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class=" right_image" style="width: 200px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 200px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1832776_74'})" href="/data/2015/03/18/1234040218/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2015/03/18/1234040218/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="125" height="200" alt="袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袘褞褋褌 II 胁. (袦褍蟹械懈袙邪褌懈泻邪薪邪, 袪懈屑)" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1832776_74">袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袘褞褋褌 II 胁. (袦褍蟹械懈袙邪褌懈泻邪薪邪, 袪懈屑)</div></div><br><small>袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袘褞褋褌 II 胁. (袦褍蟹械懈袙邪褌懈泻邪薪邪, 袪懈屑)</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袥褍褑懈泄协谢懈泄袗胁褉械谢懈泄 [谢邪褌. Imperator Caesar Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus] (31.08.161, 袥邪薪褍胁懈泄, 斜谢懈蟹袪懈屑邪 - 31.12.192, 袪懈屑), 褉懈屑. 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉 (褋 17 屑邪褉褌邪 180) 懈蟹写懈薪邪褋褌懈懈袗薪褌芯薪懈薪芯胁, 褋褘薪懈屑锌. 袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟 (161-180) 懈肖邪褍褋褌懈薪褘袦谢邪写褕械泄; 锌芯屑邪褌械褉懈胁薪褍泻懈屑锌. 袗薪褌芯薪懈薪邪袩懈褟 (138-161). 袧邪蟹胁邪薪胁褔械褋褌褜袥褍褑懈褟袙械褉邪袣芯屑屑芯写邪, 褋芯锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褟袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟胁 161-169 谐谐. 袙 165 谐. 褍屑械褉褋褌邪褉褕懈泄斜褉邪褌-斜谢懈蟹薪械褑袣.- 孝懈褌袗胁褉械谢懈泄肖褍谢褜胁懈泄袗薪褌芯薪懈薪, 懈褋褝褌芯谐芯屑芯屑械薪褌邪袣. 胁芯褋锌懈褌褘胁邪谢褋褟泻邪泻薪邪褋谢械写薪懈泻懈屑锌. 胁谢邪褋褌懈. 12 芯泻褌. 166 谐. 袣. 懈械谐芯屑谢邪写褕懈泄斜褉邪褌袦邪褉泻袗薪薪懈泄袙械褉斜褘谢懈锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕械薪褘褑械蟹邪褉褟屑懈. 袩芯褋谢械褋屑械褉褌懈袦邪褉泻邪胁 169 谐. 袣. 褋褌邪谢械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑薪邪褋谢械写薪懈泻芯屑懈屑锌. 袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟. 校袣. 斜褘谢懈褌邪泻卸械 5 褋褌邪褉褕懈褏褋械褋褌械褉. 小褌邪褉褕邪褟懈蟹薪懈褏, 袥褍褑懈谢谢邪, 斜褘谢邪蟹邪屑褍卸械屑蟹邪懈屑锌. 袥褍褑懈械屑袙械褉芯屑懈锌芯褋谢械械谐芯褋屑械褉褌懈胁 169 谐. 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢邪褌懈褌褍谢邪胁谐褍褋褌褘. </p> <p> 袙芯褋锌懈褌邪薪懈褞袣. 褍写械谢褟谢芯褋褜斜芯谢褜褕芯械胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械; 袦邪褉泻袗胁褉械谢懈泄锌褉懈谢芯卸懈谢胁褋械褋懈谢褘泻懈薪褌械谢谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯屑褍褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞褋褘薪邪; 蟹邪蟹写芯褉芯胁褜械屑袣. 薪邪斜谢褞写邪谢蟹薪邪屑械薪懈褌褘泄屑械写懈泻袚邪谢械薪. 袙芯胁蟹褉芯褋谢褘械谐芯写褘袣. 芯褌谢懈褔邪谢褋褟邪褌谢械褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑褌械谢芯褋谢芯卸械薪懈械屑, 褉械谐褍谢褟褉薪芯蟹邪薪懈屑邪谢褋褟褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘屑懈胁懈写邪屑懈褎懈蟹懈褔械褋泻懈褏褍锌褉邪卸薪械薪懈泄, 胁泻谢褞褔邪褟胁谢邪写械薪懈械芯褉褍卸懈械屑, 懈, 锌芯褋芯芯斜褖械薪懈褟屑懈褋褌芯褉懈泻芯胁, 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写懈谢薪邪褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪懈泻芯胁胁锌械褔邪褌谢械薪懈械芯褔械薪褜泻褉邪褋懈胁芯谐芯褔械谢芯胁械泻邪. 小芯 172 谐. 袣. 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪谢芯褌褑邪胁胁芯械薪薪褘褏泻邪屑锌邪薪懈褟褏薪邪写褍薪邪泄褋泻芯泄谐褉邪薪懈褑械锌褉芯褌懈胁屑邪褉泻芯屑邪薪薪芯胁. 袙 172 谐. 袣. 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢褌懈褌褍谢芦袚械褉屑邪薪褋泻懈泄禄. 袙 175 谐. 斜褘谢胁胁械写械薪胁褋芯褋褌邪胁泻芯谢谢械谐懈懈锌芯薪褌懈褎懈泻芯胁, 卸褉械褑芯胁挟锌懈褌械褉邪袣邪锌懈褌芯谢懈泄褋泻芯谐芯, 懈锌褉芯褕械谢芯斜褉褟写芯斜谢邪褔械薪懈褟胁褌芯谐褍 (toga virilis), 褔褌芯芯蟹薪邪褔邪谢芯胁褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈械胁芯胁蟹褉芯褋谢褘泄胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌. 袙 176 谐., 胁锌芯械蟹写泻械褋芯褌褑芯屑锌芯胁芯褋褌. 锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈褟屑, 袣. 锌褉芯褕械谢锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪懈械胁邪褎懈薪褋泻懈械协谢械胁褋懈薪褋泻懈械屑懈褋褌械褉懈懈. 27 薪芯褟斜. 176 谐. 袣. 斜褘谢锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕械薪锌芯谢薪芯锌褉邪胁薪褘屑懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉芯屑-褋芯锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢械屑袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟; 胁 177 谐. 薪邪褔邪谢锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟褌懈褌褍谢芯屑芦邪胁谐褍褋褌禄. 袙 178 谐. 袣. 卸械薪懈谢褋褟薪邪袘褉褍褌褌懈懈袣褉懈褋锌懈薪械 (锌芯蟹写薪械械芯薪邪斜褘谢邪泻邪蟹薪械薪邪锌芯芯斜胁懈薪械薪懈褞胁锌褉械谢褞斜芯写械褟薪懈懈). 袙 178-180 谐谐. 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪芯褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪谢袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟胁锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪胁褕械泄褋褟胁芯泄薪械薪邪写褍薪邪泄褋泻芯泄谐褉邪薪懈褑械. </p> <p> 小芯褋屑械褉褌褜褞懈屑锌. 袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟 17 屑邪褉褌邪 180 谐. 胁袙懈薪写芯斜芯薪械 (薪褘薪械袙械薪邪, 袗胁褋褌褉懈褟) 胁褋褟胁谢邪褋褌褜锌械褉械褕谢邪泻袣. 袛芯泻芯薪. 谢械褌邪 180 谐. 袣. 芯褋褌邪胁邪谢褋褟褋邪褉屑懈械泄胁袩邪薪薪芯薪懈懈, 薪芯谐谢邪胁薪芯械胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械褍写械谢褟谢锌械褉械谐芯胁芯褉邪屑褋胁邪褉胁邪褉邪屑懈, 泻-褉褘械蟹邪胁械褉褕懈谢懈褋褜蟹邪泻谢褞褔械薪懈械屑屑懈褉邪. 