CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chaparral - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5bc0de2e-0053-4012-bd1a-673fb0d3c6cb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chaparral","wgTitle":"Chaparral","wgCurRevisionId":1245626276,"wgRevisionId":1245626276,"wgArticleId":7455,"wgIsArticle": true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chaparral","wgRelevantArticleId":7455,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym": "अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy", "autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym": "Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab", "autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad", "autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym": "Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym" :"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy", "autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku", "kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is", "ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q842123","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/1200px-Chaparral1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/800px-Chaparral1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/640px-Chaparral1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chaparral - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chaparral rootpage-Chaparral stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chaparral" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Chaparral" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chaparral</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Chaparral" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Chaparral" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chaparral" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plant community. For the plant used medicinally, see <a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">Larrea tridentata</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chaparral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chaparral (disambiguation)">Chaparral (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Chaparral (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌʃæpəˈræl, ˌtʃæp-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHAP-ə-RAL, CHAP-</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community">plant community</a> found primarily in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oregon" title="Southern Oregon">southern Oregon</a> and in the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. It is shaped by a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">crown fires</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaparral1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/221px-Chaparral1.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/332px-Chaparral1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chaparral1.jpg/442px-Chaparral1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></a><figcaption>Chaparral in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Mountains" title="Santa Ynez Mountains">Santa Ynez Mountains</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>, California</figcaption></figure> Many chaparral shrubs have hard <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a> evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved, <a href="/wiki/Drought-deciduous" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought-deciduous">drought-deciduous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">scrub</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_sage_scrub" title="Coastal sage scrub">coastal sage scrub</a>, found often on drier, southern facing slopes. Three other closely related chaparral shrubland systems occur in southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and along the eastern side of central Mexico's mountain chains, all having summer rains in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of other chaparral formations. Chaparral comprises 9% of California's wildland vegetation and contains 20% of its plant species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/lartri/all.html#DISTRIBUTION%20AND%20OCCURRENCE">See US Forest Service map and details of distribution and occurrence</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Introduction">2 Introduction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#California_chaparral">3 California chaparral</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#California_chaparral_and_woodlands_ecoregion">3.1 California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chaparral_and_woodlands_biota">3.1.1 Chaparral and woodlands biota</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#California_cismontane_and_transmontane_chaparral_subdivisions">3.2 California cismontane and transmontane chaparral subdivisions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#California_cismontane_chaparral">3.2.1 California cismontane chaparral</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cismontane_chaparral_plant_species">3.2.1.1 Cismontane chaparral plant species</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cismontane_chaparral_bird_species">3.2.1.2 Cismontane chaparral bird species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#California_transmontane_(desert)_chaparral">3.2.2 California transmontane (desert) chaparral</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Transmontane_chaparral_distribution">3.2.2.1 Transmontane chaparral distribution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Transmontane_chaparral_plants">3.2.2.2 Transmontane chaparral plants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Transmontane_chaparral_animals">3.2.2.3 Transmontane chaparral animals</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Fire">4 Fire</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Threatened_by_high_fire_frequency">4.1 Threatened by high fire frequency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Wildfire_debate">4.2 Wildfire debate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography">7 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">chaparro</a>, which translates to "place of the <a href="/wiki/Scrub_oak" title="Scrub oak">scrub oak</a>". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In its natural state, chaparral is characterized by infrequent fires, with natural fire return intervals ranging between 30 years and over 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-Halsey_Conservation_Issues-2">[2]</a> Mature chaparral (at least 60 years since time of last fire) is characterized by nearly impenetrable, dense thickets (except the more open desert chaparral). These plants are flammable during the late summer and autumn months when conditions are characteristically hot and dry. They grow as woody shrubs with thick, leathery, and often small leaves, contain green leaves all year (are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>), and are typically drought resistant (with some exceptions<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>). After the first rains following a fire, the landscape is dominated by small flowering herbaceous plants, known as fire followers, which die back with the summer dry period. Similar plant communities are found in the four other Mediterranean climate regions around the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> (where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis</a>), central <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (where it is called <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Matorral" title="Chilean Matorral">matorral</a>), the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Cape Region (known there as <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a>), and in Western and Southern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Kwongan" title="Kwongan">kwongan</a>). According to the California Academy of Sciences, Mediterranean shrubland contains more than 20 percent of the world's plant diversity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The word chaparral is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">chaparro</a>, meaning place of the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">scrub oak</a>, which itself comes from a <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> word, txapar, that has the same meaning. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a> and other conservation organizations consider chaparral to be a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Biological_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological community">biological community</a> with a large number of different species – that is under threat by human activity. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="California_chaparral">California chaparral</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: California chaparral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_chaparral_and_woodlands_ecoregion">California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California chaparral and woodlands">California chaparral and woodlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg/220px-Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1014"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg/220px-Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg/330px-Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg/440px-Guatay_old_growth_carpet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old-growth chaparral more than a century old</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg/220px-CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg/220px-CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg/330px-CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg/440px-CSS_with_LR-1b_x.