.au=Nogee%2C+Joseph+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2007" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Paul S (2007) [1978]. <i>A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945</i>. 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Kingston Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940670-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940670-10-5"><bdi>978-0-940670-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+leader%2C+Hajj+Amin+al-Husayni%2C+Mufti+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Kingston+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-940670-10-5&rft.aulast=Jab%C4%81rah&rft.aufirst=Tays%C4%ABr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokipii1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jokipii, Mauno (1987). <i>Jatkosodan synty: tutkimuksia Saksan ja Suomen sotilaallisesta yhteistyöstä 1940–41</i> [<i>Birth of the Continuation War: Analysis of the German and Finnish Military Co-operation, 1940–41</i>] (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-08799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-08799-1"><bdi>978-951-1-08799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+synty%3A+tutkimuksia+Saksan+ja+Suomen+sotilaallisesta+yhteisty%C3%B6st%C3%A4+1940%E2%80%9341&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-951-1-08799-1&rft.aulast=Jokipii&rft.aufirst=Mauno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). <i>Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-4201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Cold+War%3A+Soviet+Strategies+in+Europe%2C+1943+to+1956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4201-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy-Pipe&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2007). <i>Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-123-3"><bdi>978-1-59420-123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Choices%3A+Ten+Decisions+That+Changed+the+World%2C+1940%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-123-3&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1979" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D. G. (1979). <i>Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co">C. Hurst & Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-15-1"><bdi>978-0-905838-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+History+and+an+Interpretation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-905838-15-1&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2000" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor (2000). <i>Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521582087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521582087"><bdi>978-0521582087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Destiny%3A+Dictatorship%2C+Foreign+Policy%2C+and+War+in+Fascist+Italy+and+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521582087&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebra1970" class="citation book cs1">Lebra, Joyce C (1970). <i>The Indian National Army and Japan</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-806-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-806-1"><bdi>978-981-230-806-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+National+Army+and+Japan&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-981-230-806-1&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=Joyce+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Daniel K. (2001). <i>The History of Argentina</i>. New York; Hampshire: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Argentina&rft.place=New+York%3B+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidegaard2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Lidegaard" title="Bo Lidegaard">Lidegaard, Bo</a> (2003). <i>Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Historie, vol. 4</i> (in Danish). Copenhagen: <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyldendal (Denmark)">Gyldendal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7789-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7789-093-2"><bdi>978-87-7789-093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dansk+Udenrigspolitisk+Historie%2C+vol.+4&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-87-7789-093-2&rft.aulast=Lidegaard&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweMarzari2002" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Cedric J.; Marzari, Frank (2002) [1975]. <i>Italian Foreign Policy, 1870–1940</i>. Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.series=Foreign+Policies+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Cedric+J.&rft.au=Marzari%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKercherLegault2001" class="citation book cs1">McKercher, B. J. C.; Legault, Roch (2001) [2000]. <i>Military Planning and the Origins of the Second World War in Europe</i>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Planning+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=McKercher&rft.aufirst=B.+J.+C.&rft.au=Legault%2C+Roch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John F. (2002) [1947]. <i>Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite</i>. Simon Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%3A+The+Unwilling+Satellite&rft.pub=Simon+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997" class="citation book cs1">Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997). <i>Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10676-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10676-9"><bdi>0-231-10676-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pariahs%2C+Partners%2C+Predators%3A+German-Soviet+Relations%2C+1922%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-231-10676-9&rft.aulast=Nekrich&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Moiseevich&rft.au=Ulam%2C+Adam+Bruno&rft.au=Freeze%2C+Gregory+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2004" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ol6T-Ut_JdgC"><i>Mussolini</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24989-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24989-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24989-8&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dol6T-Ut_JdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1993" class="citation book cs1">Paxton, Robert O (1993). J. P. Azéma & François Bédarida (ed.). <i>La Collaboration d'État</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Collaboration+d%27%C3%89tat&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1987). <i>The Franco Regime, 1936–1975</i>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11074-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11074-1"><bdi>978-0-299-11074-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11074-1&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1999). <i>Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16564-2"><bdi>978-0-299-16564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Spain%2C+1923%E2%80%931977&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-299-16564-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrow1974" class="citation book cs1">Petrow, Richard (1974). <i>The bitter years: The invasion and occupation of Denmark and Norway, April 1940–May 1945</i>. New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688002756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688002756"><bdi>978-0688002756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bitter+years%3A+The+invasion+and+occupation+of+Denmark+and+Norway%2C+April+1940%E2%80%93May+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0688002756&rft.aulast=Petrow&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiehlerGrant2023" class="citation