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class="wrap contentclass" role="document"> <div id="content" class="container"> <div class="row single-article" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="main col-md-12" role="main"> <article class="post-16817 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-stem-in-action tag-3d-map-of-milky-way tag-acshe081 tag-acshe083 tag-acshe119 tag-acshe191 tag-acshe192 tag-acshe194 tag-acssu117 tag-acssu182 tag-acssu188 tag-acssu190 tag-acssu229 tag-astronomy tag-class-activity tag-definition-bingo tag-discovery tag-earth-and-space-sciences tag-gaia-space-mission tag-gaia-space-observatory tag-galactic-archaeology tag-galactic-history tag-galaxy tag-how-many-stars-where-born-when tag-light-years tag-luminosity tag-physical-sciences tag-resource tag-senior-science tag-senior-secondary tag-shell-fusion tag-stellar-evolutionary-phase tag-subgiants tag-technology tag-year-10 tag-year-5 tag-year-7 edu_year-year-10 edu_year-year-5 edu_year-year-7 edu_type-article edu_subject-physical-sciences edu_subject-space-sciences edu_subject-stem"> <header class="riaus"> <div class="riaus__breadcrumbs"> <a class="riaus__breadcrumbs__title brand-color">Resources</a> <div class="listing__terms"> <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/article/" class="listing__term ">Article</a> </div> </div> <div class="riaus__header"> <div class="riaus__wrapper"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="name headline"> How to build a galaxy </h1> <div class="riaus__terms grid"> <div> <h3>Years</h3> <span> 5, 7 & 10 </span> </div> <div class="subjects-topics"> <h3>Subjects/Topics:</h3> <div class="listing__terms__bg"> <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/physical-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg physical-sciences-bg-color">Physical Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/space-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg space-sciences-bg-color">Space Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem/" class="listing__term__bg stem-bg-color">STEM</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/category/stem-in-action/" class="listing__term__bg stem-in-action-bg-color">STEM in Action</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dialog-container"> <dialog class="favDialog"> <div class="favDialog__body"> <p>Please login to favourite this article.</p> </div> <div class="favDialog__footer"> <button class="button closeDialog">Close</button> <button class="button loginUrl">Login</button> </div> </dialog> <button class="showDialog"> <i class="icon-bookmark"></i> </button> </div></div> </header> <div class="entry-content riaus__article-body" itemprop="articleBody"> <div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-10"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_white" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><strong>Researchers construct a time-resolved picture of the formation history of the Milky Way.</strong></p> <p>This captivating article could be used alongside Earth and Space and Physical Sciences for years 5, 7, and 10 as well as Senior Sciences.</p> <p>Interactive class activity included.</p> <p><span style="color: #000000;">Word Count: 666</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <figure id="attachment_16833" class="thumbnail wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 640px"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-16833 size-full" src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/How-to-build-a-galaxy-milky-way_1200-e1648172708130.jpg?x50614" alt="" width="640" height="360" /><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Credit: Luke Peterson / Moment / Getty</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><strong>Figuring out the nitty-gritty of how our galaxy</strong> assembled itself from the scattered debris strewn across the emptiness of space is a challenging task. If we could hit rewind, what would our galaxy look like in its earliest days?</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany have tackled this stumper, finding a way to look back in time to piece together the evolutionary history of our galactic home. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04496-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Publishing</a> in <em>Nature</em>, the researchers describe how they compiled the astronomical equivalent of a scrapbook album to track each stage of the Milky Way’s evolution.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>To do this, they drew on an enormous dataset recently released from the <a href="https://sci.esa.int/web/gaia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency’s Gaia space observatory</a> and the <a href="http://www.lamost.org/public/?locale=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope</a> in China, picking out a subset of stars known as subgiants.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Subgiants are unusual stars, sustained by hydrogen shell fusion, that exist in the brief stellar evolutionary phase that permits the most precise and direct age determination. As far as stars go, these ones are open books – their age can be calculated from their luminosity, and the materials that built them billions of years ago can be read from the spectra of their photospheres.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>This makes them ideal for use in galactic archaeology.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <blockquote><p> “To unravel the assembly history of our galaxy we need to learn how many stars were born when, from what material and on what orbits,” say the researchers. </p></blockquote> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <blockquote><p> “This requires precise age determinations for a large sample of stars that extend to the oldest possible ages – around 14 billion years.” </p></blockquote> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>While subgiants fit the bill beautifully, they’re not easy to find.