22 芯泻褌. 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍褋谢褍褔邪褞袣. 芯褌锌褉邪蟹写薪芯胁邪谢褌褉懈褍屑褎胁袪懈屑械. 袙薪械褕薪褟褟锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪袣. 芯褌谢懈褔邪谢邪褋褜芯褌锌芯谢懈褌懈泻懈械谐芯锌褉械写褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻芯胁斜芯谢褜褕懈屑屑懈褉芯谢褞斜懈械屑. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械写芯谐芯胁芯褉 180 谐. 斜褘谢锌芯写胁械褉谐薪褍褌泻褉懈褌懈泻械褋芯褋褌芯褉芯薪褘泻芯薪褋械褉胁邪褌懈胁薪褘褏泻褉褍谐芯胁褉懈屑褋泻芯泄蟹薪邪褌懈; 袣. 锌芯写胁械褉谐谢懈薪邪褋屑械褕泻邪屑蟹邪褌芯, 褔褌芯芯薪褍褋褌褉芯懈谢褌褉懈褍屑褎, 薪械芯写械褉卸邪胁锌芯斜械写褘. 袩褉懈袣. 锌芯谐褉邪薪懈褔薪褘械胁芯泄薪褘胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪谢懈谢懈褕褜褋锌芯褉邪写懈褔械褋泻懈. 袙 183 谐. 褉懈屑谢褟薪械锌褉芯胁械谢懈胁芯械薪薪褍褞泻邪屑锌邪薪懈褞锌褉芯褌懈胁写邪泻芯胁. 袝械锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯褋褌懈锌芯褔褌懈薪械懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘; 胁胁芯泄薪械芯褌谢懈褔懈谢懈褋褜斜褍写. 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褘袣谢芯写懈泄袗谢褜斜懈薪懈袩械褋褑械薪薪懈泄袧懈谐械褉. 袙 184 谐. 斜褘谢邪薪邪褔邪褌邪胁芯泄薪邪胁小械胁. 袘褉懈褌邪薪懈懈, 胁褏芯写械泻-褉芯泄锌芯写泻芯屑邪薪写芯胁邪薪懈械屑校谢褜锌懈褟袦邪褉褑械谢谢邪谐褉邪薪懈褑邪懈屑锌械褉懈懈斜褘谢邪胁芯蟹胁褉邪褖械薪邪泻谢懈薪懈懈袗薪褌芯薪懈薪芯胁邪胁邪谢邪. 袨写薪邪泻芯胁褋泻芯褉械邪褉屑懈褟胁袘褉懈褌邪薪懈懈锌芯写薪褟谢邪屑褟褌械卸懈锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈谢邪懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉芯屑谢械谐邪褌邪袩褉懈褋泻邪. 袧械褋屑芯褌褉褟薪邪褌芯褔褌芯袩褉懈褋泻芯褌泻邪蟹邪谢褋褟锌褉懈薪褟褌褜褝褌芯褌褌懈褌褍谢懈屑褟褌械卸薪械锌芯谢褍褔懈谢褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟, 锌芯锌褉懈泻邪蟹褍袩械褉械薪薪懈褟胁褋械谢械谐邪褌褘胁袘褉懈褌邪薪懈懈斜褘谢懈谢懈褕械薪褘蟹胁邪薪懈泄. </p> <p> <div class="left_image" style="width: 222px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 222px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1832761_25'})" href="/data/2015/03/18/1234040299/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2015/03/18/1234040299/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="192" height="200" alt="袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袛懈薪邪褉懈泄. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1832761_25">袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袛懈薪邪褉懈泄. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋</div></div><br><small>袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 袛懈薪邪褉懈泄. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袣. 褉邪胁薪芯写褍褕薪芯芯褌薪芯褋懈谢褋褟泻锌芯胁褋械写薪械胁薪褘屑谐芯褋. 写械谢邪屑懈锌械褉械写芯胁械褉褟谢懈褏蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褍褞褔邪褋褌褜褋胁芯懈屑褎邪胁芯褉懈褌邪屑, 泻邪泻锌褉邪胁懈谢芯薪懈蟹泻芯谐芯锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈褟, 薪芯谢懈褔薪芯械屑褍锌褉械写邪薪薪褘屑. 小褉械写懈薪懈褏薪邪懈斜芯谢械械懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘胁芯谢褜薪芯芯褌锌褍褖械薪薪懈泻懈小邪芯褌械褉懈蟹袧懈泻芯屑懈写懈懈懈袣谢械邪薪写褉懈蟹肖褉懈谐懈懈, 泻-褉褘械胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褍锌褉邪胁谢褟谢懈写械谢邪屑懈懈屑锌. 泻邪薪褑械谢褟褉懈懈懈褌械屑褋邪屑褘屑锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈芯谐褉芯屑薪褍褞胁谢邪褋褌褜, 褔褌芯胁褘蟹褘胁邪谢芯薪械写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁芯褋褉械写懈褉懈屑褋泻芯泄蟹薪邪褌懈, 锌褉械卸写械胁褋械谐芯褋械薪邪褌芯褉芯胁. 袣褉芯屑械褌芯谐芯, 薪械锌芯屑械褉薪褘械褌褉邪褌褘袣., 邪褌邪泻卸械械谐芯薪械褍褋褌芯泄褔懈胁褘泄懈褝泻褋锌邪薪褋懈胁薪褘泄褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪械芯写薪芯泻褉邪褌薪芯胁褘蟹褘胁邪谢懈褋泻邪薪写邪谢褘懈褋褌邪薪芯胁懈谢懈褋褜锌褉懈褔懈薪邪屑懈写谢褟蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉芯胁. 袙锌褉芯褌懈胁芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈蟹薪邪褌懈袣. 锌褉懈斜械谐邪谢泻锌芯锌褍谢懈褋褌褋泻懈屑卸械褋褌邪屑, 薪邪锌褉., 懈蟹屑械薪懈谢褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪褍褞褎芯褉屑褍谢褍芦小械薪邪褌懈褉懈屑褋泻懈泄薪邪褉芯写禄 (Senatus populusque romanus) 薪邪芦袧邪褉芯写懈褋械薪邪褌褉懈屑褋泻懈泄禄 (Populus senatusque romanus). 袧邪懈斜芯谢褜褕械械胁芯蟹屑褍褖械薪懈械蟹薪邪褌懈胁褘蟹胁邪谢芯胁胁械写械薪懈械薪邪谢芯谐芯胁写谢褟褋械薪邪褌芯褉褋泻芯谐芯褋芯褋谢芯胁懈褟. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械褋褉械写懈锌褉芯褋褌褘褏谐褉邪卸写邪薪懈胁邪褉屑懈懈袣. 芯褋褌邪胁邪谢褋褟锌芯锌褍谢褟褉械薪薪邪锌褉芯褌褟卸械薪懈懈胁褋械谐芯锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟. </p> <p> 袙薪邪褔. 80-褏谐谐. II 胁. 芯泻褉褍卸械薪懈械袣. 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢懈褋芯胁械褌薪懈泻懈械谐芯芯褌褑邪. 小褉械写懈薪懈褏薪邪懈斜芯谢褜褕懈屑胁谢懈褟薪懈械屑锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢懈褋褜褋械薪邪褌芯褉褘孝懈斜械褉懈泄袣谢邪胁写懈泄袩芯屑锌械褟薪 (2-泄屑褍卸褋械褋褌褉褘袣.- 袥褍褑懈谢谢褘), 袦邪褉泻校屑屑懈写懈泄袣胁邪写褉邪褌袗薪薪懈邪薪 (泻芯薪褋褍谢 167 谐.), 袗锌锌懈泄袣谢邪胁写懈泄袣胁懈薪褌懈邪薪, 袚邪泄袘褉褍褌褌懈泄袩褉械蟹械薪褋 (褌械褋褌褜袣.), 锌褉械褎械泻褌锌褉械褌芯褉懈褟袗褍褎懈写懈泄袙懈泻褌芯褉懈薪懈写褉. 袙褋械芯薪懈褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢懈锌邪褉褌懈褞邪胁谐褍褋褌褘袥褍褑懈谢谢褘, 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟褋褌褉械屑懈谢邪褋褜泻芯薪泻褍褉懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋 18-谢械褌薪懈屑袣. 懈锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢褜薪芯锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟谢邪写谢褟薪械谐芯斜芯谢褜褕褍褞芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌褜. 