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id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Second Sex</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Sexe" title="Le Deuxième Sexe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Le Deuxième Sexe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="الجنس الآخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجنس الآخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="দ্বিতীয় লিঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় লিঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Другая плоць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Другая плоць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вторият пол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вторият пол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_segon_sexe" title="El segon sexe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El segon sexe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A9_pohlav%C3%AD" title="Druhé pohlaví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhé pohlaví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_andet_k%C3%B8n" title="Det andet køn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det andet køn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_andere_Geschlecht" title="Das andere Geschlecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das andere Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_sugupool" title="Teine sugupool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine sugupool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Το δεύτερο φύλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το δεύτερο φύλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_segundo_sexo" title="El segundo sexo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El segundo sexo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_dua_sekso" title="La dua sekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La dua sekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_sexua" title="Bigarren sexua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren sexua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنس دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنس دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Sexe" title="Le Deuxième Sexe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Deuxième Sexe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Sexe" title="Le Deuxième Sexe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Le Deuxième Sexe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_segundo_sexo" title="O segundo sexo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O segundo sexo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B1" title="제2의 성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2의 성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Երկրորդ սեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ սեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द सेकेंड सेक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द सेकेंड सेक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_spol" title="Drugi spol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi spol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Second Sex" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_secondo_sesso" title="Il secondo sesso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il secondo sesso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המין השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המין השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="The Second Sex" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მეორე სქესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე სქესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_m%C3%A1sodik_nem" title="A második nem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A második nem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द सेकंड सेक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द सेकंड सेक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tweede_sekse" title="De tweede sekse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De tweede sekse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%80%A7" title="第二の性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二の性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_annet_kj%C3%B8nn" title="Det annet kjønn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det annet kjønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_S%C3%A8xe_segond" title="Lo Sèxe segond – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Sèxe segond" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਦ ਸੈਕੰਡ ਸੈਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦ ਸੈਕੰਡ ਸੈਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="عورت (کتاب، سیمون دی بووار) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عورت (کتاب، سیمون دی بووار)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_p%C5%82e%C4%87" title="Druga płeć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druga płeć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Sexe" title="Le Deuxième Sexe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Le Deuxième Sexe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_doilea_sex" title="Al doilea sex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al doilea sex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Второй пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второй пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_pol_(knjiga)" title="Drugi pol (knjiga) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Drugi pol (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_sukupuoli" title="Toinen sukupuoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen sukupuoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_andra_k%C3%B6net" title="Det andra könet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Det andra könet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Second Sex <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.author=%5B%5BSimone+de+Beauvoir%5D%5D&rft.place=France&rft.pages=978+in+2+volumes"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LeDeuxiemeSexe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/LeDeuxiemeSexe.jpg/220px-LeDeuxiemeSexe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/LeDeuxiemeSexe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First editions</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Le Deuxième Sexe</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">978 in 2 volumes<sup id="cite_ref-vol-1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vol-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_philosophy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="female symbol merged with a question mark"><img alt="female symbol merged with a question mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/100px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/150px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/200px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"><span class="wrap"><i>A Vindication of <span class="nowrap">the Rights of</span> Woman</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1792)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women"><i>The Subjection of Women</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"><span class="wrap"><i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>The Second Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique"><i>The Feminine Mystique</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics"><i>Sexual Politics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex"><i>The Dialectic of Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>Speculum of the Other Woman</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1974)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>This Sex Which is Not One</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1977)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly"><i>Gyn/Ecology</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_Like_a_Girl" title="Throwing Like a Girl"><i>Throwing Like a Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice" title="In a Different Voice"><i>In a Different Voice</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality"><i>The Politics of