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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launches_armed_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launches_armed_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Launches armed struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launches_armed_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Logistics and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tet_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tet_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tet Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tet_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vietnamization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Saigon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Saigon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fall of Saigon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Saigon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_North_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_North_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with North Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_North_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viet Cong</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtkong" title="Viëtkong – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viëtkong" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="فيت كونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيت كونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Vyetnam_Milli_Azadl%C4%B1q_C%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="Cənubi Vyetnam Milli Azadlıq Cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Vyetnam Milli Azadlıq Cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82" title="ভিয়েত কং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিয়েত কং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m_K%C3%A1i-h%C3%B2ng_B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk_T%C4%ABn-so%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Lâm Oa̍t-lâm Kái-hòng Bîn-cho̍k Tīn-soàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Oa̍t-lâm Kái-hòng Bîn-cho̍k Tīn-soàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="В’етконг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етконг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Народен фронт за освобождение на Южен Виетнам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народен фронт за освобождение на Южен Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong" title="Vietcong – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vietcong" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbenn_Broadel_Dieubidigezh_Su_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Talbenn Broadel Dieubidigezh Su Viêt Nam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Talbenn Broadel Dieubidigezh Su Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Nacional_d%27Alliberament_del_Vietnam" title="Front Nacional d'Alliberament del Vietnam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front Nacional d'Alliberament del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_fronta_osvobozen%C3%AD_Ji%C5%BEn%C3%ADho_Vietnamu" title="Národní fronta osvobození Jižního Vietnamu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní fronta osvobození Jižního Vietnamu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrynt_Rhyddid_Cenedlaethol_De_Fietnam" title="Ffrynt Rhyddid Cenedlaethol De Fietnam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrynt Rhyddid Cenedlaethol De Fietnam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_front_for_befrielsen_af_Sydvietnam" title="Nationale front for befrielsen af Sydvietnam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationale front for befrielsen af Sydvietnam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Front_f%C3%BCr_die_Befreiung_S%C3%BCdvietnams" title="Nationale Front für die Befreiung Südvietnams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationale Front für die Befreiung Südvietnams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" title="Việt Cộng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Việt Cộng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Βιετκόνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιετκόνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Vietnam" title="Frente Nacional de Liberación de Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente Nacional de Liberación de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Vjetnama_Nacia_Liberiga_Fronto" title="Sud-Vjetnama Nacia Liberiga Fronto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Vjetnama Nacia Liberiga Fronto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Vietnamgo_Askapenerako_Nazio_Frontea" title="Hego Vietnamgo Askapenerako Nazio Frontea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Vietnamgo Askapenerako Nazio Frontea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ویت‌کنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویت‌کنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_national_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Sud_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Front national de libération du Sud Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front national de libération du Sud Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjetkong" title="Fjetkong – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fjetkong" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong" title="Vietcong – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vietcong" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0" title="남베트남 민족해방전선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남베트남 민족해방전선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronta_nacionalnog_oslobo%C4%91enja_Ju%C5%BEnog_Vijetnama_(FLN)" title="Fronta nacionalnog oslobođenja Južnog Vijetnama (FLN) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fronta nacionalnog oslobođenja Južnog Vijetnama (FLN)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional_untuk_Pembebasan_Vietnam_Selatan" title="Barisan Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barisan Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viet Cong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="וייטקונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייטקונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვიეტ კონგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიეტ კონგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Kizalendo_kwa_Ukombozi_wa_Vietnam_Kusini" title="Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietkongas" title="Vietkongas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietkongas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Front_D%C3%A9l-Vietn%C3%A1m_Felszabad%C3%ADt%C3%A1s%C3%A1%C3%A9rt" title="Nemzeti Front Dél-Vietnám Felszabadításáért – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzeti Front Dél-Vietnám Felszabadításáért" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვიეტ კონგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიეტ კონგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Pembebasan_Kebangsaan" title="Barisan Pembebasan Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barisan Pembebasan Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_para_la_Lhiberta%C3%A7on_de_l_Bietname" title="Frente Nacional para la Lhibertaçon de l Bietname – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Frente Nacional para la Lhibertaçon de l Bietname" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Bevrijdingsfront_(Vietnam)" title="Nationaal Bevrijdingsfront (Vietnam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaal Bevrijdingsfront (Vietnam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="南ベトナム解放民族戦線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南ベトナム解放民族戦線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_national_de_libert%C3%A9" title="Front national de liberté – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Front national de liberté" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNL" title="FNL – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="FNL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="វៀតកុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វៀតកុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong" title="Vietcong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vietcong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_para_a_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Vietname" title="Frente Nacional para a Libertação do Vietname – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Nacional para a Libertação do Vietname" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" title="Việt Cộng – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Việt Cộng" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Национальный фронт освобождения Южного Вьетнама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный фронт освобождения Южного Вьетнама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong" title="Vietcong – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vietcong" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viet Cong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_front_oslobodenia_Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A9ho_Vietnamu" title="Národný front oslobodenia Južného Vietnamu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národný front oslobodenia Južného Vietnamu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Народни фронт за ослобођење Јужног Вијетнама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народни фронт за ослобођење Јужног Вијетнама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_front_oslobo%C4%91enja_Ju%C5%BEnog_Vijetnama" title="Nacionalni front oslobođenja Južnog Vijetnama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalni front oslobođenja Južnog Vijetnama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Vietnamin_kansallinen_vapautusrintama" title="Etelä-Vietnamin kansallinen vapautusrintama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Vietnamin kansallinen vapautusrintama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNL" title="FNL – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FNL" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Viet Cong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="แนวร่วมปลดปล่อยชาติเวียดนามใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวร่วมปลดปล่อยชาติเวียดนามใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Ulusal_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Cephesi" title="Vietnam Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vietnam Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="В'єтконг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'єтконг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_Gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_mi%E1%BB%81n_Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Revolutionary organization active in South Vietnam and Cambodia from 1960 to 1977</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vietcong" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Viet Cong (disambiguation)">Viet Cong (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. For the government formed by this organization, see <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">National Liberation Front<br />of South Vietnam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="vi">Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng<br />miền Nam Việt Nam</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FNL_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/200px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/300px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/400px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The flag of the Viet Cong, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">flag of North Vietnam</a>. It later became the nominal state flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the lower stripe was green.