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coastal sage scrub in San Diego County</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California chaparral and woodlands">California chaparral and woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, has three sub-ecoregions with <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>–<a href="/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community">plant community</a> subdivisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_coastal_sage_and_chaparral" title="California coastal sage and chaparral">California coastal sage and chaparral</a>: In coastal <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and northwestern coastal <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, as well as all of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Islands of California">Channel Islands</a> off California and <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a> (Mexico).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_montane_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California montane chaparral and woodlands">California montane chaparral and woodlands</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">central coast</a> adjacent and inland California regions, including covering some of the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a>, and the western slopes of the northern <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_interior_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California interior chaparral and woodlands">California interior chaparral and woodlands</a>: In central interior California surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, covering the foothills and lower slopes of the northeastern Transverse Ranges and the western <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> range.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaparral_and_woodlands_biota">Chaparral and woodlands biota</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chaparral and woodlands biota" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For the numerous individual plant and animal species found within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_the_California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands">Flora of the California chaparral and woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="Category:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands">Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands</a>.</li></ul> Some of the indicator plants of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">Quercus</a> species – oaks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">Quercus agrifolia</a> – coast live oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">Quercus berberidifolia</a> – scrub oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis" title="Quercus chrysolepis">Quercus chrysolepis</a> – canyon live oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">Quercus douglasii</a> – blue oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni" title="Quercus wislizeni">Quercus wislizeni</a> – interior live oak</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">Artemisia</a> species – sagebrush: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_californica" title="Artemisia californica">Artemisia californica</a> – California sagebrush, coastal sage brush</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos" title="Arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a> species – manzanitas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_glauca" title="Arctostaphylos glauca">Arctostaphylos glauca</a> – bigberry manzanita</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_manzanita" title="Arctostaphylos manzanita">Arctostaphylos manzanita</a> – common manzanita</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus" title="Ceanothus">Ceanothus</a> species – California lilacs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus_cuneatus" title="Ceanothus cuneatus">Ceanothus cuneatus</a> – buckbrush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus_megacarpus" title="Ceanothus megacarpus">Ceanothus megacarpus</a> – bigpod ceanothus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhus">Rhus</a> species – sumacs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhus_integrifolia" title="Rhus integrifolia">Rhus integrifolia</a> – lemonade berry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhus_ovata" title="Rhus ovata">Rhus ovata</a> – sugar bush</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriogonum" title="Eriogonum">Eriogonum</a> species – buckwheats: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum" title="Eriogonum fasciculatum">Eriogonum fasciculatum</a> – California buckwheat</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">Salvia</a> species – sages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_mellifera" title="Salvia mellifera">Salvia mellifera</a> – Californian black sage</li></ul></li></ul> Chaparral soils and nutrient composition Chaparral characteristically is found in areas with steep topography and shallow stony soils, while adjacent areas with clay soils, even where steep, tend to be colonized by annual plants and grasses. Some chaparral species are adapted to nutrient-poor soils developed over serpentine and other ultramafic rock, with a high ratio of magnesium and iron to calcium and potassium, that are also generally low in essential nutrients such as nitrogen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_cismontane_and_transmontane_chaparral_subdivisions">California cismontane and transmontane chaparral subdivisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: California cismontane and transmontane chaparral subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Another <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">phytogeography</a> system uses two California chaparral and woodlands subdivisions: the cismontane chaparral and the transmontane (desert) chaparral. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_cismontane_chaparral">California cismontane chaparral</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: California cismontane chaparral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cismontane chaparral ("this side of the mountain") refers to the <a href="/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California chaparral and woodlands">chaparral ecosystem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> in California, growing on the western (and coastal) sides of large mountain range systems, such as the western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> foothills, western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a>, and south-southwest slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> in the Central Coast and Southern California regions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cismontane_chaparral_plant_species">Cismontane chaparral plant species</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cismontane chaparral plant species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more flora species, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_the_California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands">Category: Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands</a>.</div> In Central and <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> chaparral forms a dominant habitat. Members of the chaparral biota native to California, all of which tend to regrow quickly after fires, include: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg/220px-11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="908"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg/220px-11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg/330px-11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg/440px-11_Legacy_A_refugioensis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An old-growth manzanita, a classic member of the chaparral plant community</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenostoma_fasciculatum" title="Adenostoma fasciculatum">Adenostoma fasciculatum</a>, chamise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenostoma_sparsifolium" title="Adenostoma sparsifolium">Adenostoma sparsifolium</a>, redshanks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos" title="Arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a> spp., manzanita</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus" title="Ceanothus">Ceanothus</a> spp., ceanothus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercocarpus" title="Cercocarpus">Cercocarpus</a> spp., mountain mahogany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cneoridium_dumosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cneoridium dumosum">Cneoridium dumosum</a>, bush rue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum" title="Eriogonum fasciculatum">Eriogonum fasciculatum</a>, California buckwheat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrya" title="Garrya">Garrya</a> spp., silk-tassel bush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperoyucca_whipplei" title="Hesperoyucca whipplei">Hesperoyucca whipplei</a>, yucca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteromeles_arbutifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteromeles arbutifolia">Heteromeles arbutifolia</a>, toyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmispon_glaber" title="Acmispon glaber">Acmispon glaber</a>, deerweed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malosma_laurina" class="mw-redirect" title="Malosma laurina">Malosma laurina</a>, laurel sumac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_macrocarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marah macrocarpus">Marah macrocarpus</a>, wild cucumber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimulus_aurantiacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimulus aurantiacus">Mimulus aurantiacus</a>, bush