Reality</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis"><i>Women, Race, and Class</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center" title="Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center"><i>Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner"><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"><i>Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble"><i>Gender Trouble</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae"><i>Sexual Personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought"><i>Black Feminist Thought</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood"><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl"><i>Whipping Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_of_Happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Promise of Happiness"><i>The Promise of Happiness</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Bartky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">De la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_de_Gamond" title="Zoé de Gamond">Gamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grosz" title="Elizabeth Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Jaggar" title="Alison Jaggar">Jaggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mama" title="Amina Mama">Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Zetkin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">Gender performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_theory" title="Standpoint theory">Standpoint theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Philosophy_Quarterly" title="Feminist Philosophy Quarterly">Feminist Philosophy Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Category</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Feminist_philosophy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Second Sex</b></i> (French: <i lang="fr">Le Deuxième Sexe</i>) is a 1949 book by the French <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, in which the author discusses the treatment of women in the present society as well as throughout all of history. Beauvoir researched and wrote the book in about 14 months between 1946 and 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She published the work in two volumes: <i>Facts and Myths</i>, and <i>Lived Experience</i>. Some chapters first appeared in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes" title="Les Temps modernes">Les Temps modernes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009Copyright_page_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009Copyright_page-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppignanesi200582_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppignanesi200582-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Beauvoir's best-known and controversial books (banned by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>), <i>The Second Sex</i> is regarded as a groundbreaking work of feminist philosophy,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the starting inspiration point of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_One">Volume One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Volume One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauvoir asks, "What is woman?"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that man is considered the default, while woman is considered the "Other": "Thus, humanity is male, and man defines woman not herself, but as relative to him." Beauvoir describes the relationship of ovum to sperm in various creatures (fish, insects, mammals), leading up to the human being. She describes women's subordination to the species in terms of reproduction, compares the physiology of men and women, concluding that values cannot be based on physiology and that the facts of biology must be viewed in light of the ontological, economic, social, and physiological context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200946_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200946-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors whose views Beauvoir rejects include <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200959_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200959-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>. Beauvoir argues that while Engels, in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i> (1884), maintained that "the great historical defeat of the female sex" is the result of the invention of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, his claims are unsupported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200963–64_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200963–64-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Beauvoir, two factors explain the evolution of women's condition: participation in production, and freedom from reproductive slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009139_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that motherhood left woman "riveted to her body", like an animal, and made it possible for men to dominate her and Nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She describes man's gradual domination of women, starting with the statue of a female Great Goddess found in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, and eventually the opinion of ancient Greeks like <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, who wrote, "There is a good principle that created order, light, and man and a bad principle that created chaos, darkness, and woman." Men succeed in the world by <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> is the lot of women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200979,_89,_84_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200979,_89,_84-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that men oppress women when they seek to perpetuate the family and keep patrimony intact. She compares women's situation in ancient Greece with Rome. In Greece, with exceptions like <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> where there were no restraints on women's freedom, women were treated almost like slaves. In Rome, because men were still the masters, women enjoyed more rights, but, still discriminated against on the basis of their sex, had only empty freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200996,_100,_101,_103_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200996,_100,_101,_103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Beauvoir argues that, with the exception of the German tradition, it and its <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> have served to subordinate women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009104–106,_117_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009104–106,_117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also describes <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and the changes in dynamics brought about by <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> that occurred about the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009108,_112–114_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009108,_112–114-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes, from the early fifteenth century, "great Italian ladies and courtesans", and singles out the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spaniard</a> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> as successfully raising "herself as high as a man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the nineteenth century, women's legal status remained unchanged, but individuals (like <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a>) excelled by writing and acting. Some men helped women's status through their works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118,_122,_123_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118,_122,_123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir finds fault with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>, criticizes <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009127–129_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009127–129-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> as an anti-feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009131_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009131-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the