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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-professional</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sports with part-time athletes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Semi-pro_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Semi-pro (disambiguation)">Semi-pro (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Semi-professional_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Semi-professional sports">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semi-professional+sports%22">"Semi-professional sports"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semi-professional+sports%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semi-professional+sports%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semi-professional+sports%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semi-professional+sports%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Semi-professional+sports%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Semi-professional sports</b> are <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletes">athletes</a> are not participating on a full-time basis, but still receive some payment. Semi-professionals are not <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur</a> because they receive regular payment from their team, but generally at a considerably lower rate than a full-time <a href="/wiki/Professional_athlete" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional athlete">professional athlete</a>. As a result, semi-professional players frequently have (or seek) full-time employment elsewhere. A semi-pro player or team could also be one that represents a place of employment that only the employees are allowed to play on. In this case, it is considered semi-pro because their employer pays them, but for their regular job, not for playing on the company's team. </p><p>The semi-professional status is not universal throughout the world and depends on each country's <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour code</a> and each sports organization's specific regulations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional_sports&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Club" title="Olympic Club">San Francisco Olympic Club</a> fielded an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the Olympic Club was accused by a rival club of enticing athletes to jump to its ranks with offers of jobs. An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> ruled that the Olympics' practice was not actually <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professionalism</a> but only a "semi" form of it, inventing the term "semi-pro". Although the Amateur Athletic Union did not like the idea very much, it decided that clubs could indeed offer employment without losing their <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur</a> status or compromising the athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional_sports&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, semi-professional athletes and teams were far more common in the early and mid-20th century than they are today. Large blue-collar employers such as <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipyards">shipyards</a> often fielded baseball and basketball teams, with players receiving full-time salaries comparable to other employees. In theory, such players split their work week between athletic training and the normal duties of the company's employees, though highly competitive teams often evolved into "sponsored" squads which trained for sports full-time and only nominally worked in the factory. The <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Basketball_League" title="National Industrial Basketball League">National Industrial Basketball League</a> evolved out of these company-branded basketball teams. By the 1940s, baseball split off into separate truly amateur <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> teams, sometimes sponsored by employers, and an expanded system of fully professionalized <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">minor leagues</a> whose lower ranks included many former industrial players. </p><p>There are many benefits, such as collegiate eligibility and the attendant <a href="/wiki/Athletic_scholarship" title="Athletic scholarship">scholarships</a>, in maintaining amateur status (unlike the Amateur Athletic Union, the <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> forbade any sort of compensation outside of scholarships, including job offers tied to their playing, until 2020). Eligibility for participation in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a> in some sports is still dependent upon maintaining a purely amateur status (although far less so than was previously the case), and such athletes may be supported by government money, business sponsorships, and other systems. At the same time, professional sports have become such a massive and remunerative business that even many low-level <a href="/wiki/Feeder_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeder team">feeder teams</a> can afford to have fully professional athletes. </p><p>In Canada, semi-professionalism is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey" title="Junior ice hockey">junior ice hockey</a>, in which the top level players (most of whom are teenagers still in, or just out of, high school) are paid at a semi-professional level. This is not the case in the United States, where <a href="/wiki/College_ice_hockey" title="College ice hockey">college ice hockey</a> dominates at that age group; the junior leagues in the United States generally operate as fully amateur teams to maintain the players' eligibility to play in college. </p><p>Lower-end <a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">minor leagues</a> and more obscure sports often operate at a semi-professional level due to cost concerns. Because the cost of running a fully professional American football team is prohibitive, semi-pro football is common at the adult levels, in the outdoor or <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">indoor variety</a>, providing an outlet for players who have used up their NCAA eligibility and have no further use for maintaining amateur status. As a sport that normally plays only one game per week, American football is especially suited for semi-pro play and commonly known as "working man's" football; meaning the players have regular jobs and play football on the weekends. In the 20th century the term "semi-pro football league" refer to higher level amateur leagues, though the players do not get paid, the leagues and the games are run in a somewhat professional manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Globe2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a>, whose teams also typically play only one game per week, pays a salary that is enough to be considered fully professional, but players also are able to pursue outside employment to supplement their income. The lowest levels of <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">organized baseball</a> are also effectively semi-professional, as the short summer seasons and low salaries require players to hold jobs in the offseason to make ends meet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional_sports&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several hundred semi-professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams at <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">non-League</a> level. The <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_Two" title="EFL League Two">bottom division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">English Football League</a> (the fourth tier of the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>) has traditionally been the cut-off point between professional ("full-time") and semi-professional ("part-time") in <a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">English football</a>. However, many teams in the top non-League competition, the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(division)" title="National League (division)">National League</a>, have become "full-time" professional clubs in an effort to achieve League status. Many former League clubs also remain as fully professional teams following relegation to the lower leagues at least for as long as they retain a large enough average attendance to generate the income needed to pay the players. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_England" title="Women's football in England">Women's football in England</a> is semi-professional at the top levels, as finances depend on <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">promotion and relegation</a> both of parent male teams and of the female teams themselves. Full professionalism for women is still in the planning stages; top female players often depend on other sources of income (such as coaching and physical training), and many attend university or college while playing. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Scotland" title="Football in Scotland">Scottish football</a>, semi-professional teams compete at all levels below the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership" title="Scottish Premiership">Scottish Premiership</a>, with most teams below the second-level <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Championship" title="Scottish Championship">Scottish Championship</a> being semi-professional. </p><p>Historically, English <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_England" title="Rugby league in England">rugby league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">rugby union</a> have had one full-time professional division, with semi-professional divisions at the next level down. The second tier of union, the <a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship" title="RFU Championship">RFU Championship</a>, became fully professional beginning with the 2009–10 season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional_sports&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93am" title="Pro–am">Pro–am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_performance_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="High performance sport">High performance sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_sports" title="Women's professional sports">Women's professional sports</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-professional_sports&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPFRA_Research1987" class="citation journal cs1">PFRA Research (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127043928/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/09-06-304.pdf">"When Did they Start?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Coffin Corner</i>. <b>9</b>. Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/09-06-304.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coffin+Corner&rft.atitle=When+Did+they+Start%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=1987&rft.au=PFRA+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FCoffin_Corner%2F09-06-304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-professional+sports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPFRA_Research" class="citation journal cs1">PFRA Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929084951/http://profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Five_Hundred_Reasons.pdf">"Five Hundred Reasons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Coffin Corner</i>. Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Five_Hundred_Reasons.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coffin+Corner&rft.atitle=Five+Hundred+Reasons&rft.pages=1-6&rft.au=PFRA+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FArticles%2FFive_Hundred_Reasons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-professional+sports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Globe2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globe2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/west/2015/07/25/game/B9UN5O3MVMdjVyPzIPBI8M/story.html">"Love of the game drives semipro football players - The Boston Globe"</a>. <i>BostonGlobe.com</i>. 26 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BostonGlobe.com&rft.atitle=Love+of+the+game+drives+semipro+football+players+-+The+Boston+Globe&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2Fregionals%2Fwest%2F2015%2F07%2F25%2Fgame%2FB9UN5O3MVMdjVyPzIPBI8M%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-professional+sports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb" class="citation news cs1">Babb, Kent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/the-minor-leagues-life-in-pro-baseballs-shadowy-corner/2016/08/26/96ab542e-6a07-11e6-ba32-5a4bf5aad4fa_story.html">"Baseball's minor leaguers pursue their dreams below the poverty line"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Baseball%27s+minor+leaguers+pursue+their+dreams+below+the+poverty+line&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Fnationals%2Fthe-minor-leagues-life-in-pro-baseballs-shadowy-corner%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2F96ab542e-6a07-11e6-ba32-5a4bf5aad4fa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-professional+sports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> 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href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter 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