book cs1">Piehler, G. Kurt; Grant, Johnathan A., eds. (2023). <i>The Oxford Handbook of World War II</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199341795" title="Special:BookSources/9780199341795"><bdi>9780199341795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780199341795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotash1969" class="citation book cs1">Potash, Robert A. (1969). <i>The Army And Politics in Argentina: 1928–1945; Yrigoyen to Perón</i>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+And+Politics+in+Argentina%3A+1928%E2%80%931945%3B+Yrigoyen+to+Per%C3%B3n&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Potash&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2006). <i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1"><bdi>0-300-11204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-11204-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1994). <i>Franco: A Biography</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02515-2"><bdi>978-0-465-02515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02515-2&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodao2002" class="citation book cs1">Rodao, Florentino (2002). <i>Franco y el imperio japonés: imágenes y propaganda en tiempos de guerra</i>. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-01-53054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-01-53054-8"><bdi>978-84-01-53054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+y+el+imperio+japon%C3%A9s%3A+im%C3%A1genes+y+propaganda+en+tiempos+de+guerra&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Plaza+%26+Jan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-01-53054-8&rft.aulast=Rodao&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohr2007" class="citation book cs1">Rohr, Isabelle (2007). <i>The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898–1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism</i>. Eastbourne, England; Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Right+and+the+Jews%2C+1898%E2%80%931945%3A+Antisemitism+and+Opportunism&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+England%3B+Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rohr&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarner1997" class="citation book cs1">Sarner, Harvey (1997). <i>Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from the Holocaust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_City,_California" title="Cathedral City, California">Cathedral City, California</a>: Brunswick Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescue+in+Albania%3A+One+Hundred+Percent+of+Jews+in+Albania+Rescued+from+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cathedral+City%2C+California&rft.pub=Brunswick+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sarner&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2007" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). <i>Lithuania 1940: Revolution From Above</i>. Amsterdam; New York: <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi Publishers">Rodopi Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6"><bdi>978-90-420-2225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+1940%3A+Revolution+From+Above&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Rodopi+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2225-6&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppinen1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seppinen, Ilkka (1983). <i>Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939–1940</i> [<i>Conditions of Finnish Foreign Trade 1939–1940</i>] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen historiallinen seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9254-48-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-9254-48-7"><bdi>978-951-9254-48-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+ulkomaankaupan+ehdot+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Suomen+historiallinen+seura&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-951-9254-48-7&rft.aulast=Seppinen&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Shepherd" title="Ben H. Shepherd">Shepherd, Ben H.</a> (2012). <i>Terror in the Balkans: German Armies and Partisan Warfare</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04891-1"><bdi>978-0-674-04891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+in+the+Balkans%3A+German+Armies+and+Partisan+Warfare&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04891-1&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Ben+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"><bdi>978-0-671-62420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (1959). <i>History of Hungary</i>. Woking; London: <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_and_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen and Unwin">George Allen and Unwin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Hungary&rft.place=Woking%3B+London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, David Joel (2000) [1982]. <i>The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place</i>. Boulder Hill, Colorado; Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-3755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Place&rft.place=Boulder+Hill%2C+Colorado%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2009" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Guy (2009). <i>Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Evil%3A+The+Nazi+War+Criminals+Who+Escaped+and+the+Quest+to+Bring+Them+to+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation book cs1">Wettig, Gerhard (2008). <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>. Landham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.place=Landham%2C+Md&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie2002" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, Neville (2002). <i>European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents During the Second World War</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64358-0"><bdi>978-0-521-64358-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Neutrals+and+Non-Belligerents+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64358-0&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a> (2013). <i>Tanks of Hitler's Eastern Allies 1941–45</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-020-3"><bdi>978-1-78096-020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanks+of+Hitler%27s+Eastern+Allies+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-020-3&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html">"The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 1939"</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop+Pact%2C+1939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1939pact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDear2005" class="citation book cs1">Dear, Ian C. B. (2005). <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, Michael</a>; Daniell, Richard (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to World War II</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280670-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280670-X"><bdi>0-19-280670-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-280670-X&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Ian+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschbaum1995" class="citation book cs1">Kirschbaum, Stanislav (1995). <i>A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-10403-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-10403-0"><bdi>0-312-10403-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Slovakia%3A+The+Struggle+for+Survival&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-312-10403-0&rft.aulast=Kirschbaum&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReady2012" class="citation book cs1">Ready, J. Lee (2012) [1987]. <i>The Forgotten Axis: Germany's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786471690" title="Special:BookSources/9780786471690"><bdi>9780786471690</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895414669">895414669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Axis%3A+Germany%27s+Partners+and+Foreign+Volunteers+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895414669&rft.isbn=9780786471690&rft.aulast=Ready&rft.aufirst=J.