monkeyflower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickeringia_montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickeringia montana">Pickeringia montana</a>, chaparral pea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus_ilicifolia" title="Prunus ilicifolia">Prunus ilicifolia</a>, islay or hollyleaf cherry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">Quercus berberidifolia</a>, scrub oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_dumosa" title="Quercus dumosa">Q. dumosa</a>, scrub oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizenii" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus wislizenii">Q. wislizenii</a> var. frutescens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_californica" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus californica">Rhamnus californica</a>, California coffeeberry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhus_integrifolia" title="Rhus integrifolia">Rhus integrifolia</a>, lemonade berry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhus_ovata" title="Rhus ovata">Rhus ovata</a>, sugar bush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_apiana" title="Salvia apiana">Salvia apiana</a>, Californian white sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_mellifera" title="Salvia mellifera">Salvia mellifera</a>, Californian black sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylococcus_bicolor" title="Xylococcus bicolor">Xylococcus bicolor</a>, mission manzanita</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cismontane_chaparral_bird_species">Cismontane chaparral bird species</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cismontane chaparral bird species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more bird species, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="Category:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands">Category: Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands</a>.</div> The complex ecology of chaparral habitats supports a very large number of animal species. The following is a short list of birds which are an integral part of the cismontane chaparral ecosystems. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg/220px-Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg/220px-Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg/330px-Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg/440px-Wrentit_with_Crest_b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wrentit, the most characteristic bird of the chaparral</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Characteristic chaparral bird species include:</dd></dl> <ul><li>Wrentit (<a href="/wiki/Chamaea_fasciata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaea fasciata">Chamaea fasciata</a>)</li> <li>California thrasher (<a href="/wiki/Toxostoma_redivivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxostoma redivivum">Toxostoma redivivum</a>)</li> <li>California towhee (<a href="/wiki/Melozone_crissalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Melozone crissalis">Melozone crissalis</a>)</li> <li>Spotted towhee (<a href="/wiki/Pipilo_maculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipilo maculatus">Pipilo maculatus</a>)</li> <li>California scrub jay (<a href="/wiki/Aphelocoma_californica" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelocoma californica">Aphelocoma californica</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Other common chaparral bird species include:</dd></dl> <ul><li>Anna's hummingbird (<a href="/wiki/Calypte_anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Calypte anna">Calypte anna</a>)</li> <li>Bewick's wren (<a href="/wiki/Thryomanes_bewickii" class="mw-redirect" title="Thryomanes bewickii">Thryomanes bewickii</a>)</li> <li>Bushtit (<a href="/wiki/Psaltriparus_minimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psaltriparus minimus">Psaltriparus minimus</a>)</li> <li>Costa's hummingbird (<a href="/wiki/Calypte_costae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calypte costae">Calypte costae</a>)</li> <li>Greater roadrunner (<a href="/wiki/Geococcyx_californianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geococcyx californianus">Geococcyx californianus</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_transmontane_(desert)_chaparral">California transmontane (desert) chaparral</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: California transmontane (desert) chaparral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Transmontane chaparral or desert chaparral—transmontane ("the other side of the mountain") chaparral—refers to the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> shrubland <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> and chaparral <a href="/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community">plant community</a> growing in the <a href="/wiki/Rainshadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainshadow">rainshadow</a> of these ranges. Transmontane chaparral features xeric <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climate, not <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> habitats, and is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Desert_chaparral" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert chaparral">desert chaparral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-co.san-diego.ca.us-7">[7]</a> Desert chaparral is a regional <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> subset of the <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">deserts and xeric shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, with some plant species from the <a href="/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California chaparral and woodlands">California chaparral and woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. Unlike cismontane chaparral, which forms dense, impenetrable stands of plants, desert chaparral is often open, with only about 50 percent of the ground covered.<a href="#cite_note-NHC-8">[8]</a> Individual shrubs can reach up to 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg/220px-Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg/220px-Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg/330px-Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg/440px-Sunrise_Hwy_Montane_chaparral-1b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Transmontane chaparral in the Laguna Mountains, Cleveland National Forest</figcaption></figure> Transmontane chaparral or desert chaparral is found on the eastern slopes of major <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> systems on the western sides of the <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_California" title="Deserts of California">deserts of California</a>. The mountain systems include the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> (the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains" title="San Bernardino Mountains">San Bernardino</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains" title="San Gabriel Mountains">San Gabriel Mountains</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> north and northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles basin">Los Angeles basin</a> and Inland Empire; and the northern <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a> (San Jacinto, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Mountains_(California)" title="Santa Rosa Mountains (California)">Santa Rosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Mountains" title="Laguna Mountains">Laguna Mountains</a>), which separate the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>) from lower coastal <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHC-8">[8]</a> It is distinguished from the cismontane chaparral found on the coastal side of the mountains, which experiences higher winter rainfall. Naturally, desert chaparral experiences less winter rainfall than cismontane chaparral. Plants in this community are characterized by small, hard (<a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllic">sclerophyllic</a>) evergreen (non-<a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>) leaves. Desert chaparral grows above California's desert cactus scrub plant community and below the <a href="/wiki/Pinyon-juniper_woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyon-juniper woodland">pinyon-juniper woodland</a>. It is further distinguished from the deciduous sub-alpine scrub above the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the same side of the Peninsular ranges. Due to the lower annual rainfall (resulting in slower plant growth rates) when compared to cismontane chaparral, desert chaparral is more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and the invasion of non-native weeds and grasses if disturbed by human activity and frequent fire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transmontane_chaparral_distribution">Transmontane chaparral distribution</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transmontane chaparral distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Transmontane (desert) chaparral typically grows on the lower (3,500–4,500 feet (1,100–1,400 m) elevation) northern slopes of the southern Transverse Ranges (running east to west in <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Bernardino County">San Bernardino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles</a> counties) and on the lower (2,500–3,500 feet (760–1,070 m)) eastern slopes of the Peninsular Ranges (running south to north from lower <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> to Riverside and <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a> counties and the Transverse Ranges).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It can also be found in higher-elevation <a href="/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island">sky islands</a> in the interior of the deserts, such as in the upper <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mountains" title="New York Mountains">New York Mountains</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_National_Preserve" title="Mojave National Preserve">Mojave National Preserve</a> in the Mojave Desert.