CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of life sciences - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"97df9b9f-7c74-437c-8958-f4641a1f549d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_life_sciences","wgTitle":"List of life sciences","wgCurRevisionId":1257562118,"wgRevisionId":1257562118,"wgArticleId":68140,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles needing additional references from May 2020","All articles needing additional references","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Life sciences", "Life sciences industry","Science-related lists","Biotechnology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_life_sciences","wgRelevantArticleId":68140,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Life_sciences","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/List_of_life_sciences","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish": true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q864928","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/1200px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1009"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/800px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="673"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/640px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="538"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of life sciences - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_life_sciences rootpage-List_of_life_sciences skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+life+sciences" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+life+sciences" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+life+sciences" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+life+sciences" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_life_science_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_life_science_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basic life science branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_life_science_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_life_science_branches_and_derived_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_life_science_branches_and_derived_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applied life science branches and derived concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_life_science_branches_and_derived_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of life sciences</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="قائمة علوم الحياة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة علوم الحياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन बिज्ञान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जीवन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="জৈবনিক বিজ্ঞানসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈবনিক বিজ্ঞানসমূহের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sèⁿ-miā kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जीवन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncies_de_la_vida" title="Ciències de la vida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciències de la vida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Пурнăç пирки ăслав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурнăç пирки ăслав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livsvidenskab" title="Livsvidenskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livsvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biowissenschaften" title="Biowissenschaften – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biowissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteadused" title="Bioteadused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioteadused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βιοεπιστήμες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοεπιστήμες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_de_la_vida" title="Ciencias de la vida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencias de la vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivosciencoj" title="Vivosciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivosciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فهرست علوم زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست علوم زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_de_la_vie" title="Sciences de la vie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sciences de la vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eola%C3%ADochta%C3%AD_bitheacha" title="Eolaíochtaí bitheacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eolaíochtaí bitheacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="생명과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="जीवन विज्ञानों की सूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवन विज्ञानों की सूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanosti_o_%C5%BEivotu" title="Znanosti o životu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanosti o životu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_hayati" title="Ilmu hayati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu hayati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientias_del_vita" title="Scientias del vita – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientias del vita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מדעי החיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי החיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_zin%C4%81tnes" title="Dzīvības zinātnes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvības zinātnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lettudom%C3%A1ny" title="Élettudomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élettudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="生命科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生命科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayot_haqida_fan" title="Hayot haqida fan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayot haqida fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_biologiczne" title="Nauki biologiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauki biologiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncias_da_vida" title="Ciências da vida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciências da vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Науки о жизни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Науки о жизни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkencat_e_jet%C3%ABs" title="Shkencat e jetës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkencat e jetës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="زندگي جي سائنسن جي فهرست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زندگي جي سائنسن جي فهرست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_nauka_o_%C5%BEivotu" title="Spisak nauka o životu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Spisak nauka o životu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotieteet" title="Biotieteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biotieteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livsvetenskap" title="Livsvetenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livsvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timassanin_n_tudrt" title="Timassanin n tudrt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Timassanin n tudrt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Науки про життя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науки про життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="حیاتی علوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتی علوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_s%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Khoa học sự sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_hin_kinabuhi" title="Syensya hin kinabuhi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya hin kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生命科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命科學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864928#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_life_sciences" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_life_sciences" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_life_sciences" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&oldid=1257562118" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_life_sciences&id=1257562118&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_life_sciences"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_life_sciences"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_life_sciences&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life_sciences" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864928" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_sciences&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">Life sciences</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Life Sciences" and "Bioscience" redirect here. For the scientific journals, see <a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences_(journal)" title="Life Sciences (journal)"><i>Life Sciences</i> (journal)</a> and <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience"><i>BioScience</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/163px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/245px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/326px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goliathus_regius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goliathus_regius.jpg/91px-Goliathus_regius.