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1992" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "Infamous Encounter? The Merekalov-Weizsacker Meeting of 17 April 1939". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">921–</span>926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00026224">10.1017/S0018246X00026224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639445">2639445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154228049">154228049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Infamous+Encounter%3F+The+Merekalov-Weizsacker+Meeting+of+17+April+1939&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E921-%3C%2Fspan%3E926&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154228049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00026224&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1954" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold, ed. (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095"><i>Survey of International Affairs: Hitler's Europe 1939–1946</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+International+Affairs%3A+Hitler%27s+Europe+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.84095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span> Highly detailed coverage of conquered territories.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). <i>A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85316-3&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+powers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Axis_powers" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Axis powers">Axis powers</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614051239/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_fi.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005177&MediaId=151">Silent movie of the signing of The Tripartite Pact</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFCooke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelia_Schmitz-Berning2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorvaja2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullinane,_MichaelBorlaza,_Gregorio_C.Hernandez,_Carolina_G.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarling1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDear2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiNardo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldsonNogee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDull2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan_RedfordPhilip_D._Grove2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryNieminenSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldbergLothaSinha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowHiramaChapman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillermo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedinger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraeli2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvarssonGoscha2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabārah1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJokipii1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJukesO\u0026#039;Neill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschbaum1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnickerbocker,_H.R.1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebra1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardBratzel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidegaard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweMarzari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKercherLegault2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillPatterson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitcham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolotov–Ribbentrop_Pact1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomah1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurashima2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMäkinen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNekrich,_A._M._(Aleksandr_Moiseevich)1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrow1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiehlerGrant2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotash1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael_Israeli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReady2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReginbogin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodao2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodogno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeekins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeppinen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer,_William_L._(William_Lawrence),_1904–19931960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverfarbKhadduri1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSindbaek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmythe1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallgren2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToynbee1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerOsbourneReyburn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWylie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoon1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 87,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clist\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Axis powers\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox geopolitical organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"Legend striped\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 31,\n [\"NMS\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 115,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Underline\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","19.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","17.1"],["type","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","6.6"],["gsub","80","5.3"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","60","3.9"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","60","3.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.9"],["[others]","300","19.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-4rkdv","timestamp":"20250216184501","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Axis powers","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43056","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43056","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-09T14:10:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T18:44:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/Celebration_of_the_Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact_%281940%29_in_Tokio.jpg","headline":"major alliance of World War II"}</script> </body> </html>