nineteenth century gave women an escape from their homes, but they were paid little for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009132_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009132-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir traces the growth of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and participation by women. She examines the spread of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> methods and the history of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009133–135,_137–139_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009133–135,_137–139-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir relates the history of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009140–148_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009140–148-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and writes that women like <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> "brilliantly demonstrate that it is not women's inferiority that has determined their historical insignificance: It is their historical insignificance that has doomed them to inferiority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009151_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009151-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvoir provides a presentation about the "everlasting disappointment" of women,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the most part from a male heterosexual's point of view. She covers female <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>, and female sexuality, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">copulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">motherhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. To illustrate man's experience of the "horror of feminine fertility", Beauvoir quotes the <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">British Medical Journal</a></i> of 1878 in which a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a> writes, "It is an indisputable fact that meat goes bad when touched by menstruating women."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009168,_170_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009168,_170-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She quotes poetry by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, along with other novels, philosophers, and films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009175,_176,_191,_192,_196,_197,_201,_204_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009175,_176,_191,_192,_196,_197,_201,_204-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that sexual division is maintained in <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examining the work of <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant" title="Henry de Montherlant">Henry de Montherlant</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Claudel" title="Paul Claudel">Paul Claudel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, Beauvoir writes that these "examples show that the great collective myths are reflected in each singular writer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009261_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009261-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Feminine devotion is demanded as a duty by Montherlant and Lawrence; less arrogant, Claudel, Breton, and Stendhal admire it as a generous choice..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264–265_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264–265-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For each of them, the ideal woman is the one who more exactly embodies the <i>Other</i> capable of revealing it to himself. Montherlant seeks pure animality in women; Lawrence demands that she summarizes the female gender in her femininity; Claudel calls her soul-sister; Breton trusts the woman-child; Stendhal is looking for an equal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She finds that woman is "the <i>privileged Other</i>", that <i>Other</i> is defined in the "way the <i>One</i> chooses to posit himself",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009262_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009262-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and writes that, "But the only earthly destiny reserved to the woman equal, child-woman, soul sister, woman-sex, and female animal is always man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that, "The absence or insignificance of the female element in a body of work is symptomatic... It loses importance in a period like ours in which each individual's particular problems are of secondary import."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009265_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009265-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvoir writes that "mystery" is prominent among men's myths about women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009268_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009268-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also writes that mystery is not confined by sex to women, but, instead, by situation, and that it pertains to any slave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009271_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009271-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thinks it disappeared during the eighteenth century when men, however briefly, considered women to be peers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009273_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009273-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She quotes <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, who writes that, hopefully, one day, women can become fully human beings when man gives her her freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009274_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009274-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Two">Volume Two</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volume Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presenting a child's life beginning with birth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009284_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009284-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir contrasts a girl's upbringing with a boy's, who at age 3 or 4 is told he is a "little man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009285–286_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009285–286-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A girl is taught to be a woman and her "feminine" destiny is imposed on her by society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009294–295_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009294–295-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has no innate "maternal instinct".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009296_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009296-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A girl comes to believe in and to worship a male god and to create imaginary adult lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009304–305,_306–308_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009304–305,_306–308-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of sex is a "phenomenon as painful as weaning" and she views it with disgust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009315,_318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009315,_318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she discovers that men, not women, are the masters of the world this "imperiously modifies her consciousness of herself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009301_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009301-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, and the way girls imagine sex with a man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009320–330,_333–336_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009320–330,_333–336-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She relates several ways that girls in their late teens accept their "femininity", which may