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goliathus_regius.jpg/137px-Goliathus_regius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goliathus_regius.jpg/182px-Goliathus_regius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_Fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg/150px-Tree_Fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg/225px-Tree_Fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/104px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/156px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/208px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Different kinds of living creatures studied in life sciences <ul><li>top: microorganisms (<a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><i>E. coli</i> bacteria</a>) and an animal (<a href="/wiki/Goliathus" title="Goliathus">Goliath beetle</a>)</li> <li>bottom: a plant (<a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree fern</a>) and humans</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 220px; height: 152px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -78px; left: -120px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Galileo demonstrating his telescope to the Doge of Venice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg/400px-Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg/600px-Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">Branches</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">Physical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">In society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">Scientist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science" title="Outline of science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indexes_of_science_articles" title="Category:Indexes of science articles">Article indexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_science" title="Category:Glossaries of science">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science" title="Template:Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science" title="Template talk:Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>This <b>list of life sciences</b> comprises the <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">branches of science</a> that involve the scientific study of life – such as <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, plants, and animals including <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human beings</a>. This science is one of the two major branches of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Physical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Science">physical science</a>, which is concerned with non-living matter. <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> is the overall <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> that studies life, with the other life sciences as its sub-disciplines. </p><p>Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> is the study of animals, while <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. Some focus on the micro-scale (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>) other on larger scales (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, pharmacy, ecology). Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>. Life sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life and have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries. For example, it has provided information on certain diseases which has overall aided in the understanding of human health.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_life_science_branches">Basic life science branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic life science branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline of biology § Branches of biology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> – scientific study of life<sup id="cite_ref-urry2017a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urry2017a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hillis2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillis2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freeman2017a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman2017a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a> – the study of tissues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> – the study of the nervous system</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a> – the study of the formation and presence of life in the universe<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> – study of combination of both the living organism and technology<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually focused on the cellular level<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum</a> phenomena in organisms</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a> – developing of methods or software tools for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data to generate useful biological knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a> – study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods that have been traditionally used in the physical sciences<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a> – the study of the mechanics of living beings<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a> – study of plants<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> and grass-like species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a> – the study of algae<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a> (cytology) – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a> – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymology">Enzymology</a> – study of enzymes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a> – study of the origin and descent of species over time<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a> – the study of the evolution of development including its molecular control</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a> – the study of genes and heredity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a> – the study of the immune system<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine Biology</a> – the study of ocean organisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_oceanography" title="Biological oceanography">Biological oceanography</a> – the study of life in the oceans and their interaction with the environment</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a> – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a> – study of the movement and transportation of microorganisms in the air<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a> – study of bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a> – study of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> and virus-like agents</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a> – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry, genetics, and microbiology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a> – a branch of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> concerned with the molecular structure of biological macro-molecules</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a> – the study of fungi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> – the study of prehistoric organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">hosts</a>, and the relationship between them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> – study of the causes and effects of disease or injury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a> – the biological study of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human beings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> – study of drug action</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological (or physical) anthropology</a> – the study of humans, non-human primates, and hominids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a> – the study of the biology and evolution of language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a> – the study of groups of conspecific organisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a> – the study of short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environmental</a> processes influencing those changes. Population dynamics deals with the way populations are affected by <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rates</a>, and by immigration and emigration, and studies topics such as <a href="/wiki/Ageing_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageing population">ageing populations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population decline</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a> – the