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id="toc-Anti-lynching_campaign_and_investigative_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-lynching_campaign_and_investigative_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Anti-lynching campaign and investigative journalism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-lynching_campaign_and_investigative_journalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-lynching campaign and investigative journalism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-lynching_campaign_and_investigative_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_lynching_at_The_Curve_in_Memphis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_lynching_at_The_Curve_in_Memphis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The lynching at The Curve in Memphis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_lynching_at_The_Curve_in_Memphis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Speech_newspaper_destroyed_by_a_mob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Speech_newspaper_destroyed_by_a_mob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Free Speech newspaper destroyed by a mob </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Speech_newspaper_destroyed_by_a_mob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Horrors_(1892)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Horrors_(1892)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Southern Horrors (1892) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Horrors_(1892)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Red_Record_(1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Red_Record_(1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 The Red Record (1895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Red_Record_(1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaking_tours_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking_tours_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Speaking tours in Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking_tours_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 African-American leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing_in_Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing_in_Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Organizing in Chicago </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizing_in_Chicago-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizing in Chicago subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizing_in_Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World's_Columbian_Exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World's_Columbian_Exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 World's Columbian Exposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World's_Columbian_Exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Women's clubs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 School segregation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Suffrage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suffrage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Suffrage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Willard_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Willard_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Willard controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Willard_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negro_Fellowship_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negro_Fellowship_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Negro Fellowship League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negro_Fellowship_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpha_Suffrage_Club" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpha_Suffrage_Club"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Alpha Suffrage Club </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpha_Suffrage_Club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_"race_agitator"_to_political_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_"race_agitator"_to_political_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 From "race agitator" to political candidate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_"race_agitator"_to_political_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Black_feminist_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Black_feminist_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Influence on Black feminist activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Black_feminist_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Representation in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Selected publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Annotations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_to_linked_inline_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_to_linked_inline_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 References to linked inline notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_to_linked_inline_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references_(not_linked_to_notes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references_(not_linked_to_notes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 General references (not linked to notes) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references_(not_linked_to_notes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ida B. Wells</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="إيدا ويلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيدا ويلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Wells" title="Ida Wells – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ida Wells" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8._%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="آیدا ب. ولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیدا ب. ولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4_%EB%B2%A8_%EC%9B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아이다 벨 웰스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이다 벨 웰스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A9" title="Իդա Բելլ Ուելս Բարնեթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իդա Բելլ Ուելս Բարնեթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इडा बी. वेल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इडा बी. वेल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%27_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="אידה ב' ולס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אידה ב' ולס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იდა უელსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იდა უელსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A1_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ايدا ويلز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايدا ويلز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Wells" title="Ida Wells – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ida Wells" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BBB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="アイダ・B・ウェルズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイダ・B・ウェルズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Uells" title="Ida B. Uells – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ida B. Uells" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ایډا بي وېلز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایډا بي وېلز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Wells-Barnett" title="Ida Wells-Barnett – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ida Wells-Barnett" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Уэллс-Барнетт, Ида Белл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уэллс-Барнетт, Ида Белл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91._%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ајда Б. Велс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајда Б. Велс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ida B. Wells" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B.Wells" title="Ida B.Wells – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ida B.Wells" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Іда Белл Веллс-Барнетт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іда Белл Веллс-Барнетт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American journalist and civil rights activist (1862–1931)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American lawyer, see <a href="/wiki/Ida_V._Wells" title="Ida V. Wells">Ida V. Wells</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ida Bell Wells</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg/220px-Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg/330px-Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg/440px-Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-_restoration_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="3818" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Wells, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1893</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ida Bell Wells</div> (1862-07-16)July 16, 1862 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 25, 1931(1931-03-25) (aged 68) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Woods_Cemetery" title="Oak Woods Cemetery">Oak Woods Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ida B. Wells-Barnett</li><li>Iola (pen name)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rust_College" title="Rust College">Rust College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne-Owen_College" class="mw-redirect" title="LeMoyne-Owen College">LeMoyne-Owen College</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> activist</li><li>journalist and newspaper editor</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)#Gilded_Age:_1877–1890" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1930)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand L. Barnett</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Duster" title="Alfreda Duster">Alfreda Duster</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931) was an American <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, educator, and early leader of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">civil rights movement</a>. She was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Encyclopedia''2013-1">[1]</a> Wells dedicated her career to combating prejudice and violence, and advocating for African-American equality—especially that of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickerson-2">[2]</a> Throughout the 1890s, Wells documented the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching of African-Americans in the United States</a> in articles and pamphlets such as Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases and The Red Record, which debunked the fallacy which was frequently voiced by whites at the time, that all Black lynching victims were guilty of crimes. Wells exposed the brutality of <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a>, and she also analyzed the sociology of them, arguing that whites used lynchings to terrorize African Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> because they represented economic and political competition—and thus, they posed a threat of loss of power—for whites. She aimed to demonstrate the truth about this violence and advocate for measures to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Wells was born into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a>. She was freed as an infant in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> troops captured Holly Springs. At the age of 16,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> she lost both her parents and her infant brother in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_Valley_yellow_fever_epidemic_of_1878" title="Lower Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic of 1878">1878 yellow fever epidemic</a>. She got a job teaching and kept the rest of the family together with the help of her grandmother. Later, moving with some of her siblings to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. Soon, Wells co-owned and wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Free_Speech_and_Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Free Speech and Headlight">Memphis Free Speech and Headlight</a> newspaper, where her reporting covered incidents of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> and inequality. Eventually, her investigative journalism was carried nationally in <a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Black-owned newspapers</a>. Subjected to continued threats and criminal violence, including when a white mob destroyed her newspaper office and presses, Wells left Memphis for <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. She married <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand L. Barnett</a> in 1895 and had a family while continuing her work writing, speaking, and organizing for civil rights and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in the United States">women's movement</a> for the rest of her life. Wells was outspoken about her beliefs as a Black female activist and she faced regular public disapproval as a result, sometimes, she faced public disapproval from other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage movements</a>. She was active in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and women's suffrage movements, establishing several notable women's organizations. A skilled and persuasive speaker, Wells traveled on lecture tours both nationally and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago-5">[5]</a> Wells died on March 25, 1931, in Chicago, and in 2020, she was posthumously honored with a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">Pulitzer Prize special citation</a> "for her outstanding and courageous reporting on the horrific and vicious violence against African Americans during the era of lynching."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_(Holly_Springs,_MS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg/220px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg/330px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg/440px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnette_Brith_Home_%28Holly_Springs%2C_MS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolling%E2%80%93Gatewood_House" title="Bolling–Gatewood House">Bolling–Gatewood House</a>. The Wells family lived in <a href="/wiki/Slave_quarters_in_the_United_States" title="Slave quarters in the United States">slave quarters</a> located behind the house of <a href="/wiki/Spires_Boling" title="Spires Boling">Spires Boling</a> while enslaved to him, now a museum focused on Wells</figcaption></figure> Ida Bell Wells was born on the Boling Farm near <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney-7">[7]</a> Born on July 16, 1862, Ida Wells was the first child of James Madison Wells (1840–1878) and Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells was born to an enslaved woman named Peggy and Peggy's white enslaver, thus he was enslaved under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>. When James was 18, his father brought him to Holly Springs, hiring him out as a carpenter's apprentice to architect <a href="/wiki/Spires_Boling" title="Spires Boling">Spires Boling</a>, with James's wages going to his enslaver. One of ten children born on a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation</a> in Virginia, Lizzie was <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">abducted and trafficked</a> away from her family and siblings and tried without success to locate her family following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMurry-8">[8]</a> Lizzie was owned by Boling for domestic labor in his home, now the <a href="/wiki/Bolling%E2%80%93Gatewood_House" title="Bolling–Gatewood House">Bolling–Gatewood House</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> was issued, both of Wells's parents were enslaved to Boling, and thus Ida was also born enslaved. James Wells built much of the Bolling–Gatewood house, in which Boling lived, and which in March 2002<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> became the Ida B. Wells–Barnett Museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews,_Dasha-10">[10]</a> The Wells family lived elsewhere on the property. Ground plans on display in the Ida B. Wells–Barnett Museum identify shacks behind the house as the residence of the Wells family. After <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">emancipation</a>, James became a trustee of the newly established Shaw University (now <a href="/wiki/Rust_College" title="Rust College">Rust College</a>) in Holly Springs. He refused to vote for <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic</a> candidates during the period of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyal League">Loyal League</a>, and was known as a "race man" for his involvement in politics and his commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMurry-8">[8]</a> He founded a successful carpentry business in Holly Springs in 1867, and his wife Lizzie became known as a "famous cook".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">[11]</a> Ida B. Wells was one of their eight children, and she enrolled in Shaw University.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In September 1878, both of Ida's parents died during a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemic that also claimed one of her brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack,_Patti_Carr-13">[13]</a> Wells had been visiting her grandmother's farm near Holly Springs at the time and was spared. Following the funerals of her parents and brother, friends and relatives decided that the five remaining Wells children should be separated and sent to foster homes. Wells resisted this proposition. To keep her younger siblings together as a family, she found work as a teacher in a rural Black elementary school outside Holly Springs. Her paternal grandmother, Peggy Wells (née Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), along with other friends and relatives, stayed with her siblings and cared for them during the week while Wells was teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellD13-14">[14]</a> About two years after, Wells's grandmother (Peggy) had a stroke and her sister Eugenia died, Wells and her two youngest sisters moved to Memphis to live with an aunt, Fanny Butler (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather-Lea4_&_7_(section_A)-15">[15]</a> Memphis is about 56 miles (90 km) from Holly Springs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_anti-segregation_activism">Early career and anti-segregation activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career and anti-segregation activism">edit</a>]</div> Soon after moving to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, Wells was hired in Woodstock by the <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County</a> school system. During her summer vacations, she attended summer sessions at <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically Black college</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, Tennessee. She also attended <a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">LeMoyne–Owen College</a>, a historically Black college in Memphis. She held strong political opinions and provoked many people with her views on women's rights. At the age of 24, she wrote: "I will not begin at this late day by doing what my soul abhors; sugaring men, weak deceitful creatures, with flattery to retain them as escorts or to gratify a revenge."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay67-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #F3F0FD;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> . . . It is with no pleasure that I have dipped my hands in the corruption here exposed ... Somebody must show that the Afro-American race is more sinned against than sinning, and it seems to have fallen upon me to do so. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">– Ida B. Wells (1892)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickerson-2">[2]</a></cite></div> </div> On September 15, 1883, and again on May 4, 1884, a train conductor with the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio Railway</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYaeger,_October_21,_2015-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin61,_63–65-18">[18]</a> ordered Wells to give up her seat in the first-class ladies car and move to the smoking car, which was already crowded with other passengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellD13-14">[14]</a> In 1883, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> had ruled against the federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> (which had banned racial discrimination in public accommodations). This verdict supported railroad companies that chose to racially segregate their passengers. When Wells refused to give up her seat on September 15, the conductor and two men dragged her out of the car. Wells gained publicity in Memphis when she wrote a newspaper article for The Living Way, a Black church weekly, about her treatment on the train. In Memphis, she hired an African-American attorney to sue the railroad. When her lawyer was paid off by the railroad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFradin_&_Fradin21-19">[19]</a> she hired a white attorney. Wells won her case on December 24, 1884, when the local circuit court granted her a $500 (~$17,498 in 2024) award. The railroad company appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Supreme Court</a>, which reversed the lower court's ruling in 1887. It concluded: "We think it is evident that the purpose of the defendant in error was to harass with a view to this suit, and that her persistence was not in good faith to obtain a comfortable seat for the short ride."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Chesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,''18875-20">[20]</a> Wells was ordered to pay court costs. Her reaction to the higher court's decision revealed her strong convictions on civil rights and religious faith, as she responded: "I felt so disappointed because I had hoped such great things from my suit for my people. ... O God, is there no ... justice in this land for us?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii-21">[21]</a> While continuing to teach elementary school, Wells became increasingly active as a journalist and writer. She accepted an editorial position for a small Memphis journal, the Evening Star, and she began writing weekly articles for The Living Way newspaper under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> "Iola".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197023–24-22">[22]</a> Articles she wrote under her pen name attacked racist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardon-23">[23]</a> In 1889, she became editor and co-owner with J. L. Fleming of <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Free_Speech" title="Memphis Free Speech">The Free Speech and Headlight</a>, a Black-owned newspaper established by the Reverend Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) and based at the <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Beale Street Baptist Church">Beale Street Baptist Church</a> in Memphis. In 1891, Wells was dismissed from her teaching post by the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Board of Education">Memphis Board of Education</a> due to her articles criticizing conditions in the Black schools of the region. She was devastated but undaunted, and concentrated her energy on writing articles for The Living Way and the Free Speech and Headlight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-lynching_campaign_and_investigative_journalism">Anti-lynching campaign and investigative journalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-lynching campaign and investigative journalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_lynching_at_The_Curve_in_Memphis">The lynching at The Curve in Memphis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The lynching at The Curve in Memphis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">People's Grocery lynchings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples-grocery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Peoples-grocery.jpg/220px-Peoples-grocery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Peoples-grocery.jpg/330px-Peoples-grocery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Peoples-grocery.jpg/440px-Peoples-grocery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Grocery">People's Grocery</a> near Memphis, Tennessee, was a successful African-American cooperative. The 1892 lynchings of its owners led Wells to begin her investigations of lynching.</figcaption></figure> In 1889, Thomas Henry Moss, Sr. (1853–1892), an African American, opened <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Grocery">People's Grocery</a>, which he co-owned. The store was located in a <a href="/wiki/South_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="South Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee">South Memphis</a> neighborhood nicknamed "The Curve". Wells was close to Moss and his family, having stood as godmother to his first child, Maurine E. Moss (1891–1971). Moss's store did well and competed with a white-owned grocery store across the street, Barrett's Grocery, owned by William Russell Barrett (1854–1920).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeavey_&_Smith46–49-24">[24]</a> On March 2, 1892, a young Black male youth named Armour Harris was playing a game of marbles with a young white male youth named Cornelius Hurst in front of the People's Grocery. The two male youths got into an argument during the game, then began to fight. As the Black youth, Harris, seemed to be winning the fight, the father of Cornelius Hurst intervened and began to "thrash" Harris. The People's Grocery employees William Stewart and Calvin R. McDowell (1870–1892) saw the fight and rushed outside to defend the young Harris from the adult Hurst as people in the neighborhood gathered into what quickly became a "racially charged mob".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">[25]</a> The white grocer Barrett returned the following day, March 3, 1892, to the People's Grocery with a Shelby County Sheriff's Deputy, looking for William Stewart. Calvin McDowell, who greeted Barrett, indicated that Stewart was not present, but Barrett was dissatisfied with the response and was frustrated that the People's Grocery was competing with his store. Angry about the previous day's <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAl%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mêlée">mêlée</a>, Barrett responded that "Blacks were thieves" and hit McDowell with a pistol. McDowell wrestled the gun away and fired at Barrett—missing narrowly. McDowell was later arrested but subsequently released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">[25]</a> On March 5, 1892, a group of six white men including a sheriff's deputy took <a href="/wiki/Electric_streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric streetcar">electric streetcars</a> to the People's Grocery. The group of white men were met by a barrage of bullets from the People's Grocery, and Shelby County Sheriff Deputy Charley Cole was wounded, as well as civilian Bob Harold. Hundreds of Whites were deputized almost immediately to put down what was perceived by the local Memphis newspapers <a href="/wiki/Daily_Commercial" title="Daily Commercial">Commercial</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Appeal-Avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="The Appeal-Avalanche">Appeal-Avalanche</a> as an armed rebellion by Black men in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">[25]</a> Thomas Moss, a postman in addition to being the owner of the People's Grocery, was named as a conspirator along with McDowell and Stewart. The three men were arrested and jailed pending trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeavey_&_Smith46–49-24">[24]</a> Around 2:30 a.m. on the morning of March 9, 1892, 75 men wearing black masks took Moss, McDowell, and Stewart from their jail cells at the Shelby County Jail to a <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio</a> rail yard one mile north of the city and shot them dead. The Memphis Appeal-Avalanche reports: Just before he was killed, Moss said to the mob: "Tell my people to go west, there is no justice here."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">[25]</a> After the lynching of her friends, Wells wrote in Free Speech and Headlight urging Blacks to leave Memphis altogether: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is, therefore, only one thing left to do; save our money and leave a town which will neither protect our lives and property, nor give us a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a> in the courts, but takes us out and murders us in cold blood when accused by white persons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197052-26">[26]</a></blockquote> The event led Wells to begin investigating lynchings. She began to interview people associated with lynchings, including a lynching in <a href="/wiki/Tunica,_Mississippi" title="Tunica, Mississippi">Tunica, Mississippi</a>, in 1892 where she concluded that the father of a young white woman had implored a lynch mob to kill a Black man with whom his daughter was having a sexual relationship, under a pretense "to save the reputation of his daughter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">[25]</a> In a 1909 speech at the National Negro Conference, Wells said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">During the last ten years from 1899 to 1908 inclusive the number lynched was 959. Of this number 102 were white, while the colored victims numbered 857. No other nation, civilized or savage, burns its criminals; only under that Stars and Stripes is the human holocaust possible. Twenty-eight human beings burned at the stake, one of them a woman and two of them children, is the awful indictment against American civilization—the gruesome tribute which the nation pays to the color line.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Speech_newspaper_destroyed_by_a_mob">Free Speech newspaper destroyed by a mob</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Free Speech newspaper destroyed by a mob">edit</a>]</div> Wells's anti-lynching commentaries in the Free Speech had been building, particularly with respect to lynchings and imprisonment of Black men suspected of raping white women. A story was published on January 16, 1892, in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Gazette">Cleveland Gazette</a>, describing a wrongful conviction for a sexual affair between a married white woman, Julia Underwood (née Julie Caroline Wells), and a single Black man, William Offet (1854–1914) of <a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria, Ohio</a>. Offet was convicted of rape and served four years of a 15-year sentence, despite his sworn denial of rape. Underwood's husband, Rev. Isaac T. Underwood – after she confessed to him that she had lied two years later – diligently worked to get Offet out of the penitentiary. After hiring an influential Pittsburgh attorney, Thomas Harlan Baird Patterson (1844–1907), Rev. Underwood prevailed, Offet was released and subsequently pardoned by the Ohio Governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Horrible_but_True",_''Cleveland_Gazette'',_January_16,18921-28">[28]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #F3F0FD;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Dear Miss Wells:      Thank you for your faithful paper on the lynch abomination now generally practiced against colored people in the South. There has been no word equal to it in convincing power. I have spoken, but my word is feeble in comparison ... Brave woman! ... </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> (October 25, 1892)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglass,_Frederick189225-29">[29]</a></cite></div> </div> On May 21, 1892, Wells published an editorial in the Free Speech refuting what she called "that old threadbare lie that Negro men rape white women. If Southern men are not careful, a conclusion might be reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormser-30">[30]</a> Four days later, on May 25, <a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Daily Commercial</a> wrote: "The fact that a Black scoundrel [Ida B. Wells] is allowed to live and utter such loathsome and repulsive calumnies is a volume of evidence as to the wonderful patience of Southern whites. But we've had enough of it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''18923–5-31">[31]</a> The Evening Scimitar (<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>) copied the story that same day, and added: "Patience under such circumstances is not a virtue. If the Negroes themselves do not apply the remedy without delay it will be the duty of those whom he has attacked to tie the wretch who utters these calumnies to a stake at the intersection of Main and Madison Sts., brand him in the forehead with a hot iron and perform upon him a surgical operation with a pair of tailor's shears."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''18923–5-31">[31]</a> A white mob ransacked the Free Speech office, destroying the building and its contents.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> James L. Fleming, co-owner with Wells and business manager, was forced to flee Memphis; and, reportedly, the trains were being watched for Wells's return. Creditors took possession of the office and sold the assets of the Free Speech. Wells had been out of town, vacationing in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>; she never returned to Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''18923–5-31">[31]</a> A "committee" of white businessmen, reportedly from the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Cotton_Exchange" title="Memphis Cotton Exchange">Cotton Exchange</a>, located Rev. Nightingale and, although he had sold his interest to Wells and Fleming in 1891,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter70-33">[33]</a> assaulted him and forced him at gunpoint to sign a letter retracting the May 21 editorial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"A_Bright_Woman"1_(section_2)-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheriff63_(footnote_46)-35">[35]</a> Wells subsequently accepted a job with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Age" title="The New York Age">The New York Age</a> and continued her anti-lynching campaign from New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter79-36">[36]</a> For the next three years, she resided in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, initially as a guest at the home of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Thomas_Fortune" title="Timothy Thomas Fortune">Timothy Thomas Fortune</a> (1856–1928) and wife, Carrie Fortune (née Caroline Charlotte Smiley; 1860–1940).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheriff63–64-37">[37]</a> According to Kenneth W. Goings, no copy of the Memphis Free Speech survives. The only knowledge of the newspaper ever existing comes from reprinted articles in other archived newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoings-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Horrors_(1892)">Southern Horrors (1892)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern Horrors (1892)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_Southern_horrors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cover_Southern_horrors.png/180px-Cover_Southern_horrors.