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><b>Việt Cộng</b> (<b>VC</b>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Vietcong.ogg\/Vietcong.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Vietcong.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Vietcong.ogg/Vietcong.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietcong.ogg" title="File:Vietcong.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span><hr /><b>the Front</b> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Mặt trận</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam"><img alt="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b>Liberation Front:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Burchett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Nguyễn Hữu Thọ">Nguyễn Hữu Thọ</a>, chairman</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_T%E1%BA%A5n_Ph%C3%A1t" title="Huỳnh Tấn Phát">Huỳnh Tấn Phát</a>, secretary-general and vice-chairman</li><li>Phung Van Cung, vice-chairman</li><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Ch%C3%AD_C%C3%B4ng" title="Võ Chí Công">Võ Chí Công</a>, vice-chairman</li></ul></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–1963)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a> (1963–1967, 1973–1975)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A1i" title="Hoàng Văn Thái">Hoàng Văn Thái</a> (1967–1973)</li></ul></div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam" title="Central Office for South Vietnam">Central Office</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Linh" title="Nguyễn Văn Linh">Nguyễn Văn Linh</a> (1961–1964)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%AD_Thanh" title="Nguyễn Chí Thanh">Nguyễn Chí Thanh</a> (1964–1967)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_H%C3%B9ng" title="Phạm Hùng">Phạm Hùng</a> (1967–1975)</li></ul></div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam"><img alt="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Governance</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, president</li><li>Huỳnh Tấn Phát, prime minister</li><li><a href="/wiki/Madam" title="Madam">Mme</a> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_B%C3%ACnh" title="Nguyễn Thị Bình">Nguyễn Thị Bình</a>, foreign minister</li><li>Trần Nam Trung,<sup id="cite_ref-Trung_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defense minister</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nh%C6%B0_T%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Như Tảng">Trương Như Tảng</a>, justice minister<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1954–1959 <i>(as southern <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> cadres)</i><br />December 20, 1960 – February 4, 1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1960-12-20</span> – <span class="dtend">1977-02-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Fatherland_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Fatherland Front">Vietnam Fatherland Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam"><img alt="North Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Vietnam">Workers' Party of Vietnam</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam" title="Central Office for South Vietnam">Central Office for South Vietnam</a>)</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Vietnam">People's Revolutionary Party of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam"><img alt="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> National Liberation Front of South Vietnam</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam"><img alt="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam" title="Central Office for South Vietnam">Central Office for South Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Armed_Forces_of_South_Viet_Nam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ANDPFV_flag.svg/23px-ANDPFV_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ANDPFV_flag.svg/35px-ANDPFV_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ANDPFV_flag.svg/45px-ANDPFV_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alliance_of_National,_Democratic_and_Peace_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alliance of National, Democratic and Peace Forces (page does not exist)">Alliance of National, Democratic and Peace Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh</a> (1960–1966)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Memot_District" title="Memot District">Memot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (1966–1972)</li><li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh_(township)" title="Lộc Ninh (township)">Lộc Ninh</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (1972–1975)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, with a focus on South Vietnam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>State allies:</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Albania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (alleged)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Non-state allies:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> (until 1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>State opponents:</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <p><b>Non-state opponents:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FULRO.svg/23px-Flag_of_FULRO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FULRO.svg/35px-Flag_of_FULRO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FULRO.svg/45px-Flag_of_FULRO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oppressed_Races" title="United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races">FULRO</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War#Battles_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">See full list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>Preceded by</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam"><img alt="North Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>Succeeded by</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Fatherland Front</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/26px-Chu_nom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/39px-Chu_nom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/52px-Chu_nom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="779" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)" title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">chữ Quốc ngữ</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Viet Cong</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>VC</b>) was an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> and umbrella term to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>-driven armed movement and <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> organization in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. It was formally organized as and led by the <b>National Liberation Front of South Vietnam</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conducted military operations under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a> (LASV). The movement fought under the direction of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The organization had both <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a> units, as well as a network of <a href="/wiki/Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">cadres</a> who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the VC controlled. During the war, communist fighters and some <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war activists</a> claimed that the VC was an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to the South that represented the legitimate rights of people in South Vietnam, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. It was later conceded by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">modern Vietnamese communist leadership</a> that the movement was actually under the North Vietnamese political and military leadership, aiming to unify Vietnam under <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">a single banner</a>. </p><p>North Vietnam established the NLF on December 20, 1960, at Tân Lập village in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh Province</a> to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the VC's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> who had resettled in the North after the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Accord</a> (1954). Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The VC called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American-backed South Vietnamese government. The VC's best-known action was the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>, an assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968, including an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Saigon" title="Embassy of the United States, Saigon">U.S. embassy in Saigon</a>. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the VC. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization officially merged with the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Front of Vietnam">Fatherland Front of Vietnam</a> on February 4, 1977, after North and South Vietnam were officially <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">unified</a> under a communist government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>The term <i>Việt Cộng</i> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> newspapers beginning in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a contraction of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam cộng sản</i></span> (Vietnamese communist).<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest citation for <i>Viet Cong</i> in English is from 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or VC. "Victor" and "Charlie" are both letters in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a>. "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both VC and North Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN). </p><p>The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV; <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Victory68_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory68-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the NLF created the "<a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a>" (<i>Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam</i>), abbreviated PRG.