include running away from home, fascination with the disgusting, following nature, or stealing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009366,_368,_374,_367–368_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009366,_368,_374,_367–368-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes sexual relations with men, maintaining that the repercussions of the first of these experiences informs a woman's whole life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009383_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009383-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes women's sexual relations with women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009416_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009416-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes that "homosexuality is no more a deliberate perversion than a fatal curse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009436_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009436-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvoir writes that "to ask two spouses bound by practical, social and moral ties to satisfy each other sexually for their whole lives is pure absurdity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009466_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009466-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She describes the work of married women, including <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">housecleaning</a>, writing that it is "holding away death but also refusing life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009470–478_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009470–478-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thinks, "what makes the lot of the wife-servant ungratifying is the division of labor that dooms her wholly to the general and inessential".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009481_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009481-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that a woman finds her dignity only in accepting her vassalage which is bed "service" and housework "service".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A woman is weaned away from her family and finds only "disappointment" on the day after her wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485–486_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485–486-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir points out various inequalities between a wife and husband who find themselves in a threesome and finds they pass the time not in love but in "conjugal love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009497,_510_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009497,_510-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thinks that marriage "almost always destroys woman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She quotes <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia Tolstoy</a> who wrote in her diary: "you are stuck there forever and there you must sit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir thinks marriage is a perverted institution oppressing both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009521_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009521-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Beauvoir's view, abortions performed legally by doctors would have little risk to the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971458_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971458-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that the Catholic Church cannot make the claim that the souls of the unborn would not end up in heaven because of their lack of baptism because that would be contradictory to other Church teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes that the issue of abortion is not an issue of morality but of "masculine sadism" toward woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009524–533,_534–550_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009524–533,_534–550-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is viewed as both a gift and a curse to woman. In this new creation of a new life the woman loses her self, seeing herself as "no longer anything ... [but] a passive instrument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971495_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971495-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that, "maternal <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochism</a> creates guilt feelings for the daughter that will express themselves in sadomasochistic behavior toward her own children, without end",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009567_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009567-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and makes an appeal for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> child rearing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009568_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009568-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvoir describes a woman's clothes, her girl friends and her relationships with men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009571–581,_584–588,_589–591,_592–598_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009571–581,_584–588,_589–591,_592–598-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes that "marriage, by frustrating women's erotic satisfaction, denies them the freedom and individuality of their feelings, drives them to adultery".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009592_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009592-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir describes prostitutes and their relationships with <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimps</a> and with other women,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009605,_607–610_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009605,_607–610-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hetaera" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetaera">hetaeras</a>. In contrast to prostitutes, hetaeras can gain recognition as an individual and if successful can aim higher and be publicly distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971565_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971565-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that women's path to <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> might arouse woman's homosexual feelings (which Beauvoir thinks are latent in most women). When she agrees to grow old she becomes <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly</a> with half of her adult life left to live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009619,_622,_626_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009619,_622,_626-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A woman might choose to live through her children (often her son) or her grandchildren but she faces "solitude, regret, and ennui".