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Cover_Southern_horrors.png 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases</figcaption></figure> On October 26, 1892, Wells began to publish her research on lynching in a pamphlet titled Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''1892-40">[40]</a> Having examined many accounts of lynchings due to the alleged "rape of white women", she concluded that Southerners accused Black men of rape to hide their real reasons for lynchings: Black economic progress, which white Southerners saw as a threat to their own economic progress, and white ideas of enforcing Black second-class status in the society. Black economic progress was a contemporary issue in the South, and in many states whites worked to suppress Black progress. In this period at the turn of the century, Southern states, starting with Mississippi in 1890, passed laws and/or new constitutions to <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchise most Black people and many poor white people</a> through use of <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll taxes</a>, literacy tests and other devices. Wells, in Southern Horrors, adopted the phrase "poor, blind Afro-American Sampsons" to denote Black men as victims of "white <a href="/wiki/Delilah" title="Delilah">Delilahs</a>". The Biblical "<a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>", in the vernacular of the day, came from <a href="/wiki/Longfellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Longfellow">Longfellow</a>'s 1865 poem, "<a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Slavery" title="Poems on Slavery">The Warning</a>", containing the line: "There is a poor, blind Samson in the land ... " To explain the metaphor "Sampson", <a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_Cairnes" title="John Elliott Cairnes">John Elliott Cairnes</a>, an Irish <a href="/wiki/Political_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economist">political economist</a>, in his 1865 article about <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black suffrage</a>, wrote that Longfellow was prophesizing; to wit: in "the long-impending struggle for Americans following the Civil War, [he, Longfellow] could see in the Negro only an instrument of vengeance, and a cause of ruin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairnes343-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Red_Record_(1895)">The Red Record (1895)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Red Record (1895)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_Record_(pamphlet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Red Record (pamphlet) (page does not exist)">The Red Record (pamphlet)</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Ida_B._Wells" title="Talk:Ida B. Wells">Discuss</a>) (November 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> After conducting further research, Wells published The Red Record, in 1895. This 100-page pamphlet was a sociological investigation of lynching in the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. It also covered Black people's struggles in the South since the Civil War. The Red Record explored the alarmingly high rates of lynching in the United States (which was at a peak from 1880 to 1930). Wells said that during Reconstruction, most Americans outside the South did not realize the growing rate of violence against Black people in the South. She believed that during slavery, white people had not committed as many attacks because of the economic labor value of slaves. Wells noted that, since slavery time, "ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, [through lynching] without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''8-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> had written an article noting three eras of "Southern barbarism" and the excuses that whites claimed in each period. Wells explored these in her The Red Record:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''-43">[43]</a> <ul><li>During the time of enslavement, she observed that whites worked to "repress and stamp out alleged 'race riots'" or suspected rebellions by the abducted, usually killing Black people in far higher proportions than any white casualties. Once the Civil War ended, white people feared Black people, who were in the majority in many areas. White people acted to control them and suppress them by violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''8-42">[42]</a></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> white people murdered Black people as part of mob efforts to suppress Black political activity and re-establish <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> after the war. They feared so-called "Negro Domination" through voting and taking office. Wells urged Black people in high-risk areas to move away to protect their families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''9-44">[44]</a></li> <li>She observed that whites frequently claimed that Black men had "to be killed to avenge their assaults upon women". She said that white people falsely assumed that any relationship between a white woman and a Black man was a result of rape. But, given power dynamics, it was much more common for white men to take sexual advantage of poor Black women. She stated: "Nobody in this section of the country believes the old threadbare lie that Black men rape white women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''12-45">[45]</a> Wells connected lynching to sexual violence, showing how the myth of the Black man's lust for white women led to the murder of African-American men.</li></ul> Wells collected 14 pages of statistics related to lynching cases committed from 1892 to 1895; she also included pages of graphic accounts detailing specific lynchings. She wrote that her data was taken from articles by white correspondents, white press bureaus, and white newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''71-46">[46]</a> Her delivery of these statistics did not simply reduce the murders to numbers, Wells strategically paired the data with descriptive accounts in a way that helped her audience conceptualize the scale of the injustice. This powerful quantification captivated Black and White audiences about the horrors of lynching, through both her circulated works and public oration.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Southern Horrors and The Red Record's documentation of lynchings captured the attention of Northerners who knew little about these mob murders or accepted the common explanation that Black men deserved this fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''82-48">[48]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Initiative" title="Equal Justice Initiative">Equal Justice Initiative</a>, 4,084 African Americans were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, alone, between 1877 and 1950,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Key_Findings"4-49">[49]</a> of which, 25 percent were accused of sexual assault and nearly 30 percent, murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Key_Findings"4-49">[49]</a> Generally southern states and white juries refused to indict any perpetrators for lynching,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston_&_Oliver24-50">[50]</a> although they were frequently known and sometimes shown in the photographs being made more frequently of such events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson238-51">[51]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen[[Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations]][[Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include|<span_title="A_complete_citation_is_needed._Source_cite_mentions_about_10_sources._This_may_not_be_a_source_for_the_statement_but_examples.&#32;(May_2021)">full_citation_needed]]&#93;_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen[[Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations]][[Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include|<span_title="A_complete_citation_is_needed._Source_cite_mentions_about_10_sources._This_may_not_be_a_source_for_the_statement_but_examples.&#32;(May_2021)">full_citation_needed]]&#93;-52">[52]</a> Despite Wells's attempt to gain support among white Americans against mob murders, she believed that her campaign could not overturn the economic interests whites had in using lynching as an instrument to maintain Southern order and discourage Black economic ventures. Ultimately, Wells concluded that appealing to reason and compassion would not succeed in gaining criminalization of lynching by Southern whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry-53">[53]</a> In response to the extreme violence perpetrated upon Black Americans, Wells concluded that armed resistance was a reasonable and effective means to defend against lynching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''189223-54">[54]</a> She said, a "<a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a> should have a place of honor in every black home."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking_tours_in_Britain">Speaking tours in Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Speaking tours in Britain">edit</a>]</div> Wells travelled twice to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> in her campaign against lynching, the first time in 1893 and the second in 1894 in effort to gain the support of a powerful white nation such as Britain to shame and sanction the racist practices of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry-53">[53]</a> She and her supporters in America saw these tours as an opportunity for her to reach larger, white audiences with her anti-lynching campaign, something she had been unable to accomplish in America. In these travels, Wells notes that her own transatlantic voyages in themselves held a powerful cultural context given the histories of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a>, and black female identity within the dynamics of segregation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> She found sympathetic audiences in Britain, already shocked by reports of lynching in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZackodnik264-57">[57]</a> Wells had been invited for her first British speaking tour by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Impey" title="Catherine Impey">Catherine Impey</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Fyvie_Mayo" title="Isabella Fyvie Mayo">Isabella Fyvie Mayo</a>. Impey, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> abolitionist who published the journal Anti-Caste,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuakers-59">[59]</a> had attended several of Wells's lectures while traveling in America. Mayo was a writer and poet who wrote under the name of Edward Garrett. Both women had read of the particularly gruesome mob murder of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> in Texas and wanted to organize a speaking tour to call attention to American lynchings. Impey and Mayo asked Frederick Douglass to make the trip, but he declined, citing his age and health. He then suggested Wells, who enthusiastically accepted the invitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay4-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuster,_Michelle13-61">[61]</a> In 1894, before leaving the US for her second visit to Great Britain, Wells called on <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_Nixon" title="William Penn Nixon">William Penn Nixon</a>, the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Inter_Ocean" title="Chicago Inter Ocean">Daily Inter Ocean</a>, a Republican newspaper in Chicago. It was the only major white paper that persistently denounced lynching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970125-62">[62]</a> After she told Nixon about her planned tour, he asked her to write for the newspaper while in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970125-62">[62]</a> She was the first African-American woman to be a paid correspondent for a mainstream white newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott242-63">[63]</a> Wells toured <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Wigham" title="Eliza Wigham">Eliza Wigham</a> in attendance<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> for two months, addressing audiences of thousands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusby150-66">[66]</a> and rallying a moral crusade among the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBride-67">[67]</a> She relied heavily on her pamphlet Southern Horrors in her first tour, and showed shocking photographs of lynchings in America. On May 17, 1894, she spoke in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a>, at the Young Men's Christian Assembly and at <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Methodist Central Hall, Birmingham">Central Hall</a>, staying in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> at 66 Gough Road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright-68">[68]</a> On June 25, 1894, at <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> she gave a "sensational address, though in a quiet and restrained manner".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On the last night of her second tour, the London Anti-Lynching Committee<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> was established – reportedly the first anti-lynching organization in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington,_Linn-71">[71]</a> Its founding members included many notable figure including the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll" title="Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">John Gorst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Henry_Somerset" title="Lady Henry Somerset">Lady Henry Somerset</a> and some twenty <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrick-Harris-72">[72]</a> with activist <a href="/wiki/Florence_Balgarnie" title="Florence Balgarnie">Florence Balgarnie</a> as the honorary secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaisana197-73">[73]</a> As a result of her two lecture tours in Britain, Wells received significant coverage in the British and American press. Many of the articles published by the latter at the time of her return to the United States were hostile personal critiques, rather than reports of her anti-lynching positions and beliefs. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, for example, called her "a slanderous and nasty-minded <a href="/wiki/Mulattress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattress">Mulatress</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_David-74">[74]</a> Despite these attacks from the American press, Wells had nevertheless gained extensive recognition and credibility, and an international audience of supporters for her cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZackodnik268–270-75">[75]</a> Wells's tours in Britain even influenced public opinion to the extent that British textile manufacturers fought back with economic strategies, imposing a temporary <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Southern cotton</a> that pressured southern businessmen to condemn the practice of lynching publicly.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_about_1900_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Attorney <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand Lee Barnett</a> (c. 1900). Wells married Barnett in 1895.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children,_1909_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ida_B_Wells_with_her_children%2C_1909_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>Wells with her four children, 1909</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_(1862%E2%80%931931)_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(1852%E2%80%931936)_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery,_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg/175px-Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg/263px-Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg/350px-Graves_of_Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett_%281862%E2%80%931931%29_and_Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_%281852%E2%80%931936%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Grave marker for Ida B. Wells-Barnett and her husband Ferdinand L. Barnett at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Woods_Cemetery" title="Oak Woods Cemetery">Oak Woods Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> On June 27, 1895, in Chicago at Bethel <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, Wells married attorney <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand Lee Barnett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Miss_Wells",_June_13,1895-77">[77]</a> a widower with two sons, Ferdinand Barnett and Albert Graham Barnett (1886–1962). Ferdinand Lee Barnett, who lived in Chicago, was a prominent attorney, civil rights activist, and journalist. Like Wells, he spoke widely against lynchings and in support of the civil rights of African Americans. Wells and Barnett had met in 1893, working together on a pamphlet protesting the lack of Black representation at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago in 1893. Barnett founded <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Conservator" title="The Chicago Conservator">The Chicago Conservator</a>, the first Black newspaper in Chicago, in 1878. Wells began writing for the paper in 1893, later acquired a partial ownership interest, and after marrying Barnett, assumed the role of editor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitchie165-78">[78]</a> Wells's marriage to Barnett was a legal union as well as a partnership of ideas and actions. Both were journalists, as well as established activists with a shared commitment to civil rights. In an interview, Wells's daughter <a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Duster" title="Alfreda Duster">Alfreda</a> said that the two had "like interests" and that their journalist careers were "intertwined". This sort of close working relationship between a wife and husband was unusual at the time, as women often played more traditional domestic roles in a marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter176-79">[79]</a> In addition to Barnett's two children from his previous marriage, the couple had four more: Charles Aked Barnett (1896–1957), Herman Kohlsaat Barnett (1897–1975), Ida Bell Wells Barnett, Jr. (1901–1988), and <a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Marguerita_Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfreda Marguerita Barnett">Alfreda Marguerita Barnett</a> (married surname Duster; 1904–1983). Charles Aked Barnett's middle name was the surname of Charles Frederic Aked (1864–1941), an influential British-born-turned-American progressive Protestant clergyman who, in 1894, while pastor of the Pembrooke Baptist Church in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, befriended Wells, endorsed her anti-lynching campaign, and hosted her during her second speaking tour in England in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan,_Brucella_Wiggins195–196-80">[80]</a> Wells began writing her autobiography, Crusade for Justice (1928), but never finished the book; edited by her daughter <a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Barnett_Duster" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfreda Barnett Duster">Alfreda Barnett Duster</a>, it was posthumously published, in 1970, as Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack,_Patti_Carr-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuster,_Alfreda-81">[81]</a>In a chapter of Crusade For Justice, titled "A Divided Duty", Wells described the challenge of splitting her time between family and work. She continued to work after the birth of her first child, traveling and bringing the infant Charles with her. Although she tried to balance her roles as a mother and as a national activist, it was alleged that she was not always successful. <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> said she seemed "distracted".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETichi340_(note_16)-82">[82]</a> The establishment by Wells of Chicago's first <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> prioritizing Black children, located in the lecture room of the Bethel AME Church, demonstrates how her public activism and her personal life were connected; as her great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Duster" title="Michelle Duster">Michelle Duster</a> notes: "When her older children started getting of school age, then she recognized that black children did not have the same kind of educational opportunities as some other students .... And so, her attitude was, 'Well since it doesn't exist, we'll create it ourselves.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettles,_Arionne_Alyssa-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African-American_leadership">African-American leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: African-American leadership">edit</a>]</div> The 19th century's acknowledged leader for African-American civil rights, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> praised Wells's work, giving her introductions and sometimes financial support for her investigations. When he died in 1895, Wells was perhaps at the height of her notoriety, but many men and women were ambivalent or against a woman taking the lead in Black civil rights at a time when women were not seen as, and often not allowed to be, leaders by the wider society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour333-84">[84]</a> The new leading voices, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, his rival, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, and more traditionally minded women activists, often viewed Wells as too radical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer106–107-85">[85]</a> Wells encountered and sometimes collaborated with the others, but they also had many disagreements, while also competing for attention for their ideas and programs. For example, there are differing in accounts for why Wells's name was excluded from the original list of founders of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. In his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Dusk_of_Dawn" title="Dusk of Dawn">Dusk of Dawn</a>, Du Bois implied that Wells chose not to be included.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Bois1940224-86">[86]</a> However, in her autobiography, Wells stated that Du Bois deliberately excluded her from the list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970322-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizing_in_Chicago">Organizing in Chicago</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizing in Chicago">edit</a>]</div> Having settled in Chicago, Wells continued her anti-lynching work while becoming more focused on the civil rights of African Americans. She worked with national civil rights leaders to protest a major exhibition, she was active in the national <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_club_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's club movement in the United States">women's club movement</a>, and she ultimately ran for a position in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois State Senate">Illinois State Senate</a>. She also was passionate about women's rights and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">suffrage</a>. She was a spokeswoman and an advocate for women being successful in the workplace, having equal opportunities, and creating a name for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070601_Wells_House_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG/170px-20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG/255px-20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG/340px-20070601_Wells_House_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_House" title="Ida B. Wells-Barnett House">Ida B. Wells House</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Landmarks" title="List of Chicago Landmarks">Chicago landmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> Wells was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_League" title="National Equal Rights League">National Equal Rights League</a> (NERL), founded in 1864, and was their representative calling on President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to end discrimination in government jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Biography''-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERooney_&_Lemerand650-90">[90]</a> In 1914, she served as president of NERL's Chicago bureau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke358–359-91">[91]</a> In 1911, Wells attended the second annual Single Tax Conference.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This meeting, which promoted the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Land_Value_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Value Tax">Land Value Tax</a>, was moved from its original location to protest against the hotel's discrimination against African Americans at the conference banquet.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World's_Columbian_Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World's Columbian Exposition">edit</a>]</div> In 1893, the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Together with Frederick Douglass and other Black leaders, Wells organized a Black boycott of the fair, for the fair's lack of representation of African-American achievement in the exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter94–95-94">[94]</a> Wells, Douglass, <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Garland_Penn" title="Irvine Garland Penn">Irvine Garland Penn</a>, and Wells's future husband, Ferdinand L. Barnett, wrote sections of the pamphlet The Reason Why: The Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition, which detailed the progress of Blacks since their arrival in America and also exposed the basis of Southern lynchings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_Douglass,_Penn,_Barnett,1893-95">[95]</a> Wells later reported to <a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Tourg%C3%A9e" title="Albion W. Tourgée">Albion W. Tourgée</a> that copies of the pamphlet had been distributed to more than 20,000 people at the fair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortwood-96">[96]</a> That year she started work with <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Conservator" title="The Chicago Conservator">The Chicago Conservator</a>, the oldest African-American newspaper in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglioC2-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_clubs">Women's clubs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Women's clubs">edit</a>]</div> Living in Chicago in the late 19th century, Wells was very active in the national <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_club_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's club movement">Woman's club movement</a>. In 1893, she organized <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Era" title="The Woman's Era">The Women's Era</a> Club, a first-of-its-kind civic club for African-American women in Chicago. Wells recruited veteran Chicago activist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Richardson_Jones" title="Mary Jane Richardson Jones">Mary Richardson Jones</a> to serve as the first chair of the new club in 1894; Jones recruited for the organization and lent it considerable prestige.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-99">[99]</a> It would later be renamed the Ida B. Wells Club in her honor. In 1896, Wells took part in the meeting in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, that founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="National Association of Colored Women's Clubs">National Association of Colored Women's Clubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs-100">[100]</a> After her death, the club advocated to have a <a href="/wiki/Housing_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing project">housing project</a> in Chicago named after the founder, Ida B. Wells, and succeeded, making history in 1939 as the first housing project named after a woman of color.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonoring_Ida_B._Wells-101">[101]</a> Wells also helped organize the <a href="/wiki/National_Afro-American_Council" title="National Afro-American Council">National Afro-American Council</a>, serving as the organization's first secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Afro-American_Council-102">[102]</a> Wells received much support from other social activists and her fellow club women. Frederick Douglass praised her work: "You have done your people and mine a service... What a revelation of existing conditions your writing has been for me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Southern_Horrors''18923–5-31">[31]</a> Despite Douglass's praise, Wells was becoming a controversial figure among local and national women's clubs. This was evident when in 1899 the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs intended to meet in Chicago. Writing to the president of the association, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Terrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Terrell">Mary Terrell</a>, Chicago organizers of the event stated that they would not cooperate in the meeting if it included Wells. When Wells learned that Terrell had agreed to exclude Wells, she called it "a staggering blow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970258-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_segregation">School segregation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: School segregation">edit</a>]</div> In 1900, Wells was outraged when the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> published a series of articles suggesting adoption of a system of <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> in public schools. Given her experience as a schoolteacher in segregated systems in the South, she wrote to the publisher on the failures of segregated school systems and the successes of integrated public schools. She then went to his office and lobbied him. Unsatisfied, she enlisted the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> in her cause. Wells and the pressure group she put together with Addams are credited with stopping the adoption of an officially segregated school system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinar200977–79-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyimah977-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suffrage">Suffrage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Willard_controversy">Willard controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Willard controversy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_detail,_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Face_detail%2C_from-_Ida_B._Wells_circa_1895_by_Cihak_and_Zima_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Ida B. Wells c. 1895</figcaption></figure> Wells' role in the U.S. suffrage movement was inextricably linked to her lifelong crusade against racism, violence and discrimination towards African Americans. Her view of women's <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchisement</a> was pragmatic and political.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter14-106">[106]</a> Like all suffragists, she believed in women's right to vote, but she also saw enfranchisement as a way for Black women to become politically involved in their communities and to use their votes to elect African Americans, regardless of gender, to influential political office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199-107">[107]</a> As a prominent <a href="/wiki/Black_suffragists" class="mw-redirect" title="Black suffragists">Black suffragist</a>, Wells held strong positions against racism, violence and lynching that brought her into conflict with leaders of largely white suffrage organizations. Perhaps the most notable example of this conflict was her public disagreement with <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a>, the first President of the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a> (WCTU).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner-108">[108]</a> The WCTU was a predominantly white women's organization, with branches in every state and a growing membership, including in the Southern United States, where <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">segregation laws</a> and lynching occurred. With roots in the call for temperance and sobriety, the organization later became a powerful advocate of suffrage in the U.S. In 1893 Wells and Willard travelled separately to Britain on lecture tours. Willard was promoting temperance as well as suffrage for women, and Wells was calling attention to lynching in the U.S. The basis of their dispute was Wells' public statements that Willard was silent on the issue of lynching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii-21">[21]</a> Wells referred to an interview Willard had conducted during her tour of the American South, in which Willard had blamed African Americans' behavior for the defeat of temperance legislation. "The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt", Willard had said, and "the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grogshop" class="extiw" title="wikt:grogshop">grog shop</a> is its center of power. The safety of women, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities, so that men dare not go beyond the sight of their own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roof_tree" class="extiw" title="wikt:roof tree">roof tree</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinar2001-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Truth-Telling''-111">[111]</a> Although Willard and her prominent supporter <a href="/wiki/Lady_Henry_Somerset" title="Lady Henry Somerset">Lady Somerset</a> were critical of Wells' comments, Wells was able to turn that into her favor, portraying their criticisms as attempts by powerful white leaders to "crush an insignificant colored woman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter102-112">[112]</a> Wells also dedicated a chapter in The Red Record to juxtapose the different positions that she and Willard held. The chapter titled "Miss Willard's Attitude" condemned Willard for using rhetoric that promoted violence and other crimes against African Americans in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''84-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negro_Fellowship_League">Negro Fellowship League</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Negro Fellowship League">edit</a>]</div> Wells, her husband, and some members of their Bible study group, in 1908 founded the <a href="/wiki/Negro_Fellowship_League" title="Negro Fellowship League">Negro Fellowship League</a> (NFL), the first Black <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement#United_States" title="Settlement movement">settlement house</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann12-114">[114]</a> The organization, in rented space, served as a reading room, library, activity center, and shelter for young Black men in the local community at a time when the local <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Christian Association">Young Men's Christian Association</a> (YMCA) did not allow Black men to become members. The NFL also assisted with job leads and entrepreneurial opportunities for new arrivals in Chicago from Southern States, notably those of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Chicago_Daily_News'',1911-115">[115]</a> During her involvement, the NFL advocated for women's suffrage and supported the Republican Party in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter194-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpha_Suffrage_Club">Alpha Suffrage Club</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alpha Suffrage Club">edit</a>]</div> In the years following her dispute with Willard, Wells continued her anti-lynching campaign and organizing in Chicago. She focused her work on Black women's suffrage in the city following the enactment of a new state law enabling partial women's suffrage. The Illinois Presidential and Municipal Suffrage Bill of 1913 (see <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Illinois" title="Women's suffrage in Illinois">Women's suffrage in Illinois</a>) gave women in the state the right to vote for presidential electors, mayor, <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">aldermen</a> and most other local offices; but not for governor, state representatives or members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_Senate_Journal''1914-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_House_Journal''1914-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Illinois-Women's-limited-suffrage_1913-119">[a]</a> Illinois was the first state east of the Mississippi to grant women these voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman-120">[119]</a> The prospect of passing the act, even one of partial enfranchisement, was the impetus for Wells and her White colleague <a href="/wiki/Belle_Squire" title="Belle Squire">Belle Squire</a> to organize the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Suffrage_Club" title="Alpha Suffrage Club">Alpha Suffrage Club</a> in Chicago on January 30, 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Alpha_Suffrage_Record,''19141-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay-122">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] One of the most important Black suffrage organizations in Chicago, the Alpha Suffrage Club was founded as a way to further voting rights for all women, to teach Black women how to engage in civic matters, and to work to elect African Americans to city offices. Two years after its founding, the club played a significant role in electing <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar De Priest">Oscar De Priest</a> as the first African American <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">alderman</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter205-123">[122]</a> As Wells and Squire were organizing the Alpha Club, the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA) was organizing a <a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">suffrage parade</a> in Washington D.C. Marching the day before the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> as president in 1913, suffragists from across the country gathered to demand universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault-124">[123]</a> Wells, together with a delegation of members from Chicago, attended. On the day of the march, the head of the Illinois delegation told the Wells delegates that the NAWSA wanted "to keep the delegation entirely white",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay290-125">[124]</a> and all African-American suffragists, including Wells, were to walk at the end of the parade in a "colored delegation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner_&_Fitzpatrick318-126">[125]</a> Instead of going to the back with other African Americans, however, Wells waited with spectators as the parade was underway, and stepped into the white Illinois delegation as they passed by. She visibly linked arms with her white suffragist colleagues, Squire and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Brooks" title="Virginia Brooks">Virginia Brooks</a>, for the rest of the parade, demonstrating, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">The Chicago Defender</a>, the universality of the women's civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillion_Southard85-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_"race_agitator"_to_political_candidate">From "race agitator" to political candidate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From "race agitator" to political candidate">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the U.S. government placed Wells under surveillance, labeling her a dangerous "race agitator".