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the NLF no longer used the name after the PRG was created. Members generally referred to the NLF as "the Front" (<i>Mặt trận</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the "<a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a>" (<i>Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam</i>) .<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/220px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/330px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/440px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> (1959)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Accord_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Accord (1954)">Geneva Accord (1954)</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina War">Indochina War</a>, France and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh. </p><p> About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first VC front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other front names used by the VC in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, "Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front", which suggested affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> sect, or "Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association".<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Front groups were favored by the VC to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression "the faceless Viet Cong".<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enemy_situation,_early_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg/220px-Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg/330px-Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg/440px-Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Bình Xuyên">Bình Xuyên</a> organized crime gang in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Saigon">Battle for Saigon</a> in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the VC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few months, the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow245_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow245-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow245_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow245-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-HistPlace_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1956, southern communist leader <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a> in Hanoi.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang16_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership divided into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a>, and a "South first" faction led by Lê Duẩn. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> stressed that violence was still a last resort.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>, who was defense minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_Vietnamese_man,_1966.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/170px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/255px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/340px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors" <sup id="cite_ref-McNamera35_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamera35-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "armed propaganda" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c" title="Châu Đốc">Châu Đốc</a> in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the "North first" line of economic struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of "Inter-zone V" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang24_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1958, the VC created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow693_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow693-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French scholar <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Fall">Bernard Fall</a> published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launches_armed_struggle">Launches armed struggle</h3></div> <p>The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> in March.<sup id="cite_ref-HistPlace_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1959, <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a> was established to maintain and upgrade the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a>, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory-xi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory-xi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Prados_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prados-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two regional command centers were merged to create the <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam" title="Central Office for South Vietnam">Central Office for South Vietnam</a> (<i>Trung ương Cục miền Nam</i>), a unified communist party headquarters for the South.<sup id="cite_ref-HistPlace_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COSVN was initially located in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh</a> Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the VC killed two U.S. military advisors at <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>, the first American dead of the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was considered the beginning of the "armed struggle" in communist accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of uprisings beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> province of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre" title="Bến Tre">Bến Tre</a> in January 1960 created "liberated zones", models of VC-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of "long-hair troops" (women).<sup id="cite_ref-Gettleman187_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gettleman187-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (1960–61).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/220px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/330px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/440px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing" title="1964 Brinks Hotel bombing">Brinks Hotel</a>, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.</figcaption></figure> <p>To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the VC was stressed in communist propaganda. The VC created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a "<a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang58_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang58-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration."<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thọ, a lawyer and the VC's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes "against the security of the state" and featured prominently in VC propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence between the VC and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September.<sup id="cite_ref-cmh_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmh-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VC grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in "liberation associations" (affiliated groups) by early 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of VC to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory-xii_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory-xii-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/220px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/330px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/440px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/USS_Core" title="USS Core">USS <i>Core</i></a> arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "special war" and "strategic hamlets" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the VC regained the military initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory-xii_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory-xii-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VC won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bac" title="Battle of Ap Bac">Ấp Bắc</a> in January 1963. </p><p>A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare).<sup id="cite_ref-Ang74_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang74-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the PAVN increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang74_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang74-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhai128_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhai128-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhai128_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhai128-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the VC, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory-xiii_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory-xiii-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> in February 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow427_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow427-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow427_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow427-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-libcom_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg/220px-A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg/330px-A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg/440px-A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">Douglas Skyraider</a> drops a <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">white phosphorus bomb</a> on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN.<sup id="cite_ref-Digger_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the VC. COSVN retreated to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimot (page does not exist)">Mimot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a> and then trucked to VC bases near the border along the "<a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a>", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail. </p><p>Many VC units operated at night,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and employed terror as a standard tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-human_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets, including clinics and medical personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-human_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable VC atrocities include the massacre of <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">over 3,000 unarmed civilians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a massacre of 252 <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnards</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Sơn">Đắk Sơn</a> in December 1967 using flamethrowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dakson_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dakson-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VC death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967–72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of VC atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha,_RVN_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg/220px-Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg/330px-Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg/440px-Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics_and_equipment">Logistics and equipment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_logistics_and_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment">Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking from the waist up, a man wearing a hat and holding an assault rifle with one hand holding the magazine and the other on the pistol grip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg/170px-Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg/255px-Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg/340px-Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> rifle.