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009627,_632,_633_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009627,_632,_633-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pass her time she might engage in useless "women's handiwork", watercolors, music or reading, or she might join charitable organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009634–636_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009634–636-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a few rare women are committed to a cause and have an end in mind, Beauvoir concludes that "the highest form of freedom a woman-parasite can have is stoic defiance or skeptical irony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009636–637_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009636–637-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Beauvoir, while a woman knows how to be as active, effective and silent as a man,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her situation keeps her being <i>useful</i>, preparing food, clothes, and lodging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worries because she does not <i>do</i> anything, she complains, she cries, and she may threaten suicide. She protests but doesn't escape her lot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009645,_647,_648,_649_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009645,_647,_648,_649-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women demand a <i>Good</i> that is a living <i>Harmony</i> and in which she rests, just because they live. The concept of harmony is one of the keys to the female universe, it implies the perfection of immobility, the immediate justification of each element in the light of the whole, and her passive participation in the totality. In a harmonious way, women thus achieve what men seek in action,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse" title="To the Lighthouse">To the Lighthouse</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>'s magnum opus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir thinks it is pointless to try to decide whether a woman is superior or inferior, and that it is obvious that the man's situation is "infinitely preferable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes, "for woman there is no other way out than to work for her <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">liberation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvoir describes narcissistic women, who might find themselves in a <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009668–670,_676_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009668–670,_676-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and women in and outside marriage: "The day when it will be possible for the woman to love in her strength and not in her weakness, not to escape from herself but to find herself, not out of resignation but to affirm herself, love will become for her as for man the source of life and not a mortal danger."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009708_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009708-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir discusses the lives of several women, some of whom developed <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009713,_714–715,_716_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009713,_714–715,_716-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir writes that these women may develop a relation "with an unreal: her double or god; or she creates an unreal relation with a real being...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009717_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009717-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also mentions women with careers who are able to escape sadism and masochism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009731–732_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009731–732-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few women have successfully reached a state of equality, and Beauvoir, in a footnote, singles out the example of <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert</a> Schumann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009733_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009733-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauvoir says that the goals of wives can be overwhelming: as a wife tries to be elegant, a good housekeeper and a good mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009734_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009734-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singled out are "<a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singers</a>" who may achieve independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009741_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009741-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among writers, Beauvoir chooses only <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, Woolf and ("sometimes") <a href="/wiki/Mary_Webb" title="Mary Webb">Mary Webb</a> (and she mentions <a href="/wiki/Colette" title="Colette">Colette</a> and Mansfield) as among those who have tried to approach nature "in its inhuman freedom". Beauvoir then says that women don't "challenge the human condition" and that in comparison to the few "greats", a woman comes out as "mediocre" and will continue at that level for quite some time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009748_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009748-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A woman could not have been <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>. Beauvoir thinks that perhaps, of all women, only <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Saint Teresa</a> lived her life for herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009750_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009750-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She says it is "high time" a woman "be left to take her own chances".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009751_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009751-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her conclusion, Beauvoir looks forward to a future when women and men are equals, something the "<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Soviet revolution</a> <i>promised</i>" but did not ever deliver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009760_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009760-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concludes that, "to carry off this supreme victory, men and women must, among other things and beyond their natural differentiations, unequivocally affirm their brotherhood."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009766_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009766-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first French publication of <i>The Second Sex</i> sold around 22,000 copies in a week.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been translated into 40 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">The Vatican</a> placed the book on its <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">List of Prohibited Books</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sex researcher <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a> was critical of <i>The Second Sex</i>, holding that while it was interesting as a work of literature, it was of no value to science.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomeroy_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, Beauvoir wrote that <i>The Second Sex</i> was an attempt to explain "why a woman's situation, still, even today, prevents her from exploring the world's basic problems."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1974 interview, she remembered that "<a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a> was furious; he reacted with typical Mediterranean machismo, saying I had ridiculed the French male. Professors hurled the book across the room. People sniggered at me in restaurants. The fact [that] I had spoken about female sexuality was absolutely scandalous at the time. Men kept drawing attention to the vulgarity of the book, essentially because they were furious at what the book was suggesting—equality between the sexes".