design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic circuits and cells, or the redesign of existing biological systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a> – the study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a biological system, with particular focus upon the role of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic pathways">metabolic pathways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell-signaling</a> strategies in physiology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Theoretical biology</a> – use of abstractions and mathematical models to study biological phenomena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a> – the study of poisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a> – the study of (generally non-<a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>) animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a> – the study of animal behavior<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applied_life_science_branches_and_derived_concepts">Applied life science branches and derived concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applied life science branches and derived concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_life_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/List of life sciences">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> – science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a> – science of cultivating plants for resources</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocomputers">Biocomputers</a> – systems of biologically derived molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, are used to perform computational <a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculations</a> involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The development of biological computing has been made possible by the expanding new science of <a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">nanobiotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocontrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocontrol">Biocontrol</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bioeffector" title="Bioeffector">bioeffector</a>-method of <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">controlling pests</a> (including insects, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, weeds and <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology">plant diseases</a>) using other living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">Bioengineering</a> – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a> – the electrical state of biological matter significantly affects its structure and function, compare for instance the <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>, the signal transduction by <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isoelectric_point" title="Isoelectric point">isoelectric point</a> (IEP) and so on. Micro- and nano-electronic components and devices have increasingly been combined with biological systems like <a href="/wiki/Medical_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical implants">medical implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">biosensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip" title="Lab-on-a-chip">lab-on-a-chip</a> devices etc. causing the emergence of this new scientific field.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkholz2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkholz2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterials" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomaterials">Biomaterials</a> – any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">tissue engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical science">Biomedical science</a> – healthcare science, also known as biomedical science, is a set of <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a> applying portions of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> or <a href="/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">formal science</a>, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology of use in healthcare or <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. Such disciplines as <a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">medical microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_virology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical virology">clinical virology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_epidemiology" title="Clinical epidemiology">clinical epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_epidemiology" title="Genetic epidemiology">genetic epidemiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> are medical sciences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomonitoring" title="Biomonitoring">Biomonitoring</a> – measurement of the body burden of toxic <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a>, or their <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>, in biological substances.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC3rd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC3rd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Angerer07_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angerer07-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">Biopolymer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>. Since they are <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, biopolymers contain <a href="/wiki/Monomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomeric">monomeric</a> units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: <a href="/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide">polynucleotides</a> (<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Monomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomers">monomers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polypeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptides">polypeptides</a>, which are short polymers of amino acids; and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a>, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> – manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a> – Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> – multidisciplinary field concerned with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">environmental epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exposure_science" title="Exposure science">exposure science</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a> technology – study of use of microorganisms for industrial manufacturing of various products like <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, beer, wine, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a> – applied science devoted to the study of food. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce and conserve these foods, choice of packaging materials, <a href="/wiki/Shelf-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelf-life">shelf-life</a> studies, study of the effects of food on the human body, sensory evaluation of products using <a href="/wiki/Survey_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey panel">panels</a> or potential consumers, as well as microbiological, physical (texture and <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>) and chemical testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestle_teams_up_with_Singapore_for_food_science_research_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestle_teams_up_with_Singapore_for_food_science_research-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Food_science_to_fight_obesity_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_science_to_fight_obesity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_New_Kind_of_Food_Science_IBM_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_New_Kind_of_Food_Science_IBM-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a> – applies <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> methods, and <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> (the <i>complete</i> set of DNA within a single cell of an organism).<sup id="cite_ref-gov2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field includes efforts to determine the entire <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping">genetic mapping</a>. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">epistasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> within the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.<sup id="cite_ref-gov2010a_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov2010a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-culver2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culver2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences" title="Outline of health sciences">Health sciences</a> – are those sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. These two subject matters relate to multiple academic disciplines, both <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> disciplines, as well as emerging <a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">patient safety</a> disciplines (such as <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social care research</a>), and are both relevant to current health science knowledge. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical devices</a> – A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implant, in vitro reagent, or similar or related article that is used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or other conditions, and does not achieve its purposes through chemical action within or on the body (which would make it a drug).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <i>medicinal products</i> (also called <i>pharmaceuticals</i>) achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means, <i>medical devices</i> act by other means like physical, mechanical, or thermal means.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a> – Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> (or parts and function thereof) for clinical or physiological research purposes<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> – is the "<a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a> of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">suppression immunotherapies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">Kinesiology</a> – Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of kinesiology to human health include: <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">orthopedics</a>; strength and conditioning; <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">sport psychology</a>; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrophysiology</a> of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/170px--Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="170" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Structural_MRI_animation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Structural_MRI_animation.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parasagittal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasagittal">Parasagittal</a> <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> of the head, with <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> artifacts</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a> – Optogenetics is a <a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation_(medicine)" title="Neuromodulation (medicine)">neuromodulation</a> technique employed in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> that uses a combination of techniques from <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> to control and monitor the activities of individual <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">living tissue</a>—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time.<sup id="cite_ref-Deisseroth_2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deisseroth_2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using <a href="/wiki/Optogenetic_actuator" title="Optogenetic actuator">optogenetic actuators</a> like <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsin" title="Channelrhodopsin">channelrhodopsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halorhodopsin" title="Halorhodopsin">halorhodopsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">archaerhodopsin</a>, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors like Clomeleon, Mermaid, and SuperClomeleon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a> – Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It deals with the influence of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> variation on drug response in patients by correlating <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> with a drug's <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20836007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20836007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> – Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> concerned with the study of drug action,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a drug can be broadly defined as any human-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medicinal</a> properties, they are considered <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceuticals</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a> – Proteomics is the large-scale study of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, particularly their <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_genomics" title="Functional genomics">functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9740045_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9740045-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10189717_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10189717-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic pathways">metabolic pathways</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biological_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological cell">cells</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proteome" title="Proteome">proteome</a> is the entire set of proteins,<sup id="cite_ref-wilkins1996_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkins1996-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced or modified by an organism or system. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology#Divisions" title="Pharmacology">Divisions of pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/why-study-life-sciences">"Why Study the Life Sciences?"</a>. <i>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000437/https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/why-study-life-sciences">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Why+Study+the+Life+Sciences%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fwhy-study-life-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urry2017a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urry2017a_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrryCainWassermanMinorsky2017" class="citation book cs1">Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Reece, Jane (2017). "Evolution, the themes of biology, and scientific inquiry". <i>Campbell Biology</i> (11th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. pp. 2–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0134093413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0134093413"><bdi>978-0134093413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution%2C+the+themes+of+biology%2C+and+scientific+inquiry&rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=2-26&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0134093413&rft.aulast=Urry&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Cain%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+Steven&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+Peter&rft.au=Reece%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillis2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hillis2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillisHellerHackerLaskowski2020" class="citation book cs1">Hillis, David M.; Heller, H. Craig; Hacker, Sally D.; Laskowski, Marta J.; Sadava, David E. (2020). "Studying life". <i>Life: The Science of Biology</i> (12th ed.). W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1319017644" title="Special:BookSources/978-1319017644"><bdi>978-1319017644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Studying+life&rft.btitle=Life%3A+The+Science+of+Biology&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1319017644&rft.aulast=Hillis&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Heller%2C+H.+Craig&rft.au=Hacker%2C+Sally+D.&rft.au=Laskowski%2C+Marta+J.&rft.au=Sadava%2C+David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freeman2017a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freeman2017a_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanQuillinAllisonBlack2017" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Scott; Quillin, Kim; Allison, Lizabeth; Black, Michael; Podgorski, Greg; Taylor, Emily; Carmichael, Jeff (2017). "Biology and the three of life". <i>Biological Science</i> (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321976499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321976499"><bdi>978-0321976499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biology+and+the+three+of+life&rft.btitle=Biological+Science&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=1-18&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0321976499&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Quillin%2C+Kim&rft.au=Allison%2C+Lizabeth&rft.au=Black%2C+Michael&rft.au=Podgorski%2C+Greg&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Emily&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/anatomy">"anatomy | Definition, History, & Biology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408004804/https://www.britannica.com/science/anatomy">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=anatomy+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fanatomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/astrobiology">"Astrobiology | science"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416185026/https://www.britannica.com/science/astrobiology">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Astrobiology+%7C+science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fastrobiology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/biotechnology">"biotechnology | Definition, Examples, & Applications"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505235635/https://www.britannica.com/technology/biotechnology">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=biotechnology+%7C+Definition%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbiotechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biochemistry">"biochemistry | Definition, History, Examples, Importance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081852/https://www.britannica.com/science/biochemistry">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=biochemistry+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Examples%2C+Importance%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbiochemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/bioinformatics">"Bioinformatics | science"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103621/https://www.britannica.com/science/bioinformatics">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bioinformatics+%7C+science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbioinformatics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biophysics">"Biophysics | science"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422181955/https://www.britannica.com/science/biophysics">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Biophysics+%7C+science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbiophysics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biomechanics-science">"Biomechanics | science"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803040237/https://www.britannica.com/science/biomechanics-science">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Biomechanics+%7C+science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbiomechanics-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/botany">"botany | Definition, History, Branches, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530041918/https://www.britannica.com/science/botany">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=botany+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Branches%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbotany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/phycology">"Phycology | biology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020234804/https://www.britannica.com/science/phycology">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Phycology+%7C+biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fphycology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cytology">"Cytology | biology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608161611/https://www.britannica.com/science/cytology">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cytology+%7C+biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcytology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/ecology">"Ecology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519140545/https://www.britannica.com/science/ecology">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ecology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fecology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory">"Evolution – The science of evolution"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528114000/https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Evolution+%E2%80%93+The+science+of+evolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fevolution-scientific-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/immunology">"Immunology | medicine"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162653/https://www.britannica.com/science/immunology">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Immunology+%7C+medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fimmunology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/spotlight-on-aerobiology">"Aerobiology | Definition, History, & Research"</a>. <i>The Biologist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410014002/https://www.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/spotlight-on-aerobiology">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Biologist&rft.atitle=Aerobiology+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsb.org.uk%2Fbiologist-features%2Fspotlight-on-aerobiology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/ethology">"Ethology | biology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519085510/https://www.britannica.com/science/ethology">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ethology+%7C+biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fethology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2011" class="citation web cs1">Wayne, Greg (1 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-circuit-in-every-cell/">"Tiny Biocomputers Move Closer to Reality"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313054309/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-circuit-in-every-cell/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Tiny+Biocomputers+Move+Closer+to+Reality&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fa-circuit-in-every-cell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint,_Maria_LouiseDreistadt,_Steve_H.1998" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBJvpMqcV9UC"><i>Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520218017" title="Special:BookSources/9780520218017"><bdi>9780520218017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Enemies+Handbook%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide+to+Biological+Pest+Control&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520218017&rft.au=Flint%2C+Maria+Louise&rft.au=Dreistadt%2C+Steve+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFBJvpMqcV9UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birkholz2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birkholz2015_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BirkholzA._MaiC._WengerC._Meliani2016" class="citation journal cs1">M. Birkholz; A. Mai; C. Wenger; C. Meliani; R. Scholz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282052331">"Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences"</a>. <i>WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 355–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwnan.1367">10.1002/wnan.1367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391194">26391194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Nanomed.+Nanobiotech.&rft.atitle=Technology+modules+from+micro-+and+nano-electronics+for+the+life+sciences&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-377&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwnan.1367&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26391194&rft.au=M.+Birkholz&rft.au=A.+Mai&rft.au=C.+Wenger&rft.au=C.+Meliani&rft.au=R.+Scholz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282052331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC3rd-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDC3rd_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191422/http://www.clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/pcb/third-report.pdf">"Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> – National Center for Environmental Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/pcb/third-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+National+Report+on+Human+Exposure+to+Environmental+Chemicals&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%E2%80%93+National+Center+for+Environmental+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clu-in.org%2Fdownload%2Fcontaminantfocus%2Fpcb%2Fthird-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123051537/http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_acc/bin.asp?CID=257&DID=1584&DOC=FILE.PDF">"What is Biomonitoring?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Chemistry_Council" title="American Chemistry Council">American Chemistry Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_acc/bin.asp?CID=257&DID=1584&DOC=FILE.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Biomonitoring%3F&rft.pub=American+Chemistry+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchemistry.com%2Fs_acc%2Fbin.asp%3FCID%3D257%26DID%3D1584%26DOC%3DFILE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angerer07-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angerer07_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngererEwersWilhelm2007" class="citation journal cs1">Angerer, Jürgen; Ewers, Ulrich; Wilhelm, Michael (2007). "Human biomonitoring: State of the art". <i>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health</i>. <b>210</b> (3–4): 201–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJHEH.210..201A">2007IJHEH.210..201A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijheh.2007.01.024">10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17376741">17376741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hygiene+and+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Human+biomonitoring%3A+State+of+the+art&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=201-28&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17376741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijheh.2007.01.