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tet_Offensive">Tet Offensive</h3></div> <p>Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory, General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%AD_Thanh" title="Nguyễn Chí Thanh">Nguyễn Chí Thanh</a>, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang116-7_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang116-7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang116-7_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang116-7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parrot%27s_Beak,_Cambodia" title="Parrot's Beak, Cambodia">Parrot's Beak</a>, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles (48 km) from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westmoreland345-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon.<sup id="cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westmoreland345-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VC entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westmoreland345-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven-day truce would be observed during Vietnam's main holiday. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnampropaganda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vietnampropaganda.png/220px-Vietnampropaganda.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vietnampropaganda.png/330px-Vietnampropaganda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vietnampropaganda.png/440px-Vietnampropaganda.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%93i" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiêu Hồi">Chiêu Hồi</a> Program.</figcaption></figure> <p>At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-libcom_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as 900,000 allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westmoreland345-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on <a href="/wiki/Khe_Sanh" title="Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, a remote U.S. base near the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">DMZ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January and February 1968, some 80,000 VC struck more than 100 towns with orders to "crack the sky" and "shake the Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offensive included a commando raid on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy_in_Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy in Saigon">U.S. Embassy in Saigon</a> and the massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House-to-house fighting between VC and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="South Vietnamese Rangers">South Vietnamese Rangers</a> left much of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City">Cholon</a>, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The VC used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A photo by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Adams_(photographer)" title="Eddie Adams (photographer)">Eddie Adams</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Saigon_Execution" title="Saigon Execution">summary execution of a VC</a> in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> stated that the war was a "stalemate" and could be ended only by negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the VC anticipated. About 75,000 VC/PAVN soldiers were killed or wounded, according to <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a>, commander of the "B-2" district, which consisted of southern South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires", Trà concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Earle_G._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle G. Wheeler">Earle G. Wheeler</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead<sup id="cite_ref-VNATM_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VNATM-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). "It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nh%C6%B0_T%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Như Tảng">Trương Như Tảng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VNATM_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VNATM-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the VC failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakup of larger VC units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a> (1968–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%93i" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiêu Hồi">Chiêu Hồi</a> Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or "liberated zones", in the rural lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochin China</a>, according to the official communist military history.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US military believed that 70 percent of communist main-force combat troops in the South were northerners,<sup id="cite_ref-Porter-26_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-26-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most communist military personnel were not main-force combat troops. Even in early 1970, MACV estimated that northerners made up no more than 45 percent of communist military forces overall in South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VC created an urban front in 1968 called the <b>Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter27_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter27-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that "national reunification cannot be achieved overnight."<sup id="cite_ref-Porter27_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter27-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1969, the alliance merged with the VC to form a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" (PRG). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</h3></div><p> The Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a>. Pushed into Cambodia, the VC could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter-26_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-26-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" faction may have revived at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet invasion of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the overthrow of Prince <a href="/wiki/Sihanouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanouk">Sihanouk</a> in March 1970, the VC faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Jars" title="Plain of Jars">Plain of Jars</a> and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail.<sup id="cite_ref-Ang52_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang52-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although 1970 was a much better year for the VC than 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-Ang52_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ang52-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN. The 1972 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a> was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG/220px-VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG/330px-VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG/440px-VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner swap">prisoner swap</a> in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Saigon">Fall of Saigon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war movement</a>, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93Church_Amendment" title="Case–Church Amendment">Case–Church Amendment</a> to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to VC headquarters in <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" class="mw-redirect" title="Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước">Lộc Ninh</a>, about 75 miles (121 km) northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kar672-74_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kar672-74-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now-excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the North delivered nearly 365,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">war matériel</a> to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitcomb_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitcomb-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful PAVN attack on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Phước Bình</a> in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot" title="Battle of Ban Me Thuot">Buôn Ma Thuột</a> in March, was a walkover. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter-26_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-26-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">re-education camps</a>, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter29_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter29-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter28_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter28-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North and South were merged as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The VC was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a> on February 4, 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter29_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter29-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_North_Vietnam">Relationship with North Vietnam</h2></div> <p>Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the VC was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said that the VC was composed of several parties—the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_(Vietnam)" title="People's Revolutionary Party (Vietnam)">People's Revolutionary Party</a>, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party<sup id="cite_ref-Burchett_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and that VC chairman <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Nguyễn Hữu Thọ">Nguyễn Hữu Thọ</a> was not a communist.