袙 182 谐. 袣胁懈薪褌懈邪薪锌芯锌褘褌邪谢褋褟褍斜懈褌褜袣., 胁芯泄写褟褋屑械褔芯屑胁褌械邪褌褉, 薪芯斜褘谢褋褏胁邪褔械薪. 袣胁懈薪褌懈邪薪, 袣胁邪写褉邪褌懈褉褟写写褉. 褍褔邪褋褌薪懈泻芯胁褝褌芯谐芯蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉邪斜褘谢懈泻邪蟹薪械薪褘, 袥褍褑懈谢谢邪斜褘谢邪芯褌锌褉邪胁谢械薪邪胁褋褋褘谢泻褍薪邪芯-胁袣邪锌褉懈懈锌芯蟹写薪械械褍斜懈褌邪. 袧械泻-褉褘屑懈蟹蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉褖懈泻芯胁褍写邪谢芯褋褜褋泻褉褘褌褜褋胁芯褞锌褉懈褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌褜泻蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉褍, 懈胁褋泻芯褉械锌褉械褎械泻褌锌褉械褌芯褉懈褟孝邪褉褉褍褌械薪懈泄袩邪褌械褉薪懈小械泻褋褌孝懈谐懈写懈泄袩械褉械薪薪懈泄芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪谢懈褍斜懈泄褋褌胁芯褎邪胁芯褉懈褌邪袣.- 小邪芯褌械褉邪. 袩褉懈褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌褜袩械褉械薪薪懈褟胁薪芯胁褜芯褋褌邪谢邪褋褜薪械褉邪褋泻褉褘褌芯泄, 懈芯薪褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢褋胁芯械锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械. 袧械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯写褉. 蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉芯胁胁褏芯写械锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟褌邪泻卸械芯泻邪薪褔懈胁邪谢懈褋褜泻邪蟹薪褟屑懈胁褘褋芯泻芯锌芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘褏谢懈褑懈蟹褋械薪邪褌芯褉褋泻芯谐芯褋芯褋谢芯胁懈褟. 袨锌邪褋邪褟褋褜蟹邪褋胁芯褞卸懈蟹薪褜, 袣. 褋褌邪褉邪谢褋褟胁褋械屑械薪褜褕械锌芯褟胁谢褟褌褜褋褟薪邪锌褍斜谢懈泻械胁袪懈屑械懈锌褉芯胁芯写懈谢胁褉械屑褟胁褋胁芯械泄蟹邪谐芯褉芯写薪芯泄褉械蟹懈写械薪褑懈懈胁袥邪薪褍胁懈懈. 袧械褋屑芯褌褉褟薪邪屑薪芯卸械褋褌胁芯写芯薪芯褋芯胁薪邪袩械褉械薪薪懈褟懈薪械薪邪胁懈褋褌褜泻薪械屑褍胁褋邪屑褘褏褉邪蟹薪褘褏泻褉褍谐邪褏褋械薪邪褌邪懈邪褉屑懈懈, 袣. 写芯谢谐芯械胁褉械屑褟褋芯褏褉邪薪褟谢泻薪械屑褍写芯胁械褉懈械. 袙 184 谐. 薪邪袣邪锌懈褌芯谢懈泄褋泻懈褏懈谐褉邪褏薪械泻懈泄褎懈谢芯褋芯褎-泻懈薪懈泻锌褍斜谢懈褔薪芯芯斜胁懈薪懈谢袩械褉械薪薪懈褟胁锌褉械褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈褟褏胁锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁懈懈袣., 薪芯褎懈谢芯褋芯褎斜褘谢薪械屑械写谢械薪薪芯泻邪蟹薪械薪. 袥懈褕褜胁 185 谐., 锌芯褋谢械芯褔械褉械写薪芯谐芯芯斜胁懈薪械薪懈褟褋芯褋褌芯褉芯薪褘锌芯写褉邪蟹写械谢械薪懈褟褋芯谢写邪褌胁褌芯屑, 褔褌芯袩械褉械薪薪懈泄褟泻芯斜褘褋褌褉械屑懈谢褋褟胁芯蟹胁械褋褌懈薪邪褌褉芯薪芯写薪芯谐芯懈蟹褋胁芯懈褏褋褘薪芯胁械泄, 袣. 薪邪褔邪谢褋褍写械斜薪芯械褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯. 袩械褉械薪薪懈泄懈械谐芯褋械屑褜褟斜褘谢懈泻邪蟹薪械薪褘. 袧芯胁褘屑褎邪胁芯褉懈褌芯屑袣. 褋褌邪谢胁芯谢褜薪芯芯褌锌褍褖械薪薪懈泻袣谢械邪薪写褉懈蟹肖褉懈谐懈懈, 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟褞褖懈泄懈屑锌. 泻邪薪褑械谢褟褉懈械泄. 袩芯褋褌褘锌褉械褎械泻褌芯胁锌褉械褌芯褉懈褟薪邪褔邪谢懈褌械褉褟褌褜褋胁芯械蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械, 邪胁薪邪褔. 188 谐. 袣谢械邪薪写褉写芯斜懈谢褋褟褋屑械褖械薪懈褟锌褉械褎械泻褌邪袗褌懈谢懈褟协斜褍褌懈邪薪邪懈锌械褉械锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈褟芯斜芯懈褏锌褉械褎械泻褌芯胁褋械斜械. 袩芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯袣谢械邪薪写褉芯泻邪蟹邪谢褋褟胁芯谐谢邪胁械胁褋械褏写械谢懈薪械懈蟹屑械薪薪芯锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢褋褟褝褌懈屑写谢褟谢懈褔薪芯谐芯芯斜芯谐邪褖械薪懈褟. 孝邪泻, 胁 190 谐. 胁懈屑锌械褉懈懈蟹邪谐芯写褋屑械薪懈谢芯褋褜 25 泻芯薪褋褍谢芯胁-褋褍褎褎械泻褌芯胁, 锌芯褋泻芯谢褜泻褍胁褋械芯薪懈锌芯泻褍锌邪谢懈褝褌褍写芯谢卸薪芯褋褌褜锌芯写芯谐芯胁芯褉褍褋袣谢械邪薪写褉芯屑 (褋褉械写懈褝褌懈褏泻芯薪褋褍谢芯胁斜褘谢懈斜褍写. 懈屑锌. 小械锌褌懈屑懈泄小械胁械褉). 袙械褋薪芯泄 190 谐. 胁袪懈屑械胁芯蟹薪懈泻谐芯谢芯写. 袙写械褎懈褑懈褌械锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁懈褟薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械芯斜胁懈薪懈谢芯袣谢械邪薪写褉邪, 褏芯褌褟, 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯, 械谐芯锌褉芯褌懈胁薪懈泻懈, 胁褌. 褔. praefectus annonae 袩邪锌懈褉懈泄袛懈芯薪懈褋懈泄芯褌褔邪褋褌懈薪邪屑械褉械薪薪芯芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪谢懈褝褌芯斜械写褋褌胁懈械, 褔褌芯斜褘褋泻芯屑锌褉芯屑械褌懈褉芯胁邪褌褜袣谢械邪薪写褉邪. 袙泻芯薪. 懈褞薪褟褌芯谢锌邪胁芯胁褉械屑褟褋泻邪褔械泻胁袘芯谢褜褕芯屑褑懈褉泻械褌褉械斜芯胁邪谢邪械谐芯泻邪蟹薪懈. 袣谢械邪薪写褉芯褌锌褉邪胁懈谢锌褉械褌芯褉懈邪薪褑械胁, 褔褌芯斜褘锌芯写邪胁懈褌褜屑褟褌械卸, 薪芯谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄锌褉械褎械泻褌袪懈屑邪袩械褉褌懈薪邪泻褋胁褘胁械谢锌褉芯褌懈胁薪懈褏薪邪褍谢懈褑褘谐芯褉芯写褋泻褍褞屑懈谢懈褑懈褞; 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢懈褍谢懈褔薪褘械褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟褋斜芯谢褜褕懈屑褔懈褋谢芯屑卸械褉褌胁褋芯斜械懈褏褋褌芯褉芯薪. 袣谢械邪薪写褉斜械卸邪谢泻袣., 泻-褉褘泄薪邪褏芯写懈谢褋褟胁袥邪胁褉械薪褌械, 薪芯褌芯谢锌邪懈蟹袪懈屑邪锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪谢邪蟹邪薪懈屑. 袣. 斜褘谢胁褘薪褍卸写械薪褍褋褌褍锌懈褌褜谐芯褉芯卸邪薪邪屑懈锌褉懈泻邪蟹邪谢芯斜械蟹谐谢邪胁懈褌褜袣谢械邪薪写褉邪懈械谐芯褋褘薪邪, 邪褌邪泻卸械薪械褋泻. 写褉. 胁褘褋芯锌芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘褏谢懈褑懈褉芯写褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻芯胁懈屑锌. 褎邪屑懈谢懈懈, 胁褌. 褔. 懈袩邪锌懈褉懈褟袛懈芯薪懈褋懈褟. </p> <p> <div class=" right_image" style="width: 200px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 200px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1832631_73'})" href="/data/2015/03/18/1234039909/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2015/03/18/1234039909/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="127" height="200" alt="袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写胁芯斜褉邪蟹械袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪. 袘褞褋褌. II 胁. (袣邪锌懈褌芯谢懈泄褋泻懈械屑褍蟹械懈, 袪懈屑)" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1832631_73">袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写胁芯斜褉邪蟹械袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪. 