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">[11]</a> She defied this threat by continuing civil rights work during this period with such figures as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Trotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe Trotter">Monroe Trotter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">[11]</a> In 1917, Wells wrote a series of investigative reports for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_Race_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis Race Riots">East St. Louis Race Riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis-128">[127]</a> After almost thirty years away, Wells made her first trip back to the South in 1921 to investigate and publish a report on the <a href="/wiki/Elaine_massacre" title="Elaine massacre">Elaine massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> (published 1922).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis-128">[127]</a> In the 1920s, she participated in the struggle for African-American workers' rights, urging Black women's organizations to support the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a>, as it tried to gain legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">[11]</a> However, she lost the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Colored Women">National Association of Colored Women</a> in 1924 to the more diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bethune" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Bethune">Mary Bethune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCluskey8-129">[128]</a> To challenge what she viewed as problems for African Americans in Chicago, Wells started a political organization named Third Ward Women's Political Club in 1927. In 1928, she tried to become a delegate to the Republican National Convention but lost to Oscar De Priest. Her feelings toward the Republican Party became more mixed due to what she viewed as the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover administration">Hoover administration</a>'s poor stance on civil rights and attempts to promote a "<a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">Lily-White</a>" policy in Southern Republican organizations. In 1930, Wells unsuccessfully sought elective office, running as an Independent for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a>, against the Republican Party candidate, <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelbert Roberts">Adelbert Roberts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Black_feminist_activism">Influence on Black feminist activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence on Black feminist activism">edit</a>]</div> Wells explained that the defense of white women's honor allowed Southern white men to get away with murder by projecting their own history of sexual violence onto Black men. Her call for all races and genders to be accountable for their actions showed African-American women that they can speak out and fight for their rights. According to some, by portraying the horrors of lynching, she worked to show that racial and gender discrimination are linked, furthering the <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminist</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansell127-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_(97858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg/170px-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg/255px-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg/340px-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture_%2897858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>Ida B. Wells display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></figcaption></figure> Wells died of kidney disease on March 25, 1931 in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Since Wells's death, with the rise of mid-20th-century civil rights activism, and the 1971 posthumous publication of her autobiography, interest in her life and legacy has grown. Awards have been established in her name by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENABJ-133">[132]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Medill_School_of_Journalism" title="Medill School of Journalism">Medill School of Journalism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University-134">[133]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Council_for_Women_in_History" title="Coordinating Council for Women in History">Coordinating Council for Women in History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCWH2012-135">[134]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Type_Media_Center" title="Type Media Center">Type Investigations</a> (formerly the Investigative Fund),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEType_Investigations-136">[135]</a> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Louisville-137">[136]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a> (awarded annually since 2003),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_County_Lawyers_Association-138">[137]</a> among many others. The Ida B. Wells Memorial Foundation and the Ida B. Wells Museum have also been established to protect, preserve and promote Wells's legacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum-139">[138]</a> In her hometown of Holly Springs, Mississippi, there is an Ida B. Wells-Barnett Museum named in her honor that acts as a cultural center of African-American history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum_(home_page)-140">[139]</a> In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> (PWA) built a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Housing_Authority" title="Chicago Housing Authority">Chicago Housing Authority</a> public <a href="/wiki/Housing_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing project">housing project</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bronzeville,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeville, Chicago">Bronzeville</a> neighborhood on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side of Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>; it was named the <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells_Homes" title="Ida B. Wells Homes">Ida B. Wells Homes</a> in her honor. The buildings were demolished in August 2011 due to changing demographics and ideas about such housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikimapia-141">[140]</a> In 1988, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Women's_Hall_of_Fame-142">[141]</a> In August that year, she was also inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Chicago Women's Hall of Fame">Chicago Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2;_section_6-143">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> included Wells on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsante-144">[143]</a> In 2011, Wells was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame for her writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Literary_Hall_of_Fame-145">[144]</a> On February 1, 1990, at the start of <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a> in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> dedicated a 25¢ stamp commemorating Wells in a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a> in Chicago. The stamp, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blackshear_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Blackshear II">Thomas Blackshear II</a>, features a portrait of Wells illustrated from a composite of photographs of her taken during the mid-1890s. Wells is the 25th African-American entry – and fourth African-American woman – on a U.S. postage stamp. She is the 13th in the Postal Service's Black Heritage series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_Women_stamps3-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_African_American_stamps2-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESama11_(section_14)-148">[147]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> commissioned a portrait of Wells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortrait-149">[148]</a> In 2007, the Ida B. Wells Association was founded by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a> philosophy graduate students to promote discussion of philosophical issues arising from the African-American experience and to provide a context in which to mentor undergraduates. The Philosophy Department at the University of Memphis has sponsored the Ida B. Wells conference every year since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Memphis-150">[149]</a> On February 12, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Flowers" title="Mary E. Flowers">Mary E. Flowers</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a>, introduced House Resolution 770 during the 97th General Assembly, honoring Ida B. Wells by declaring March 25, 2012 – the eighty-ninth anniversary of her death – as Ida B. Wells Day in the State of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlowers-151">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg/170px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg/255px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg/340px-Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_marker_H.S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Historical marker honoring Ida B. Wells in <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> In August 2014, Wells was the subject of an episode of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> programme <a href="/wiki/Great_Lives" title="Great Lives">Great Lives</a>, in which her work was championed by Baroness <a href="/wiki/Oona_King" title="Oona King">Oona King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing,_Oona-152">[151]</a> Wells was honored with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> on July 16, 2015, which would have been her 153rd birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshank-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalabi-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenson-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavna-156">[155]</a> In 2016, the Ida B. Wells Society for Investigative Reporting was launched in Memphis, Tennessee, with the purpose of promoting investigative journalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"-157">[156]</a> Following in the footsteps of Wells, this society encourages minority journalists to expose injustices perpetuated by the government and defend people who are susceptible to being taken advantage of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"-157">[156]</a> This organization was created with much support from the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CUNY_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="CUNY Graduate School of Journalism">CUNY Graduate School of Journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"-157">[156]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a> opened, including a reflection space dedicated to Wells, a selection of quotes by her, and a stone inscribed with her name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown,_DeNeen_L.-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlevin-159">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg/170px-Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg/255px-Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg/340px-Ida_B_Wells_blue_plaque_unveiling_-_2019-02-12_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Yvonne Mosquito, Lord Mayor of Birmingham, England, commemorating Wells's 1893 British Isles lecture tour with a blue plaque</figcaption></figure> On March 8, 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published a belated obituary for her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickerson-2">[2]</a> in a series marking <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> and entitled "Overlooked", which set out to acknowledge that, since 1851, the newspaper's obituary pages had been dominated by white men, while notable women – including Wells – had been ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielle-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton_&_Dickerson-161">[160]</a> In July 2018, Chicago's City Council officially renamed Congress Parkway as <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells_Drive" title="Ida B. Wells Drive">Ida B. Wells Drive</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavithra-162">[161]</a> it is the first <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Chicago">downtown Chicago</a> street named after a woman of color.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt_&_Byrne-163">[162]</a> On February 12, 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>, provided by the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Jak_Community_Trust" title="Nubian Jak Community Trust">Nubian Jak Community Trust</a>, was unveiled by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Birmingham" title="List of mayors of Birmingham">Lord Mayor of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Mosquito" title="Yvonne Mosquito">Yvonne Mosquito</a>, at the Edgbaston Community Centre, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, commemorating Wells's stay in a house on the exact site of 66 Gough Road where she stayed in 1893 during her speaking tour of the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington,_Linn-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''I_Am_Birmingham''-164">[163]</a> On July 13, 2019, a marker for her was unveiled in Mississippi, on the northeast corner of Holly Springs' Courthouse Square. The marker was dedicated by the Wells–Barnett Museum and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Society_for_Historic_Preservation" title="Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation">Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinger-165">[164]</a> In 2019, a new middle school in Washington, D.C., was named in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins,_Sam_P._K.24-166">[165]</a> On November 7, 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Writers_Trail" title="Mississippi Writers Trail">Mississippi Writers Trail</a> historical marker was installed at Rust College in Holly Springs, commemorating the legacy of Ida B. Wells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Writers_Trail-167">[166]</a> On May 4, 2020, she was posthumously awarded a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">special citation</a>, "for her outstanding and courageous reporting on the horrific and vicious violence against African Americans during the era of lynching".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene-168">[167]</a> The Pulitzer Prize board announced that it would donate at least $50,000 in support of Wells's mission to recipients who would be announced at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020-6">[6]</a> In 2021, a public high school in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, that had been named for <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> was renamed <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_High_School" title="Ida B. Wells-Barnett High School">Ida B. Wells High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In 2025, Wells was honored on a U.S. quarter part of the final year of the <a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The quarter's launch was celebrated at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/DuSable_Black_History_Museum_and_Education_Center" title="DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center">DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center</a> in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="National Women's History Museum">National Women's History Museum</a> on February 12, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg/220px-Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg/330px-Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg/440px-Ida_B._Wells_Memphis_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The life-sized statue of Ida B. Wells in downtown <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, Chicago erected a monument to Wells in the <a href="/wiki/Bronzeville,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeville, Chicago">Bronzeville</a> neighborhood, near where she lived and close to the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells_Homes" title="Ida B. Wells Homes">Ida B. Wells Homes</a> housing project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-174">[173]</a> Officially called <a href="/wiki/Light_of_Truth_Ida_B._Wells_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Light of Truth Ida B. Wells National Monument">The Light of Truth Ida B. Wells National Monument</a> (based on her quote, "the way to right wrongs is to cast the light of truth upon them"), it was created by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(sculptor)" title="Richard Hunt (sculptor)">Richard Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Also in 2021, Memphis dedicated a new Ida B. Wells plaza with a life-sized statue of Wells. The monument is adjacent to the historic <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Beale Street Baptist Church">Beale Street Baptist Church</a>, where Wells produced the Free Speech newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_media">Representation in media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Representation in media">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/1949_in_radio" title="1949 in radio">1949</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology</a> radio <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">drama</a> <a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a> recapped parts of her life in the episode "Woman with a Mission", written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary series <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> aired on December 19, 1989 – season 2, episode 11 (one-hour) – "Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice", written and directed by <a href="/wiki/William_Greaves" title="William Greaves">William Greaves</a>. The documentary featured excerpts of Wells's memoirs read by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrody-178">[177]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NUyPFAJE9M">viewable</a> via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>) In 1995, the play In Pursuit of Justice: A One-Woman Play About Ida B. Wells, written by Wendy D. Jones (born 1953) and starring Janice Jenkins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones-179">[178]</a> was produced. It draws on historical incidents and speeches from Wells's autobiography, and features fictional letters to a friend. It won four awards from the <a href="/wiki/AUDELCO" title="AUDELCO">AUDELCO</a> (Audience Development Committee Inc.), an organization that honors Black theater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViagas-180">[179]</a> In 1999, a staged <a href="/wiki/Oral_interpretation" title="Oral interpretation">reading</a> of the play Iola's Letter, written by Michon Boston (née Michon Alana Boston; born 1962), was performed at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in Washington, D.C., under the direction of Vera J. Katz,<a href="#cite_note-Vera-Katz-bio-181">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHentoff_March_28,_1994-182">[180]</a> including then-student <a href="/wiki/Chadwick_Boseman" title="Chadwick Boseman">Chadwick Boseman</a> among the cast. The play is inspired by the real-life events that compelled a 29-year-old Ida B. Wells to launch an anti-lynching crusade from Memphis in 1892 using her newspaper, Free Speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins_&_Stephens-183">[181]</a> Wells's life is the subject of Constant Star (2002), a widely performed musical drama by <a href="/wiki/Tazewell_Thompson" title="Tazewell Thompson">Tazewell Thompson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates,_Anita-184">[182]</a> who was inspired to write it by the 1989 documentary Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrick-Harris-72">[72]</a> Thompson's play explores Wells as "a seminal figure in Post-<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates,_Anita-184">[182]</a> Wells was played by Adilah Barnes in the 2004 film <a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a>. The film dramatizes a moment during the <a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Parade_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913">Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913</a> when Wells ignored instructions to march with the segregated parade units and crossed the lines to march with the other members of her Illinois chapter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStetz-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Selected publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-gildedage%253A24320">The Arkansas Race Riot (Manuscript)</a>. 1920 – via Northern Illinois University Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arkansas+Race+Riot+%28Manuscript%29&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fniu-gildedage%25253A24320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mobruleinneworle14976gut/14976.txt">Mob Rule in New Orleans: Robert Charles and His Fight to Death, the Story of His Life, Burning Human Beings Alive, Other Lynching Statistics</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mob+Rule+in+New+Orleans%3A+Robert+Charles+and+His+Fight+to+Death%2C+the+Story+of+His+Life%2C+Burning+Human+Beings+Alive%2C+Other+Lynching+Statistics&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmobruleinneworle14976gut%2F14976.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theredrecord14977gut">The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States</a>. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Record%3A+Tabulated+Statistics+and+Alleged+Causes+of+Lynching+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheredrecord14977gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/634281e0-4abc-0134-346c-00505686a51c">Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Age">New York Age Print</a>. 1892 – via <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Horrors%3A+Lynch+Law+in+All+Its+Phases&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Age+Print&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F634281e0-4abc-0134-346c-00505686a51c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Wells_Crusade.pdf">Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells</a>. 1970 — via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/">The University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" 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E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_print_journalists" title="List of American print journalists">List of American print journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigative_journalists" title="List of investigative journalists">List of investigative journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annotations">Annotations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Annotations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Illinois-Women's-limited-suffrage_1913-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Illinois-Women's-limited-suffrage_1913_119-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/48th_Illinois_General_Assembly" title="48th Illinois General Assembly">48th Illinois General Assembly</a>, Regular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial" class="extiw" title="wikt:biennial">Biennial</a> Session: <ol type="i" start="1"> <li> May 7, 1913: Senate Bill 63 – State Senator Hugh Stewart Magill, Jr. (1868–1958), from <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_Illinois" title="Princeton, Illinois">Princeton</a>, sponsored a limited women's suffrage bill. The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> (the Upper House) passed it May 7, 1913, by a vote of 29 to 15 – three more than the required majority. </li><li> June 11, 1913: The House posed a stiffer challenge, right up to the day of the vote. The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> (the Lower House) passed it June 11, 1913, by a vote of 83 to 58. </li><li> June 26, 1913: Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Dunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward F. Dunne">Edward F. Dunne</a> signed the bill June 26, 1913, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a>. The signing ceremony was filmed for the movies.</li></ol> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vera-Katz-bio-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Vera-Katz-bio_181-0">^</a> Vera J. Katz (née Vera Joy Weintraub; born 1936) is <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emerita" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emerita">Professor Emerita</a> from <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, Department of Theater Arts, where she taught acting and directing for 32 years – from 1969 to about 2001. [Like many of the writers cited in this article], Katz has devoted much of her career to fighting bigotry. (<a href="#CITEREFHentoff_March_28,_1994">Hentoff March 28, 1994</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Encyclopedia''2013-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Encyclopedia''2013_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013">Giddings, Encyclopedia 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickerson-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickerson_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickerson_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickerson_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickerson">Dickerson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Giddings" title="Paula Giddings">Giddings, Paula</a> (1984). "1: 'To Sell My Life as Dearly as Possible': Ida B. Wells and the Antilynching Campaign". When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+%27To+Sell+My+Life+as+Dearly+as+Possible%27%3A+Ida+B.+Wells+and+the+Antilynching+Campaign&rft.btitle=When+and+Where+I+Enter%3A+The+Impact+of+Black+Women+on+Race+and+Sex+in+America&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses" class="citation book cs1">Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Black+Nationalism%2C+1850%E2%80%931925&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Wilson+Jeremiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago">Wells Papers, Univ. Chicago</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulitzer2020_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulitzer2020">Pulitzer 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney">McKinney</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMurry-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMurry_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMurry_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcMurry">McMurry</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/">"About"</a>. Ida B. Wells-Barnett museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102601/https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett+museum&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidabwellsmuseum.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews,_Dasha-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews,_Dasha_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthews,_Dasha">Matthews, Dasha</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''20085–10_11-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008">Giddings, Sword Among Lions, 2008</a>, pp. 5–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesque2024" class="citation web cs1">Levesque, Faron (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/">"Ida B. Wells and People's Grocery"</a>. The MIT Press Reader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525122420/https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MIT+Press+Reader&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+and+People%27s+Grocery&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Levesque&rft.aufirst=Faron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthereader.mitpress.mit.edu%2Fida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack,_Patti_Carr-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack,_Patti_Carr_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack,_Patti_Carr_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack,_Patti_Carr">Black, Patti Carr</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellD13-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellD13_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellD13_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell">Mitchell</a>, p. D13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather-Lea4_&_7_(section_A)-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather-Lea4_&_7_(section_A)_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeather-Lea">Heather-Lea</a>, pp. 4 & 7 (section A). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay67-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBay67_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBay">Bay</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYaeger,_October_21,_2015-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYaeger,_October_21,_2015_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYaeger,_October_21,_2015">Yaeger, October 21, 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin61,_63–65-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin61,_63–65_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin">Franklin</a>, pp. 61, 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFradin_&_Fradin21-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFradin_&_Fradin21_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFradin_&_Fradin">Fradin & Fradin</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Chesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,''18875-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Chesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,''18875_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,1887">Chesapeake, O. & S. R. Co. v. Wells, 1887</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970xviii_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells–Duster,1970">Wells–Duster, 1970</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197023–24-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197023–24_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells–Duster,1970">Wells–Duster, 1970</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardon-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardon_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardon">Cardon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeavey_&_Smith46–49-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeavey_&_Smith46–49_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeavey_&_Smith46–49_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeavey_&_Smith">Peavey & Smith</a>, pp. 46–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddings,_''Sword_Among_Lions,''2008178–180,_183,_207_25-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008">Giddings, Sword Among Lions, 2008</a>, pp. 178–180, 183, 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197052-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,197052_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells–Duster,1970">Wells–Duster, 1970</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackPast.org2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/BlackPast.org" title="BlackPast.org">BlackPast.org</a> (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1909-ida-b-wells-awful-slaughter/">"(1909) Ida B. Wells, "Lynching, Our National Crime" •"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513113403/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1909-ida-b-wells-awful-slaughter/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024. 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Retrieved March 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=On+the+Road%3A+Anti-Lynching+Lectures+Around+the+U.S.+and+Abroad+%E2%80%93+A+Voice+for+Justice+%E2%80%93+The+University+of+Chicago+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fcollex%2Fexhibits%2Fvoice-for-justice-life-and-legacy-ida-b-wells%2Froad-anti-lynching-lectures-around-us-and-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington,_Linn-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington,_Linn_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington,_Linn_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington,_Linn">Washington, Linn</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrick-Harris-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrick-Harris_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrick-Harris_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyrick-Harris">Myrick-Harris</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaisana197-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaisana197_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaisana">Paisana</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_David-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_David_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith,_David">Smith, David</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZackodnik268–270-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZackodnik268–270_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZackodnik">Zackodnik</a>, pp. 268–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Jo_Deegan1991" class="citation book cs1">Mary Jo Deegan, ed. (1991). Women in sociology: a bio-bibliographical sourcebook. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26085-0"><bdi>0-313-26085-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22181691">22181691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+sociology%3A+a+bio-bibliographical+sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22181691&rft.isbn=0-313-26085-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Miss_Wells",_June_13,1895-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Miss_Wells",_June_13,1895_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Miss_Wells",_June_13,1895">"Miss Wells", June 13, 1895</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitchie165-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitchie165_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitchie">Ritchie</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter176-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter176_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan,_Brucella_Wiggins195–196-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan,_Brucella_Wiggins195–196_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordan,_Brucella_Wiggins">Jordan, Brucella Wiggins</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuster,_Alfreda-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuster,_Alfreda_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuster,_Alfreda">Duster, Alfreda</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETichi340_(note_16)-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETichi340_(note_16)_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTichi">Tichi</a>, p. 340 (note 16). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettles,_Arionne_Alyssa-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettles,_Arionne_Alyssa_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettles,_Arionne_Alyssa">Nettles, Arionne Alyssa</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour333-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour333_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeymour">Seymour</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer106–107-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer106–107_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer">Palmer</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Bois1940224-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Bois1940224_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDu_Bois1940">Du Bois 1940</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970322-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970322_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells–Duster,1970">Wells–Duster, 1970</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuRocher2016" class="citation book cs1">DuRocher, Kristina (2016). Ida B. Wells: Social Activist and Reformer. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66219-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66219-8"><bdi>978-1-317-66219-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957700358">957700358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+Social+Activist+and+Reformer.&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957700358&rft.isbn=978-1-317-66219-8&rft.aulast=DuRocher&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Biography''-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Biography''_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiography">Biography</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERooney_&_Lemerand650-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERooney_&_Lemerand650_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRooney_&_Lemerand">Rooney & Lemerand</a>, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke358–359-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke358–359_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 358–359. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperative-individualism.org/single-tax-conference-1911-nov.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241229063836/https://cooperative-individualism.org/single-tax-conference-1911-nov.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperative-individualism.org%2Fsingle-tax-conference-1911-nov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722082516/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979-125.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20150722082516/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979-125.