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2022-10">[10]</a> The California transmontane (desert) chaparral is found in the rain shadow deserts of the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a> and northern Mojave Desert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> creating the western through eastern <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-co.san-diego.ca.us-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transmontane_chaparral_plants">Transmontane chaparral plants</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transmontane chaparral plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenostoma_fasciculatum" title="Adenostoma fasciculatum">Adenostoma fasciculatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamise">chamise</a> (a low shrub common to most chaparral with clusters of tiny needle like leaves or fascicles; similar in appearance to coastal <a href="/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum" title="Eriogonum fasciculatum">Eriogonum fasciculatum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_deserti" title="Agave deserti">Agave deserti</a>, desert agave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_glauca" title="Arctostaphylos glauca">Arctostaphylos glauca</a>, bigberry manzanita (smooth red bark with large edible berries; glauca means blue-green, the color of its leaves)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus_greggii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceanothus greggii">Ceanothus greggii</a>, desert ceanothus, California lilac (a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixer</a>, has hair on both sides of leaves for heat dissipation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercocarpus_ledifolius" title="Cercocarpus ledifolius">Cercocarpus ledifolius</a>, curl leaf mountain mahogany, a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixer</a> important food source for <a href="/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep" title="Desert bighorn sheep">desert bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendromecon_rigida" title="Dendromecon rigida">Dendromecon rigida</a>, bush poppy (a fire follower with four petaled yellow flowers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Mormon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon tea">Mormon teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremontodendron_californicum" title="Fremontodendron californicum">Fremontodendron californicum</a>, California flannel bush (lobed leaves with fine coating of hair, covered with yellow blossoms in spring)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_acanthocarpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Opuntia acanthocarpa">Opuntia acanthocarpa</a>, buckhorn cholla (branches resemble antlers of a deer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_echinocarpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Opuntia echinocarpa">Opuntia echinocarpa</a>, silver or golden cholla (depending on color of the spines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_phaeacantha" title="Opuntia phaeacantha">Opuntia phaeacantha</a>, desert prickly pear (fruit is important food source for animals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshia_tridentata" title="Purshia tridentata">Purshia tridentata</a>, buckbrush, antelope bitterbrush (<a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus_fremontii" title="Prunus fremontii">Prunus fremontii</a>, desert apricot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus_fasciculata" title="Prunus fasciculata">Prunus fasciculata</a>, desert almond (commonly infested with tent caterpillars of <a href="/wiki/Malacosoma" title="Malacosoma">Malacosoma</a> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus_ilicifolia" title="Prunus ilicifolia">Prunus ilicifolia</a>, holly-leaf cherry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_cornelius-mulleri" title="Quercus cornelius-mulleri">Quercus cornelius-mulleri</a>, desert scrub oak or Muller's oak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhus_ovata" title="Rhus ovata">Rhus ovata</a>, sugar bush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsia_chinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Simmondsia chinensis">Simmondsia chinensis</a>, jojoba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_schidigera" title="Yucca schidigera">Yucca schidigera</a>, Mojave yucca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperoyucca_whipplei" title="Hesperoyucca whipplei">Hesperoyucca whipplei</a> (syn. Yucca whipplei), foothill yucca – our lord's candle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transmontane_chaparral_animals">Transmontane chaparral animals</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transmontane chaparral animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is overlap of animals with those of the adjacent desert and pinyon-juniper communities.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canis_latrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis latrans">Canis latrans</a>, coyote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx rufus">Lynx rufus</a>, bobcat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotoma">Neotoma</a> sp., desert pack rat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus_hemionus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odocoileus hemionus">Odocoileus hemionus</a>, mule deer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peromyscus_truei" class="mw-redirect" title="Peromyscus truei">Peromyscus truei</a>, pinyon mouse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_concolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma concolor">Puma concolor</a>, mountain lion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagmomantis_californica" title="Stagmomantis californica">Stagmomantis californica</a>, California mantis</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Fire">Fire</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Chaparral is a coastal biome with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The chaparral area receives about 38–100 cm (15–39 in) of precipitation a year. This makes the chaparral most vulnerable to fire in the late summer and fall. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg/220px-Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg/220px-Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg/330px-Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg/440px-Chamise_resprout_Mag_Road_III.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) resprouting after a high-intensity chaparral fire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg/220px-Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg/220px-Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg/330px-Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg/440px-Post_Fire_Wildflowers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wildflower display after the 2007 Witch Creek Fire, San Diego County, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg/220px-Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg/220px-Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg/330px-Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg/440px-Hwy_60_Riverside_County.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Impact of high fire frequency: chaparral/sage scrub type converted to non-native grassland</figcaption></figure> The chaparral ecosystem as a whole is adapted to be able to recover from naturally infrequent, high-intensity fire (fires occurring between 30 and 150 years or more apart); indeed, chaparral regions are known culturally and historically for their impressive fires. (This does create a conflict with human development adjacent to and expanding into chaparral systems.) Additionally, Native Americans burned chaparral near villages on the coastal plain to promote plant species for textiles and food.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Before a major fire, typical chaparral plant communities are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Manzanita" title="Manzanita">manzanita</a>, chamise <a href="/wiki/Adenostoma_fasciculatum" title="Adenostoma fasciculatum">Adenostoma fasciculatum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceanothus" title="Ceanothus">Ceanothus</a> species, <a href="/wiki/Toyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyon">toyon</a> (which can sometimes be interspersed with <a href="/wiki/California_scrub_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="California scrub oak">scrub oaks</a>), and other drought-resistant shrubs with hard (<a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a>) leaves; these plants resprout (see <a href="/wiki/Resprouter" title="Resprouter">resprouter</a>) from underground <a href="/wiki/Burl" title="Burl">burls</a> after a fire.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_CA_Ecosystems-13">[13]</a> Plants that are long-lived in the seed bank or serotinous with induced germination after fire include chamise, Ceanothus, and fiddleneck. Some chaparral plant communities may grow so dense and tall that it becomes difficult for large animals and humans to penetrate, but may be teeming with smaller fauna in the understory. The seeds of many chaparral plant species are stimulated to germinate by some fire cue (heat or the chemicals from smoke or charred wood).<a href="#cite_note-Parker_CA_Ecosystems-13">[13]</a> During the time shortly after a fire, chaparral communities may contain soft-leaved herbaceous, fire following annual wildflowers and short-lived perennials that dominate the community for the first few years – until the burl resprouts and seedlings of chaparral shrub species create a mature, dense overstory. Seeds of annuals and shrubs lie dormant until the next fire creates the conditions needed for germination. Several shrub species such as Ceanothus fix nitrogen, increasing the availability of nitrogen compounds in the soil.