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack on psychoanalysis in <i>The Second Sex</i> helped to inspire subsequent feminist arguments against psychoanalysis, including those of <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i> (1969), and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a></i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millett commented in 1989 that she did not realize the extent to which she was influenced by Beauvoir when she wrote <i>Sexual Politics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> argues that Beauvoir's formulation that "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman" distinguishes the terms "sex" and "gender". Borde and Malovany-Chevallier, in their complete English version, translated this formulation as "One is not born, but rather becomes, woman" because in this context (one of many different usages of "woman" in the book), the word is used by Beauvoir to mean woman as a construct or an idea, rather than woman as an individual or one of a group. Butler writes that the book suggests that "gender" is an aspect of identity which is "gradually acquired". Butler sees <i>The Second Sex</i> as potentially providing a radical understanding of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Bair" title="Deirdre Bair">Deirdre Bair</a>, writing in her "Introduction to the Vintage Edition" in 1989, relates that "one of the most sustained criticisms" has been that Beauvoir is "guilty of unconscious misogyny", that she separated herself from women while writing about them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiii_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiii-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bair writes that French writer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeanson" title="Francis Jeanson">Francis Jeanson</a> and British poet <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Smith" title="Stevie Smith">Stevie Smith</a> made similar criticisms: in Smith's words, "She has written an enormous book about women and it is soon clear that she does not like them, nor does she like being a woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bair also quotes British scholar C. B. Radford's view that Beauvoir was "guilty of painting women in her own colors" because <i>The Second Sex</i> is "primarily a middle-class document, so distorted by autobiographical influences that the individual problems of the writer herself may assume an exaggerated importance in her discussion of femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American theorist <a href="/wiki/David_M._Halperin" title="David M. Halperin">David M. Halperin</a> criticizes Beauvoir's idealizing portrayal of sexual relations between women in <i>The Second Sex</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> praised <i>The Second Sex</i>, calling it "brilliant" and "the supreme work of modern feminism." Paglia writes that most modern feminists are merely "repeating, amplifying or qualifying" <i>The Second Sex</i> without realising their debt to it.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Women,_Free_Men" title="Free Women, Free Men">Free Women, Free Men</a></i> (2017) Paglia writes that as a sixteen-year-old, she was "stunned by de Beauvoir's imperious, authoritative tone and ambitious sweep through space and time", which helped inspire her to write her work of literary criticism <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae">Sexual Personae</a></i> (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship">Censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish-language translation of <i>The Second Sex</i> (printed in Argentina) was banned in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> in 1955. Spanish feminists smuggled in copies of the book and circulated it in secret. A full Castilian Spanish translation of <i>The Second Sex</i> was published in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church's Vatican-based leadership condemned <i>The Second Sex</i> and added the book in its list of prohibited books, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>.</i> The book remained banned until the policy of prohibition itself was abolished in 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_repercussions">Cultural repercussions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of second wave feminism in the United States spawned by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a>’s book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, which was inspired by Simone de Beauvoir’s, <i>The Second Sex,</i> took significantly longer to reach and impact the lives of European women. Even though <i>The Second Sex</i> was published in 1949 and <i>Feminine Mystique</i> was published in 1963, the French were concerned that expanding equality to include matters of the family was detrimental to French morals. In 1966, abortion in Europe was still illegal and contraception was extremely difficult to access. Many were afraid that legalization would "take from men 'the proud consciousness of their virility' and make women 'no more than objects of sterile voluptuousness'".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Parliament in 1967 decided to legalize contraception but only under strict qualifications. </p><p>Social feminists then went further to claim that women “were fundamentally different from men in psychology and in physiology…”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stressed gender differences rather than simply equality, demanding that women have the right of choice to stay home and raise a family, if they so desired, by issue of a financial allowance, advocated by the Catholic church, or to go into the workforce and have assistance with childcare through government mandated programs, such as nationally funded daycare facilities and parental leave. The historical context of the times was a belief that "a society cut to the measure of men ill served women and harmed the overall interests of society".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this push for public programs, European women became more involved in politics and by the 1990s held six to seven times more legislative seats than the United States, enabling them to influence the process in support of programs for women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many commentators have pointed out that the 1953 English translation of <i>The Second Sex</i> by <a href="/wiki/H._M._Parshley" class="mw-redirect" title="H. M. Parshley">H. M. Parshley</a>, frequently reissued, is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Moi_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reviewer from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described the zoologist hired to do the translation as having "a college undergraduate's knowledge of French."<sup id="cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delicate vocabulary of philosophical concepts is frequently mistranslated, and great swaths of the text have been excised.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English publication rights to the book are owned by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf, Inc</a> and although the publishers had been made aware of the problems with the English text, they long stated that there was really no need for a new translation,<sup id="cite_ref-Moi_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moi-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though Beauvoir herself explicitly requested one in a 1985 interview: "I would like very much for another translation of <i>The Second Sex</i> to be done, one that is much more faithful; more complete and more faithful."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publishers gave in to those requests, and commissioned a new translation to Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result, published in November 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has met with generally positive reviews from literary critics, who credit Borde and Malovany-Chevallier with having diligently restored the sections of the text missing from the Parshley edition, as well as correcting many of its mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reviewers, however, including <a href="/wiki/Toril_Moi" title="Toril Moi">Toril Moi</a>, one of the most vociferous critics of the original 1953 translation, are critical of the new edition, voicing concerns with its style, syntax and philosophical and syntactic integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LRB_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>New York Times</i> reviewer cites some confused English in the new edition where Parshley's version was smoother, saying, "Should we rejoice that this first unabridged edition of 'The Second Sex' appears in a new translation? I, for one, do not."