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter94–95-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter94–95_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_Douglass,_Penn,_Barnett,1893-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells,_Douglass,_Penn,_Barnett,1893_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells,_Douglass,_Penn,_Barnett,1893">Wells, Douglass, Penn, Barnett, 1893</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortwood-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortwood_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPortwood">Portwood</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglioC2-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfiglioC2_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonfiglio">Bonfiglio</a>, p. C2. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-98"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPhelps2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Carney_Smith" title="Jessie Carney Smith">Smith, Jessie Carney</a>; Phelps, Shirelle, eds. (2003). "Jones, Mary Jane Richardson". Notable Black American Women. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-4749-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-4749-0"><bdi>0-8103-4749-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24468213">24468213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jones%2C+Mary+Jane+Richardson&rft.btitle=Notable+Black+American+Women&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24468213&rft.isbn=0-8103-4749-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-99"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzAdele_Hast2001" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Rima Lunin; Adele Hast, eds. (2001). Women building Chicago, 1790–1990: a biographical dictionary. Bloomington, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33852-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33852-5"><bdi>978-0-253-33852-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44573291">44573291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+building+Chicago%2C+1790%E2%80%931990%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44573291&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33852-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs">National Association of Colored Women's Clubs</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonoring_Ida_B._Wells-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonoring_Ida_B._Wells_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHonoring_Ida_B._Wells">Honoring Ida B. Wells</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Afro-American_Council-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Afro-American_Council_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Afro-American_Council">National Afro-American Council</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970258-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells–Duster,1970258_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells–Duster,1970">Wells–Duster, 1970</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinar200977–79-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinar200977–79_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinar2009">Pinar 2009</a>, pp. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyimah977-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyimah977_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGyimah">Gyimah</a>, p. 977. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter14-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter14_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter199_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner">Wagner</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinar2001-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinar2001_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinar2001">Pinar 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillard_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillard">Willard</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Truth-Telling''-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Truth-Telling''_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruth-Telling">Truth-Telling</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter102-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter102_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''84-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Red_Record''84_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells,_Red_Record">Wells, Red Record</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann12-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann12_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMann">Mann</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Chicago_Daily_News'',1911-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells,_''Chicago_Daily_News'',1911_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells,_Chicago_Daily_News,1911">Wells, Chicago Daily News, 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter194-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter194_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_Senate_Journal''1914-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_Senate_Journal''1914_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIllinois_Senate_Journal1914">Illinois Senate Journal 1914</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_House_Journal''1914-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Illinois_House_Journal''1914_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIllinois_House_Journal1914">Illinois House Journal 1914</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman">Grossman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Alpha_Suffrage_Record,''19141-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Alpha_Suffrage_Record,''19141_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpha_Suffrage_Record,1914">Alpha Suffrage Record, 1914</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBay_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBay">Bay</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter205-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter205_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter">Schechter</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoissoneault">Boissoneault</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBay290-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBay290_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBay">Bay</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner_&_Fitzpatrick318-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlexner_&_Fitzpatrick318_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlexner_&_Fitzpatrick">Flexner & Fitzpatrick</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillion_Southard85-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStillion_Southard85_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStillion_Southard">Stillion Southard</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCosta-Willis_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeCosta-Willis">DeCosta-Willis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCluskey8-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCluskey8_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCluskey">McCluskey</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansell127-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansell127_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStansell">Stansell</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackwomenssuffrage.dp.la/collections/ida-b-wells/ibwells-0008-010-14">""Mrs. Ida Barnett, Colored Leader, 62, Dies Suddenly," The Chicago Tribune, March 25, 1931 | DPLA"</a>. Black Women's Suffrage | DPLA. Retrieved January 31, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Women%27s+Suffrage+%7C+DPLA&rft.atitle=%22Mrs.+Ida+Barnett%2C+Colored+Leader%2C+62%2C+Dies+Suddenly%2C%22+The+Chicago+Tribune%2C+March+25%2C+1931+%7C+DPLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackwomenssuffrage.dp.la%2Fcollections%2Fida-b-wells%2Fibwells-0008-010-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/news/inside-the-mint/ida-b-wells-light-of-truth?srsltid=AfmBOorD0ClS2ZDF7dZ5QRTIOTnKYubKWt3FA5cdpCMhqTUSXnHhZ1bQ">"Ida B. Wells and the Light of Truth"</a>. www.usmint.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usmint.gov&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+and+the+Light+of+Truth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fnews%2Finside-the-mint%2Fida-b-wells-light-of-truth%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOorD0ClS2ZDF7dZ5QRTIOTnKYubKWt3FA5cdpCMhqTUSXnHhZ1bQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENABJ-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENABJ_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNABJ">NABJ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorthwestern_University">Northwestern University</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCWH2012-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCWH2012_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCCWH2012">CCWH 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEType_Investigations-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEType_Investigations_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFType_Investigations">Type Investigations</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Louisville-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Louisville_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Louisville">University of Louisville</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_County_Lawyers_Association-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_County_Lawyers_Association_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNew_York_County_Lawyers_Association">New York County Lawyers Association</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells-Barnett_Museum">Wells-Barnett Museum</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum_(home_page)-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells-Barnett_Museum_(home_page)_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells-Barnett_Museum_(home_page)">Wells-Barnett Museum (home page)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikimapia-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikimapia_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikimapia">Wikimapia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Women's_Hall_of_Fame-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Women's_Hall_of_Fame_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Women's_Hall_of_Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2;_section_6-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2;_section_6_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurleigh">Burleigh</a>, p. 2; section 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsante-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsante_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsante">Asante</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Literary_Hall_of_Fame-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Literary_Hall_of_Fame_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChicago_Literary_Hall_of_Fame">Chicago Literary Hall of Fame</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_Women_stamps3-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_Women_stamps3_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUSPS:_Women_stamps">USPS: Women stamps</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_African_American_stamps2-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSPS:_African_American_stamps2_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUSPS:_African_American_stamps">USPS: African American stamps</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESama11_(section_14)-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESama11_(section_14)_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSama">Sama</a>, p. 11 (section 14). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortrait-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortrait_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPortrait">Portrait</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Memphis-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Memphis_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Memphis">University of Memphis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlowers-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlowers_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlowers">Flowers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing,_Oona-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing,_Oona_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing,_Oona">King, Oona</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshank-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshank_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruickshank">Cruickshank</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalabi-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalabi_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalabi">Jalabi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenson-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerenson_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerenson">Berenson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavna-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavna_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavna">Cavna</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Our_Creation_Story"_157-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Our_Creation_Story"">"Our Creation Story"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown,_DeNeen_L.-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown,_DeNeen_L._158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown,_DeNeen_L.">Brown, DeNeen L</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlevin-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlevin_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlevin">Slevin</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielle-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielle_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielle">Danielle</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton_&_Dickerson-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton_&_Dickerson_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinton_&_Dickerson">Linton & Dickerson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavithra-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavithra_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavithra">Pavithra</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt_&_Byrne-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt_&_Byrne_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPratt_&_Byrne">Pratt & Byrne</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''I_Am_Birmingham''-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''I_Am_Birmingham''_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFI_Am_Birmingham">I Am Birmingham</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinger-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinger_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlinger">Klinger</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins,_Sam_P._K.24-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins,_Sam_P._K.24_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollins,_Sam_P._K.">Collins, Sam P. K.</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Writers_Trail-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Writers_Trail_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMississippi_Writers_Trail">Mississippi Writers Trail</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene">Greene</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2021" class="citation news cs1">Young, Jenny (January 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koin.com/news/education/pps-changes-wilson-hs-name-to-honor-ida-b-wells-barnett/">"PPS changes Wilson HS name to honor Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/KOIN" title="KOIN">KOIN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203211318/https://www.koin.com/news/education/pps-changes-wilson-hs-name-to-honor-ida-b-wells-barnett/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PPS+changes+Wilson+HS+name+to+honor+Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koin.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fpps-changes-wilson-hs-name-to-honor-ida-b-wells-barnett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201102308/https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/united-states-mint-announces-2025-american-women-quarters-program-coins">"United States Mint Announces 2025 American Women Quarters™ Program Coins"</a>. United States Mint. October 17, 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/united-states-mint-announces-2025-american-women-quarters-program-coins/">the original</a> on December 1, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Mint&rft.atitle=United+States+Mint+Announces+2025+American+Women+Quarters%E2%84%A2+Program+Coins&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Funited-states-mint-announces-2025-american-women-quarters-program-coins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-programs/american-women-quarters-program/">"American Women Quarters Program"</a>. US Mint. Retrieved February 17, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Mint&rft.atitle=American+Women+Quarters+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fcoins%2Fcoin-programs%2Famerican-women-quarters-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.womenshistory.org/events/historic-change-ida-b-wells/?_ga=2.28430972.1355470348.1739206783-667838388.1737998455">"Historic Change: Celebrating the Life and Legacy Ida B. Wells"</a>. events.womenshistory.org. Retrieved February 17, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=events.womenshistory.org&rft.atitle=Historic+Change%3A+Celebrating+the+Life+and+Legacy+Ida+B.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.womenshistory.org%2Fevents%2Fhistoric-change-ida-b-wells%2F%3F_ga%3D2.28430972.1355470348.1739206783-667838388.1737998455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2025" class="citation web cs1">Whiting, Susan (February 14, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/02/14/opinion-ida-b-wells-quarter-chicago/">"Susan Whiting: Chicago activist Ida B. Wells changes the face of American currency"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 17, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Susan+Whiting%3A+Chicago+activist+Ida+B.+Wells+changes+the+face+of+American+currency&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Fopinion-ida-b-wells-quarter-chicago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw">Shaw</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/1012203967/ida-b-wells-new-monument-unveiled-in-chicago">"A Monument To Journalist, Civil Rights Activist Ida B. Wells Is Unveiled In Chicago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704051644/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/1012203967/ida-b-wells-new-monument-unveiled-in-chicago">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Monument+To+Journalist%2C+Civil+Rights+Activist+Ida+B.+Wells+Is+Unveiled+In+Chicago&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F07%2F01%2F1012203967%2Fida-b-wells-new-monument-unveiled-in-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernhollows.com/memphisidabwellsstatue.html">"Memphis Unveils New Ida. B. Wells Monument"</a>. Southern Hollows Podcast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807143555/http://www.southernhollows.com/memphisidabwellsstatue.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Hollows+Podcast&rft.atitle=Memphis+Unveils+New+Ida.+B.+Wells+Monument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernhollows.com%2Fmemphisidabwellsstatue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Fred_MacDonald" title="J. Fred MacDonald">MacDonald, J. Fred</a>, ed. (1989). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a>'s Destination Freedom. New York: Praeger. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-93138-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-93138-2"><bdi>0-275-93138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Durham%27s+Destination+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-275-93138-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrody-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrody_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrody">Brody</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones">Jones</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViagas-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViagas_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViagas">Viagas</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHentoff_March_28,_1994-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHentoff_March_28,_1994_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHentoff_March_28,_1994">Hentoff March 28, 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins_&_Stephens-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins_&_Stephens_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerkins_&_Stephens">Perkins & Stephens</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates,_Anita-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates,_Anita_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates,_Anita_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGates,_Anita">Gates, Anita</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStetz-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStetz_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStetz">Stetz</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_to_linked_inline_notes">References to linked inline notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References to linked inline notes">edit</a>]</div> Books, journals, magazines, academic papers, online blogs <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James E. (2011) [1994]. Without Sanctuary: Photographs and Postcards of Lynching in America. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>: Twin Palms Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Sanctuary%3A+Photographs+and+Postcards+of+Lynching+in+America&rft.place=Santa+Fe&rft.pub=Twin+Palms+Publisher&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ol type="1" start="1"> Print: <ol type="a" start="1"> <li> Book (1st ed.) (July 31, 1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/936079991">936079991</a></li> <li> Book (10th ed.) (February 1, 2000): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994750311">994750311</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751138477">751138477</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944092-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944092-69-9">978-0-944092-69-9</a></li> <li> Book (11th ed.) (2011): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1075938297">1075938297</a></li></ol> Exhibitions, film, digital: <ol type="a" start="4"> <li> Roth Horowitz Gallery, 160A East 70th Street, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (January 14, 2000 – February 12, 2000); Andrew Roth and Glenn Horowitz, gallery co-owners, Witness: Photographs of Lynchings from the Collection of James Allen and John Littlefield, organized by Andrew Roth</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Historical Society">New York Historical Society</a> (March 14, 2000 – October 1, 2000); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809988821">809988821</a>, Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, curated by James Allen and Julia Hotton </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol Museum">Andy Warhol Museum</a> (September 22, 2001 – February 21, 2002), The Without Sanctuary Project, curated by James Allen; co-directed by Jessica Arcand and Margery King</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> (May 1, 2002 – December 31, 2002), Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/782970109">782970109</a>, curated by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan, Jr.; born 1951); Douglas H. Quin, PhD (born 1956) exhibition designer; <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> MLK site team: Frank Catroppa, Saudia Muwwakkil, and Melissa English-Rias </li><li> The 2002 short film, Without Sanctuary, directed by Matt Dibble (né Matthew Phillips Dibble; born 1959) and produced by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan Jr.; born 1951), accompanied the 2002–2003 exhibition by the same name, Without Sanctuary, at the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> (co-sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>) </li><li> Digital format (2008): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1179211921">1179211921</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/439904269">439904269</a> (Overview, Movie, Photos, Forum)</li> <li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://withoutsanctuary.org/">Official website</a>; part of collection at the <a href="/wiki/Emory_University_Libraries#Robert_W._Woodruff_Library" title="Emory University Libraries">Robert W. Woodruff Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li></ol></ol> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpha_Suffrage_Record,1914" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Suffrage_Club#Alpha_Suffrage_Record" title="Alpha Suffrage Club">Alpha Suffrage Record, The</a> (March 18, 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livinghistoryofillinois.com/pdf_files/The%20Alpha%20Suffrage%20Record,%20Volume%201,%20Number%201,%20March%2018,%201914.pdf">"The Alpha Suffrage Club"</a> (PDF) (inaugural newsletter). Vol. 1, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Suffrage_Club" title="Alpha Suffrage Club">Alpha Suffrage Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171350/http://livinghistoryofillinois.com/pdf_files/The%20Alpha%20Suffrage%20Record,%20Volume%201,%20Number%201,%20March%2018,%201914.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Living History of Illinois and Chicago, Neil Gale, Curator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Alpha+Suffrage+Club&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1914-03-18&rft.au=Alpha+Suffrage+Record%2C+The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivinghistoryofillinois.com%2Fpdf_files%2FThe%2520Alpha%2520Suffrage%2520Record%2C%2520Volume%25201%2C%2520Number%25201%2C%2520March%252018%2C%25201914.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Asante, Molefi Kete</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwuGTSnc2CsC&pg=PA309">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans:_A_Biographical_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia">100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_York" title="Amherst, New York">Amherst, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. pp. 110, 309–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8"><bdi>1-57392-963-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002018993">2002018993</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1018143510">1018143510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.btitle=100+Greatest+African+Americans%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=110%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1018143510&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002018993&rft.isbn=1-57392-963-8&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwuGTSnc2CsC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_D._Baker" title="Lee D. Baker">Baker, Lee D.</a> (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517120331/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications-english/Black_Women_Leaders_eJ.pdf">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Fighting and Writing for Justice"</a> (PDF). eJournal USA. 16 (6). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>: 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1949-7644">1949-7644</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700047682">700047682</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications-english/Black_Women_Leaders_eJ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 17, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eJournal+USA&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett%3A+Fighting+and+Writing+for+Justice&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700047682&rft.issn=1949-7644&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Lee+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Famgov%2F30145%2Fpublications-english%2FBlack_Women_Leaders_eJ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBay" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mia_Bay" title="Mia Bay">Bay, Mia</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqf-y9pcfsEC&pg=PP1">To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hill_%26_Wang" title="Hill & Wang">Hill & Wang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1646-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1646-4"><bdi>978-0-8090-1646-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032224630">1032224630</a>. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Tell+the+Truth+Freely%3A+The+Life+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1032224630&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-1646-4&rft.aulast=Bay&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsqf-y9pcfsEC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenson" class="citation magazine cs1">Berenson, Tessa C. (July 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3960699/google-doodle-ida-b-wells/">"Today's Google Doodle Celebrates Journalist Ida B. Wells' Birthday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time.com</a> (online). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227143049/http://time.com/3960699/google-doodle-ida-b-wells/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time.com&rft.atitle=Today%27s+Google+Doodle+Celebrates+Journalist+Ida+B.+Wells%27+Birthday&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Berenson&rft.aufirst=Tessa+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3960699%2Fgoogle-doodle-ida-b-wells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiography" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/ida-b-wells">"Ida B. Wells"</a>. Biography. January 16, 2020 [April 27, 2017]. Retrieved November 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Factivist%2Fida-b-wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Patti_Carr" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patti_Carr_Black" title="Patti Carr Black">Black, Patti Carr</a> (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/49/ida-b-wells-a-courageous-voice-for-civil-rights">"Ida B. Wells: A Courageous Voice for Civil Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_History_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi History Now">Mississippi History Now</a> (online publication). <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Historical_Society" title="Mississippi Historical Society">Mississippi Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221234724/http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/49/ida-b-wells-a-courageous-voice-for-civil-rights">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+History+Now&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+A+Courageous+Voice+for+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2001-02&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Patti+Carr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov%2Farticles%2F49%2Fida-b-wells-a-courageous-voice-for-civil-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault" class="citation journal cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (January 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/original-womens-march-washington-and-suffragists-who-paved-way-180961869/">"The Original Women's March on Washington and the Suffragists Who Paved the Way"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> (online). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333">0037-7333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103112233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/original-womens-march-washington-and-suffragists-who-paved-way-180961869/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Original+Women%27s+March+on+Washington+and+the+Suffragists+Who+Paved+the+Way&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.issn=0037-7333&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Foriginal-womens-march-washington-and-suffragists-who-paved-way-180961869%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielle" class="citation journal cs1">Danielle, Britni (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essence.com/news/ida-b-wells-new-york-times/">"The New York Times Is Finally Giving Ida B. Wells Her Due"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)">Essence</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331105939/https://www.essence.com/news/ida-b-wells-new-york-times/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essence&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+Is+Finally+Giving+Ida+B.+Wells+Her+Due&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Danielle&rft.aufirst=Britni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essence.com%2Fnews%2Fida-b-wells-new-york-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brody" title="Richard Brody">Brody, Richard</a> (July 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/movies/ida-b-wells-a-passion-for-justice">"What to Stream – Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice"</a>. Goings on About Town: Movies. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Vol. 96, no. 21. p. 8. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=What+to+Stream+%E2%80%93+Ida+B.+Wells%3A+A+Passion+for+Justice&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fgoings-on-about-town%2Fmovies%2Fida-b-wells-a-passion-for-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877711126/editions">877711126 (all editions)</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0028-792X">0028-792X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Busby, Margaret</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daughtersofafric00busb/page/150/mode/2up">"Ida B. Wells (Barnett)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Africa" title="Daughters of Africa">Daughters of Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38268-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-38268-4"><bdi>0-345-38268-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93-90470">93-90470</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925350164">925350164</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+%28Barnett%29&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Africa&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape+%2F+Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925350164&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93-90470&rft.isbn=0-345-38268-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaughtersofafric00busb%2Fpage%2F150%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardon" class="citation journal cs1">Cardon, Dustin (February 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2018/feb/27/ida-b-wells/">"Ida B. Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Free_Press" title="Jackson Free Press">Jackson Free Press</a> (blog). <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305233808/http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2018/feb/27/ida-b-wells/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jackson+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Cardon&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksonfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fida-b-wells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Note: the article is not in the print edition (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/jacksonfreepress">back issues</a> at <a href="/wiki/ISSUU" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSUU">ISSUU</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairnes" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_Cairnes" title="John Elliott Cairnes">Cairnes, John Elliott</a> (August 1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmoJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA343">"The Negro Suffrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan%27s_Magazine" title="Macmillan's Magazine">Macmillan's Magazine</a>. 12 (68): 334–343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macmillan%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Negro+Suffrage&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=1865-08&rft.aulast=Cairnes&rft.aufirst=John+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmoJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCCWH2012" class="citation web cs1">CCWH (November 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theccwh.org/ccwh-awards/wells-graduate-student-fellowship/">"Ida B. Wells Graduate Student Fellowship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a>: Coordinating Council for Women in History. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Graduate+Student+Fellowship&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Coordinating+Council+for+Women+in+History&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.au=CCWH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheccwh.org%2Fccwh-awards%2Fwells-graduate-student-fellowship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (awarded annually since 1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,1887" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southwesternrep07unkngoog/page/n24/mode/2up">"Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad Company v. Ida B. Wells. (Supreme Court of Tennessee; April Term, 1887)"</a>. Southwestern Reporter. (Vol. 4. May 16, 1887 – August 1, 1887). <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a>: <a href="/wiki/West_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="West Publishing Company">West Publishing Company</a>: 5. 