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Because of the hot, dry conditions that exist in the California summer and fall, chaparral is one of the most fire-prone plant communities in North America. Some fires are caused by lightning, but these are usually during periods of high humidity and low winds and are easily controlled. Nearly all of the very large wildfires are caused by human activity during periods of hot, dry easterly <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds" title="Santa Ana winds">Santa Ana winds</a>. These human-caused fires are commonly ignited by power line failures, vehicle fires and collisions, sparks from machinery, arson, or campfires. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threatened_by_high_fire_frequency">Threatened by high fire frequency</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Threatened by high fire frequency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Though adapted to infrequent fires, chaparral plant communities can be eliminated by frequent fires. A high frequency of fire (less than 10-15 years apart) will result in the loss of obligate seeding shrub species such as Manzanita spp. This high frequency disallows seeder plants to reach their reproductive size before the next fire and the community shifts to a sprouter-dominance. If high frequency fires continue over time, obligate resprouting shrub species can also be eliminated by exhausting their energy reserves below-ground. Today, frequent accidental ignitions can convert chaparral from a native shrubland to non-native annual grassland and drastically reduce species diversity, especially under drought brought about by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildfire_debate">Wildfire debate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildfire debate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are two older hypotheses relating to California chaparral fire regimes that caused considerable debate in the past within the fields of wildfire ecology and land management. Research over the past two decades have rejected these hypotheses: <ol><li>That older stands of chaparral become "<a href="/wiki/Senescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Senescent">senescent</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Decadent" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadent">decadent</a>", thus implying that fire is necessary for the plants to remain healthy,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>That <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">wildfire suppression</a> policies have allowed dead chaparral to accumulate unnaturally, creating ample fuel for large fires.<a href="#cite_note-Minnich_1983-18">[18]</a></li></ol> The perspective that older chaparral is unhealthy or unproductive may have originated during the 1940s when studies were conducted measuring the amount of forage available to deer populations in chaparral stands.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, according to recent studies, California chaparral is extraordinarily resilient to very long periods without fire<a href="#cite_note-Keeley_255%E2%80%93265-20">[20]</a> and continues to maintain productive growth throughout pre-fire conditions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Seeds of many chaparral plants actually require 30 years or more worth of accumulated <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> before they will successfully germinate (e.g., scrub oak, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">Quercus berberidifolia</a>; toyon, <a href="/wiki/Heteromeles_arbutifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteromeles arbutifolia">Heteromeles arbutifolia</a>; and holly-leafed cherry, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_ilicifolia" title="Prunus ilicifolia">Prunus ilicifolia</a>). When intervals between fires drop below 10 to 15 years, many chaparral species are eliminated and the system is typically replaced by non-native, invasive, weedy grassland.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The idea that older chaparral is responsible for causing large fires was originally proposed in the 1980s by comparing wildfires in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and southern California. It was suggested that fire suppression activities in southern California allowed more fuel to accumulate, which in turn led to larger fires.<a href="#cite_note-Minnich_1983-18">[18]</a> This is similar to the observation that fire suppression and other human-caused disturbances in dry, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a> forests in the Southwest of the United States has unnaturally increased forest density.<a href="#cite_note-Swetnam_1999-26">[26]</a> Historically, mixed-severity fires likely burned through these forests every decade or so,<a href="#cite_note-Swetnam_1999-26">[26]</a> burning understory plants, small trees, and downed logs at low-severity, and patches of trees at high-severity.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, chaparral has a high-intensity crown-fire regime, meaning that fires consume nearly all the above ground growth whenever they burn, with a historical frequency of 30 to 150 years or more.<a href="#cite_note-Halsey_Conservation_Issues-2">[2]</a> A detailed analysis of historical fire data concluded that fire suppression activities have been ineffective at excluding fire from southern California chaparral, unlike in ponderosa pine forests.<a href="#cite_note-Keeley_255%E2%80%93265-20">[20]</a> In addition, the number of fires is increasing in step with population growth and exacerbated by climate change. Chaparral stand age does not have a significant correlation to its tendency to burn.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Large, infrequent, high-intensity wildfires are part of the natural fire regime for California chaparral.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Extreme weather conditions (low humidity, high temperature, high winds), drought, and low fuel moisture are the primary factors in determining how large a chaparral fire becomes. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Chaparral_Institute" title="California Chaparral Institute">California Chaparral Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California chaparral and woodlands">California chaparral and woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_coastal_sage_and_chaparral" title="California coastal sage and chaparral">California coastal sage and chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_montane_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California montane chaparral and woodlands">California montane chaparral and woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_interior_chaparral_and_woodlands" title="California interior chaparral and woodlands">California interior chaparral and woodlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">Heath (habitat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">Keystone species reintroduction</a>: (sufficient) native <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone</a> grazing species in grasslands will promote tree growth, reducing wildfire likelihood<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrigue" title="Garrigue">Garrigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wildland_Fire" title="International Association of Wildland Fire">International Association of Wildland Fire</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chaparral">"chaparral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chaparral&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fchaparral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halsey_Conservation_Issues-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halsey_Conservation_Issues_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halsey_Conservation_Issues_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalseyKeeley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Halsey, R.W.; Keeley, J.E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiachaparral.org/__static/fea8c75bc95c015706d40af2bf07f8aa/halsey_and_keeley_chaparral_diversity_-2016-b-1.pdf?dl=1">"Conservation Issues: California chaparral"</a> (PDF). Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-409548-9.09584-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09584-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124095489" title="Special:BookSources/9780124095489"><bdi>9780124095489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reference+Module+in+Earth+Systems+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.atitle=Conservation+Issues%3A+California+chaparral&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-409548-9.09584-1&rft.isbn=9780124095489&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Keeley%2C+J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniachaparral.org%2F__static%2Ffea8c75bc95c015706d40af2bf07f8aa%2Fhalsey_and_keeley_chaparral_diversity_-2016-b-1.pdf%3Fdl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenturasMacKinnonDarioJacobsen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Venturas, Martin D.; MacKinnon, Evan D.; Dario, Hannah L.; Jacobsen, Anna L.; Pratt, R. Brandon; Davis, Stephen D. (2016-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938587">"Chaparral Shrub Hydraulic Traits, Size, and Life History Types Relate to Species Mortality during California's Historic Drought of 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 11 (7): e0159145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1159145V">2016PLoSO..1159145V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0159145">10.1371/journal.pone.0159145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938587">4938587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27391489">27391489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Chaparral+Shrub+Hydraulic+Traits%2C+Size%2C+and+Life+History+Types+Relate+to+Species+Mortality+during+California%27s+Historic+Drought+of+2014&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0159145&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4938587%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1159145V&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27391489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0159145&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Venturas&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+Evan+D.