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnow_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnow-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-communists countered that the VC was merely a front for Hanoi.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the memoirs of Trà, the VC's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam [Viet Cong] is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam".<sup id="cite_ref-Victory68_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory68-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_strategy,_organization_and_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure">Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_battle_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics">Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson_Scouts" title="Kit Carson Scouts">Kit Carson Scouts</a>, former Viet Cong who worked with U.S. Marines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>, the North Vietnamese army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_use_of_terror_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War">Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Việt Cộng</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[vîət<span class="wrap"> </span>kə̂wŋmˀ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Vietcong.ogg\/Vietcong.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Vietcong.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Vietcong.ogg/Vietcong.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietcong.ogg" title="File:Vietcong.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; contraction of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam cộng sản</i></span> (Vietnamese communist / Viet-communist)<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes simply <i>National Liberation Front</i> (NLF)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Front national de libération [du Sud Viêt Nam]</i> (FNL)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radio Hanoi called it the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> called the group the "South Vietnam National Liberation Front" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNguyên_Giáp_Võ,_Russell_Stetler1970" class="citation book cs1">Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YbSAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap</i></a>. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-129-7"><bdi>978-0-85345-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Art+of+People%27s+War%3A+Selected+Writings+of+General+Vo+Nguyen+Giap&rft.pages=206%2C+208%2C+210&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-129-7&rft.au=Nguy%C3%AAn+Gi%C3%A1p+V%C3%B5%2C+Russell+Stetler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YbSAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span>). See also the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626065021/http://vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html">"Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Program+of+the+National+Liberation+Front+of+South+Viet-Nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietnam.vassar.edu%2Fdocnlf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The terminology "liberation front" is adapted from the earlier <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">Algerian</a> National Liberation Fronts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (<a href="/wiki/Provisional_Democratic_Government" title="Provisional Democratic Government">Provisional Democratic Government</a>) and Algeria (<a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major <a href="/wiki/Dale_R._Buis" title="Dale R. Buis">Dale R. Buis</a> and Master Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ovnand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ovnand">Charles Ovnand</a>, the first names to appear on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is sometimes referred to as the "Genoa Policy" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn-JonesSteven_E._MillerStephen_Van_Evera1989" class="citation book cs1">Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zb_q4i9faI4C"><i>Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-62066-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-62066-9"><bdi>0-262-62066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Policy%3A+An+International+Security+Reader&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-262-62066-9&rft.aulast=Lynn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft.au=Steven+E.+Miller&rft.au=Stephen+Van+Evera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZb_q4i9faI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election, the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968. Desiring "businesslike" relations, the Kremlin favored incumbent <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> against left-wing challenger <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> in 1972. (Lynn-Jones, p. 29).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trà begins, "How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee?" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Văn_Trà1982" class="citation cs2">Trần Văn Trà (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602120806/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp"><i>Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp">the original</a> on June 2, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+History+of+the+Bulwark+B2+Theatre&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+V%C4%83n+Tr%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgsc.edu%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Ftra%2Ftra.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033727/https://www.fotw.info/flags/vn-vcong.html">"National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)"</a>. <i>www.fotw.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/vn-vcong.html">the original</a> on April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fotw.info&rft.atitle=National+Liberation+Front+%28Viet+Cong%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fvn-vcong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerg2020" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Nicole M. (July 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3D0DwAAQBAJ&dq=viet+cong+flag+green&pg=PA152"><i>Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3992-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-3992-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Kubrick%27s+Symbolism%3A+The+Secrets+of+the+Films&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3992-5&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Nicole+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3D0DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dviet%2Bcong%2Bflag%2Bgreen%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson2020" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Karen Bush (February 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bu_NDwAAQBAJ&dq=viet+cong+flag+green&pg=PT11"><i>The Vietnam War</i></a>. Mitchell Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5457-4946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5457-4946-3"><bdi>978-1-5457-4946-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Mitchell+Lane&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5457-4946-3&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Karen+Bush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbu_NDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dviet%2Bcong%2Bflag%2Bgreen%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burchett-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burchett_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchett_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burchett, Wilfred (1963): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/burchett/1963/the-furtive-war/ch05.htm">Liberation Front: Formation of the NLF</a>", <i>The Furtive War</i>, International Publishers, New York. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216144222/https://www.marxists.org/archive/burchett/1963/the-furtive-war/index.htm">Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trung-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trung_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly a pseudonym for <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823065247/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/38-1-104.shtml">"Man in the News: Lt.-Gen. Tran Van Tra"</a>. February 2, 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/38-1-104.shtml">the original</a> on August 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Man+in+the+News%3A+Lt.-Gen.+Tran+Van+Tra&rft.date=1973-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaarchivum.org%2Ffiles%2Fholdings%2F300%2F8%2F3%2Ftext%2F38-1-104.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolt" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, Dr. Ernest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026085459/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/PRG(1969-1975)TVT.html">"Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969–1975)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/PRG(1969-1975)TVT.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provisional+Revolutionary+Government+of+South+Vietnam+%281969%E2%80%931975%29&rft.pub=University+of+Richmond&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacultystaff.richmond.edu%2F~ebolt%2Fhistory398%2FPRG%281969-1975%29TVT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLogevall1993" class="citation journal cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912244">24912244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Swedish-American+Conflict+over+Vietnam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24912244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentagon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm">"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960"</a>. <i>The Pentagon Papers</i>. 1971. pp. <span class="nowrap">242–</span>314. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pentagon+Papers&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Insurgency+in+South+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon%2Fpent14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Viet Cong", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory68-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victory68_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victory68_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) <i>Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975</i>, translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4">0-7006-1175-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104055722/http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01WAR100405">this story</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn">Viet Nam News</a>, the official English-language newspaper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow245-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow245_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow245_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistPlace-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312070611/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">the original</a> on March 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Place+%E2%80%94+Vietnam+War+1945%E2%80%931960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Funitedstates%2Fvietnam%2Findex-1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang16_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang16_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAng2002" class="citation book cs1">Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OgLBUXHikIC"><i>The Vietnam War from the Other Side</i></a>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1615-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1615-7"><bdi>0-7007-1615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War+from+the+Other+Side&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1615-7&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Cheng+Guan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4OgLBUXHikIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang21_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang21_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsonRandy_Roberts1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James; Randy Roberts (1991). <i>Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Domino+Fell%3A+America+and+Vietnam%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Randy+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVõ_Nguyên_Giáp" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>. "The Political and Military Line of Our Party". <i>The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Military+Line+of+Our+Party&rft.btitle=The+Military+Art+of+People%27s+War%3A+Selected+Writings+of+General+Vo+Nguyen+Giap&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.au=V%C3%B5+Nguy%C3%AAn+Gi%C3%A1p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504024629/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/541979">"The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side, was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately starved"</a>. <i>US National Archives Catalog</i>. 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/541979">the original</a> on May 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+National+Archives+Catalog&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+just+one+month+spent+in+a+Viet+Cong+prison+camp+show+on+23-year-old+Le+Van+Than%2C+who+had+defected+from+the+Communist+forces+and+joined+the+Government+side%2C+was+recaptured+by+the+Viet+Cong+and+deliberately+starved&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F541979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamera35-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNamera35_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNameraBlightBrigham1999" class="citation book cs1">McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0sBl9BuPYYC"><i>Argument Without End</i></a>. PublicAffairs. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891620-22-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-891620-22-3"><bdi>1-891620-22-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argument+Without+End&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-891620-22-3&rft.aulast=McNamera&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Blight%2C+James+G.&rft.au=Brigham%2C+Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0sBl9BuPYYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang24-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang24_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang24_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow693-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karnow693_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory-xi-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victory-xi_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Victory in Vietnam</i>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prados-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prados_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prados, John, (2006) "The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail", <i>Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land</i>, editor By Andrew A. Wiest, Osprey Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-020-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-020-X">1-84603-020-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gettleman187-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gettleman187_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGettlemanJane_FranklinMarilyn_Young1995" class="citation book cs1">Gettleman, Marvin E.; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVtNalqmYgAC"><i>Vietnam and America</i></a>. Grove Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2"><bdi>0-8021-3362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+America&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8021-3362-2&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft.au=Jane+Franklin&rft.au=Marilyn+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVtNalqmYgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang58-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ang58_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmh-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cmh_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1989" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Francis John (1989) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212151656/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm"><i>History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Special+Forces+in+Vietnam%2C+1961%E2%80%931971&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Francis+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2FBOOKS%2FVietnam%2F90-23%2F90-23C.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vo-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vo_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 – Page 140 "... on December 19 to 20, 1960, Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a Saigon lawyer, Trương Như Tảng, chief comptroller of a bank, Drs. Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phùng Văn Cung, along with other dissidents, met with communists to form the National Liberation Front..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhai2000" class="citation book cs1">Zhai, Qiang (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3RGSQlasIUC"><i>China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4842-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4842-5"><bdi>0-8078-4842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Vietnam+Wars%2C+1950%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8078-4842-5&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3RGSQlasIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhai, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory-xii-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victory-xii_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victory-xii_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Victory in Vietnam</i>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historynet-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historynet_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPribbenow1999" class="citation web cs1">Pribbenow, Merle (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409052605/https://www.historynet.com/north-vietnams-master-plan/?f">"North Vietnam's Master Plan"</a>. <i>Vietnam</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/north-vietnams-master-plan.htm">the original</a> on April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam&rft.atitle=North+Vietnam%27s+Master+Plan&rft.date=1999-08&rft.aulast=Pribbenow&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fnorth-vietnams-master-plan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p.694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang74-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang74_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang74_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhai128-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhai128_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhai128_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhai, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory-xiii-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victory-xiii_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Victory in Vietnam</i>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow427-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow427_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow427_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libcom-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libcom_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libcom_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517200320/https://libcom.org/article/1957-1975-vietnam-war">"1957–1975: The Vietnam War"</a>. <i>libcom</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/1957-1975-the-vietnam-war">the original</a> on May 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom&rft.atitle=1957%E2%80%931975%3A+The+Vietnam+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Fhistory%2F1957-1975-the-vietnam-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digger-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digger_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tunnels.htm">"VC Tunnels"</a>. <i>Digger History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digger+History&rft.atitle=VC+Tunnels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggerhistory.info%2Fpages-conflicts-periods%2Fvietnam%2Ftunnels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZumbro1986" class="citation book cs1">Zumbro, Ralph (1986). <i>Tank Sergeant</i>. Presidio Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28, 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-07201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-07201-1"><bdi>978-0-517-07201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Sergeant&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+115&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-07201-1&rft.aulast=Zumbro&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> The VC were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as "night bandits" or the "night government".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zumbro, pp. 25, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zumbro, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-human-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-human_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-human_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112041209948">The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam</a></i> (1972), p. 8-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125043130/http://phulam.com/mycanh.htm">"The My Canh Restaurant bombing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phulam.com/mycanh.htm">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+My+Canh+Restaurant+bombing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphulam.com%2Fmycanh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dakson-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dakson_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krohn, Charles, A., <i>The Last Battalion: Controversies and Casualties of the Battle of Hue</i>. pg. 30. Westport 1993.