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Because of the short lifetime of their evolutionary phase, subgiants are relatively rare. Putting together the large sample size required for a galactic history project has long been considered an insurmountable challenge.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>But recent advances in astronomical capabilities are changing the playing field, giving astronomers access to data that their forebears could only dream of.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>For this study, the researchers tapped into the vast wealth of data made available by the Gaia space mission. Launched in 2013, Gaia is a space observatory on an ambitious mission to chart a three-dimensional map of the Milky Way with unprecedented precision.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Trawling through Gaia’s most recent release of data, researchers were able to pick out an incredible 250,000 stars in the subgiant phase, covering a large spatial volume of the <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/astronomy/the-milky-way-is-a-giant-smoothie-of-blended-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The team estimated the age of each individual subgiant, finding that they ranged from 1.5 billion to 13.8 billion years old. They then identified and characterised the origins of subgiants in different structural regions of the Milky Way, dividing them into “disk” and “halo” stellar populations.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Their findings suggest that the formation of the thick disk had already begun around 13 billion years ago, only 800 million years after the Big Bang.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>They further suggest that the Milky Way likely evolved in a few different phases, starting with forming populations of stellar material and stars in a thin disk – as opposed to material that is a part of halo populations that orbit every which-way, or bulge populations that rotate around like a squished sphere – around 13 billion years ago.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>After filling its core, the galaxy then merged with the Gaia-Enceladus galaxy – also delightfully known as the Gaia Sausage – two billion years later to finish assembling its inner galactic halo. This is thought to coincide with the time when most of the stars in the thick disk formed, the researchers say. The age, composition and motion of these stars highlight the dynamic processes involved in the formation of our galaxy, they conclude. It makes for exciting times in astronomy: as data continues to flow in from missions like Gaia, and from the much-anticipated <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/astronomy/why-james-webb-is-a-big-deal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, our understanding of the evolution of galaxies looks set to develop rapidly.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><em><strong>This article is republished from <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cosmos</a>.</strong> Read the original article <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/astronomy/how-was-the-milky-way-formed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</em></p> <div class="post-content-section"></div> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_grey" ><span class="vc_sep_holder 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(South Australia):</h3> <h3><span style="color: #cc0033;"><span style="color: #cc3300;">Earth and Space Sciences – Earth in Space</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #2d3791;">Physical Sciences – Forces and Motion, Energy</span></h3> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_grey" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>See also:</h3> <h3><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/new-class-of-quasars-offers-clue-to-fate-of-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New class of quasars offers clue to fate of our galaxy</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/how-many-stars-are-there-in-space/" target="_blank" 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Here's how.</a></h2> </div> <div class="listing__content__bottom"> <div class="listing__terms__bg"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem/" class="listing__term__bg stem-bg-color">STEM</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/biological-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg biological-sciences-bg-color">Biological Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/earth-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg earth-sciences-bg-color">Earth Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/technology/" class="listing__term__bg technology-bg-color">Technology</a></div> <div class="listing__summary"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/citizen-science-projects-australia-spring-2022/"> <p>Using smartphone and web-based apps, the public are spotting the country’s rarely seen animals.</p> </a> </div> <div class="listing__years">Years F-12</div> </div> </div> </article>  </li>  </div> <div class="tcol-md-4 tcol-sm-4 tcol-xs-6 tcol-ss-12"> <li class="listing__item"> <article class="listing__item__wrapper" id="post-18161" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="listing__image"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/get-ready-now-for-the-2022-great-southern-bioblitz/"> <img src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/gsb-header-image-1200-1-e1666051563267.jpg?x50614" alt="Get ready now for the 2022 Great Southern BioBlitz!" class="listing__image__item"> </a> </div> <div class="listing__content"> <div class="listing__content__top"> <div class="listing__terms__wrapper"> <div class="listing__terms"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/student-activity/" class="listing__term ">Student Activity</a> & <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/article/" class="listing__term ">Article</a></div> <div class="dialog-container"> <dialog class="favDialog"> <div class="favDialog__body"> <p>Please login to favourite this article.