1886. Retrieved May 12, 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q> ... her persistence was not in good faith ... </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Reporter&rft.atitle=Chesapeake%2C+Ohio+%26+Southwestern+Railroad+Company+v.+Ida+B.+Wells.+%28Supreme+Court+of+Tennessee%3B+April+Term%2C+1887%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthwesternrep07unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn24%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Literary_Hall_of_Fame" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/ida-b.-wells/">"Ida B. Wells"</a>. chicagoliteraryhof.org. Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. November 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013341/https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/ida-b.-wells">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagoliteraryhof.org&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagoliteraryhof.org%2Finductees%2Fprofile%2Fida-b.-wells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (inducted during the Second Annual Ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington_Library" title="Harold Washington Library">Harold Washington Library</a> November 15, 2011; the article includes a video.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruickshank" class="citation web cs1">Cruickshank, Matt (July 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/ida-b-wells-153rd-birthday/">"Ida B. Wells' 153rd Birthday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>. Retrieved January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Doodle&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%27+153rd+Birthday&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=Cruickshank&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fida-b-wells-153rd-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/">Google Doodles Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424191257/https://www.google.com/doodles">Archived</a> April 24, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Curry_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Curry (professor)">Curry, Tommy J.</a> (Fall 2012). "The Fortune of Wells: Ida B. Wells-Barnett's Use of T. Thomas Fortune's Philosophy of Social Agitation as a Prolegomenon to Militant Civil Rights Activism". Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 48 (4). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce Society</a>: 456–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Ftrancharpeirsoc.48.4.456">10.2979/trancharpeirsoc.48.4.456</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/0009-1774">0009-1774</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844279727">844279727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145734549">145734549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Charles+S.+Peirce+Society&rft.atitle=The+Fortune+of+Wells%3A+Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett%27s+Use+of+T.+Thomas+Fortune%27s+Philosophy+of+Social+Agitation+as+a+Prolegomenon+to+Militant+Civil+Rights+Activism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844279727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145734549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F0009-1774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Ftrancharpeirsoc.48.4.456&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Tommy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCosta-Willis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_DeCosta-Willis" title="Miriam DeCosta-Willis">DeCosta-Willis, Miriam</a> (March 1, 2018) [October 8, 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ida-b-wells-barnett/">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Encyclopedia" title="Tennessee Encyclopedia">Tennessee Encyclopedia</a> (online). <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Society" title="Tennessee Historical Society">Tennessee Historical Society</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Tennessee+Historical+Society&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=DeCosta-Willis&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fida-b-wells-barnett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus Drew</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist16comm/page/352/mode/2up">"Wells-Barnett, Ida (1862–1931)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anne_Commire" title="Anne Commire">Commire, Anne</a>; Klezmer, Deborah; Morgan, Barbara (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_History" title="Women in World History">Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 16: Vict–X. Yorkin Publications. pp. 352–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4075-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4075-1"><bdi>0-7876-4075-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99-24692">99-24692</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/593847777">593847777</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+%281862%E2%80%931931%29&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.pub=Yorkin+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F593847777&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99-24692&rft.isbn=0-7876-4075-1&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninworldhist16comm%2Fpage%2F352%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (Also accessible online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wells-barnett-ida-1862-1931">"Wells-Barnett, Ida"</a> via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">encyclopedia.com</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2020.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass,_Frederick1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass, Frederick</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvcwLjy8C1sC&q=There%20has%20been%20no%20word%20equal%20to%20it%20in%20convincing%20power%2C%20I%20have%20spoken%2C%20but%20my%20word%20is%20feeble%20in%20comparison&pg=PA25">"Letter from Frederick Douglass to Ida B. Wells; October 25, 1892"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Shaun_L._Gabbidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaun L. Gabbidon">Gabbidon, Shaun L.</a>; Greene, Helen Taylor; Young, Vernetta Diane (eds.). African American Classics in Criminology and Criminal Justice. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage Publications</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2433-3"><bdi>978-0-7619-2433-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5559711186">5559711186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Frederick+Douglass+to+Ida+B.+Wells%3B+October+25%2C+1892&rft.btitle=African+American+Classics+in+Criminology+and+Criminal+Justice&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5559711186&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2433-3&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvcwLjy8C1sC%26q%3DThere%2520has%2520been%2520no%2520word%2520equal%2520to%2520it%2520in%2520convincing%2520power%252C%2520I%2520have%2520spoken%252C%2520but%2520my%2520word%2520is%2520feeble%2520in%2520comparison%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt</a> (1970) [1940]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duskofdawnessayt00dubo/page/224/mode/2up">Dusk of Dawn; An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a> (1970); <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace & Company">Harcourt, Brace & Company</a> (1940). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8472-0182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8472-0182-3"><bdi>978-3-8472-0182-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65-14825">65-14825</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552187560">552187560</a>. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dusk+of+Dawn%3B+An+Essay+Toward+an+Autobiography+of+a+Race+Concept&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books+%281970%29%3B+Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+Company+%281940%29&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552187560&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65-14825&rft.isbn=978-3-8472-0182-3&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+Burghardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduskofdawnessayt00dubo%2Fpage%2F224%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuster,_Alfreda" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Duster, Alfreda; <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Terkel, Studs</a> (September 3, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/alfreda-wells-discusses-her-mother-ida-b-wells-barnett-and-her-book-crusade-justice-0">Alfreda Wells discusses her mother, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and her book 'Crusade for Justice'</a> (verbal transcript and sound recording) (radio transcript). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Studs Terkel Radio Archive at <a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfreda+Wells+discusses+her+mother%2C+Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett+and+her+book+%27Crusade+for+Justice%27&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Studs+Terkel+Radio+Archive+at+WFMT&rft.date=1971-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudsterkel.wfmt.com%2Fprograms%2Falfreda-wells-discusses-her-mother-ida-b-wells-barnett-and-her-book-crusade-justice-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuster,_Michelle" class="citation book cs1">Duster, Michelle (2010). Ida From Abroad: The Timeless Writings of Ida B. Wells From England in 1894 (self-published). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Benjamin Williams Publishing, LLC (currently <a href="/wiki/South_Holland,_Illinois" title="South Holland, Illinois">South Holland, Illinois</a>: BW Publishing). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802398-9-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802398-9-8"><bdi>978-0-9802398-9-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608235660">608235660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+From+Abroad%3A+The+Timeless+Writings+of+Ida+B.+Wells+From+England+in+1894&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Benjamin+Williams+Publishing%2C+LLC+%28currently+South+Holland%2C+Illinois%3A+BW+Publishing%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608235660&rft.isbn=978-0-9802398-9-8&rft.aulast=Duster&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark Emory (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUq3uhZiG68C">Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessey v. Ferguson</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537021-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537021-8"><bdi>978-0-19-537021-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011311">2006011311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color-Blind+Justice%3A+Albion+Tourg%C3%A9e+and+the+Quest+for+Racial+Equality+from+the+Civil+War+to+%3Cu%3EPlessey+v.+Ferguson%3C%2Fu%3E&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006011311&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537021-8&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark+Emory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUq3uhZiG68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">  <a href="/wiki/Albion_Tourg%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion Tourgée">Related articles: Albion Mourgée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plessey_v._Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Plessey v. Ferguson">Plessey v. Ferguson</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263294236/editions">all editions.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnright" class="citation web cs1">Enright, Mairead (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.bham.ac.uk/legalherstory/2018/03/08/ida-b-wells-and-the-birmingham-connection-anti-lynching-activism-in-the-united-kingdom/#_ftn11">"Gender and Legal History in Birmingham and the West Midlands – Ida B. Wells and the Birmingham Connection"</a> (Enright's blog at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050449/https://blog.bham.ac.uk/legalherstory/2018/03/08/ida-b-wells-and-the-birmingham-connection-anti-lynching-activism-in-the-united-kingdom/#_ftn11">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Legal+History+in+Birmingham+and+the+West+Midlands+%E2%80%93+Ida+B.+Wells+and+the+Birmingham+Connection&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=Mairead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.bham.ac.uk%2Flegalherstory%2F2018%2F03%2F08%2Fida-b-wells-and-the-birmingham-connection-anti-lynching-activism-in-the-united-kingdom%2F%23_ftn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner_&_Fitzpatrick" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Flexner" title="Eleanor Flexner">Flexner, Eleanor</a>; Fitzpatrick, Ellen Frances (2000) [1959, 1975, 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206/page/318/mode/2up">Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States</a> (enlarged ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> & <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-10653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-10653-6"><bdi>978-0-674-10653-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96-5651">96-5651</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634643994">634643994</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Struggle%3A+The+Woman%27s+Rights+Movement+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+%26+London&rft.edition=enlarged&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634643994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F96-5651&rft.isbn=978-0-674-10653-6&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Ellen+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentury_fle_1996_00_7206%2Fpage%2F318%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFradin_&_Fradin" class="citation book cs1">Fradin, Dennis B.; Fradin, Judith Bloom (2000). Ida B. Wells: Mother of the Civil Rights Movement. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-89898-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-89898-6"><bdi>0-395-89898-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64586878">64586878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+Mother+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64586878&rft.isbn=0-395-89898-6&rft.aulast=Fradin&rft.aufirst=Dennis+B.&rft.au=Fradin%2C+Judith+Bloom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Vincent P. (1995). Living Our Stories, Telling Our Truths: Autobiography and the Making of African American Intellectual Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-12192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-12192-0"><bdi>978-0-689-12192-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31606548">31606548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Our+Stories%2C+Telling+Our+Truths%3A+Autobiography+and+the+Making+of+African+American+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31606548&rft.isbn=978-0-689-12192-0&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Giddings" title="Paula Giddings">Giddings, Paula J.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFRGjgtNoZ4C">Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amistad_Press_books" title="List of Amistad Press books">Amistad Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-197294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-197294-2"><bdi>978-0-06-197294-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865473600">865473600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida%3A+A+Sword+Among+Lions%3A+Ida+B.+Wells+and+the+Campaign+Against+Lynching&rft.pub=Amistad+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865473600&rft.isbn=978-0-06-197294-2&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFRGjgtNoZ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Giddings" title="Paula Giddings">Giddings, Paula J.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CCX4190600461&it=r&asid=0c2776938f3de1e3600e432f4b772ed0">"Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862–1931"</a>. In Mason, Patrick Leon (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Vol. 4: S–Z (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA, an imprint of <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. pp. 265–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866024-0"><bdi>978-0-02-866024-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+B.+1862%E2%80%931931&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Racism&rft.series=Vol.+4%3A+S%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA%2C+an+imprint+of+Gale&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866024-0&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DGVRL%26sw%3Dw%26v%3D2.1%26id%3DGALE%257CCX4190600461%26it%3Dr%26asid%3D0c2776938f3de1e3600e432f4b772ed0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Giddings" title="Paula Giddings">Giddings, Paula J.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofra0003unse/page/216/mode/2up">"Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862–1931"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Hartwell_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hartwell Moore">Moore, John Hartwell</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofra0003unse">Encyclopedia of Race and Racism</a>. Vol. 3: S–Z (1st ed.). MacMillan Reference USA, an imprint of <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. pp. 207–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866023-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866023-3"><bdi>978-0-02-866023-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007024359">2007024359</a>. Retrieved October 18, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+B.+1862%E2%80%931931&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Racism&rft.series=Vol.+3%3A+S%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA%2C+an+imprint+of+Gale&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007024359&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866023-3&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofra0003unse%2Fpage%2F216%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoings" class="citation book cs1">Goings, Kenneth W. (October 7, 2019) [October 8, 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/memphis-free-speech/">"Memphis Free Speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Encyclopedia" title="Tennessee Encyclopedia">Tennessee Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Society" title="Tennessee Historical Society">Tennessee Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518060839/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/memphis-free-speech/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memphis+Free+Speech&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Tennessee+Historical+Society&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Goings&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fmemphis-free-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyimah" class="citation book cs1">Gyimah, Miriam C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&pg=PA976">"Wells-Barnett, Ida B"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carole_Boyce_Davies" title="Carole Boyce Davies">Boyce Davies, Carole</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. pp. 976–978. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-700-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008011880">2008011880</a>. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+B&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E976-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008011880&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-700-5&rft.aulast=Gyimah&rft.aufirst=Miriam+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkVxNVvex-sC%26pg%3DPA976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoring_Ida_B._Wells" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419220550/http://www.bpichicago.org/blog/honoring-ida-b-wells-with-chicagos-first-monument-to-an-african-american-woman/">"Honoring Ida B. Wells With Chicago's First Monument to an African American Woman"</a>. BPI – Business and Professional People for the Public Interest. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. October 22, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpichicago.org/blog/honoring-ida-b-wells-with-chicagos-first-monument-to-an-african-american-woman/">the original</a> on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BPI+%E2%80%93+Business+and+Professional+People+for+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Honoring+Ida+B.+Wells+With+Chicago%27s+First+Monument+to+an+African+American+Woman&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpichicago.org%2Fblog%2Fhonoring-ida-b-wells-with-chicagos-first-monument-to-an-african-american-woman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston_&_Oliver" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Hank; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_E._Oliver" title="Pamela E. Oliver">Oliver, Pamela Elaine</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC_sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT24">Racialized Protest and the State: Resistance and Repression in a Divided America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-26353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-26353-9"><bdi>978-0-367-26353-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008052">2020008052</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159575442">1159575442</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racialized+Protest+and+the+State%3A+Resistance+and+Repression+in+a+Divided+America&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159575442&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020008052&rft.isbn=978-0-367-26353-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZC_sDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Wendy D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Wendy+Jones">"Wendy Jones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AALBC.com" title="AALBC.com">AALBC.com</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>). <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>: AALBC.com, LLC (<a href="/wiki/African_American_Literature_Book_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Literature Book Club">African American Literature Book Club</a>). Retrieved November 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AALBC.com&rft.atitle=Wendy+Jones&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Wendy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faalbc.com%2Fauthors%2Fauthor.php%3Fauthor_name%3DWendy%2BJones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> The article is a short autobiography connected to the author's 2017 book, An Extraordinary Life: Josephine E. Jones [née Josephine Ebaugh; 1920–2017] – the author's mother. "I come from a family of storytellers. My mother and my grandmother [Anna Mae Ebaugh, née Nance; 1888–1982] were my first teachers."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan,_Brucella_Wiggins" class="citation thesis cs1">Jordan, Brucella Wiggins (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2848&context=etd&usg=AOvVaw3Ak9Yen77DdVom9qFldUcD">Ida B. Wells, Catherine Impey, and Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of the Nineteenth-Century Anti-Lynching Movement</a> (PhD dissertation, history, <a href="/wiki/Eberly_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberly College of Arts and Sciences">Eberly College of Arts and Sciences</a>, Department of History). <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a>: <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075457/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2848&context=etd&usg=AOvVaw3Ak9Yen77DdVom9qFldUcD">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ida+B.+Wells%2C+Catherine+Impey%2C+and+Trans-Atlantic+Dimensions+of+the+Nineteenth-Century+Anti-Lynching+Movement&rft.inst=West+Virginia+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Brucella+Wiggins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2848%26context%3Detd%26usg%3DAOvVaw3Ak9Yen77DdVom9qFldUcD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52488224">52488224</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1158307686">1158307686</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Key_Findings"" class="citation book cs1">"Key Findings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eji.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/lynching-in-america-3d-ed-080219.pdf">Lynching in America – Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror</a> (PDF) (<a href="/wiki/EBook" class="mw-redirect" title="EBook">eBook</a>) (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Initiative" title="Equal Justice Initiative">Equal Justice Initiative</a>. 2017. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1160165955">1160165955</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821183506/https://eji.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/lynching-in-america-3d-ed-080219.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Key+Findings&rft.btitle=Lynching+in+America+%E2%80%93+Confronting+the+Legacy+of+Racial+Terror&rft.place=Montgomery%2C+Alabama&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Equal+Justice+Initiative&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1160165955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feji.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2Flynching-in-america-3d-ed-080219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Citing → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolnay_&_Beck" class="citation book cs1">Tolnay, Stewart Emory; Beck, Elwood Meredith (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqLD5sbh3EUC">A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06413-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06413-5"><bdi>0-252-06413-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94-7396">94-7396</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015166019">1015166019</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Festival+of+Violence%3A+An+Analysis+of+Southern+Lynchings%2C+1882%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015166019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94-7396&rft.isbn=0-252-06413-5&rft.aulast=Tolnay&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Emory&rft.au=Beck%2C+Elwood+Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqLD5sbh3EUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Quoting → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaper" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Raper" title="Arthur F. Raper">Raper, Arthur Franklin</a> (1936). The Mob Still Rides: A Review of the Lynching Record, 1931–1935. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Interracial_Cooperation" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130312430">1130312430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mob+Still+Rides%3A+A+Review+of+the+Lynching+Record%2C+1931%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130312430&rft.aulast=Raper&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Oona" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oona_King" title="Oona King">King, Oona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parris" title="Matthew Parris">Parris, Matthew</a> (August–October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04dm9d2">"Baroness Oona King on Ida B Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> (audio archive of a radio broadcast). <a href="/wiki/Great_Lives" title="Great Lives">Great Lives</a>; <a href="/wiki/Great_Lives#Series_34,_August_–_October_2014" title="Great Lives">Series 34</a>; Episode 3 of 9. <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613203814/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04dm9d2">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4&rft.atitle=Baroness+Oona+King+on+Ida+B+Wells&rft.date=2014-08%2F2014-10&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Oona&rft.au=Parris%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04dm9d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinger" class="citation journal cs1">Klinger, Jerry (July 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2019/07/15/jewish-group-helps-dedicate-ida-wells-barnett-marker/">"Jewish Group Helps Dedicate Ida Wells-Barnett Marker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_World" title="San Diego Jewish World">San Diego Jewish World</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717133026/http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2019/07/15/jewish-group-helps-dedicate-ida-wells-barnett-marker/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Jewish+World&rft.atitle=Jewish+Group+Helps+Dedicate+Ida+Wells-Barnett+Marker&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.aulast=Klinger&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdjewishworld.com%2F2019%2F07%2F15%2Fjewish-group-helps-dedicate-ida-wells-barnett-marker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Susan A. (Summer 2011). "Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice". <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Formations" title="Feminist Formations">Feminist Formations</a>. 23 (2). <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fff.2011.0028">10.1353/ff.2011.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-7363">2151-7363</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41301654">41301654</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752343699">752343699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146349456">146349456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Formations&rft.atitle=Pioneers+of+U.S.+Ecofeminism+and+Environmental+Justice&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41301654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fff.2011.0028&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752343699&rft.issn=2151-7363&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146349456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_Dasha" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Dasha (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.umkc.edu/womenc/2018/02/21/ida-b-wells-suffragist-feminist-and-leader/">"Ida B. Wells: Suffragist, Feminist, and Leader"</a>. info.umkc.edu – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City">University of Missouri–Kansas City</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104082032/https://info.umkc.edu/womenc/2018/02/21/ida-b-wells-suffragist-feminist-and-leader/">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info.umkc.edu+%E2%80%93+University+of+Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas+City&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+Suffragist%2C+Feminist%2C+and+Leader&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.umkc.edu%2Fwomenc%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fida-b-wells-suffragist-feminist-and-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride" class="citation web cs1">McBride, Jennifer (1999) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/idabwells.html">"Ida B. Wells: Crusade for Justice"</a> (online). <a href="/wiki/Webster_University" title="Webster University">Webster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602213202/http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/idabwells.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+Crusade+for+Justice&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.webster.edu%2Fwoolflm%2Fidabwells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskey" class="citation book cs1">McCluskey, Audrey Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaiDBQAAQBAJ">A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educations and Activists in the Jim Crow South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1138-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1138-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-1138-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883647209">883647209</a>. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Sisterhood%3A+Pioneering+Black+Women+Educations+and+Activists+in+the+Jim+Crow+South&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883647209&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1138-4&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Audrey+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaiDBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney" class="citation journal cs1">McKinney, Megan (August 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicchicagomagazine.com/ida-b-wells-the-drive-in-her-name/">"Ida B. Wells: The 'Drive' in Her Name – A Long Wait for a Distinguished Lady"</a> (online). Vintage. Chicago Classic Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130909/https://www.classicchicagomagazine.com/ida-b-wells-the-drive-in-her-name/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Classic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+The+%27Drive%27+in+Her+Name+%E2%80%93+A+Long+Wait+for+a+Distinguished+Lady&rft.date=2018-08-19&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicchicagomagazine.com%2Fida-b-wells-the-drive-in-her-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurry" class="citation book cs1">McMurry, Linda O. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNbnCwAAQBAJ">To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513927-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513927-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513927-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Keep+the+Waters+Troubled%3A+The+Life+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513927-3&rft.aulast=McMurry&rft.aufirst=Linda+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMississippi_Writers_Trail" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Writers_Trail" title="Mississippi Writers Trail">Mississippi Writers Trail</a> (November 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.ms.gov/writers-trail/">"Historical Marker: Ida B. Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Arts_Commission" title="Mississippi Arts Commission">Mississippi Arts Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222222/https://arts.ms.gov/writers-trail/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Marker%3A+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pub=Mississippi+Arts+Commission&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.au=Mississippi+Writers+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farts.ms.gov%2Fwriters-trail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Judylynn (November 11, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/284444286/">"Daughter of Slave Fights for Racial Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Times_(Salisbury,_Maryland)" title="The Daily Times (Salisbury, Maryland)">The Daily Times</a>. Vol. 56, no. 343. <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">Salisbury, Maryland</a>. p. D13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030052708/https://www.newspapers.com/image/284444286/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Daughter+of+Slave+Fights+for+Racial+Justice&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=343&rft.pages=D13&rft.date=1979-11-11&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Judylynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F284444286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrick-Harris" class="citation journal cs1">Myrick-Harris, Clarissa (July 2002) [online version: June 30, 2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/against-all-odds-65322127/">"Against All Odds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. 33 (4): 70–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194623/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/against-all-odds-65322127/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Against+All+Odds&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Myrick-Harris&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fagainst-all-odds-65322127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0037-7333">0037-7333</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/718515121/editions">718515121 (all editions)</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/96987499/editions">96987499 (all editions)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNABJ" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nabj.org/page/IdaBWells">"NABJ: Ida B. Wells Award"</a>. www.nabj.org. <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a> (NABJ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183302/https://www.nabj.org/page/IdaBWells">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nabj.org&rft.atitle=NABJ%3A+Ida+B.+Wells+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nabj.org%2Fpage%2FIdaBWells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Afro-American_Council" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2229">"National Afro-American Council"</a>. NKAA – Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (encyclopedic entry). <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_T._Young_Library" title="William T. Young Library">University of Kentucky Libraries</a>. Special Collections. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54673947">54673947</a>. Retrieved November 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NKAA+%E2%80%93+Notable+Kentucky+African+Americans+Database&rft.atitle=National+Afro-American+Council&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54673947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnkaa.uky.edu%2Fnkaa%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F2229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-of-Colored-Womens-Clubs/">"National Association of Colored Women's Clubs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (online). August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Association+of+Colored+Women%27s+Clubs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNational-Association-of-Colored-Womens-Clubs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Women's_Hall_of_Fame" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> (November 15, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/ida-b-wellsbarnett/">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls,_New_York" title="Seneca Falls, New York">Seneca Falls, New York</a>. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.place=Seneca+Falls%2C+New+York&rft.date=1988-11-15&rft.au=National+Women%27s+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenofthehall.org%2Finductee%2Fida-b-wellsbarnett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (Selected in 1986, posthumously inducted in a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a> on November 15, 1988.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettles,_Arionne_Alyssa" class="citation web cs1">Nettles, Arionne Alyssa (November 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/11/04/775915510/">"Ida B. Wells' Lasting Impact on Chicago Politics and Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBEZ_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="WBEZ Chicago">WBEZ Chicago</a> (local production). <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> affiliate. Retrieved November 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBEZ+Chicago&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%27+Lasting+Impact+on+Chicago+Politics+and+Power&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.aulast=Nettles&rft.aufirst=Arionne+Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Flocal%2F309%2F2019%2F11%2F04%2F775915510%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_County_Lawyers_Association" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a> (February 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajgutyh4vK0">"18th Annual Ida B. Wells Barnett Award Reception"</a>. Retrieved November 3, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18th+Annual+Ida+B.+Wells+Barnett+Award+Reception&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.au=New+York+County+Lawyers%27+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAjgutyh4vK0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthwestern_University" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702224454/https://www.medill.northwestern.edu/about-us/awards/ida-b-wells-award.html">"Ida B. Wells Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medill.northwestern.edu/about-us/awards/ida-b-wells-award.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medill.northwestern.edu%2Fabout-us%2Fawards%2Fida-b-wells-award.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Our_Creation_Story"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idabwellssociety.org/about/our-creation-story/">"Our Creation Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>: Ida B. Wells Society for Investigative Reporting, <a href="/wiki/UNC_Hussman_School_of_Journalism_and_Media" title="UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media">UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media</a>. Retrieved February 16, 2018 – via idabwellssociety.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Creation+Story&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=Ida+B.+Wells+Society+for+Investigative+Reporting%2C+UNC+Hussman+School+of+Journalism+and+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidabwellssociety.org%2Fabout%2Four-creation-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaisana" class="citation journal cs1">Paisana, Joanne (2016). "Playing the transatlantic card: the British anti-lynching campaigns of Ida B. Wells". Diacrítica. 30 (2): 187–203. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1822%2F46204">1822/46204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164398439">164398439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diacr%C3%ADtica&rft.atitle=Playing+the+transatlantic+card%3A+the+British+anti-lynching+campaigns+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1822%2F46204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164398439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paisana&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Stephanie C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&q=%22wells-Barnett&pg=PA107">"Wells-Barnett, Ida B"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.46339">10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.46339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516779-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008034263">2008034263</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828073382">828073382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+B&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1896+to+the+Present%3A+From+the+Age+of+Segregation+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828073382&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008034263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.46339&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516779-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gbQHxb_P0QC%26q%3D%2522wells-Barnett%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavithra" class="citation magazine cs1">Pavithra, Mohan (August 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90211495/">"How These Women Raised $42k in a Day for an Ida B. Wells Monument"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a> (Blog). Retrieved January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=How+These+Women+Raised+%2442k+in+a+Day+for+an+Ida+B.+Wells+Monument&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Pavithra&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90211495%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeavey_&_Smith" class="citation journal cs1">Peavey, Linda; Smith, Ursula (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memphismagazine.com/api/content/4b9f26ee-5416-11e9-b920-12f1225286c6/">"A Determined Quest for Equality – How Ida B. Wells Battled Jim Crow in Memphis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Magazine">Memphis</a> (monthly magazine). 44 (1). Contemporary Media: 46–49. Retrieved October 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memphis&rft.atitle=A+Determined+Quest+for+Equality+%E2%80%93+How+Ida+B.+Wells+Battled+Jim+Crow+in+Memphis&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Peavey&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemphismagazine.com%2Fapi%2Fcontent%2F4b9f26ee-5416-11e9-b920-12f1225286c6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/contemporarymedia/docs/memphis_april_2019/48">Alternate link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075457/https://issuu.com/contemporarymedia/docs/memphis_april_2019/48">Archived</a> March 19, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> via <a href="/wiki/ISSUU" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSUU">ISSUU</a> (a version of this story was published in the June 1983 issue of <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Magazine">Memphis</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins_&_Stephens" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Kathy A.; Stephens, Judith Louise (Judith Stephens-Lorenz), eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangefruitplay0000unse/page/366/mode/2up?q=katz">Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 366–408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33356-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33356-3"><bdi>0-253-33356-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97-29605">97-29605</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751143552">751143552</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Fruit%3A+Plays+on+Lynching+by+American+Women&rft.place=Bloomington+%26+Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751143552&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97-29605&rft.isbn=0-253-33356-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangefruitplay0000unse%2Fpage%2F366%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dkatz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">  (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1il9uQG3A8C">link</a> via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; Perkins, among other things, was, in 2007, inducted into the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Fellows_of_the_American_Theatre" title="College of Fellows of the American Theatre">College of Fellows of the American Theatre</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathyaperkins.com/">see CV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113072200/http://kathyaperkins.com/">Archived</a> November 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); Stephens retired as Professor of Humanities and Theatre at <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Schuylkill" title="Penn State Schuylkill">Penn State Schuylkill</a>, where she had been an educator since 1977)</li></ul> <ol type="1" start="1"> <ol type="a" start="1"> <li> "Michon Boston" (1962–  ), pp. 366–367</li> <li> Iola's Letter (1994), pp. 368–408</li></ol></ol> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinar2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pinar" title="William Pinar">Pinar, William Frederick</a> (January 2001). "8 – White Women and the Campaign Against Lynching: Frances Willard, Jane Addams, Jesse Daniel Ames". Counterpoints. Vol. 163 – The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America: Lynching, Prison Rape, & the Crisis of Masculinity. 163. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>: 487–554. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-1634">1058-1634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977758">42977758</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5792541764">5792541764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Counterpoints&rft.atitle=8+%E2%80%93+White+Women+and+the+Campaign+Against+Lynching%3A+Frances+Willard%2C+Jane+Addams%2C+Jesse+Daniel+Ames&rft.volume=163&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5792541764&rft.issn=1058-1634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42977758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pinar&rft.aufirst=William+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (Pinar offers a description of the accusations made between Willard and Wells in England in 1894.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinar2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pinar" title="William Pinar">Pinar, William Frederick</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGGRAgAAQBAJ">The Worldliness of a Cosmopolitan Education: Passionate Lives in Public Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-84485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-84485-1"><bdi>978-1-135-84485-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008046092">2008046092</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846131889">846131889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldliness+of+a+Cosmopolitan+Education%3A+Passionate+Lives+in+Public+Service&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846131889&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008046092&rft.isbn=978-1-135-84485-1&rft.aulast=Pinar&rft.aufirst=William+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGGRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortrait" class="citation news cs1">Portrait of Ida B. Wells (April 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iop.harvard.edu/forum/celebration-ida-b-wells">"A Celebration of Ida B. Wells"</a>. (i) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics">Institute of Politics</a> & (ii) Women and Public Policy Program (co-sponsors). The Institute of Politics at Harvard University (archived video of a forum; 1:08:15). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> Forum. John F. Kennedy, Jr., Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211912/http://iop.harvard.edu/forum/celebration-ida-b-wells">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Politics+at+Harvard+University&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft.au=Portrait+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiop.harvard.edu%2Fforum%2Fcelebration-ida-b-wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (the video relates to the unveiling of several new portraits installed at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Kennedy School</a>, including a poster reproduction of a painting of Ida B. Wells – painted by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Watwood" title="Patricia Watwood">Patricia Watwood</a> – commissioned by the school for $20,000 and installed April 2006 in the Fainsod Room of the Littauer Building, next <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s portrait)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortwood" class="citation journal cs1">Portwood, Shirley J. (2000). "Review of The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition: The Afro-American Contribution to Columbian Literature". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 93 (4): 457–459. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40193465">40193465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Reason+Why+the+Colored+American+Is+Not+in+the+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition%3A+The+Afro-American+Contribution+to+Columbian+Literature&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40193465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Portwood&rft.aufirst=Shirley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">  Review of the 1893 work, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/wells/exposition/exposition.html">The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition: The Afro-American Contribution to Columbian Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020115819/https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/wells/exposition/exposition.html">Archived</a> October 20, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Ida B. Wells, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Garland_Penn" title="Irvine Garland Penn">Irvine Garland Penn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand Barnett</a>. Re-published 1999. Robert W. Rydell (ed.); <a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulitzer2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulitzer.org/news/announcement-2020-pulitzer-prize-winners">"Announcement of the 2020 Pulitzer Prize Winners – Special Citation: Ida B. Wells"</a>. The Pulitzer Prize. May 4, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504195338/https://www.pulitzer.org/news/announcement-2020-pulitzer-prize-winners">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. <q>For her outstanding and courageous reporting on the horrific and vicious violence against African Americans during the era of lynching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pulitzer+Prize&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+the+2020+Pulitzer+Prize+Winners+%E2%80%93+Special+Citation%3A+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2020-pulitzer-prize-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuakers" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/362/Quakers-against-racism-Catherine-Impey-and-the-Anti-Caste-Journal">"Quakers Against Racism: Catherine Impey and the Anti-Caste Journal"</a>. Quakers of the World. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607352452">607352452</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115234300/http://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/362/Quakers-against-racism-Catherine-Impey-and-the-Anti-Caste-Journal">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quakers+Against+Racism%3A+Catherine+Impey+and+the+Anti-Caste+Journal&rft.pub=Quakers+of+the+World&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607352452&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakersintheworld.org%2Fquakers-in-action%2F362%2FQuakers-against-racism-Catherine-Impey-and-the-Anti-Caste-Journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Ritchie" title="Donald A. Ritchie">Ritchie, Donald A.</a> (2007) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanjournali0000ritc/page/164/mode/2up">"Part 3. Society's Critics (1900–1945)" ... "Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanjournali0000ritc/page/164/mode/2up">American Journalists – Getting the Story</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 164–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532837-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532837-0"><bdi>978-0-19-532837-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96-29208">96-29208</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099791041">1099791041</a>. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3.+Society%27s+Critics+%281900%E2%80%931945%29%22+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+...+%3C%2Fspan%3E+%22Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.btitle=American+Journalists+%E2%80%93+Getting+the+Story&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099791041&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F96-29208&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532837-0&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanjournali0000ritc%2Fpage%2F164%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney_&_Lemerand" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Terrie M.; Lemerand, Karen E., eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787622152/page/644/mode/2up">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Research">Gale Research</a>. pp. 644–651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2215-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-2215-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38956591">38956591</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Heroes+and+Heroines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E644-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38956591&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-2215-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780787622152%2Fpage%2F644%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (Also accessible online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbn.com/special/blackhistory/bio_idabwells.aspx">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2020.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter" class="citation book cs1">Schechter, Patricia (January 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6LTqCQAAQBAJ">Ida B. Wells–Barnett and American Reform: 1880–1930</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7546-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-7546-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells%E2%80%93Barnett+and+American+Reform%3A+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003-01-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7546-9&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6LTqCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, James B. Jr. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&q=ida+wells&pg=RA2-PA333">"Wells-Barnett, Ida B"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 333–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.46339">10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.46339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516777-1"><bdi>978-0-19-516777-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005033701">2005033701</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607234039">607234039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wells-Barnett%2C+Ida+B&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1896+to+the+Present%3A+From+the+Age+of+Segregation+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607234039&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005033701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.46339&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516777-1&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=James+B.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCMbE4KKlX4C%26q%3Dida%2Bwells%26pg%3DRA2-PA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheriff" class="citation thesis cs1">Sheriff, Stacey Ellen (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/5580">Rhetoric and Revision: Women's Arguments for Social Justice in the Progressive Era</a> (PhD, Department of English). <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/783231213">783231213</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030004905/https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/5580">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rhetoric+and+Revision%3A+Women%27s+Arguments+for+Social+Justice+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.inst=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F783231213&rft.aulast=Sheriff&rft.aufirst=Stacey+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetda.libraries.psu.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffinal_submissions%2F5580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stansell" title="Christine Stansell">Stansell, Christine</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministpromise10000stan/page/126/mode/2up">The Feminist Promise – 1792 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Modern Library">The Modern Library</a>. pp. 126–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7202-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-7202-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009026662">2009026662</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770464849">770464849</a>. Retrieved February 16, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminist+Promise+%E2%80%93+1792+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770464849&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009026662&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7202-3&rft.aulast=Stansell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeministpromise10000stan%2Fpage%2F126%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStetz" class="citation journal cs1">Stetz, Margaret Diane (Spring 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2018/stetz.htm">"Re-Embodying Ida B. Wells: A Figure of Resistance in American Popular Culture"</a>. Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture, 1900 to Present (online). 17 (1). <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, California">Hollywood</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8931">1553-8931</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714023324/https://americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2018/stetz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Americana%3A+The+Journal+of+American+Popular+Culture%2C+1900+to+Present&rft.atitle=Re-Embodying+Ida+B.+Wells%3A+A+Figure+of+Resistance+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1553-8931&rft.aulast=Stetz&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpopularculture.com%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fspring_2018%2Fstetz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillion_Southard" class="citation book cs1">Stillion Southard, Belinda A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FUYTHpK4LMC&pg=PA85">Militant Citizenship: Rhetorical Strategies of the National Woman's Party, 1913–1920</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-281-7"><bdi>978-1-60344-281-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011005218">2011005218</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892519712">892519712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Citizenship%3A+Rhetorical+Strategies+of+the+National+Woman%27s+Party%2C+1913%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892519712&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011005218&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-281-7&rft.aulast=Stillion+Southard&rft.aufirst=Belinda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FUYTHpK4LMC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mildred Isabelle (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idabwellsbarnett0015thom/page/n9/mode/2up">Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893–1930</a>. Black Women in United States History. Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Publishing Group">Carlton Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-926019-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-926019-21-8"><bdi>978-0-926019-21-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90-1399">90-1399</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21035436">21035436</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett%3A+An+Exploratory+Study+of+an+American+Black+Woman%2C+1893%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.series=Black+Women+in+United+States+History&rft.pub=Carlton+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21035436&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90-1399&rft.isbn=978-0-926019-21-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mildred+Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidabwellsbarnett0015thom%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (this book, Vol. 15 of a 16-vol. set, is an adaptation of Thompson's 1979 PhD dissertation at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78529680">78529680</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichi" class="citation book cs1">Tichi, Celelia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civicpassionssev0000tich/page/340/mode/2up">"Chapter 7"</a>. Civic Passions: Seven Who Launched Progressive America (end notes). <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7191-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7191-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-7191-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009011634">2009011634</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055332079">1055332079</a>. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Civic+Passions%3A+Seven+Who+Launched+Progressive+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055332079&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009011634&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7191-1&rft.aulast=Tichi&rft.aufirst=Celelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivicpassionssev0000tich%2Fpage%2F340%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4875">webcast</a> via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruth-Telling" class="citation book cs1">"Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/willard-and-wells/introduction.9">Truth-Telling: Frances Willard and Ida B. Wells</a> (version 9 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_House_(Evanston,_Illinois)" title="Frances Willard House (Evanston, Illinois)">Frances Willard House Museum and Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075457/https://scalar.usc.edu/works/willard-and-wells/introduction.9">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Truth-Telling%3A+Frances+Willard+and+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=version+9&rft.pub=Frances+Willard+House+Museum+and+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscalar.usc.edu%2Fworks%2Fwillard-and-wells%2Fintroduction.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFType_Investigations" class="citation web cs1">Type Investigations Fellowship. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typeinvestigations.org/project/2018/06/17/ida-b-wells-fellowship/">"Ida B. Wells Fellowship"</a>. www.typeinvestigations.org. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Type Investigations, formerly The Investigative Fund, the investigateive newsroom of the <a href="/wiki/Type_Media_Center" title="Type Media Center">Type Media Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712192406/https://www.typeinvestigations.org/project/2018/06/17/ida-b-wells-fellowship/">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.typeinvestigations.org&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Fellowship&rft.au=Type+Investigations+Fellowship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typeinvestigations.org%2Fproject%2F2018%2F06%2F17%2Fida-b-wells-fellowship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Louisville" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisville.edu/justice/Student-Information/ida-b.-wells-award/">"Ida B. Wells Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125844/https://louisville.edu/justice/Student-Information/ida-b.-wells-award">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Louisville&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisville.edu%2Fjustice%2FStudent-Information%2Fida-b.-wells-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Memphis" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memphis.edu/philosophy/news-events/ida-b-wells/ida-b-wells.php">"Ida B. Wells Conference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801180133/https://www.memphis.edu/philosophy/news-events/ida-b-wells/ida-b-wells.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Memphis&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memphis.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fnews-events%2Fida-b-wells%2Fida-b-wells.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSPS:_Women_stamps" class="citation web cs1">USPS: Women stamps (May 2020) [2015]. USPS Historian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321142824/https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/women-stamp-subjects.pdf">"Women Subjects on United States Postage Stamps"</a> (PDF). Postal History. Black Heritage. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. pp. 1–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/women-stamp-subjects.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Subjects+on+United+States+Postage+Stamps&rft.series=Black+Heritage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft.date=2020-05&rft.au=USPS%3A+Women+stamps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Fpostal-history%2Fwomen-stamp-subjects.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSPS:_African_American_stamps" class="citation web cs1">USPS: African American stamps (May 2020) [August 2013]. USPS Historian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf">"African American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps"</a> (PDF). Postal History. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. pp. 1–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129215345/https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+American+Subjects+on+United+States+Postage+Stamps&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft.date=2020-05&rft.au=USPS%3A+African+American+stamps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Fpostal-history%2Fafrican-american-stamp-subjects.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViagas" class="citation magazine cs1">Viagas, Robert (December 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140850/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/audelco-award-winners-328761">"AuDelCo Award Winners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a> (online). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/news/article/audelco-award-winners-328761">the original</a> on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=AuDelCo+Award+Winners&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft.aulast=Viagas&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplaybill.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Faudelco-award-winners-328761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> See: <a href="/wiki/AUDELCO" title="AUDELCO">AUDELCO</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Ella; et al., eds. (March 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalar.usc.edu/works/willard-and-wells/introduction">"Truth-Telling: Frances Willard and Ida B. Wells, Introduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_House_(Evanston,_Illinois)" title="Frances Willard House (Evanston, Illinois)">Frances Willard House Museum and Archives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035357/http://scalar.usc.edu/works/willard-and-wells/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frances+Willard+House+Museum+and+Archives&rft.atitle=Truth-Telling%3A+Frances+Willard+and+Ida+B.+Wells%2C+Introduction&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscalar.usc.edu%2Fworks%2Fwillard-and-wells%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells-Barnett_Museum_(home_page)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idabwellsmuseum.org/">"Wells-Barnett Museum (Ida B.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a>: The Ida B. Wells Memorial Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143556/http://idabwellsmuseum.org/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells-Barnett+Museum+%28Ida+B.%29&rft.place=Holly+Springs%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=The+Ida+B.+Wells+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidabwellsmuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells-Barnett_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibwfoundation.org/wells-barnett-museum/">"Wells-Barnett Museum (Ida B.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs, Mississippi</a>: The Ida B. Wells Memorial Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035913/https://ibwfoundation.org/wells-barnett-museum">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells-Barnett+Museum+%28Ida+B.%29&rft.place=Holly+Springs%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=The+Ida+B.+Wells+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibwfoundation.org%2Fwells-barnett-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells–Duster,1970" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wells, Ida Bell</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Duster" title="Alfreda Duster">Duster, Alfreda</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusadeforjustic00well">Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-89344-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-89344-8"><bdi>0-226-89344-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73108837">73108837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8162296586">8162296586</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+for+Justice%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8162296586&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73108837&rft.isbn=0-226-89344-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusadeforjustic00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_Red_Record" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Ida B. (1894) [1892–1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/mfd.40021/?st=grid/">The Red Record – Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892 – 1893 – 1894</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/M.A._Donohue_%26_Co." title="M.A. Donohue & Co.">Donohue & Henneberry</a>. Retrieved November 23, 2020 – via Frederick Douglass Papers, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Manuscript Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Record+%E2%80%93+Tabulated+Statistics+and+Alleged+Causes+of+Lynchings+in+the+United+States%2C+1892+%E2%80%93+1893+%E2%80%93+1894&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Donohue+%26+Henneberry&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fmfd.40021%2F%3Fst%3Dgrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26846545/editions">26846545 (all editions)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Manuscript/Mixed Material – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mfd.40021">www.loc.gov/item/mfd.40021</a>. Also transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> → <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm">e-book No. 17977</a> (released February 8, 2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IBWELLS">"Wells, Ida B., Papers, 1884–1976"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Regenstein_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Regenstein Library">Joseph Regenstein Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Special Collections. 1978. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19496699">19496699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530072711/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IBWELLS">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells%2C+Ida+B.%2C+Papers%2C+1884%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Joseph+Regenstein+Library%2C+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19496699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fe%2Fscrc%2Ffindingaids%2Fview.php%3Feadid%3DICU.SPCL.IBWELLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_Douglass,_Penn,_Barnett,1893" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Ida B.; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass, Frederick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Garland_Penn" title="Irvine Garland Penn">Penn, Garland I.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Bernett, Ferdinand Lee</a> (1893). Wells, Ida B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/wells/exposition/exposition.html">The Reason Why: The Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Miss Ida B. Wells, 128 S. Clark Street. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/702372532">702372532</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020115819/https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/wells/exposition/exposition.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania#Libraries" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reason+Why%3A+The+Colored+American+Is+Not+in+the+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Miss+Ida+B.+Wells%2C+128+S.