袘褞褋褌. II 胁. (袣邪锌懈褌芯谢懈泄褋泻懈械屑褍蟹械懈, 袪懈屑)</div></div><br><small>袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写胁芯斜褉邪蟹械袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪. 袘褞褋褌. II 胁. (袣邪锌懈褌芯谢懈泄褋泻懈械屑褍蟹械懈, 袪懈屑)</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袩褉懈袣. 薪邪褔邪谢懈褋褜褋械褉褜械蟹薪褘械锌械褉械屑械薪褘胁芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈懈褉懈屑. 谐芯褋-胁邪泻褉械谢懈谐懈懈, 泻-褉褘械胁蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄褋褌械锌械薪懈锌芯谢芯卸懈谢懈薪邪褔邪谢芯写谢懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄褝锌芯褏械褉械谢懈谐. 褌褉邪薪褋褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈褉懈屑. 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪, 蟹邪胁械褉褕懈胁褕械泄褋褟锌芯斜械写芯泄褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪胁 IV-V 胁胁. 袩褉懈袣. 谐褉邪薪懈褑褘褉械谢懈谐. 褌芯谢械褉邪薪褌薪芯褋褌懈胁芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪邪褔邪谢懈褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯褉邪褋褕懈褉褟褌褜褋褟. 袙芯褌谢懈褔懈械芯褌锌褉械写褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻芯胁袣. 锌褉芯褟胁谢褟谢谐芯褉邪蟹写芯斜芯谢褜褕械懈薪褌械褉械褋邪泻薪械褌褉邪写懈褑. 写谢褟袪懈屑邪胁芯褋褌. 泻褍谢褜褌邪屑懈锌芯写写械褉卸懈胁邪谢懈褏薪邪芯褎懈褑. 褍褉芯胁薪械. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械锌芯胁械写械薪懈械袣. 胁芯屑薪芯谐芯屑芯褋褌邪谢芯褋褜薪械锌芯薪褟褌褘屑褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪懈泻邪屑懈, 袣. 芯斜胁懈薪褟谢懈胁屑械谐邪谢芯屑邪薪懈懈懈写邪卸械胁褋褍屑邪褋褕械褋褌胁懈懈 (锌芯写芯斜薪芯械芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械斜褍写械褌泻懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉邪屑 III 胁., 泻-褉褘械褌芯卸械锌褘褌邪谢懈褋褜锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌褜褋谢懈褕泻芯屑褉邪写懈泻邪谢褜薪褘械褉械谢懈谐. 褉械褎芯褉屑褘, 薪邪锌褉., 泻协谢邪谐邪斜邪谢褍). 袙褝褌芯胁褉械屑褟胁袪懈屑械芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯斜褘谢谢械谐邪谢懈蟹芯胁邪薪械谐懈锌. 泻褍谢褜褌袠褋懈写褘懈小械褉邪锌懈褋邪, 锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪褘泄懈褉邪薪械械, 薪芯写芯褝褌芯谐芯薪械胁褏芯写懈胁褕懈泄胁褔懈褋谢芯泻褍谢褜褌芯胁, 锌芯写写械褉卸懈胁邪械屑褘褏谐芯褋-胁芯屑. 袣. 谢懈褔薪芯褍褔邪褋褌胁芯胁邪谢胁褉懈褌褍邪谢邪褏胁芯斜褉邪蟹械袗薪褍斜懈褋邪; 懈蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪懈褟斜芯谐芯胁锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜薪邪屑芯薪械褌邪褏. 袣芯谐写邪胁 80-褏谐谐. II 胁. 胁芯胁褉械屑褟斜芯谢褜褕芯谐芯锌芯卸邪褉邪胁袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈懈斜褘谢褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪谐谢邪胁薪褘泄褏褉邪屑小械褉邪锌械泄芯薪, 袣. 薪械褌芯谢褜泻芯斜褘褋褌褉芯胁芯褋褋褌邪薪芯胁懈谢械谐芯, 薪芯懈褉邪褋褕懈褉懈谢锌褉懈谢械谐邪胁褕褍褞泻薪械屑褍褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褞. 小褌芯谢褜卸械斜芯谢褜褕芯械胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械褌械锌械褉褜褍写械谢褟谢芯褋褜屑懈褌褉邪懈蟹屑褍, 泻-褉褘泄褉邪薪械械斜褘谢械写胁邪懈蟹胁械褋褌械薪胁褋褉械写械褉懈屑褋泻芯泄褝谢懈褌褘 (Scr. hist. Aug. Commodus. 9; Pescennius Niger. 6; <span style="font-style:italic;">Clem. Alex.</span> Protrept. LIII 2). </p> <p> <div class="left_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1831862_57'})" href="/data/2015/03/18/1234039140/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2015/03/18/1234039140/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="96" alt="袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 小械褉械斜褉褟薪邪褟屑芯薪械褌邪. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋. 袪械胁械褉褋" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1831862_57">袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 小械褉械斜褉褟薪邪褟屑芯薪械褌邪. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋. 袪械胁械褉褋</div></div><br><small>袠屑锌. 袣芯屑屑芯写. 小械褉械斜褉褟薪邪褟屑芯薪械褌邪. II 胁. 袗胁械褉褋. 袪械胁械褉褋</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袙 191 谐. 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪褘械褉邪泄芯薪褘袪懈屑邪褋懈谢褜薪芯锌芯褋褌褉邪写邪谢懈芯褌薪械褋泻. 锌芯卸邪褉芯胁. 小褉械写懈锌褉芯褔懈褏胁邪卸薪械泄褕懈褏锌芯褋褌褉芯械泻褋谐芯褉械谢懈邪谢褌邪褉褜袦懈褉邪袗胁谐褍褋褌邪懈褏褉邪屑袙械褋褌褘. 袙锌械褉胁褘械胁懈褋褌芯褉懈懈胁械褋褌邪谢泻懈斜褘谢懈胁褘薪褍卸写械薪褘锌械褉械薪械褋褌懈锌邪谢谢邪写懈泄懈蟹褏褉邪屑邪胁薪械蟹邪褌褉芯薪褍褌褘泄锌芯卸邪褉芯屑袩邪谢邪褌懈薪褋泻懈泄写胁芯褉械褑 (<span style="font-style:italic;">Herodian.</span> Hist. I 14). 袩芯卸邪褉懈褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘械褋薪懈屑褋芯斜褘褌懈褟锌褉芯懈蟹胁械谢懈褌褟卸械谢芯械胁锌械褔邪褌谢械薪懈械薪邪褉懈屑谢褟薪; 胁薪懈褏胁懈写械谢懈锌褉械写蟹薪邪屑械薪芯胁邪薪懈褟薪邪写胁懈谐邪胁褕懈褏褋褟胁芯泄薪懈斜械写褋褌胁懈泄, 懈锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪芯褋褌褜袣. 薪邪褔邪谢邪褋褌褉械屑懈褌械谢褜薪芯锌邪写邪褌褜. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械胁锌芯褋谢械写薪懈械谐芯写褘懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉, 泻邪泻斜褍写褌芯薪械褋褔懈褌邪褟褋褜褋芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑屑薪械薪懈械屑, 薪邪褔邪谢锌褉芯胁芯写懈褌褜胁褋械斜芯谢械械褝泻褋褌褉邪胁邪谐邪薪褌薪褘械褉械褎芯褉屑褘, 胁芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褘械薪邪褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械薪芯胁芯谐芯芯斜褉邪蟹邪懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉邪, 芯褌褔邪褋褌懈锌芯写芯斜薪芯谐芯芯斜褉邪蟹褍褝谢谢懈薪懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯褑邪褉褟. 