</p> </div> <div class="favDialog__footer"> <button class="button closeDialog">Close</button> <button class="button loginUrl">Login</button> </div> </dialog> <button class="showDialog"> <i class="icon-bookmark"></i> </button> </div> </div> <h2 class="listing__title"><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/get-ready-now-for-the-2022-great-southern-bioblitz/">Get ready now for the 2022 Great Southern BioBlitz!</a></h2> </div> <div class="listing__content__bottom"> <div class="listing__terms__bg"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/biological-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg biological-sciences-bg-color">Biological Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem/" class="listing__term__bg stem-bg-color">STEM</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/technology/" class="listing__term__bg technology-bg-color">Technology</a></div> <div class="listing__summary"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/get-ready-now-for-the-2022-great-southern-bioblitz/"> <p>Citizen science is raising awareness about biodiversity on 28-31 October 2022. The ‘Great Southern BioBlitz’, or ‘GSB’ for short, is...</p> </a> </div> <div class="listing__years">Years F-12</div> </div> </div> </article>  </li>  </div> <div class="tcol-md-4 tcol-sm-4 tcol-xs-6 tcol-ss-12"> <li class="listing__item"> <article class="listing__item__wrapper" id="post-18107" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="listing__image"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/future-careers/"> <img src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/unnamed-2-e1664855038654.png?x50614" alt="Future Careers" class="listing__image__item"> </a> </div> <div class="listing__content"> <div class="listing__content__top"> <div class="listing__terms__wrapper"> <div class="listing__terms"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/article/" class="listing__term ">Article</a>, <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/career-profile/" class="listing__term ">Career Profile</a> & <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/student-activity/" class="listing__term ">Student Activity</a></div> <div class="dialog-container"> <dialog class="favDialog"> <div class="favDialog__body"> <p>Please login to favourite this article.</p> </div> <div class="favDialog__footer"> <button class="button closeDialog">Close</button> <button class="button loginUrl">Login</button> </div> </dialog> <button class="showDialog"> <i class="icon-bookmark"></i> </button> </div> </div> <h2 class="listing__title"><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/future-careers/">Future Careers</a></h2> </div> <div class="listing__content__bottom"> <div class="listing__terms__bg"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/careers-in-stem/" class="listing__term__bg careers-in-stem-bg-color">Careers in STEM</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem/" class="listing__term__bg stem-bg-color">STEM</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem-in-action/" class="listing__term__bg stem-in-action-bg-color">STEM in Action</a></div> <div class="listing__summary"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/future-careers/"> <p>Explore the reimagined Future You STEM careers website for students aged 8 to 12.</p> </a> </div> <div class="listing__years">Years 3-7</div> </div> </div> </article>  </li>  </div> <div class="tcol-md-4 tcol-sm-4 tcol-xs-6 tcol-ss-12"> <li class="listing__item"> <article class="listing__item__wrapper" id="post-18072" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="listing__image"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/australian-research-brings-scientists-closer-to-making-blood-stem-cells-in-the-lab/"> <img src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Credit-Henrik5000-Getty-Images-1200-1-e1663906944947.jpg?x50614" alt="Australian research brings scientists closer to making blood stem cells in the lab" class="listing__image__item"> </a> </div> <div class="listing__content"> <div class="listing__content__top"> <div class="listing__terms__wrapper"> <div class="listing__terms"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/article/" class="listing__term ">Article</a> & <a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/student-activity/" class="listing__term ">Student Activity</a></div> <div class="dialog-container"> <dialog class="favDialog"> <div class="favDialog__body"> <p>Please login to favourite this article.</p> </div> <div class="favDialog__footer"> <button class="button closeDialog">Close</button> <button class="button loginUrl">Login</button> </div> </dialog> <button class="showDialog"> <i class="icon-bookmark"></i> </button> </div> </div> <h2 class="listing__title"><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/australian-research-brings-scientists-closer-to-making-blood-stem-cells-in-the-lab/">Australian research brings scientists closer to making blood stem cells in the lab</a></h2> </div> <div class="listing__content__bottom"> <div class="listing__terms__bg"><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/biological-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg biological-sciences-bg-color">Biological Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/health-medical-sciences/" class="listing__term__bg health-medical-sciences-bg-color">Health & Medical Sciences</a><a href = "https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/subjects/stem/" class="listing__term__bg stem-bg-color">STEM</a></div> <div class="listing__summary"> <a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/australian-research-brings-scientists-closer-to-making-blood-stem-cells-in-the-lab/"> <p>Australian blood stem cell research could help change the future of stem cell medicine. 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