<br />Jones, C. Don, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathinthehighlands.com/images/Dak_Son_Massacre.pdf">Massacre at Dak Son</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129175530/http://www.deathinthehighlands.com/images/Dak_Son_Massacre.pdf">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, United States Information Service, 1967 <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522205231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901626,00.html?promoid=googlep">"On the Other Side: Terror as Policy"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 5, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901626,00.html?promoid=googlep">the original</a> on May 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=On+the+Other+Side%3A+Terror+as+Policy&rft.date=1969-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C901626%2C00.html%3Fpromoid%3Dgooglep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721101649/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837586,00.html">"The Massacre of Dak Son"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 15, 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837586,00.html">the original</a> on July 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Massacre+of+Dak+Son&rft.date=1967-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C837586%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219153831/http://vnafmamn.com/VNWar_atrocities.html">here</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a>, <i>America in Vietnam</i>, (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp272-3, 448–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedahzur, Ami (2006), <i>Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom</i>, Taylor & Francis, p.116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang116-7-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang116-7_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang116-7_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westmoreland345-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westmoreland345_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestmoreland" class="citation journal cs1">Westmoreland, William. "The Year of Decision—1968".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+Decision%E2%80%941968&rft.aulast=Westmoreland&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGettleman,_Marvin_E1995" class="citation book cs1">Gettleman, Marvin E (1995). Marvin E. Gettleman; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVtNalqmYgAC"><i>Vietnam and America</i></a>. Grove Press. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2"><bdi>0-8021-3362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+America&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8021-3362-2&rft.au=Gettleman%2C+Marvin+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVtNalqmYgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westmoreland, p. 344 (editor's note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouganStephen_Weiss1983" class="citation book cs1">Dougan, Clark; Stephen Weiss (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteensixtyeig00doug"><i>Nineteen Sixty-Eight</i></a></span>. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteensixtyeig00doug/page/8">8</a>, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939526-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939526-06-2"><bdi>978-0-939526-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Sixty-Eight&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=8%2C+10&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-939526-06-2&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft.au=Stephen+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteensixtyeig00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204184428/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839103,00.html">"The Massacre of Hue"</a>. <i>Time</i>. October 31, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839103,00.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Massacre+of+Hue&rft.date=1969-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C839103%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206162435/http://www.kysales.com/massacre_at_hue.htm">"Viet Cong Strategy of Terror"</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kysales.com/massacre_at_hue.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viet+Cong+Strategy+of+Terror&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kysales.com%2Fmassacre_at_hue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKearny1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj) (1997). "Jungle Snafus...and Remedies". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine: 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jungle+Snafus...and+Remedies&rft.pages=327&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kearny&rft.aufirst=Cresson+H.+%28Maj%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Nathan (April 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191635/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/movies/10weap.html?_r=1&ref=arts">"A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams's Camera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/movies/10weap.html?_r=1&ref=arts">the original</a> on June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Dark+Glimpse+From+Eddie+Adams%27s+Camera&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F10%2Fmovies%2F10weap.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Darts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719082223/http://www.alvernia.edu/cgi-bin/mt/text/archives/000194.html"><i>Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvernia.edu/cgi-bin/mt/text/archives/000194.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Cronkite+on+the+Tet+Offensive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alvernia.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmt%2Ftext%2Farchives%2F000194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTran_Van_Tra" class="citation journal cs1">Tran Van Tra. "Tet".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tet&rft.au=Tran+Van+Tra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarner1993" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Jayne S. Warner (1993). Luu Doan Huynh (ed.). <i>The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+Vietnamese+and+American+Perspectives&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jayne+S.+Warner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTran_Van_Tra" class="citation web cs1">Tran Van Tra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080937/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/TranVanTrasCommentsOnTet68_2.html">"Comments on Tet '68"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/TranVanTrasCommentsOnTet68_2.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comments+on+Tet+%2768&rft.au=Tran+Van+Tra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacultystaff.richmond.edu%2F~ebolt%2Fhistory398%2FTranVanTrasCommentsOnTet68_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VNATM-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VNATM_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VNATM_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226221928/http://www.i-served.com/v-v-a-r.org/VietnamAndTheMedia_part03.html">"Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-served.com/v-v-a-r.org/VietnamAndTheMedia_part03.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Veterans+for+Academic+Reform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-served.com%2Fv-v-a-r.org%2FVietnamAndTheMedia_part03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowell2006" class="citation news cs1">Crowell, Todd Crowell (October 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000026/http://hnn.us/roundup/comments/31297.html">"The Tet Offensive and Iraq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/roundup/comments/31297.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Tet+Offensive+and+Iraq&rft.date=2006-10-29&rft.aulast=Crowell&rft.aufirst=Todd+Crowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Froundup%2Fcomments%2F31297.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAron2005" class="citation book cs1">Aron, Paul (November 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82zu_Aw5VFgC"><i>Mysteries in History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2"><bdi>1-85109-899-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+in+History&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.isbn=1-85109-899-2&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82zu_Aw5VFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307201509/https://library.usask.ca/vietnam/index.php?state=view&id=1210">"Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees"</a>. <i>Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War</i>. February 22, 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library2.usask.ca/vietnam/index.php?state=view&id=1210">the original</a> on March 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Declassified+CIA+Documents+on+the+Vietnam+War&rft.atitle=Failure+of+the+Viet+Cong+to+establish+liberation+committees&rft.date=1991-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary2.usask.ca%2Fvietnam%2Findex.php%3Fstate%3Dview%26id%3D1210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975." University Press of Kansas, May 2002 (original 1995). Translation by Merle L. Pribbenow. Page 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-26-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-26_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-26_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-26_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter1993" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Gareth (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFEAZOoEBn0C"><i>Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2168-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-2168-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+The+Politics+of+Bureaucratic+Socialism&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2168-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFEAZOoEBn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vva.vietnam.ttu.edu/images.php?img=/images/F0159/F015900080736a.pdf">"Order of Battle Summary, 1 - 28 February 1970"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Battle+Summary%2C+1+-+28+February+1970&rft.pub=Combined+Intelligence+Center+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvva.vietnam.ttu.edu%2Fimages.php%3Fimg%3D%2Fimages%2FF0159%2FF015900080736a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span> (Virtual Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, item #F015900080736), page I-1. MACV estimates of enemy strength were not very reliable, but their political bias if any should have been to exaggerate the proportion of northerners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter27-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter27_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter27_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 27–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ang52-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ang52_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ang52_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005082704/http://vietnampix.com/popvc.htm">"The Vietcong"</a>. <i>www.vietnampix.