袣. 褋褌褉械屑懈谢褋褟褍泻褉械锌懈褌褜褋胁褟褖械薪薪褘泄褋褌邪褌褍褋褋胁芯械泄胁谢邪褋褌懈懈锌械褉褋芯薪褘, 薪邪褋褌邪懈胁邪谢薪邪褋胁芯械屑褍薪懈泻邪谢褜薪芯屑斜芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪芯屑锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈懈懈褌械屑褋邪屑褘屑褉邪褋褋褔懈褌褘胁邪谢芯泻芯薪褔邪褌械谢褜薪芯懈蟹斜邪胁懈褌褜褋褟芯褌芯锌械泻懈褋械薪邪褌邪懈写褉. 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌芯胁褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪薪褋泻芯泄褝锌芯褏懈, 泻-褉褘械写芯褋懈褏锌芯褉褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯褋写械褉卸懈胁邪谢懈懈屑锌械褉褋泻褍褞屑芯薪邪褉褏懈褞. 袣. 芯斜褗褟胁懈谢褋械斜褟胁芯锌谢芯褖械薪懈械屑袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪, 褋褘薪芯屑挟锌懈褌械褉邪-袟械胁褋邪. 小芯 190 谐. 袣. 褔邪褋褌芯褟胁谢褟谢褋褟薪邪锌褍斜谢懈褔薪褘械褑械褉械屑芯薪懈懈芯写械褌褘屑胁谢褜胁懈薪褍褞褕泻褍褉褍懈褋锌邪谢懈褑械泄胁褉褍泻邪褏. 袙芯斜褉邪蟹械袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪芯薪斜褘谢懈蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪邪薪芯胁芯屑芯褎懈褑. 锌芯褉褌褉械褌械懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉邪, 泻芯锌懈懈泻-褉芯谐芯褉邪蟹屑械褖邪谢懈褋褜锌芯胁褋褞写褍. 小芯 191 谐. 袣. 锌褉懈薪褟谢薪芯胁褘泄褌懈褌褍谢 - 袥褍褑懈泄协谢懈泄袗褍褉械谢懈泄袣芯屑屑芯写袗胁谐褍褋褌, 芯褌泻邪蟹邪胁褕懈褋褜芯褌懈屑械薪懈袦邪褉泻邪, 泻-褉芯械薪芯褋懈谢褋屑芯屑械薪褌邪胁芯褋褕械褋褌胁懈褟薪邪锌褉械褋褌芯谢胁 180 谐. 孝械屑褋邪屑褘屑袣. 泻芯褋胁械薪薪芯薪邪褋褌邪懈胁邪谢薪邪褋胁芯械屑锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈懈芯褌挟锌懈褌械褉邪, 芯褌褉懈褑邪褟蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械懈屑锌. 袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟泻邪泻褋胁芯械谐芯芯褌褑邪. 袧邪芯褋薪芯胁械薪芯胁芯谐芯褌懈褌褍谢邪斜褘谢芯锌褉芯胁械写械薪芯锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪懈械胁褋械褏屑械褋褟褑械胁谐芯写邪: 谢褍褑懈泄, 褝谢懈泄, 邪胁褉械谢懈泄, 泻芯屑屑芯写, 邪胁谐褍褋褌, 谐械褉泻褍谢懈泄, 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄, 锌褉械芯写芯谢械胁邪褞褖懈泄, 邪屑邪蟹芯薪懈泄, 薪械锌芯斜械写懈屑褘泄, 斜谢邪谐芯褔械褋褌懈胁褘泄, 褋褔邪褋褌谢懈胁褘泄 (Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius), 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘械褌懈褌褍谢褘袣.- 芦袦懈褉芯褌胁芯褉械褑禄 (Pacator Orbis) 懈芦袧邪褕袚芯褋锌芯写懈薪禄 (Dominus Noster). 袙薪邪褔. 192 谐. 胁褏芯写械胁芯褋褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏褉邪斜芯褌胁袪懈屑械锌芯褋谢械锌芯卸邪褉芯胁袣. 锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈谢褋械斜褟薪芯胁褘屑袪芯屑褍谢芯屑懈芯斜褗褟胁懈谢芯褉懈褌褍邪谢褜薪芯屑芦褉械芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈懈禄袪懈屑邪, 泻-褉褘泄褌械锌械褉褜褋谢械写芯胁邪谢芯锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪褌褜胁袣芯谢芯薪懈褞袣. (Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana). 袨写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯袣邪褉褎邪谐械薪锌褉懈泻邪蟹邪薪芯斜褘谢芯锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪褌褜胁芦袣芯屑屑芯写芯胁褍袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈褞胁褌芯谐械禄 (Alexandria Commodiana Togata). 袙褔械褋褌褜袣. 褉懈屑. 谢械谐懈芯薪褘锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械芦泻芯屑屑芯写懈邪薪褘禄; 锌芯写芯斜薪褘械褌懈褌褍谢褘锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈褋械薪邪褌懈写邪卸械薪邪褉芯写, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄懈屑械薪芯胁邪谢懈褌械锌械褉褜芦泻芯屑屑芯写芯胁褘泄禄 (populus commodianus). 袥芯谐懈泻械胁褘褋褌褉邪懈胁邪薪懈褟薪芯胁芯泄褋懈褋褌械屑褘褉械锌褉械蟹械薪褌邪褑懈懈胁谢邪褋褌懈褋谢械写芯胁邪谢懈懈邪泻褑懈懈袣. 薪邪邪褉械薪邪褏袣芯谢懈蟹械褟懈袘芯谢褜褕芯谐芯褑懈褉泻邪. 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟褟褋械斜褟胁芯锌谢芯褖械薪懈械屑袚械褉泻褍谢械褋邪, 袣. 褋褔懈褌邪谢, 褔褌芯芯薪写芯谢卸械薪锌芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪褌褜锌芯写写邪薪薪褘屑褋胁芯懈胁褘写邪褞褖懈械褋褟褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈薪邪胁芯泄薪械懈胁锌褉芯褌懈胁芯斜芯褉褋褌胁械褋写懈泻懈屑懈蟹胁械褉褟屑懈. 袨褋芯斜械薪薪芯锌褘褕薪褘械锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘械袣., 褋芯褋褌芯褟谢懈褋褜胁芯胁褉械屑褟褌褉邪写懈褑. 袪懈屑褋泻懈褏 (袩谢械斜械泄褋泻懈褏) 懈谐褉芯褋械薪褜褞 192 谐. 袣. 锌褍斜谢懈褔薪芯褍褔邪褋褌胁芯胁邪谢胁锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜薪褘褏谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉褋泻懈褏斜芯褟褏斜械蟹锌褉芯谢懈褌懈褟泻褉芯胁懈 (胁褋胁芯械泄褔邪褋褌薪芯泄褉械蟹懈写械薪褑懈懈芯薪屑芯谐懈褍斜懈胁邪褌褜谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉芯胁). 袛械泄褋褌胁懈褌械谢褜薪芯褏芯褉芯褕芯胁谢邪写械褟芯褉褍卸懈械屑, 袣. 褍斜懈胁邪谢褋芯褌薪懈卸懈胁芯褌薪褘褏褉邪胁薪褘屑褔懈褋谢芯屑写褉芯褌懈泻芯胁 (胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯, 芯褌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褘褏), 锌芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪褟, 褔褌芯泻邪卸写褘泄械谐芯斜褉芯褋芯泻褋屑械褉褌械谢械薪. </p> <p> 袙褋械斜芯谢械械薪械锌褉械写褋泻邪蟹褍械屑芯械锌芯胁械写械薪懈械袣. 胁褘蟹褘胁邪谢芯褉邪褋褌褍褖械械薪械写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁芯胁芯胁褋械褏褋谢芯褟褏芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪懈写邪卸械褋褉械写懈械谐芯斜谢懈卸邪泄褕械谐芯芯泻褉褍卸械薪懈褟. 袣. 斜褘谢褍斜懈褌胁褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械芯褔械褉械写薪芯谐芯蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉邪械谐芯褎邪胁芯褉懈褌泻懈袦邪褉褑懈懈懈薪械褋泻. 锌褉懈写胁芯褉薪褘褏, 胁褌. 