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007IJHEH.210..201A&rft.aulast=Angerer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Ewers%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohantyMisraDrzal2005" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri; Drzal, Lawrence T. (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwXugfY2oc4C"><i>Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50820-6"><bdi>978-0-203-50820-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222232/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwXugfY2oc4C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Fibers%2C+Biopolymers%2C+and+Biocomposites&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.isbn=978-0-203-50820-6&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Amar+K.&rft.au=Misra%2C+Manjusri&rft.au=Drzal%2C+Lawrence+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwXugfY2oc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandra, R., and Rustgi, R., "Biodegradable Polymers", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 23, p. 1273 (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, A., et al., "Smart Polymers: Physical Forms & Bioengineering Applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 32, p.1205 (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/blog/biotechnology-a-life-sciences-online-resource-guide/">"Biotechnology: A Life Sciences Online Resource Guide | UIC"</a>. <i>Health Informatics Online Masters | Nursing & Medical Degrees</i>. 19 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803044700/https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/blog/biotechnology-a-life-sciences-online-resource-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Informatics+Online+Masters+%7C+Nursing+%26+Medical+Degrees&rft.atitle=Biotechnology%3A+A+Life+Sciences+Online+Resource+Guide+%7C+UIC&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthinformatics.uic.edu%2Fblog%2Fbiotechnology-a-life-sciences-online-resource-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner" class="citation web cs1">Tanner, Rene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.asu.edu/c.php?g=263766&p=1765361">"LibGuides: Life Sciences: Conservation Biology/Ecology"</a>. <i>libguides.asu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401133425/https://libguides.asu.edu/c.php?g=263766&p=1765361">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libguides.asu.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Life+Sciences%3A+Conservation+Biology%2FEcology&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.asu.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D263766%26p%3D1765361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/fermentation">"fermentation | Definition, Process, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103145/https://www.britannica.com/science/fermentation">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=fermentation+%7C+Definition%2C+Process%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Ffermentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestle_teams_up_with_Singapore_for_food_science_research-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nestle_teams_up_with_Singapore_for_food_science_research_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller,_Martinne2014" class="citation web cs1">Geller, Martinne (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194644/http://in.reuters.com/article/nestle-singapore-idINL2N0KW0C720140122">"Nestle teams up with Singapore for food science research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/nestle-singapore-idINL2N0KW0C720140122">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nestle+teams+up+with+Singapore+for+food+science+research&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.au=Geller%2C+Martinne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnestle-singapore-idINL2N0KW0C720140122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food_science_to_fight_obesity-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Food_science_to_fight_obesity_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104000638/https://www.euronews.com/2013/12/09/food-science-to-fight-obesity">"Food science to fight obesity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></i>. 9 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2013/12/09/food-science-to-fight-obesity/">the original</a> on 4 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Food+science+to+fight+obesity&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2013%2F12%2F09%2Ffood-science-to-fight-obesity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_New_Kind_of_Food_Science_IBM-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_New_Kind_of_Food_Science_IBM_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia,_Atish2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatia, Atish (16 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/11/a-new-kind-of-food-science/">"A New Kind of Food Science: How IBM Is Using Big Data to Invent Creative Recipes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209132454/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/11/a-new-kind-of-food-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=A+New+Kind+of+Food+Science%3A+How+IBM+Is+Using+Big+Data+to+Invent+Creative+Recipes&rft.date=2013-11-16&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+Atish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2013%2F11%2Fa-new-kind-of-food-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov2010_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Human_Genome_Research_Institute2010" class="citation web cs1">National Human Genome Research Institute (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/19016904">"A Brief Guide to Genomics"</a>. <i>Genome.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728012517/https://www.genome.gov/19016904/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genome.gov&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Genomics&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.au=National+Human+Genome+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2F19016904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug2012" class="citation book cs1">Klug, William S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQZkmAEACAAJ"><i>Concepts of Genetics</i></a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-79577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-79577-9"><bdi>978-0-321-79577-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416230426/https://books.google.com/books?id=tQZkmAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Genetics&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-321-79577-9&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQZkmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pevsner2009-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pevsner2009_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner2009" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Jonathan (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bioinformaticsfu00pevs_0"><i>Bioinformatics and functional genomics</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470085851" title="Special:BookSources/9780470085851"><bdi>9780470085851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics+and+functional+genomics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470085851&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbioinformaticsfu00pevs_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov2010a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov2010a_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Human_Genome_Research_Institute2010" class="citation web cs1">National Human Genome Research Institute (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/19016904">"FAQ About Genetic and Genomic Science"</a>. <i>Genome.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728012517/https://www.genome.gov/19016904/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genome.gov&rft.atitle=FAQ+About+Genetic+and+Genomic+Science&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.au=National+Human+Genome+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2F19016904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culver2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culver2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulverMark_A._Labow2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Culver, Kenneth W.; Mark A. Labow (8 November 2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genetics0000unse">"Genomics"</a></span>. In Richard Robinson (ed.). <i>Genetics</i>. Macmillan Science Library. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656067" title="Special:BookSources/0028656067"><bdi>0028656067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genomics&rft.btitle=Genetics&rft.series=Macmillan+Science+Library&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft.isbn=0028656067&rft.aulast=Culver&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft.au=Mark+A.+Labow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenetics0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/classify-your-medical-device/how-determine-if-your-product-medical-device">"How to Determine if Your Product is a Medical Device"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606200847/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/classify-your-medical-device/how-determine-if-your-product-medical-device">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=How+to+Determine+if+Your+Product+is+a+Medical+Device&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=Health&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Devices+and+Radiological&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fmedical-devices%2Fclassify-your-medical-device%2Fhow-determine-if-your-product-medical-device&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunBednarzPhamVallotton2014" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Changming; Bednarz, Tomasz; Pham, Tuan D.; Vallotton, Pascal; Wang, Dadong (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJg9BQAAQBAJ&q=medical+image+life+sciences&pg=PA195"><i>Signal and Image Analysis for Biomedical and Life Sciences</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-10984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-10984-8"><bdi>978-3-319-10984-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416215210/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJg9BQAAQBAJ&q=medical+image+life+sciences&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signal+and+Image+Analysis+for+Biomedical+and+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.isbn=978-3-319-10984-8&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Changming&rft.au=Bednarz%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Pham%2C+Tuan+D.&rft.au=Vallotton%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Wang%2C+Dadong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJg9BQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmedical%2Bimage%2Blife%2Bsciences%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immunotherapies?qsrc=2446">"Definition: Immunotherapies"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027075708/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immunotherapies?qsrc=2446">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition%3A+Immunotherapies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fimmunotherapies%3Fqsrc%3D2446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/immunotherapy">"Immunotherapy | medicine"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803075025/https://www.britannica.com/science/immunotherapy">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Immunotherapy+%7C+medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fimmunotherapy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005051/http://www.cka.ca/kinesiology.php">"CKA – Canadian Kinesiology Alliance – Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie"</a>. Cka.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cka.ca/kinesiology.php">the original</a> on 18 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CKA+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Kinesiology+Alliance+%E2%80%93+Alliance+Canadienne+de+Kin%C3%A9siologie&rft.pub=Cka.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cka.ca%2Fkinesiology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenhahnKletteMetaxas2008" class="citation book cs1">Rosenhahn, Bodo; Klette, Reinhard; Metaxas, Dimitris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=929HmKbNaCAC&q=Bodo+Rosenhahn%2C+Reinhard+Klette+and+Dimitris+Metaxas+%28eds.%29.+Human+Motion+-+Understanding%2C+Modelling%2C+Capture+and+Animation&pg=PA318"><i>Human Motion: Understanding, Modelling, Capture, and Animation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6692-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-6692-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231250/https://books.google.com/books?id=929HmKbNaCAC&q=Bodo+Rosenhahn%2C+Reinhard+Klette+and+Dimitris+Metaxas+%28eds.%29.+Human+Motion+-+Understanding%2C+Modelling%2C+Capture+and+Animation&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Motion%3A+Understanding%2C+Modelling%2C+Capture%2C+and+Animation&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6692-4&rft.aulast=Rosenhahn&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rft.au=Klette%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Metaxas%2C+Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D929HmKbNaCAC%26q%3DBodo%2BRosenhahn%252C%2BReinhard%2BKlette%2Band%2BDimitris%2BMetaxas%2B%2528eds.%2529.%2BHuman%2BMotion%2B-%2BUnderstanding%252C%2BModelling%252C%2BCapture%2Band%2BAnimation%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deisseroth_2006-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deisseroth_2006_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeisserothFengMajewskaMiesenbock2006" class="citation journal cs1">Deisseroth, K.; Feng, G.; Majewska, A. K.; Miesenbock, G.; Ting, A.; Schnitzer, M. J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820367">"Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits"</a>. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>26</b> (41): 10380–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820367">2820367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17035522">17035522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Next-Generation+Optical+Technologies+for+Illuminating+Genetically+Targeted+Brain+Circuits&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=10380-6&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2820367%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17035522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006&rft.aulast=Deisseroth&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Feng%2C+G.&rft.au=Majewska%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Miesenbock%2C+G.&rft.au=Ting%2C+A.&rft.au=Schnitzer%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2820367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancusoKimLeeTsuda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mancuso, J. J.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.; Tsuda, S.; Chow, N. B. H.; Augustine, G. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2010.055731">"Optogenetic probing of functional brain circuitry"</a>. <i>Experimental Physiology</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2010.055731">10.1113/expphysiol.2010.055731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21056968">21056968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206367530">206367530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Physiology&rft.atitle=Optogenetic+probing+of+functional+brain+circuitry&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206367530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21056968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2010.055731&rft.aulast=Mancuso&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+S.&rft.au=Tsuda%2C+S.&rft.au=Chow%2C+N.+B.+H.&rft.au=Augustine%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1113%252Fexpphysiol.2010.055731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermak G., Modern Science & Future Medicine (second edition), 164 p., 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20836007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20836007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_L2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wang L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894835">"Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach"</a>. <i>Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwsbm.42">10.1002/wsbm.42</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894835">3894835</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20836007">20836007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdiscip+Rev+Syst+Biol+Med&rft.atitle=Pharmacogenomics%3A+a+systems+approach&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3894835%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20836007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwsbm.42&rft.au=Wang+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3894835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallanceSmart2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vallance P, Smart TG (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1760753">"The future of pharmacology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Pharmacology" title="British Journal of Pharmacology">British Journal of Pharmacology</a></i>. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S304–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0706454">10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1760753">1760753</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16402118">16402118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=The+future+of+pharmacology&rft.volume=147+Suppl+1&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S304-7&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1760753%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16402118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0706454&rft.aulast=Vallance&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Smart%2C+TG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1760753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9740045-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9740045_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1998). "Proteome and proteomics: new technologies, new concepts, and new words". <i>Electrophoresis</i>. <b>19</b> (11): 1853–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Felps.1150191103">10.1002/elps.1150191103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9740045">9740045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28933890">28933890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrophoresis&rft.atitle=Proteome+and+proteomics%3A+new+technologies%2C+new+concepts%2C+and+new+words&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1853-61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28933890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9740045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Felps.1150191103&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.au=Anderson%2C+NG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10189717-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10189717_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstockWeir1999" class="citation journal cs1">Blackstock WP, Weir MP (1999). "Proteomics: quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins". <i>Trends Biotechnol</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 121–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2898%2901245-1">10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01245-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10189717">10189717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Biotechnol.&rft.atitle=Proteomics%3A+quantitative+and+physical+mapping+of+cellular+proteins&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=121-7&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2898%2901245-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10189717&rft.aulast=Blackstock&rft.aufirst=WP&rft.au=Weir%2C+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkins1996-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilkins1996_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_R._WilkinsChristian_PasqualiRon_D._AppelKeli_Ou1996" class="citation journal cs1">Marc R. Wilkins; Christian Pasquali; Ron D. Appel; Keli Ou; Olivier Golaz; Jean-Charles Sanchez; Jun X. Yan; Andrew. A. Gooley; Graham Hughes; Ian Humphery-Smith; Keith L. Williams; Denis F. Hochstrasser (1996). "From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Arnino Acid Analysis". <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt0196-61">10.1038/nbt0196-61</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9636313">9636313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25320181">25320181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=From+Proteins+to+Proteomes%3A+Large+Scale+Protein+Identification+by+Two-Dimensional+Electrophoresis+and+Arnino+Acid+Analysis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25320181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9636313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt0196-61&rft.au=Marc+R.+Wilkins&rft.au=Christian+Pasquali&rft.au=Ron+D.+Appel&rft.au=Keli+Ou&rft.au=Olivier+Golaz&rft.au=Jean-Charles+Sanchez&rft.au=Jun+X.+Yan&rft.au=Andrew.+A.+Gooley&rft.au=Graham+Hughes&rft.au=Ian+Humphery-Smith&rft.au=Keith+L.+Williams&rft.au=Denis+F.+Hochstrasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagner2002" class="citation book cs1">Magner, Lois N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC"><i>A history of the life sciences</i></a> (Rev. and expanded 3rd ed.). New York: M. Dekker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824708245" title="Special:BookSources/0824708245"><bdi>0824708245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+life+sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded+3rd&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0824708245&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Lois+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKJ6gVYbrGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+life+sciences" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/19px-Text-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/29px-Text-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/38px-Text-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Lists">Lists</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>List of life sciences</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%22life_sciences%22" class="extiw" title="wikt:"life sciences"">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%22life_sciences%22" class="extiw" title="c:"life sciences"">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/%22life_sciences%22" class="extiw" title="q:"life sciences"">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%22life_sciences%22" class="extiw" title="s:"life sciences"">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/%22life_sciences%22" class="extiw" title="b:"life sciences"">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864928" class="extiw" title="d:Q864928">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_science" title="Template:Natural science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_science" title="Template talk:Natural science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science" title="Outline of natural science">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences" title="Outline of Earth sciences">Earth science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">Physical science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Space science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_sciences" title="Category:Natural sciences">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural sciences">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864928#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129772-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076841">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570348">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000028006">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529357805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&oldid=1257562118">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&oldid=1257562118</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_sciences" title="Category:Life sciences">Life sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_sciences_industry" title="Category:Life sciences industry">Life sciences industry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science-related_lists" title="Category:Science-related lists">Science-related lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2020">Articles needing additional references from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 15:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_life_sciences&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2kd4h","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.026","walltime":"1.215","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3706,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":141975,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1258,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":226005,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1049.036 1 -total"," 45.86% 481.138 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.80% 239.200 29 Template:Cite_web"," 12.59% 132.116 1 Template:Science"," 12.29% 128.918 1 Template:Sidebar"," 9.96% 104.530 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 8.54% 89.600 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.76% 81.393 10 Template:Cite_book"," 7.21% 75.653 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.12% 53.668 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.652","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6954191,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-br4qw","timestamp":"20241122142103","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of life sciences","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_life_sciences","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q864928","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q864928","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-05T21:58:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T15:41:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg","headline":"branch of science about life"}</script> </body> </html>