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnampix.com/popvc.htm">the original</a> on October 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vietnampix.com&rft.atitle=The+Vietcong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnampix.com%2Fpopvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTran_Van_Tra" class="citation web cs1">Tran Van Tra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528195125/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/tra/csirp_vhbbt.html#48">"Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/tra/csirp_vhbbt.html#48">the original</a> on May 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+History+of+the+Bulwark+B2+Theatre&rft.au=Tran+Van+Tra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Ftra%2Fcsirp_vhbbt.html%2348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, pp 644–645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kar672-74-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kar672-74_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow. pp. 672–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitcomb-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitcomb_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitcomb2003" class="citation web cs1">Whitcomb, Col Darrel (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207103945/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/pribbenow.html">"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (book review)"</a>. <i>Air & Space Power Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/pribbenow.html">the original</a> on February 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Victory+in+Vietnam%3A+The+Official+History+of+the+People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931975+%28book+review%29&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Whitcomb&rft.aufirst=Col+Darrel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fbookrev%2Fpribbenow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter29-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter29_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter29_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter28-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter28_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruane-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuane1998" class="citation cs2">Ruane, Kevin (1998), <i>War and Revolution in Vietnam, 1930–75</i>, p. 51, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-323-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-323-6"><bdi>1-85728-323-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Vietnam%2C+1930%E2%80%9375&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85728-323-6&rft.aulast=Ruane&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1991). <i>Vietnam: A history</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolt" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, Dr. Ernest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710013735/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/WhoIsTVT.html">"Who is Tran Van Tra?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/WhoIsTVT.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Tran+Van+Tra%3F&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacultystaff.richmond.edu%2F~ebolt%2Fhistory398%2FWhoIsTVT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Cong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112041209948"><i>The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam</i> (1972)</a> .</li> <li>Marvin Gettleman, et al. <i>Vietnam and America: A Documented History</i>. Grove Press. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2">0-8021-3362-2</a>. See especially Part VII: The Decisive Year.</li> <li>Truong Nhu Tang. <i>A Vietcong Memoir</i>. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74309-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74309-1">0-394-74309-1</a>. 1985. See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong, and Chapter 21 on the communist take-over in 1975.</li> <li>Frances Fitzgerald. <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake:_The_Vietnamese_and_the_Americans_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam">Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam</a></i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-28423-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-28423-8">0-316-28423-8</a>. See Chapter 4. "The National Liberation Front".</li> <li>Douglas Valentine. <i>The Phoenix Program</i>. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-09130-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-09130-X">0-688-09130-X</a>.</li> <li>Merle Pribbenow (translation). <i>Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam</i>. University Press of Kansas. 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4">0-7006-1175-4</a></li> <li>Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. <i>Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives</i>, McFarland & Co Inc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietcong" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietcong">Vietcong</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518183019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1vJqTN-qVI&feature=youtu.be">Tet Offensive 1968, US Embassy & Saigon fighting</a>. CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614083044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26NkXQvvPMI">Vietnam War – Hue Massacre 1968</a>. A tribute to the dead of <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Trịnh Công Sơn">Trịnh Công Sơn</a>, one of wartime Vietnam's most prominent composers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522092223/http://vietnam.vassar.edu/abstracts.html">The Wars for Vietnam: 1945–1975</a>. Primary documents concerning the Vietnam War, including peace proposals, treaties, and platforms.</li> <li>Digger History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154806/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tunnels.htm">VC Tunnels</a>. At one point, Viet Cong tunnels stretched from the Cambodia border to Saigon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614072253/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4YEI94W5gA">The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311225604/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kolaiKB3u8Y">The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 2</a>. What was it like to be a Viet Cong? This recruiting video shows one perspective.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225075324/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edda5aMS_po.">Tiên vê Sài Gòn</a>" (Forward to Saigon.) This propaganda video features singing Viet Cong and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_War416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War" title="Template talk:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Việt Minh / PAVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viet Cong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_participation_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="International participation in the Vietnam War">International participants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Vietnamese migration of 1954–55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1962</b>: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Independence Palace bombing</a></li> <li><b>1963</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">Coup against Diem</a></li> <li><b>1964</b>: <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">Coup against Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December coup</a></li> <li><b>1965</b>: <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">U.S. escalation / "Americanization"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Bombing of North Vietnam</a></li> <li><b>1966</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li><b>1968</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a>)</li> <li><b>1970</b>: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><b>1971</b>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">ARVN campaign in Laos</a></li> <li><b>1972</b>: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a></li> <li><b>1973</b>: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li><b>1974</b>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Battle of Phước Long</a></li> <li><b>1975</b>: <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mines_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Land mines in the Vietnam War">Land mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">War crimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n_massacre" title="Đắk Sơn massacre">Đắk Sơn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_body_count_controversy" title="Vietnam War body count controversy">Body count controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam" title="Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam">Impact of Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Normalization of US–Vietnam relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">United States news media</a></li> <li>In popular culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games" title="List of Vietnam War games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of songs about the Vietnam War">Songs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United Kingdom and the Vietnam War">United Kingdom and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War">Henry Kissinger’s involvement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Women in the Vietnam War">Women in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War" title="Category:Vietnam War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War">Battles and operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174423#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121710755">ISNI</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2036190-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83171695">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960375t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960375t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322412&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265008405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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