褔. 锌褉械褎械泻褌邪锌褉械褌芯褉懈褟袣胁懈薪褌邪协屑懈谢懈褟袥械褌邪懈褋锌邪谢褜薪懈泻邪协泻谢械泻褌邪. 袧邪泻邪薪褍薪械锌褉邪蟹写薪懈泻邪胁褔械褋褌褜袣褉芯薪邪袣. 锌芯写屑械褕邪谢懈褟写胁锌懈褖褍, 邪泻芯谐写邪蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉褖懈泻邪屑锌芯泻邪蟹邪谢芯褋褜, 褔褌芯褟写写械泄褋褌胁褍械褌褋谢懈褕泻芯屑屑械写谢械薪薪芯, 袣. 蟹邪写褍褕懈谢锌褉懈写胁芯褉薪褘泄褞薪芯褕邪袧邪褉褑懈褋褋. 孝械谢芯袣. 锌芯褏芯褉芯薪懈谢懈胁屑邪胁蟹芯谢械械袗写褉懈邪薪邪薪芯褔褜褞. 小械薪邪褌锌芯写胁械褉谐械谐芯锌邪屑褟褌褜锌褉芯泻谢褟褌懈褞, 褉邪褋锌芯褉褟写懈胁褕懈褋褜褍薪懈褔褌芯卸懈褌褜胁褋械薪邪写锌懈褋懈褋械谐芯懈屑械薪械屑. 小芯褋屑械褉褌褜褞袣. 锌褉械褋械泻谢邪褋褜写懈薪邪褋褌懈褟袗薪褌芯薪懈薪芯胁, 懈胁 193-199 谐谐. 懈屑锌械褉懈褟锌械褉械卸懈谢邪锌械褉懈芯写谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻懈褏胁芯泄薪, 蟹邪胁械褉褕懈胁褕懈褏褋褟锌械褉械褏芯写芯屑胁谢邪褋褌懈泻写懈薪邪褋褌懈懈小械胁械褉芯胁. </p> <p> 袪褟写褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪懈泻芯胁胁芯褋锌褉懈薪懈屑邪谢懈锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械袣. 泻邪泻薪械泻懈泄锌械褉械谢芯屑薪褘泄褝褌邪锌胁懈褋褌芯褉懈懈懈屑锌械褉懈懈. 孝邪泻, 袛懈芯薪袣邪褋褋懈泄褋褔懈褌邪谢, 褔褌芯褋芯褋屑械褉褌褜褞袦邪褉泻邪袗胁褉械谢懈褟蟹邪胁械褉褕懈谢褋褟胁械泻芦蟹芯谢芯褌芯谐芯褑邪褉褋褌胁邪禄, 邪锌褉懈袣. 袪懈屑锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢褋褟胁芦褑邪褉褋褌胁芯卸械谢械蟹邪懈褉卸邪胁褔懈薪褘禄 (<span style="font-style:italic;">Dio Cassius.</span> Hist. Rom. 72.36). 协褌芯褋褍卸写械薪懈械胁 XVIII-XX 胁胁. 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢懈写褉械胁薪芯褋褌械泄, 胁褋谢械写蟹邪协. 袚懈斜斜芯薪芯屑, 褔邪褋褌芯懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢懈泻邪泻芯斜芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈械泻芯薪褑械锌褑懈懈薪械锌褉械褉褘胁薪芯谐芯褍锌邪写泻邪袪懈屑褋泻芯泄懈屑锌械褉懈懈, 薪邪褔邪胁褕械谐芯褋褟薪邪褉褍斜械卸械 II 懈 III 胁胁. </p> <p> 袨褌褉懈褑邪褌械谢褜薪褘械芯褑械薪泻懈袣. 泻邪泻谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈械写胁邪谢懈屑芯谐褍褌胁芯褋锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌褜褋褟芯写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯. 袘芯谢褜褕邪褟褔邪褋褌褜褉邪褋褋泻邪蟹芯胁芯械谐芯薪械写芯褋褌芯泄薪芯屑锌芯胁械写械薪懈懈, 褉邪蟹胁褉邪褌械懈褌. 锌. 薪械懈屑械褞褌芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈泄, 锌褉懈褝褌芯屑屑薪芯谐懈械懈蟹褌械褏写械褌邪谢械泄褔邪褋褌薪芯泄卸懈蟹薪懈袣., 薪邪泻-褉褘械褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪褞褌写褉械胁薪懈械懈褋褌芯褉懈泻懈, 薪械谢褜蟹褟褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪褌褜芯写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯. 袠屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉斜褘谢谢褞斜芯蟹薪邪褌械谢械薪, 锌芯屑懈屑芯褋锌芯褉褌邪懈胁芯械薪薪芯谐芯写械谢邪褍胁谢械泻邪谢褋褟锌械薪懈械屑, 褌邪薪褑邪屑懈懈写邪卸械谐芯薪褔邪褉薪褘屑褉械屑械褋谢芯屑 (Scr. hist. Aug. Commodus. 1). 袞械褋褌芯泻芯褋褌褜, 锌褉芯褟胁谢械薪薪邪褟袣. 胁褉邪褋锌褉邪胁邪褏薪邪写锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈锌褉芯褌懈胁薪懈泻邪屑懈懈写褉褍谐懈屑懈薪械褍谐芯写薪褘屑懈谢懈褑邪屑懈, 斜褘谢邪锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈薪芯褉屑芯泄写谢褟械谐芯褝锌芯褏懈. 袨泻. 195 谐., 薪械褋屑芯褌褉褟薪邪屑薪芯卸械褋褌胁芯薪械写芯褋褌邪褌泻芯胁, 褋械薪邪褌锌褉懈懈屑锌. 小械锌褌懈屑懈懈小械胁械褉械锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈谢袣. 芦斜芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑禄 (divus). </p> <p> 袩褉邪胁谢械薪懈械袣. 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪芯褌芯谢械褉邪薪褌薪褘屑芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械屑泻褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪邪屑, 褔褌芯斜褘谢芯褔邪褋褌褜褞芯斜褖械谐芯锌褉芯褑械褋褋邪锌械褉械屑械薪胁褉械谢懈谐. 褋褎械褉械, 薪邪褔邪胁褕懈褏褋褟胁褝褌芯胁褉械屑褟. 袚芯薪械薪懈褟, 褋锌芯褉邪写懈褔械褋泻懈胁褋锌褘褏懈胁邪胁褕懈械胁芯 II 胁., 锌褉懈袣. 锌芯褔褌懈锌褉械泻褉邪褌懈谢懈褋褜. 袙懈写懈屑芯, 芯写薪懈屑懈蟹薪械屑薪芯谐懈褏锌褉芯褑械褋褋芯胁薪邪写褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪邪屑懈斜褘谢褋褍写胁袪懈屑械薪邪写屑褔. <a href="/text/袗锌芯谢谢芯薪懈械屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">袗锌芯谢谢芯薪懈械屑</a> (锌邪屑. 18, 21 邪锌褉.), 泻-褉褘泄斜褘谢泻邪蟹薪械薪锌芯褉械褕械薪懈褞袩械褉械薪薪懈褟蟹邪懈褋锌芯胁械写邪薪懈械啸褉懈褋褌邪 (屑械卸写褍 183 懈 185). 袨斜褖械械褍谢褍褔褕械薪懈械锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯邪泻褌懈胁懈蟹邪褑懈懈卸懈蟹薪懈笑械褉泻胁懈. 袙 80-褏谐谐. II 胁. 褋胁褌. <a href="/text/袠褉懈薪械泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">袠褉懈薪械泄</a> 袥懈芯薪褋泻懈泄褋芯蟹写邪谢褉褟写胁邪卸薪械泄褕懈褏褌胁芯褉械薪懈泄, 胁褌. 褔. 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌芦袨斜谢懈褔械薪懈械懈芯锌褉芯胁械褉卸械薪懈械谢卸械懈屑械薪薪芯谐芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟 (袩褉芯褌懈胁械褉械褋械泄)禄. 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻褍褞泻邪褌械褏懈蟹懈褔械褋泻褍褞褕泻芯谢褍胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁谢褟谢 <a href="/text/袩邪薪褌械薪.html"style="font-style:italic;">袩邪薪褌械薪</a>, 胁褝褌芯胁褉械屑褟胁薪械泄褍褔懈谢褋褟 <a href="/text/袣谢懈屑械薪褌袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻懈泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">袣谢懈屑械薪褌袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻懈泄</a> (<span style="font-style:italic;">Euseb.</span> Hist. eccl. V 10). 袧邪懈斜芯谢械械邪胁褌芯褉懈褌械褌薪褘屑斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁芯屑胁袦. 袗蟹懈懈芯褋褌邪胁邪谢褋褟褋胁褌. <a href="/text/袦械谢懈褌芯薪.html"style="font-style:italic;">袦械谢懈褌芯薪</a> 小邪褉写褋泻懈泄. 袙芯斜褖懈薪邪褏袦. 袗蟹懈懈褉邪蟹胁芯褉邪褔懈胁邪谢邪褋褜斜芯褉褜斜邪褋屑芯薪褌邪薪懈褋褌邪屑懈, 泻-褉褘械锌褉懈芯斜褉械谢懈斜芯谢褜褕褍褞懈蟹胁械褋褌薪芯褋褌褜胁芯 2-泄锌芯谢. II 胁. 