&rft.au=Dario%2C+Hannah+L.&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Anna+L.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+R.+Brandon&rft.au=Davis%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4938587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/discovering-rainforest-locations">"Discovering Rainforest Locations"</a>. California Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Discovering+Rainforest+Locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calacademy.org%2Feducators%2Flesson-plans%2Fdiscovering-rainforest-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714080728/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/california_floristic/Pages/default.aspx">"The Biodiversity Hotspots_Conservation International"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/california_floristic/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 2007-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biodiversity+Hotspots_Conservation+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversityhotspots.org%2Fxp%2Fhotspots%2Fcalifornia_floristic%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1">b</a> A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenerr, Figure 8.9 – 8.10, Table 8.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-co.san-diego.ca.us-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-co.san-diego.ca.us_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-co.san-diego.ca.us_7-1">b</a> County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use Multiple Species Conservation Program, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106032023/http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/dplu/mscp/docs/Biodiversity/handoutvegcomm14.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/dplu/mscp/docs/Biodiversity/handoutvegcomm14.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2010-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.san-diego.ca.us%2Fdplu%2Fmscp%2Fdocs%2FBiodiversity%2Fhandoutvegcomm14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NHC-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHC_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHC_8-1">b</a> A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenherr, pp. 8–9, 357, 327, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0">978-0-520-06922-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenherr, pp. 327, Figure 8.9, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0">978-0-520-06922-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_2022-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2022_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Shane (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360227568">"Disjunct chaparral relicts in the New York Mountains of Mojave National Preserve: a preliminary survey"</a>. 2022 Desert Symposium at Copper Mountain College. Retrieved 2024-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2022+Desert+Symposium+at+Copper+Mountain+College&rft.atitle=Disjunct+chaparral+relicts+in+the+New+York+Mountains+of+Mojave+National+Preserve%3A+a+preliminary+survey&rft.date=2022-04&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F360227568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowling2016" class="citation book cs1">Knowling, Doug (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1V8DgAAQBAJ&q=There+is+overlap+of+animals+with+those+of+the+adjacent+desert+and+pinyon-juniper+communities&pg=PA49">Ecological Restoration: Wildfire Ecology Reference Manual</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365453458" title="Special:BookSources/9781365453458"><bdi>9781365453458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Restoration%3A+Wildfire+Ecology+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781365453458&rft.aulast=Knowling&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1V8DgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThere%2Bis%2Boverlap%2Bof%2Banimals%2Bwith%2Bthose%2Bof%2Bthe%2Badjacent%2Bdesert%2Band%2Bpinyon-juniper%2Bcommunities%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fire, native peoples, and the natural landscape. Vale, Thomas R., 1943-. Washington, DC: Island Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559638890" title="Special:BookSources/9781559638890"><bdi>9781559638890</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614708491">614708491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire%2C+native+peoples%2C+and+the+natural+landscape&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F614708491&rft.isbn=9781559638890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker_CA_Ecosystems-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_CA_Ecosystems_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_CA_Ecosystems_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, V. T. (2016). Mooney, H.; Zavaleta, E. (eds.). "Chaparral". Ecosystems of California. <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland, CA">Oakland, CA</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 479–507.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosystems+of+California&rft.atitle=Chaparral&rft.pages=479-507&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=V.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKummerowAlexanderNeelFishbeck1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kummerow, J.; Alexander, J.V.; Neel, J.W.; Fishbeck (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2442555">"Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in ceanothus roots"</a>. Botany. 65 (1): 63–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x">10.1002/j.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2442555">2442555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botany&rft.atitle=Symbiotic+Nitrogen+fixation+in+ceanothus+roots&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-69&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2442555%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kummerow&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+J.V.&rft.au=Neel%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Fishbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2442555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyphardRadeloffKeeleyHawbaker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Syphard, Alexandra D.; Radeloff, Volker C.; Keeley, Jon E.; Hawbaker, Todd J.; Clayton, Murray K.; Stewart, Susan I.; Hammer, Roger B. (2007-07-01). "Human Influence on California Fire Regimes". Ecological Applications. 17 (5): 1388–1402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EcoAp..17.1388S">2007EcoAp..17.1388S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-1128.1">10.1890/06-1128.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5582">1939-5582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17708216">17708216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Human+Influence+on+California+Fire+Regimes&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1388-1402&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F06-1128.1&rft.issn=1939-5582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17708216&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EcoAp..17.1388S&rft.aulast=Syphard&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+D.&rft.au=Radeloff%2C+Volker+C.&rft.au=Keeley%2C+Jon+E.&rft.au=Hawbaker%2C+Todd+J.&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Murray+K.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Susan+I.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Roger+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattJacobsenRamirezHelms2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, R. Brandon; Jacobsen, Anna L.; Ramirez, Aaron R.; Helms, Anjel M.; Traugh, Courtney A.; Tobin, Michael F.; Heffner, Marcus S.; Davis, Stephen D. (2014-03-01). "Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic consequences". Global Change Biology. 20 (3): 893–907. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GCBio..20..893P">2014GCBio..20..893P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.12477">10.1111/gcb.12477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2486">1365-2486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375846">24375846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19688559">19688559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Mortality+of+resprouting+chaparral+shrubs+after+a+fire+and+during+a+record+drought%3A+physiological+mechanisms+and+demographic+consequences&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=893-907&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19688559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GCBio..20..893P&rft.issn=1365-2486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.12477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24375846&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=R.+Brandon&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Anna+L.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Aaron+R.&rft.au=Helms%2C+Anjel+M.&rft.au=Traugh%2C+Courtney+A.&rft.au=Tobin%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Heffner%2C+Marcus+S.