+Clark+Street&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F702372532&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rft.au=Douglass%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Penn%2C+Garland+I.&rft.au=Bernett%2C+Ferdinand+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fwells%2Fexposition%2Fexposition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">  <a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mfd.25023/">mfd.25023</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_Southern_Horrors1892" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Ida B. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108083834/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/868f8db7-fa74-d451-e040-e00a180630a7/book#page/5/mode/2up">Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Age">New York Age Print</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/868f8db7-fa74-d451-e040-e00a180630a7/book#page/5/mode/2up">the original</a> on January 8, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Horrors%3A+Lynch+Law+in+All+Its+Phases&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Age+Print&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F868f8db7-fa74-d451-e040-e00a180630a7%2Fbook%23page%2F5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikimapia" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wikimapia" title="Wikimapia">Wikimapia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/91552/Ida-B-Wells-Homes">"Ida B. Wells Homes Chicago, Illinois"</a>. wikimapia.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150908/http://wikimapia.org/91552/Ida-B-Wells-Homes">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikimapia.org&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Homes+Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.au=Wikimapia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimapia.org%2F91552%2FIda-B-Wells-Homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Willard, Frances</a> (October 23, 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://willardandwells.omeka.net/items/show/33">"The Race Problem – Miss Willard on the Political Puzzle of the South"</a>. New York Voice (weekly pro-<a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> newspaper). Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astor_Place" title="Astor Place">Astor Place</a>: <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk & Wagnalls Company">Funk & Wagnalls Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32278752">32278752</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_House_(Evanston,_Illinois)" title="Frances Willard House (Evanston, Illinois)">Frances Willard House Museum and Archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Voice&rft.atitle=The+Race+Problem+%E2%80%93+Miss+Willard+on+the+Political+Puzzle+of+the+South&rft.volume=7&rft.date=1890-10-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32278752&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwillardandwells.omeka.net%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (the article is an interview with Willard by the New York Voice when she was in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> in October 1890 for <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">WCTU</a>'s annual convention, wherein she stated: "The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grogshop" class="extiw" title="wikt:grogshop">grog shop</a> is its center of power. The safety of woman, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities at this moment, so that men dare not go beyond the sight of their own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roof_tree" class="extiw" title="wikt:roof tree">roof tree</a>.") [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaeger,_October_21,_2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Yaeger" title="Lynn Yaeger">Yaeger, Lynn</a> (October 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/african-american-suffragists-women-voting-rights">"The African-American Suffragists History Forgot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> (online). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330220444/https://www.vogue.com/article/african-american-suffragists-women-voting-rights">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=The+African-American+Suffragists+History+Forgot&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.aulast=Yaeger&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fafrican-american-suffragists-women-voting-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZackodnik" class="citation journal cs1">Zackodnik, Teresa (July 2005). "Ida B. Wells and 'American Atrocities' in Britain". Women's Studies International Forum. 28 (4): 259–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2005.04.012">10.1016/j.wsif.2005.04.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+and+%27American+Atrocities%27+in+Britain&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2005.04.012&rft.aulast=Zackodnik&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> News media <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"A_Bright_Woman"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/558910586/">"A Bright Woman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_News-Press" title="St. Joseph News-Press">St. Joseph Daily News</a>. Vol. 17, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph, Missouri</a>. June 11, 1895. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13745156">13745156</a>. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Joseph+Daily+News&rft.atitle=A+Bright+Woman&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1895-06-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13745156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F558910586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (also <a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn86063691">sn86063691</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfiglio" class="citation news cs1">Bonfiglio, Jeremy Dean (February 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/442357731">"Great Grandson of Influential Civil Rights Pioneer Ida B. Wells Keeps Her Legacy Alive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Palladium" title="The Herald-Palladium">The Herald-Palladium</a>. Vol. 127, no. 50. <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a>. pp. 1–2 (section C). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8472-0182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8472-0182-3"><bdi>978-3-8472-0182-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669922511">669922511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102530/http://www.newspapers.com/image/442357731/">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=Great+Grandson+of+Influential+Civil+Rights+Pioneer+Ida+B.+Wells+Keeps+Her+Legacy+Alive&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=1-2+%28section+C%29&rft.date=2012-02-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669922511&rft.isbn=978-3-8472-0182-3&rft.aulast=Bonfiglio&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F442357731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_DeNeen_L." class="citation news cs1">Brown, DeNeed L. (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/26/fearless-ida-b-wells-honored-by-new-lynching-memorial-for-fighting-racial-terror/">"Ida B. Wells: Lynching Museum, Memorial Honors Woman Who Fought Lynching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> ("Retropolis" – a history blog; online). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427173439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/26/fearless-ida-b-wells-honored-by-new-lynching-memorial-for-fighting-racial-terror/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells%3A+Lynching+Museum%2C+Memorial+Honors+Woman+Who+Fought+Lynching&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=DeNeed+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Ffearless-ida-b-wells-honored-by-new-lynching-memorial-for-fighting-racial-terror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess" class="citation web cs1">Burgess, Katherine (October 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/10/26/ida-b-wells-statue-could-installed-memphis-tennessee-2021/6039401002/">"Ida B. Wells was driven out of Memphis in 1892. She might soon have her own statue there"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved November 4, 2020. <q>One of the loudest voices speaking out against Wells in Memphis was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ward_Carmack" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Ward Carmack">Edward Ward Carmack</a>, editor of the Memphis Commercial, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Commercial Appeal</a>. He demanded that White citizens retaliate against 'the Black wench' for her writings against the lynchings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+was+driven+out+of+Memphis+in+1892.+She+might+soon+have+her+own+statue+there&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fida-b-wells-statue-could-installed-memphis-tennessee-2021%2F6039401002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Burleigh" title="Nina Burleigh">Burleigh, Nina</a> (August 21, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/388477055/">"Hall of Fame Will Induct 10"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Vol. 142, no. 234. p. 2, section 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-6706">1085-6706</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105140401/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/388477055/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Fame+Will+Induct+10&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=234&rft.pages=2%2C+section+6&rft.date=1988-08-21&rft.issn=1085-6706&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagotribune.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F388477055%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavna" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cavna" title="Michael Cavna">Cavna, Michael</a> (July 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/07/16/heres-why-google-doodle-salutes-fearless-peerless-word-warrior-ida-b-wells/">"Here's Why Google Doodle Salutes Fearless, Peerless Word-Warrior Ida B. Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (online). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153343/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/07/16/heres-why-google-doodle-salutes-fearless-peerless-word-warrior-ida-b-wells/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here%27s+Why+Google+Doodle+Salutes+Fearless%2C+Peerless+Word-Warrior+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=Cavna&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcomic-riffs%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Fheres-why-google-doodle-salutes-fearless-peerless-word-warrior-ida-b-wells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Calvin_Chase" title="William Calvin Chase">Chase, William Calvin</a>, ed. (October 22, 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84025891/1892-10-22/ed-1/seq-3/">"Miss Ida B. Wells – A Lecture"</a>. (3-column, <a href="/wiki/Tombstone_(advertising)" title="Tombstone (advertising)">tombstone</a>-style advertisement). <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Bee">The Washington Bee</a> (weekly newspaper, Saturdays). 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Retrieved May 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Miss+Ida+B.+Wells+About+to+Marry.&rft.date=1895-06-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8787120&rft.issn=2641-0702&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn82014727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost_historical%2Faccess%2F196565212.html%3Fdids%3D196565212%3A196565212%26FMT%3DCITE%26FMTS%3DCITE%3AFT%26date%3DJUN%2B13%252C%2B1895%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DMiss%2BIda%2BB.%2BWells%2BAbout%2Bto%2BMarry.%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt_&_Byrne" class="citation news cs1">Pratt, Gregory; Byrne, John; Lolly Bowean (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-met-rahm-emanual-ida-b-wells-street-20180725-story.html">"Ida B. Wells Gets Her Street—City Council Approves Renaming Congress in Her Honor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> (online). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-6706">1085-6706</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609155932/https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-met-rahm-emanual-ida-b-wells-street-20180725-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ida+B.+Wells+Gets+Her+Street%E2%80%94City+Council+Approves+Renaming+Congress+in+Her+Honor&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.issn=1085-6706&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Byrne%2C+John&rft.au=Lolly+Bowean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fpolitics%2Fct-met-rahm-emanual-ida-b-wells-street-20180725-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Phil (April 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/great-granddaughter-of-ida-b-wells-looks-to-erect-memorial/43888/">"Great-Granddaughter of Ida B. Wells Looks to Erect Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Chicago">NBC Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051602/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/great-granddaughter-of-ida-b-wells-looks-to-erect-memorial/43888/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Chicago&rft.atitle=Great-Granddaughter+of+Ida+B.+Wells+Looks+to+Erect+Memorial&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcchicago.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgreat-granddaughter-of-ida-b-wells-looks-to-erect-memorial%2F43888%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSama" class="citation news cs1">Sama, Dominic (February 4, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/389312150/">"Issues Honor Ida B. Wells, Judicial System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Vol. 143, no. 35 (Final ed.). p. 11 (section 14). Retrieved November 11, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Issues+Honor+Ida+B.+Wells%2C+Judicial+System&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=11+%28section+14%29&rft.date=1990-02-04&rft.aulast=Sama&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F389312150%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Nichole (June 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/6/30/22557845/ida-b-wells-monument-second-black-woman-monument-chicago-unveiled-bronzeville">"Unveiling of Ida B. Wells Monument in Bronzeville met with 'joy, excitement, appreciation and humbleness'"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150910/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/6/30/22557845/ida-b-wells-monument-second-black-woman-monument-chicago-unveiled-bronzeville">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unveiling+of+Ida+B.+Wells+Monument+in+Bronzeville+met+with+%27joy%2C+excitement%2C+appreciation+and+humbleness%27&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Nichole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2F2021%2F6%2F30%2F22557845%2Fida-b-wells-monument-second-black-woman-monument-chicago-unveiled-bronzeville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodblacknews.org/2018/07/10/history-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue/">"History: Movement to Honor Anti-Lynching Crusader and Journalist Ida B. Wells in Chicago Is Gaining Momentum, and Is 'Long Overdue'"</a>. Good Black News. <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News aggregator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a> of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Goodblacknews.org">www.goodblacknews.org</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713180647/https://goodblacknews.org/2018/07/10/history-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Good+Black+News&rft.atitle=History%3A+Movement+to+Honor+Anti-Lynching+Crusader+and+Journalist+Ida+B.+Wells+in+Chicago+Is+Gaining+Momentum%2C+and+Is+%27Long+Overdue%27&rft.pages=%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22url%22%3Ewww%3Cwbr%2F%3E.goodblacknews%3Cwbr%2F%3E.org%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodblacknews.org%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fhistory-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Originally published June 20, 2018, in <a href="/wiki/The_Lily_(Washington_Post)" title="The Lily (Washington Post)">The Lily</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelily.com/the-movement-to-honor-ida-b-wells-is-gaining-momentum-and-its-long-overdue/">link</a>), which, in turn, was an adaptation of a story in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> by Peter Slevin published June 15, 2015, titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/you-cant-just-gloss-over-this-history-the-movement-to-honor-ida-b-wells-gains-momentum/2018/06/15/50445bbc-700d-11e8-bd50-b80389a4e569_story.html">"'You Can't Just Gloss Over This History': The Movement to Honor Ida B. Wells Gains Momentum."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/you-cant-just-gloss-over-this-history-the-movement-to-honor-ida-b-wells-gains-momentum/2018/06/15/50445bbc-700d-11e8-bd50-b80389a4e569_story.html">Archived</a> November 6, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_David" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(journalist)" title="David Smith (journalist)">Smith, David</a> (November 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter">"Ida B Wells: The Unsung Heroine of the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (online) (US ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Retrieved November 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ida+B+Wells%3A+The+Unsung+Heroine+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F27%2Fida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington,_Linn" class="citation news cs1">Washington, Linn (February 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodblacknews.org/2018/07/10/history-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue/">"Ida Wells Barnett Honored in Birmingham, England"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Crusader" title="The Chicago Crusader">The Chicago Crusader</a> (online). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042649/https://goodblacknews.org/2018/07/10/history-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Crusader&rft.atitle=Ida+Wells+Barnett+Honored+in+Birmingham%2C+England&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Linn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodblacknews.org%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fhistory-movement-to-honor-anti-lynching-crusader-and-journalist-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-is-gaining-momentum-and-is-long-overdue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_Chicago_Daily_News,1911" class="citation news cs1">Wells, Ida B. (1911). "The Negro's Quest for Work". <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Negro%27s+Quest+for+Work&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11473657/editions">11473657 (all editions)</a>.</li></ul> <ol type="1" start="1"> <ol type="i" start="1"> <li> Reprinted by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Call" title="New York Call">New York Call</a> (July 23, 1911). "The Negro's Quest for Work". <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83030226">sn83-30226</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9448923/editions">9448923 (all editions)</a>.</li> <li> Transcribed and published by The Black Worker (1900 to 1919). Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Foner, Philip Sheldon</a> (1910–1994); Lewis, Ronald L. (eds.). Part I: "Economic Condition of the Black Worker at the Turn of the Twentieth-Century". <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. pp. 38–39 – <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvn1tcpp.5">j.ctvn1tcpp.5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129353605/editions">1129353605 (all editions)</a>.</li></ol></ol> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormser" class="citation web cs1">Wormser, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_wells.html">"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow – Jim Crow Stories: Ida B. Wells Forced Out of Memphis (1892)"</a>. www.thirteen.org. <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075236/https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_wells.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thirteen.org&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Jim+Crow+%E2%80%93+Jim+Crow+Stories%3A+Ida+B.+Wells+Forced+Out+of+Memphis+%281892%29&rft.aulast=Wormser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fjimcrow%2Fstories_events_wells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Government and genealogical archives <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlowers" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Flowers" title="Mary E. Flowers">Flowers, Mary E.</a> (February 12, 2012). "House Resolution 770: Ida B. Wells Day in the State of Illinois". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.gov/house/journals/97/2012/hj097104r.pdf">House Journal, Ninety-Seventh General Assembly</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> 104th Legislative Day, Regular & Perfunctory Session. pp. 7–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101173217/https://www.ilga.gov/house/journals/97/2012/HJ097104R.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020. <q>... presented to Michelle Duster, great-granddaughter of Ida B. Wells for efforts to protect her legacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=House+Resolution+770%3A+Ida+B.+Wells+Day+in+the+State+of+Illinois&rft.btitle=House+Journal%2C+Ninety-Seventh+General+Assembly&rft.series=Illinois+House+of+Representatives+104th+Legislative+Day%2C+Regular+%26+Perfunctory+Session&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.aulast=Flowers&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga.gov%2Fhouse%2Fjournals%2F97%2F2012%2Fhj097104r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllinois_Senate_Journal1914" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofsenateo00inilli/page/n3/mode/2up">Journal of the Senate of the 48th General Assembly of the State of Illinois</a>. <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> (Regular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial" class="extiw" title="wikt:biennial">Biennial</a> Session ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a>: Illinois State Journal Co. 1914. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Senate+of+the+48th+General+Assembly+of+the+State+of+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield&rft.series=Illinois+Senate&rft.edition=Regular+Biennial+Session&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Journal+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofsenateo00inilli%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllinois_House_Journal1914" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.78231602&view=1up&seq=11">Journal of the House of Representatives of the 48th General Assembly of the State of Illinois</a>. <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> (Regular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial" class="extiw" title="wikt:biennial">Biennial</a> Session ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a>: Illinois State Journal Co. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204042302/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.78231602&view=1up&seq=11">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+the+48th+General+Assembly+of+the+State+of+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield&rft.series=Illinois+House+of+Representatives&rft.edition=Regular+Biennial+Session&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Journal+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dchi.78231602%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references_(not_linked_to_notes)">General references (not linked to notes)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General references (not linked to notes)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Buechler, Steven Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9lFXY0kkEwC">Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1558-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1558-0"><bdi>0-8135-1558-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89-49083">89-49083</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925227511">925227511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Movements+in+the+United+States%3A+Woman+Suffrage%2C+Equal+Rights%2C+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey%2C+and+London&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925227511&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89-49083&rft.isbn=0-8135-1558-0&rft.aulast=Buechler&rft.aufirst=Steven+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9lFXY0kkEwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karlyn_Kohrs_Campbell" title="Karlyn Kohrs Campbell">Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs</a> (November 1986). "Style and Content in the Rhetoric of Early Afro-American Feminists". <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Speech" title="Quarterly Journal of Speech">Quarterly Journal of Speech</a>. 72 (4). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/National_Communication_Association" title="National Communication Association">National Communication Association</a>: 434–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335638609383786">10.1080/00335638609383786</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5779">1479-5779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5630">0033-5630</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/56053730">56053730</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4659161765">4659161765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=Style+and+Content+in+the+Rhetoric+of+Early+Afro-American+Feminists&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E434-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=1986-11&rft.eissn=1479-5779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335638609383786&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4659161765&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F56053730&rft.issn=0033-5630&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Karlyn+Kohrs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lindsay_Davis" title="Elizabeth Lindsay Davis">Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofillinoisf00davi">The Story of the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, 1900–1922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830433285">830433285</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Illinois+Federation+of+Colored+Women%27s+Clubs%2C+1900%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Illinois+Federation+of+Colored+Women%27s+Clubs&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830433285&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofillinoisf00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> (Portraits from the book have been digitized and are archived at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Blackwell_Hutson" title="Jean Blackwell Hutson">Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NYPL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPL (identifier)">NYPL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.nypl.org/record=b11507686">b11507686</a> – click on "Digital Gallery".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Effinger-Crichlow, Marta (2014) [2000]. "Chapter 1: 'Tell My People to Go West': Ida B. Wells". Staging Migrations Toward an American West: From Ida B. Wells to Rhodessa Jones. <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. pp. 19–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-311-2"><bdi>978-1-60732-311-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt83jhx6">j.ctt83jhx6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867020572">867020572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+%27Tell+My+People+to+Go+West%27%3A+Ida+B.+Wells&rft.btitle=Staging+Migrations+Toward+an+American+West%3A+From+Ida+B.+Wells+to+Rhodessa+Jones&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867020572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt83jhx6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-311-2&rft.aulast=Effinger-Crichlow&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988">  (The author published a PhD dissertation under the same title in 2000 at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1194713125">1194713125</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gere, Anne Ruggle; Robbins, Sarah Ruffing (Spring 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2808&context=facpubs">"Gendered Literacy in Black and White: Turn-of-the-Century African-American and European-American Club Women's Printed Texts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a>. 21 (3): 643–678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F495101">10.1086/495101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175174">3175174</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4639157083">4639157083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143859735">143859735</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205437/https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2808&context=facpubs">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Gendered+Literacy+in+Black+and+White%3A+Turn-of-the-Century+African-American+and+European-American+Club+Women%27s+Printed+Texts&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E678&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3175174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F495101&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4639157083&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143859735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gere&rft.aufirst=Anne+Ruggle&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Sarah+Ruffing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.kennesaw.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2808%26context%3Dfacpubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Wanda Ann (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4tGXjFDb4wC">Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33447-3"><bdi>978-0-253-33447-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-3091">98-3091</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38520618">38520618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Midwest%3A+Black+Club+Women+in+Illinois&rft.place=Bloomington+%26+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38520618&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98-3091&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33447-3&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Wanda+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4tGXjFDb4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">McCammon, Holly J. (March 2003). "'Out of the Parlors and Into the Streets': The Changing Tactical Repertoire of the U.S. Women's Suffrage Movements". <a href="/wiki/Social_Forces" title="Social Forces">Social Forces</a>. 81 (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford Press">University of Oxford Press</a>: 787–818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.2003.0037">10.1353/sof.2003.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/703594031">703594031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143456172">143456172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=%27Out+of+the+Parlors+and+Into+the+Streets%27%3A+The+Changing+Tactical+Repertoire+of+the+U.S.+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movements&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E787-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F703594031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143456172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsof.2003.0037&rft.aulast=McCammon&rft.aufirst=Holly+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Maegan F. (Spring 2008). "Desiring Citizenship: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Wells/Willard Controversy". <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_in_Communication" title="Women's Studies in Communication">Women's Studies in Communication</a>. 31 (1): 56–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07491409.2008.10162522">10.1080/07491409.2008.10162522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-1409">0749-1409</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/347075486">347075486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143574671">143574671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+in+Communication&rft.atitle=Desiring+Citizenship%3A+A+Rhetorical+Analysis+of+the+Wells%2FWillard+Controversy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F347075486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143574671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0749-1409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07491409.2008.10162522&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Maegan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Royster, Jacqueline Jones, ed. (2016) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUYZDQAAQBAJ">Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bedford/St._Martin%27s" title="Bedford/St. Martin's">Bedford/St. Martin's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-319-04904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-319-04904-1"><bdi>978-1-319-04904-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930997497">930997497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Horrors+and+Other+Writings%3A+The+Anti-Lynching+Campaign+of+Ida+B.+Wells%2C+1892%E2%80%931900&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930997497&rft.isbn=978-1-319-04904-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUYZDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Ida B. Wells <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=72196119&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=72196119">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=72196119&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Ida B. Wells <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=72196119&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=72196119">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=72196119&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker,_Lee_D.1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_D._Baker" title="Lee D. Baker">Baker, Lee D.</a> (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html">"Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) and Her Passion for Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213135004/http://www.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett+%281862%E2%80%931931%29+and+Her+Passion+for+Justice&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=1996-04&rft.au=Baker%2C+Lee+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duke.edu%2F~ldbaker%2Fclasses%2FAAIH%2Fcaaih%2Fibwells%2Fibwbkgrd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> In Franklin, Vincent P. (1995), Living Our Stories, Telling Our Truths: Autobiography and the Making of African American Intellectual Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Pich, Hollie. "Various, Beautiful, and Terrible: The Life and Legacy of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Australasian Journal of American Studies 34#2 (2015), pp. 59–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44779734">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/ida-b-wells">Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108010052/https://www.biography.com/activist/ida-b-wells">Archived</a> November 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Davidson, James West. 'They say': Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race. Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516021-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516021-5">978-0-19-516021-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237042761">237042761</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dray" title="Philip Dray">Dray, Philip</a>, Yours for Justice, Ida B. Wells: The Daring Life of a Crusading Journalist, Peachtree, 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage">"Illinois During the Gilded Age, 1866–1896"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois" title="DeKalb, Illinois">DeKalb</a>: Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Illinois University Libraries">Northern Illinois University Libraries</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62124756">62124756</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920181706/http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/pullmanstrike">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illinois+During+the+Gilded+Age%2C+1866%E2%80%931896&rft.place=DeKalb&rft.pub=Illinois+Historical+Digitization+Projects+at+the+Northern+Illinois+University+Libraries&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62124756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2Fillinois%2Fgildedage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>"Ida B. Wells, 1862–1931" <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/search/mods_name_creator_ms%3A%22Wells%5C-Barnett%2C%5C%20Ida%5C%20B%22">The Writing of Ida B. Wells</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516114702/https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/search/mods_name_creator_ms%3A%22Wells%5C-Barnett%2C%5C%20Ida%5C%20B%22">Archived</a> May 16, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-gildedage%3A23615">A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892–1893–1894</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/ida-b-wells">"About Ida B. Wells and Her Writings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075502/https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/ida-b-wells">Archived</a> March 19, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Schechter, Patricia Ann, PhD. <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a>. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/ida-b-wells#biography-of-ida-b-wells">"Biography of Ida B Wells"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075502/https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/ida-b-wells#biography-of-ida-b-wells">Archived</a> March 19, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/ida-b-wells#the-anti-lynching-pamphlets-of-ida-b-wells-1892-1920">"The Anti-Lynching Pamphlets of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1920"</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Video" – In the videos, Schechter talks about Wells' experiences and legacy – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/idabwells/video.html">archive link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507015121/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/idabwells/video.html">Archived</a> May 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> via <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008 (14 files archived in <a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a> format). Retrieved March 28, 2008.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutes,_Jean_Marie2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutes, Jean Marie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontpagegirls00jean">Front Page Girls: Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction, 1880–1930</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7412-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-7412-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Front+Page+Girls%3A+Women+Journalists+in+American+Culture+and+Fiction%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7412-5&rft.au=Lutes%2C+Jean+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontpagegirls00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1995" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Ida B. (1995). Decosta-Willis, Miriam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjqS0NaN-4gC">The Memphis Diary of Ida B. Wells: An Intimate Portrait of the Activist as a Young Woman</a> (illustrated, revised ed.). Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-7065-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-7065-3"><bdi>0-8070-7065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memphis+Diary+of+Ida+B.+Wells%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+the+Activist+as+a+Young+Woman&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8070-7065-3&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjqS0NaN-4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Helen_Washington" title="Mary Helen Washington">Mary Helen Washington</a>, Afterword by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Sterling" title="Dorothy Sterling">Dorothy Sterling</a>. (Memoirs, travel notes and selected articles.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShay" class="citation web cs1">Shay, Alison (July 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801030922/https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/07/16/remembering-ida-b-wells-barnett/">"Remembering Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/07/16/remembering-ida-b-wells-barnett/">the original</a> on August 1, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Shay&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcrm.lib.unc.edu%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F07%2F16%2Fremembering-ida-b-wells-barnett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>This work was originally posted on a blog that was part of UNC's Long Civil Rights Movement Project – The LCRM Project (<a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660172">3660172</a>). It was funded by the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a> and UNC for five years, from 2008 to 2012, and its published works were a collaboration of (i) the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Round_Wilson_Library" title="Louis Round Wilson Library">UNC Special Collections Library</a>, (ii) the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, and (iii) the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oral_History_Program" title="Southern Oral History Program">Southern Oral History Program</a> in UNC's <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_the_American_South" title="Center for the Study of the American South">Center for the Study of the American South</a>. A fourth partner during the project's first three years was the Center for Civil Rights of <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_School_of_Law" title="University of North Carolina School of Law">UNC's School of Law</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilkey2015" class="citation book cs1">Silkey, Sarah Lynn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmyEBgAAQBAJ">Black Woman Reformer: Ida B. Wells, Lynching, and Transatlantic Activism</a>. Athens, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5378-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5378-4"><bdi>978-0-8203-5378-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005870470">1005870470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Woman+Reformer%3A+Ida+B.+Wells%2C+Lynching%2C+and+Transatlantic+Activism&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005870470&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5378-4&rft.aulast=Silkey&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAmyEBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerville2021" class="citation journal cs1">Summerville, Raymond M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naklada.ffos.hr/casopisi/proverbium/issue/view/2/2">"'Eternal Vigilance is the Price of Liberty': The Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings of Ida B. Wells-Barnett"</a>. Proverbium. 38: 315–360. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-782X">0743-782X</a>. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proverbium&rft.atitle=%27Eternal+Vigilance+is+the+Price+of+Liberty%27%3A+The+Proverbs+and+Proverbial+Sayings+of+Ida+B.+Wells-Barnett&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0743-782X&rft.aulast=Summerville&rft.aufirst=Raymond+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaklada.ffos.hr%2Fcasopisi%2Fproverbium%2Fissue%2Fview%2F2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wells, Ida B. (1893) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/wellslynchlaw.html">"Lynch Law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142810/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/wellslynchlaw.html">Archived</a> June 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History Is a Weapon website.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_The_Guardian,2018" class="citation news cs1">Wells, Ida B. (April 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-barnett-national-negro-conference-chicago-speech">"'Lynching is color-line murder': the blistering speech denouncing America's shame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Lynching+is+color-line+murder%27%3A+the+blistering+speech+denouncing+America%27s+shame&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ida+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F27%2Fida-b-wells-barnett-national-negro-conference-chicago-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIda+B.+Wells" class="Z3988"> Republication of "Lynching: Our National Crime", Wells' speech delivered during the 1909 <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Negro Conference">National Negro Conference</a>, published in the book, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsof00nati/page/173/mode/2up">Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, 1909.</a> pp. 174–179. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: May 31 and June 1 – book is accessible via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5765">Works by Ida B. Wells</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_B._Wells&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ida B. Wells at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ida_B._Wells" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ida B. Wells">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" class="extiw" title="q:Ida B. Wells">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ida_Bell_Wells-Barnett" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ida Bell Wells-Barnett">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289428" class="extiw" title="d:Q289428">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5765">Works by Ida B. Wells</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9437">Works by Ida B. Wells</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li>Norwood, Arlisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ida-b-wells-barnett">"Ida B. Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="National Women's History Museum">National Women's History Museum</a>. 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IBWELLS">Ida B. Wells Papers, 1884–1976</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Regenstein_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Regenstein Library">Joseph Regenstein Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>, Special Collections Research Center; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19496699">19496699</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?one=apf1-08624.xml">"Wells, Ida B." (family photo)</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>, Special Collections Research Center, Photo Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Akron_in_1851" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Akron in 1851">Ohio Women's Convention (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)">Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)">Forward statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)">Great Petition (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)">Votes for Women (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women">Up the Women (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a> (2018 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)">Lioness (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lynching_in_the_United_States98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lynching_in_the_United_States98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Before 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Daniel" title="Pancho Daniel">Pancho Daniel</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Joshua Boyd</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Henry Plummer</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sketoe" title="Bill Sketoe">Bill Sketoe</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot_George" title="Clubfoot George">Clubfoot George</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw" title="Wyatt Outlaw">Wyatt Outlaw</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stephens" title="John W. Stephens">John W. Stephens</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boyd_(county_solicitor)" title="Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)">Alexander Boyd</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Williams_(militia_leader)" title="Jim Williams (militia leader)">Jim Williams</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Jones" title="Lynching of David Jones">David Jones</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jo_Reed" title="Lynching of Jo Reed">Jo Reed</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_(minister)" title="Arthur St. Clair (minister)">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Green" title="Lynching of Michael Green">Michael Green</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Standing" title="Joseph Standing">Joseph Standing</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Nose_George" title="Big Nose George">Big Nose George Parrott</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thurber" title="Charles Thurber">Charles Thurber</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_massacre" title="Bisbee massacre">John Wesley Heath</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Eliza_Woods" title="Lynching of Eliza Woods">Eliza Woods</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Jack" title="Mingo Jack">Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Amos_Miller" title="Lynching of Amos Miller">Amos Miller</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Vermillion" title="Lynching of Joseph Vermillion">Joseph Vermillion</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">George Meadows</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Watson" title="Ellen Watson">Ellen Watson</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Brown Washington</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_Taylor" title="Lynching of Jim Taylor">Jim Taylor</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman#Lynching_and_race" title="Benjamin Tillman">Dick Lundy</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Coe" title="Lynching of Joe Coe">Joe Coe</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lewis (lynching victim)">Robert Lewis</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ephraim_Grizzard" title="Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard">Ephraim Grizzard</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_J._Bush" title="Lynching of Samuel J. Bush">Samuel J. Bush</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark,_South_Carolina#History" title="Denmark, South Carolina">John Peterson</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Alfred_Blount" title="Lynching of Alfred Blount">Alfred Blount</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Richard_Puryear" title="Lynching of Richard Puryear">Richard Puryear</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Stephen_Williams" title="Lynching of Stephen Williams">Stephen Williams</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Springs,_Mississippi#Lynching" title="Rocky Springs, Mississippi">Amos Hicks</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#Incorporation_and_disincorporation" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Jacob Henson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Andrews" title="Lynching of William Andrews">William Andrews</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_H._McCoy" title="Lynching of Joseph H. McCoy">Joseph H. McCoy</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama#History" title="LaFayette, Alabama">John Anderson</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Henry_James" title="Lynching of John Henry James">John Henry James</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_F._W._Stewart" title="Lynching of F. W. Stewart">F. W. Stewart</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Sam_Hose" title="Lynching of Sam Hose">Sam Hose</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_Thomas" title="Lynching of Benjamin Thomas">Benjamin Thomas</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rochelle" title="Fred Rochelle">Fred Rochelle</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ballie_Crutchfield" title="Lynching of Ballie Crutchfield">Ballie Crutchfield</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Ward" title="Lynching of George Ward">George Ward</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#Twentieth_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Walker Davis</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville_race_riot" title="Danville race riot">J. D. Mayfield</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_White" title="Lynching of George White"> George White</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Wyatt" title="Lynching of David Wyatt">David Wyatt</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Marie_Thompson" title="Lynching of Marie Thompson">Marie Thompson</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paul_Reed_and_Will_Cato" title="Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato">Paul Reed and Will Cato</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama#Lynching_of_Bunk_Richardson" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Bunk Richardson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyah,_Texas#History" title="Toyah, Texas">Slab Pitts</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Burns" title="Lynching of William Burns">William Burns</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Earnest_Williams" title="Lynching of Earnest Williams">Earnest Williams</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(outlaw)" title="Jim Miller (outlaw)">Jim Miller</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">James Hodges</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Matthew Chase</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Mose" Creole</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Pie" Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_%22Froggie%22_James" class="mw-redirect" title="William "Froggie" James">William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama#1910_lynching" title="Centreville, Alabama">Grant Richardson</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_King_Johnson" title="Lynching of King Johnson">King Johnson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Name unknown (TX)</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L. D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_Kentucky#Opera_house_lynching" title="Livermore, Kentucky">Will Porter</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Zachariah_Walker" title="Lynching of Zachariah Walker">Zachariah Walker</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Mary Jackson</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_racial_conflict_in_Forsyth_County,_Georgia" title="1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia">Rob Edwards</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">George Saunders</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Robert Perry</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">? Anderson</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Fisher</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Evans" title="Lynching of John Evans">John Evans</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Name unknown (MS)</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington">Jesse Washington</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Jeff Brown</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paulo_Boleta" title="Lynching of Paulo Boleta">Paulo Boleta</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Jones</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ell_Persons" title="Lynching of Ell Persons">Ell Persons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Mary Turner and her unborn baby</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Hazel "Hayes" Turner</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Taylor" title="Lynching of George Taylor">George Taylor</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McIlherron" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McIlherron">Jim McIlherron</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Olli_Kinkkonen" title="Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen">Olli Kinkkonen</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Wallace Baynes</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Will Brown</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Everest" title="Wesley Everest">Wesley Everest</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jay_Lynch" title="Lynching of Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Washington" title="Berry Washington">Berry Washington</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike#Willie_Baird" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Willie Baird</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Belton" title="Roy Belton">Roy Belton</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rowland" title="Dick Rowland">Dick Rowland (attempted)</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Henry Lowry</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_James_Harvey_and_Joe_Jordan" title="Lynching of James Harvey and Joe Jordan">James Harvey and Joe Jordan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pullen" title="Joe Pullen">Joe Pullen</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Smith" title="Lynching of Samuel Smith">Samuel Smith</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy" title="Lynching of L. Q. Ivy">L. Q. Ivy</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd" title="Lynching of Raymond Byrd">Raymond Byrd</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)" title="James Clark (lynching victim)">James Clark</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado#Fred_Selak" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Fred N. Selak</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Tom_Payne" title="Lynching of Tom Payne">Tom Payne</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter" title="Lynching of John Carter">John Carter</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Dan_Anderson" title="Lynching of Dan Anderson">Dan Anderson</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Will_Sherod" title="Lynching of Will Sherod">Will Sherod</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Bernice_Raspberry" title="Lynching of Bernice Raspberry">Bernice Raspberry</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Upchurch" title="Lynching of Joseph Upchurch">Joseph Upchurch</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Smith" title="Lynching of Joe Smith">Joe Smith</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Albert_Williams" title="Lynching of Albert Williams">Albert Williams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Bradshaw" title="Lynching of Thomas Bradshaw">Thomas Bradshaw</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Winston_Pounds" title="Lynching of Winston Pounds">Winston Pounds</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">Thomas Williams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Choate" title="Lynching of Henry Choate">Henry Choate</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Leonard_Woods" title="Lynching of Leonard Woods">Leonard Woods</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondak,_Montana" title="Mondak, Montana">J. C. Collins</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Hughes" title="Lynching of George Hughes">George Hughes</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)" title="James Cameron (activist)">James Cameron</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn" title="Lynching of Raymond Gunn">Lynching of Raymond Gunn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Williams (laborer)">Matthew Williams</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson" title="Death of Shedrick Thompson">Shedrick Thompson</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood" title="Lynching of George Armwood">George Armwood</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek" title="Lynching of Cordie Cheek">Cordie Cheek</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal" title="Lynching of Claude Neal">Claude Neal</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway" title="Lynching of Austin Callaway">Austin Callaway</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Williams" title="Elbert Williams">Elbert Williams</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hall" title="Felix Hall">Felix Hall</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze" title="Johannes Kunze">Johannes Kunze</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screws_v._United_States" title="Screws v. United States">Robert "Bobbie" Hall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard" title="Lynching of Willie James Howard">Willie James Howard</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recy_Taylor" title="Recy Taylor">Recy Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cecil Jones">John Cecil Jones</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">Willie Earle</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Edward_Aaron" title="Judge Edward Aaron">Judge Edward Aaron</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Mack_Charles_Parker" title="Lynching of Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Frank_Morris" title="Murder of Frank Morris">Frank Morris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins" title="Murder of Carol Jenkins">Carol Jenkins</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Henry_Marrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Henry Marrow">Henry Marrow</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Marian Pyszko</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Gardner" title="Murder of Betty Gardner">Betty Gardner</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">Arthur McDuffie</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Yusef Hawkins</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson" title="Murder of James Craig Anderson">James Craig Anderson</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery" title="Murder of Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_victims98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple victims</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Death of Joseph Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>) (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot (1863)">Detroit race riot (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Signoret" title="Felix Signoret">? Lachenais and four others</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow, TN, massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Plummer Gang</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis massacre</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot" title="1866 Gallatin County race riot">Gallatin County, KY, race riot</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Brothers Gang</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla, GA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long and two half-brothers</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski, TN, riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas, LA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868" title="Bear River City, Wyoming">Bear River City riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian, MS, race riot</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax, LA, massacre</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moya" title="Juan Moya">Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French" title="Lynching of Benjamin and Mollie French">Benjamin and Mollie French</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton, SC, riot</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg, SC, massacre</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre" title="Thibodaux massacre">Thibodeax, LA, massacre</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Mart and Tom Horrell</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879" title="Willits, California">Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891, lynchings">New Orleans 1891 lynchings</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers" title="Lynching of the Ruggles brothers">Ruggles Brothers (CA)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Porter and Spencer (MS)</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot" title="Phoenix election riot">Phoenix, SC, election riot</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington, NC, insurrection</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Julia and Frazier Baker">Julia and Frazier Baker</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana, IL, riot</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching" title="Watkinsville lynching">Watkinsville lynching</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County, MS</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family" title="Lynching of the Walker family">Walker family</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908" title="Springfield race riot of 1908">Springfield race riot of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, TX, massacre</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L.D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, GA, lynchings</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings" title="Newberry Six lynchings">Newberry, FL, lynchings</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis, IL, riots</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia" title="Brooks County, Georgia">Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919">Jenkins County, GA, riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_race_riot" title="Longview race riot">Longview, TX, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine race riot">Elaine, AR, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919" title="Knoxville riot of 1919">Knoxville riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_lynchings" title="Duluth lynchings">Duluth, MN, lynchings</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee, FL, massacre</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry race riot">Perry, FL, race riot</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood, FL, massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox" title="Lynching of Jim and Mark Fox">Jim and Mark Fox</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate County, MS</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooke Hart">Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels" title="Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels">Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943" title="Beaumont race riot of 1943">Beaumont, TX, Race Riot</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Day_Short" title="O'Day Short">O'Day Short, wife, and two children</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, AL</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>) (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">Indiana White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames" title="Jessie Daniel Ames">Jessie Daniel Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge" title="Martin C. Ansorge">Martin C. Ansorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Bailey" title="Flossie Bailey">Flossie Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown" title="Ella Barksdale Brown">Ella Barksdale Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flag_Salute" title="Flag Salute">Flag Salute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">N.A.A.C.P.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ida B. Wells</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislation11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan–Wagner_Bill" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act" title="Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act">Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenders of lynching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Cole L. Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_S._Carr" title="Julian S. Carr">Julian S. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore" title="John Trotwood Moore">John Trotwood Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton" title="Goodloe Sutton">Goodloe Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum" title="America's Black Holocaust Museum">America's Black Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum" title="The Legacy Museum">The Legacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)" title="James Allen (collector)">James Allen (collector)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady" title="Attack on John Shillady">Attack on John Shillady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States">Deaths in police custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)" title="Fury (1936 film)">Fury (1936 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcard" title="Lynching postcard">Lynching postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Burning" title="Mississippi Burning">Mississippi Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi" title="Summer in Mississippi">Summer in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_town" title="Sundown town">Sundown town</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sundown_towns_in_the_United_States" title="List of sundown towns in the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom" title="The United States of Lyncherdom">"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. Shipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)" title="Vendetta (1999 film)">Vendetta (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Category:Lynching deaths in the United States by state">Lynching deaths in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Black genocide in the United States">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion#Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine#Doctrine" title="Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of Black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Freedmen" title="Cherokee Freedmen">Cherokee Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Kansas" title="African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_Nebraska" title="African-American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_(state)" title="African Americans in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_jurists" title="List of African American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_firsts" title="Timeline of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Awards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_I._Cobb" title="Frank I. Cobb">Frank I. Cobb</a>* (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Dapping" title="William O. Dapping">William O. Dapping</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Price" title="Byron Price">Byron Price</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Leo_Sulzberger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II">Cyrus L. Sulzberger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kase" title="Max Kase">Max Kase</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Newspapers</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Strout" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lee Strout">Richard Lee Strout</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette" title="Capital Gazette">Capital Gazette</a> (2019)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ida B. Wells</a> (2020, posthumous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnella_Frazier" title="Darnella Frazier">Darnella Frazier</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Love Songs by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Teasdale" title="Sara Teasdale">Sara Teasdale</a> (1918)</li> <li>Corn Huskers by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>/Old Road to Paradise by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Widdemer" title="Margaret Widdemer">Margaret Widdemer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts_(author)" title="Kenneth Roberts (author)">Kenneth Roberts</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defeat of the Spanish Armada">The Defeat of the Spanish Armada</a> by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Heritage_Picture_History_of_the_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (page does not exist)">American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War</a> (1961)</li> <li>George Washington, Vols. I-IV by <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">James Thomas Flexner</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.B._White" class="mw-redirect" title="E.B. White">E.B. White</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Seuss Geisel</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> for <a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Morgan">Edmund S. Morgan</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>. A special award for <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma (musical)">Oklahoma!</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>* (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Frank D. Fackenthal</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hohenberg" title="John Hohenberg">John Hohenberg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.">Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* indicates award given to widow in year after his death</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2329" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289428#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083935290">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72196119">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5651/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmD8JqVwtQXtPXdy7rbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11906734X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017823">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15020587j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15020587j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432347">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35014111">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20111109017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071436154">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90733003">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007437285605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515636406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0643164X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/790257">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080221084">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dc8qwq">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pc32d5">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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