袙 80-褏谐谐. II 胁. 械锌. 小芯褌懈褋袗薪褏懈邪谢褜褋泻懈泄锌褘褌邪谢褋褟懈蟹谐薪邪褌褜写械屑芯薪邪懈蟹芦锌褉芯褉芯褔懈褑褘禄袩褉懈褋泻懈谢谢褘, 薪芯褋褌芯褉芯薪薪懈泻懈械褉械褋懈械屑褍胁芯褋锌褉械锌褟褌褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈. 小芯褔懈薪械薪懈褟锌褉芯褌懈胁屑芯薪褌邪薪懈褋褌芯胁褋芯蟹写邪胁邪谢懈锌懈褋邪褌械谢懈-褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪械袦懈谢褜褌懈邪写, 袗褋褌械褉懈泄校褉斜邪薪懈袗锌芯谢谢芯薪懈泄 (褌械泻褋褌褘薪械褋芯褏褉.; <span style="font-style:italic;">Euseb.</span> Hist. eccl. V 17-19). 袙袪懈屑械写懈褋锌褍褌褘锌褉芯褌懈胁屑邪褉泻懈芯薪懈褌邪袗锌械谢谢械褋邪胁械谢袪芯写芯薪懈蟹袗褋懈懈, 褍褔械薪懈泻 <a href="/text/孝邪褌懈邪薪邪.html"style="font-style:italic;">孝邪褌懈邪薪邪</a>, 邪胁褌芯褉斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褋泻芯谐芯褌褉邪泻褌邪褌邪芦小锌芯褉薪褘械胁芯锌褉芯褋褘禄 (Ibid. V 13). 肖械芯写芯褌袣芯卸械胁薪懈泻斜褘谢芯褌谢褍褔械薪芯褌褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄芯斜褖懈薪褘胁袪懈屑械蟹邪胁芯褋锌褉懈褟褌懈械啸褉懈褋褌邪泻邪泻锌褉芯褋褌芯谐芯褔械谢芯胁械泻邪 (Ibid. V 28). 袙褝褌芯卸械胁褉械屑褟邪泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪谢懈褋褜褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘械褋锌芯褉褘芯锌褉邪蟹写薪芯胁邪薪懈懈袩邪褋褏懈. 校卸械胁 90-褏谐谐. II 胁. 褝褌芯褌胁芯锌褉芯褋芯斜褋褍卸写邪谢懈薪械褋泻. 小芯斜芯褉芯胁胁袣芯褉懈薪褎械, 协褎械褋械, 协写械褋褋械懈写褉. 谐芯褉芯写邪褏 (Ibid. V 22-24). </p> <p> 袝胁褋械胁懈泄袩邪屑褎懈谢褋芯芯斜褖邪谢, 褔褌芯锌褉懈袣. 屑薪芯谐懈械懈蟹懈屑械薪懈褌褘褏谐褉邪卸写邪薪袪懈屑邪锌褉懈薪褟谢懈薪芯胁褍褞胁械褉褍 (<span style="font-style:italic;">Euseb.</span> Hist. eccl. V 21). 袣褝褌芯屑褍卸械锌械褉懈芯写褍芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟锌械褉胁褘械褍胁械褉械薪薪褘械褋胁械写械薪懈褟芯锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁懈懈褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪锌褉懈懈屑锌. 写胁芯褉械. 袙芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯, 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪懈薪芯屑斜褘谢褋械薪邪褌芯褉袦邪褉泻校屑屑懈写懈泄袣胁邪写褉邪褌, 泻芯薪褋褍谢 167 谐., 泻邪蟹薪械薪薪褘泄蟹邪褋芯褍褔邪褋褌懈械胁蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉械胁 182 谐. 袝谐芯胁写芯胁邪袦邪褉褑懈褟 (袦邪褉褑懈褟袗胁褉械谢懈褟笑械泄芯薪懈褟袛械屑械褌褉懈邪写邪) 胁褋泻芯褉械褋褌邪谢邪褎邪胁芯褉懈褌泻芯泄袣. 袠屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉写械屑芯薪褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪谢袦邪褉褑懈褞泻邪泻褋胁芯褞蟹邪泻芯薪薪褍褞卸械薪褍; 芯薪邪锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢邪褋褜斜芯谢褜褕懈屑胁谢懈褟薪懈械屑锌褉懈写胁芯褉械, 褏芯褌褟芯褋褌邪胁邪谢邪褋褜谢懈褕褜械谐芯泻芯薪泻褍斜懈薪芯泄. 袙芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯, 袦邪褉褑懈褟褌邪泻卸械斜褘谢邪褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪泻芯泄; 芯薪邪褍斜械写懈谢邪袣. 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜写褉褍卸械褋泻懈械芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟褋械锌懈褋泻芯锌芯屑袪懈屑邪褋胁褌. <a href="/text/袙懈泻褌芯褉芯屑 I.html"style="font-style:italic;">袙懈泻褌芯褉芯屑 I</a>. 袨薪邪卸械锌械褉械写邪谢邪袣. 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘泄械锌. 袙懈泻褌芯褉芯屑褋锌懈褋芯泻褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪, 褉邪薪械械芯褌锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褘褏胁泻邪屑械薪芯谢芯屑薪懈薪邪小邪褉写懈薪懈懈, 懈袣. 锌褉懈泻邪蟹邪谢芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌褜懈褏. 小邪屑芯锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械袦邪褉褑懈懈, 泻-褉邪褟锌芯屑械薪褜褕械泄屑械褉械芯褌泻褉褘褌芯褋芯褔褍胁褋褌胁芯胁邪谢邪褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪邪屑, 锌褉懈写胁芯褉械袣. 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌芯褉芯褋褌械胁谢懈褟薪懈褟褏褉懈褋褌. 芯斜褖懈薪褘胁袪懈屑械. </p> <div class="reference"> 袠褋褌.: <span style="font-style:italic;">Herodian.</span> Hist. I; <span style="font-style:italic;">Dio Cassius.</span> Hist. Rom. LXXIII; Scr. hist. Aug. Commodus; <span style="font-style:italic;">Euseb.</span> Hist. eccl. V 9-28; LP. Vol. 1. P. 60-61; <span style="font-style:italic;">Georg. Sync.</span> Chron. P. 432-433. <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="reference"> 袥懈褌.: <span style="font-style:italic;">Gherardini M.</span> Studien zur Geschichte des Kaisers Commodus. W., 1974; <span style="font-style:italic;">肖械写芯褉芯胁邪袝. 袙.</span> 袥褞写懈懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褋泻芯谐芯袪懈屑邪. 袦., 1990. 小. 203-207; <span style="font-style:italic;">袣褉懈褋褌袣.</span> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟胁褉械屑械薪褉懈屑褋泻懈褏懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉芯胁芯褌袗胁谐褍褋褌邪写芯袣芯薪褋褌邪薪褌懈薪邪. 袪.-薪/袛., 1997. 孝. 1. 小. 453-458; <span style="font-style:italic;">袟械谢懈薪褋泻懈泄肖. 肖.</span> 袪懈屑褋泻邪褟懈屑锌械褉懈褟. 小袩斜., 2000. 小. 322-327; <span style="font-style:italic;">Stahl M.</span> Commodus // Die r枚mischen Kaiser / Hrsg. M. Clauss. M眉nch., 2001. S. 159-169; <span style="font-style:italic;">Hekster O. J.</span> Commodus: An Emperor at the Crossroads: Diss. Amst., 2002; <span style="font-style:italic;">Meyer-Zwiffelhoffer E.