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanes1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hanes, Ted L. (1971-02-01). "Succession after Fire in the Chaparral of Southern California". Ecological Monographs. 41 (1): 27–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971EcoM...41...27H">1971EcoM...41...27H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1942434">10.2307/1942434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-7015">1557-7015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942434">1942434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=Succession+after+Fire+in+the+Chaparral+of+Southern+California&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=1971-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1942434&rft.issn=1557-7015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1942434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971EcoM...41...27H&rft.aulast=Hanes&rft.aufirst=Ted+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnich_1983-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnich_1983_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnich_1983_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnich1983" class="citation journal cs1">Minnich, Richard A. (1983-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.219.4590.1287">"Fire Mosaics in Southern California and Northern Baja California"</a>. Science. 219 (4590): 1287–1294. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...219.1287M">1983Sci...219.1287M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.219.4590.1287">10.1126/science.219.4590.1287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17735593">17735593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46485059">46485059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+Mosaics+in+Southern+California+and+Northern+Baja+California&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=4590&rft.pages=1287-1294&rft.date=1983-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46485059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...219.1287M&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.219.4590.1287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17735593&rft.aulast=Minnich&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.219.4590.1287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Halsey, R.W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiachaparral.org/__static/2cd475078290bea5c83ba143f73a1cba/cnps_proceedings_halsey_-82-_86.pdf?dl=1">"Chaparral as a natural resource: changing the conversation about chaparral and fire"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference: 82–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+CNPS+Conservation+Conference&rft.atitle=Chaparral+as+a+natural+resource%3A+changing+the+conversation+about+chaparral+and+fire&rft.pages=82-86&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniachaparral.org%2F__static%2F2cd475078290bea5c83ba143f73a1cba%2Fcnps_proceedings_halsey_-82-_86.pdf%3Fdl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keeley_255–265-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keeley_255%E2%80%93265_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keeley_255%E2%80%93265_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeleyPfaffSafford2005" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, Jon E.; Pfaff, Anne H.; Safford, Hugh D. (2005-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05049">"Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands*"</a>. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 14 (3): 255–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fwf05049">10.1071/wf05049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1448-5516">1448-5516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Wildland+Fire&rft.atitle=Fire+suppression+impacts+on+postfire+recovery+of+Sierra+Nevada+chaparral+shrublands%2A&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-265&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Fwf05049&rft.issn=1448-5516&rft.aulast=Keeley&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rft.au=Pfaff%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Safford%2C+Hugh+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fwf%2FWF05049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1986" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, R.F. (1986). Stand Age and Growth Dynamics in Chamise Chaparral. San Diego: Master’s thesis, San Diego State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand+Age+and+Growth+Dynamics+in+Chamise+Chaparral&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Master%E2%80%99s+thesis%2C+San+Diego+State+University&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarigauderieHubbardKummerow1990" class="citation journal cs1">Larigauderie, A.; Hubbard, T.W.; Kummerow, J. (1990). "Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire". Madroño. 37 (4): 225–236. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41424817">41424817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madro%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Growth+dynamics+of+two+chaparral+shrub+species+with+time+after+fire&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41424817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Larigauderie&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+T.W.&rft.au=Kummerow%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeley1995" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, Jon E. (1995). "Future of California Floristics and Systematics: Wildfire Threats to the California Flora". Madroño. 42 (2): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425064">41425064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madro%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Future+of+California+Floristics+and+Systematics%3A+Wildfire+Threats+to+the+California+Flora&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41425064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keeley&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidingerKeeley1993" class="citation journal cs1">Haidinger, Tori L.; Keeley, Jon E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiachaparral.org/images/Haidinger_Role_of_High_fire_frequency.pdf">"Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral"</a> (PDF). Madroño. 40: 141–147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414152510/http://californiachaparral.org/images/Haidinger_Role_of_High_fire_frequency.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madro%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Role+of+high+fire+frequency+in+destruction+of+mixed+chaparral&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=141-147&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Haidinger&rft.aufirst=Tori+L.&rft.au=Keeley%2C+Jon+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiachaparral.org%2Fimages%2FHaidinger_Role_of_High_fire_frequency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zedler, P.H. (1995). Keeley, J.E.; Scott, T (eds.). "Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options". Brushfires in California Wildlands: Ecology and Resource Management. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire: 101–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brushfires+in+California+Wildlands%3A+Ecology+and+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=Fire+frequency+in+southern+California+shrublands%3A+biological+effects+and+management+options&rft.pages=101-112&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zedler&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swetnam_1999-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swetnam_1999_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swetnam_1999_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwetnamAllenBetancourt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Swetnam, T.W.; Allen, C.D.; Betancourt, J.L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761%281999%29009%5B1189%3AAHEUTP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future"</a>. Ecological Applications. 9 (4): 1189–1206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1051-0761%281999%29009%5B1189%3AAHEUTP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1189:AHEUTP]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Applied+historical+ecology%3A+using+the+past+to+manage+for+the+future&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1189-1206&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F1051-0761%281999%29009%5B1189%3AAHEUTP%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Swetnam&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rft.au=Allen%2C+C.D.&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1890%2F1051-0761%25281999%2529009%255B1189%253AAHEUTP%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansonSherriffHuttoDellaSala2015" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, C.T; Sherriff, R.L; Hutto, R.L.; DellaSala, D.A.; Veblen, T.T.; Baker, W.L. (2015). DellaSala, D.A.; Hanson, C.T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-ecological-importance-of-mixed-severity-fires/dellasala/978-0-12-802749-3">The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires: Nature's Phoenix</a>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 3–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Mixed-Severity+Fires%3A+Nature%27s+Phoenix&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=3-22&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=C.T&rft.au=Sherriff%2C+R.L&rft.au=Hutto%2C+R.L.&rft.au=DellaSala%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Veblen%2C+T.T.&rft.au=Baker%2C+W.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-ecological-importance-of-mixed-severity-fires%2Fdellasala%2F978-0-12-802749-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritzKeeleyJohnsonSchaffner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moritz, Max A.; Keeley, Jon E.; Johnson, Edward A.; Schaffner, Andrew A. (2004-03-01). "Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: how important is fuel age?". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2 (2): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1540-9295%282004%29002%5B0067%3Atabaos%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:tabaos]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9309">1540-9309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Testing+a+basic+assumption+of+shrubland+fire+management%3A+how+important+is+fuel+age%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F1540-9295%282004%29002%5B0067%3Atabaos%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.issn=1540-9309&rft.aulast=Moritz&rft.aufirst=Max+A.&rft.au=Keeley%2C+Jon+E.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Edward+A.&rft.au=Schaffner%2C+Andrew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensingMichaelsenByrne1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mensing, S.A.; Michaelsen, J.; Byrne, R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiachaparral.org/__static/9512ac1d82af2bf86ac6e888cc7ed366/santa_ana_fires_-500-_years.pdf?dl=1">"A 560 year record of Santa Ana fires reconstructed from charcoal deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California"</a> (PDF). Quaternary Research. 51 (3): 295–301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999QuRes..51..295M">1999QuRes..51..295M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fqres.1999.2035">10.1006/qres.1999.2035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55801393">55801393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=A+560+year+record+of+Santa+Ana+fires+reconstructed+from+charcoal+deposited+in+the+Santa+Barbara+Basin%2C+California&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-301&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55801393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.1999.2035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999QuRes..51..295M&rft.aulast=Mensing&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Michaelsen%2C+J.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniachaparral.org%2F__static%2F9512ac1d82af2bf86ac6e888cc7ed366%2Fsanta_ana_fires_-500-_years.pdf%3Fdl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The Serengeti Rules documentary: example Serengeti/gnu </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Haidinger, T.L., and J.E. Keeley. 1993. Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral. Madrono 40: 141–147.</li> <li>Halsey, R.W. 2008. Fire, Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California. Second Edition. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. 232 p.</li> <li>Hanes, T. L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monographs 41: 27–52.</li> <li>Hubbard, R.F. 1986. Stand age and growth dynamics in chamise chaparral. Master's thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.</li> <li>Keeley, J. E., C. J. Fotheringham, and M. Morais. 1999. Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science 284:1829–1832.</li> <li>Keeley, J.E. 1995. Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora. Madrono 42: 175–179.</li> <li>Keeley, J.E., A.H. Pfaff, and H.D. Stafford. 2005. Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 255–265.</li> <li>Larigauderie, A., T.W. Hubbard, and J. Kummerow. 1990. Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire. Madrono 37: 225–236.</li> <li>Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219:1287–1294.</li> <li>Moritz, M.A., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Johnson, and A.A. Schaffner. 2004. Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: How important is fuel age? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:67–72.</li> <li>Pratt, R. B., A. L. Jacobsen, A. R. Ramirez, A. M. Helms, C. A. Traugh, M. F. Tobin, M. S. Heffner, and S. D. Davis. 2013. Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic consequences. Global Change Biology 20:893–907.</li> <li>Syphard, A. D., V. C. Radeloff, J. E. Keeley, T. J. Hawbaker, M. K. Clayton, S. I. Stewart, and R. B. Hammer. 2007. Human influence on California fire regimes. Ecological Applications 17:1388–1402.</li> <li>Vale, T. R. 2002. Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA.</li> <li>Venturas, M. D., E. D. MacKinnon, H. L. Dario, A. L. Jacobsen, R. B. Pratt, and S. D. Davis. 2016. Chaparral shrub hydraulic traits, size, and life history types relate to species mortality during California's historic drought of 2014. PLoS ONE 11(7): p.e0159145.</li> <li>Zedler, P.H. 1995. Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options, pp. 101–112 in J.E. Keeley and T. Scott (eds.), Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Wash.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrad_WilliamsonRobin_J._Heyden2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Biology: Exploring Life</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-250882-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-250882-6"><bdi>0-13-250882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-250882-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Brad+Williamson&rft.au=Robin+J.+Heyden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaparral" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chaparral" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chaparral">Chaparral</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiachaparral.org/">The California Chaparral Institute website</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&oldid=1245626276">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&oldid=1245626276</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 September 2024, at 03:27 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غابة حرشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غابة حرشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чапараль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чапараль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral_(Vegetationstyp)" title="Chaparral (Vegetationstyp) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chaparral (Vegetationstyp)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88aparalo" title="Ĉaparalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉaparalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txaparral" title="Txaparral – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txaparral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیشه‌زارهای کالیفرنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیشه‌زارهای کالیفرنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="צ'פארל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'פארל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ჩაპარალი (ბუჩქნარი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩაპარალი (ბუჩქნარი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чапараль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чапараль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciaparal%C4%97" title="Čiaparalė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čiaparalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral_(bioom)" title="Chaparral (bioom) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chaparral (bioom)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чапараль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чапараль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AA%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B9" title="දෘඪපත්‍රී අරඹ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෘඪපත්‍රී අරඹ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чапарал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чапарал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chaparral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaporal" title="Şaporal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şaporal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чапараль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чапараль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E5%AF%86%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BF%E9%98%94%E5%8F%B6%E7%81%8C%E4%B8%9B" title="浓密常绿阔叶灌丛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="浓密常绿阔叶灌丛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 03:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaparral&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-gt5pg","wgBackendResponseTime":216,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.762","walltime":"0.938","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2760,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":69442,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1176,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":112196,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 807.960 1 -total"," 44.79% 361.913 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.24% 163.552 7 Template:Lang"," 18.17% 146.810 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.85% 95.720 1 Template:Cite_Dictionary.com"," 11.57% 93.496 1 Template:Cite_dictionary"," 9.86% 79.682 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.02% 48.600 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.85% 47.280 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.55% 44.876 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.494","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16940723,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-k4pps","timestamp":"20241127201455","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chaparral","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaparral","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q842123","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q842123","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-09-14T03:27:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/93\/Chaparral1.jpg","headline":"vegetation zone"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>