</span> Ein Visionar auf dem Thron?: Kaiser Commodus, Hercules Romanus // Klio. 2006. Bd. 88. S. 189-215. <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="author"> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袠. 袧. 袩芯锌芯胁</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"> </span></div></div> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袪褍斜褉懈泻懈:</div> <span><a href="/rubrics/122986.html">袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟锌芯锌械褉懈芯写邪屑. 袗薪褌懈褔薪褘泄屑懈褉. 袛褉械胁薪懈泄袪懈屑</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟锌芯锌械褉懈芯写邪屑. 袗薪褌懈褔薪褘泄屑懈褉. 袛褉械胁薪懈泄袪懈屑" /> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袣谢褞褔械胁褘械褋谢芯胁邪:</div> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=571011">袛褉械胁薪懈泄袪懈屑. 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=573855">袠屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褘褉懈屑褋泻懈械</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=2436381">袣芯屑屑芯写袥褍褑懈泄协谢懈泄袗胁褉械谢懈泄 (31.08.161 - 31.12.192), 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉 (褋 17 屑邪褉褌邪 180) 懈蟹写懈薪邪褋褌懈懈袗薪褌芯薪懈薪芯胁</a></span> <div class="header">小屑.褌邪泻卸械:</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/63588.html">袗袛袪袠袗袧</a> 袩褍斜谢懈泄协谢懈泄 (76-138), 褉懈屑. 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉 (117-138)</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/161521.html">袚袗袥袝袪袠袡</a> 袚邪泄袙邪谢械褉懈泄袦邪泻褋懈屑懈邪薪 (芯泻. 250 - 311), 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/161568.html">袚袗袥袥袠袝袧</a> 袩褍斜谢懈泄袥懈褑懈薪懈泄协谐薪邪褌懈泄 (218-268), 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褋 260 谐. </div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/161599.html">袚袗袥鞋袘袗</a> 小械褉胁懈泄小褍谢褜锌懈褑懈泄 (3 写芯袪. 啸., - 69 锌芯袪. 啸.), 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褋懈褞薪褟 68 谐. </div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/1680977.html">袣袗袪袗袣袗袥袥袗</a> (笑械蟹邪褉褜袦邪褉泻袗胁褉械谢懈泄小械胁械褉袗薪褌芯薪懈薪袗胁谐褍褋褌) (188-217), 褉懈屑. 懈屑锌. (褋褎械胁褉. 211)</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/62596.html">袗袙袚校小孝袨袣孝袗袙袠袗袧</a> [袚邪泄挟谢懈泄笑械蟹邪褉褜袨泻褌邪胁懈邪薪] (63 谐. 写芯袪. 啸.- 14 谐. 锌芯袪. 啸.), 褉懈屑褋泻懈泄懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉</div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide/highslide.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide_cover.js"></script> <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <br clear="all" /> <div class="footer"> <a href="https://fapmc.gov.ru/rospechat.html">协谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪邪褟胁械褉褋懈褟褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪薪邪锌褉懈褎懈薪邪薪褋芯胁芯泄锌芯写写械褉卸泻械肖械写械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯邪谐械薪褌褋褌胁邪锌芯锌械褔邪褌懈懈屑邪褋褋芯胁褘屑泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈褟屑</a> <br /> © 1998 - 2023 笑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-薪邪褍褔薪褘泄褑械薪褌褉芦袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟禄. </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-261055-6', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <div class="footer_counter"><script id="top100Counter" type="text/javascript" src="https://counter.rambler.ru/top100.jcn?1256149"></script><noscript><img src="https://counter.rambler.ru/top100.cnt?1256149" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0"></noscript><a href="//top100.rambler.ru/home?id=1256149"><img src="https://top100-images.rambler.ru/top100/banner-88x31-rambler-green2.gif" alt="Rambler's Top100" width="88" height="31" border="0" /></a></div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function (d, w, c) { (w[c] = w[c] || []).push(function() { try { w.yaCounter810953 = new Ya.Metrika({ id:810953, clickmap:true, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:true, trackHash:true }); } catch(e) { } }); var n = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0], s = d.createElement("script"), f = function () { n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); }; s.type = "text/javascript"; s.async = true; s.src = "//mc.yandex.ru/metrika/watch.js"; if (w.opera == "[object Opera]") { d.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", f, false); } else { f(); } })(document, window, "yandex_metrika_callbacks"); </script> <noscript><div><img src="//mc.yandex.ru/watch/810953" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>  <br clear="all" /> </body> </html>