<sup id="cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Feminist existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde%27s_100_Books_of_the_Century" title="Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century"><i>Le Monde</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 100 Books of the Century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vol-1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vol-1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauvoir1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir, Simone</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUHaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le deuxième sexe</i></a> [<i>The Second Sex</i>]. NRF essais (in French). Vol. 1, Les faits et les mythes [Facts and Myths]. <a href="/wiki/Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallimard">Gallimard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782070205134" title="Special:BookSources/9782070205134"><bdi>9782070205134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+deuxi%C3%A8me+sexe&rft.series=NRF+essais&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=9782070205134&rft.aulast=de+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUHaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vol-2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauvoir1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir, Simone</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUHaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le deuxième sexe</i></a>. NRF essais (in French). Vol. 2 L'expérience vécue [Experience]. Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782070205141" title="Special:BookSources/9782070205141"><bdi>9782070205141</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489616596">489616596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+deuxi%C3%A8me+sexe&rft.series=NRF+essais&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489616596&rft.isbn=9782070205141&rft.aulast=de+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUHaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurman2011" class="citation book cs1">Thurman, Judith (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1949SimoneDeBeauvoirTheSecondSex/1949_simone-de-beauvoir-the-second-sex#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The Second Sex</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1949SimoneDeBeauvoirTheSecondSex%2F1949_simone-de-beauvoir-the-second-sex%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009Copyright_page-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009Copyright_page_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. Copyright page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppignanesi200582-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppignanesi200582_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppignanesi2005">Appignanesi 2005</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/gender-and-europe/feminisms-and-feminist-movements/reception-second-sex-in-europe">"Reception of The Second Sex in Europe"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l'Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+d%E2%80%99histoire+num%C3%A9rique+de+l%27Europe&rft.atitle=Reception+of+The+Second+Sex+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehne.fr%2Fen%2Fencyclopedia%2Fthemes%2Fgender-and-europe%2Ffeminisms-and-feminist-movements%2Freception-second-sex-in-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plessix-Gray-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plessix-Gray_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Plessix_Gray,_Francine2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francine_du_Plessix_Gray" title="Francine du Plessix Gray">du Plessix Gray, Francine</a> (May 27, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/review/Gray-t.html?pagewanted=all">"Dispatches From the Other"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dispatches+From+the+Other&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.au=du+Plessix+Gray%2C+Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F30%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FGray-t.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauvoir1953" class="citation book cs1">de Beauvoir, Simone (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondsex00beau"><i>The Second Sex</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. xv–xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394444154" title="Special:BookSources/9780394444154"><bdi>9780394444154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xv-xxix&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780394444154&rft.aulast=de+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondsex00beau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200946-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200946_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200959-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200959_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200963–64-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200963–64_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009139-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009139_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200975-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200975_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200979,_89,_84-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200979,_89,_84_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 79, 89, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200996,_100,_101,_103-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir200996,_100,_101,_103_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 96, 100, 101, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009104–106,_117-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009104–106,_117_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 104–106, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009108,_112–114-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009108,_112–114_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 108, 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 118, "She brilliantly shows that a woman can raise herself as high as a man when, by astonishing chance, a man's possibilities are granted to her."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118,_122,_123-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009118,_122,_123_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 118, 122, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009127–129-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009127–129_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009131-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009131_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009132-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009132_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009133–135,_137–139-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009133–135,_137–139_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 133–135, 137–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009140–148-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009140–148_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 140–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009151-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009151_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009213_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009168,_170-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009168,_170_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 168, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009175,_176,_191,_192,_196,_197,_201,_204-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009175,_176,_191,_192,_196,_197,_201,_204_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 175, 176, 191, 192, 196, 197, 201, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009261-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009261_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264–265-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264–265_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009264_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009262-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009262_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009265-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009265_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009268-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009268_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009271-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009271_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009273-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009273_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009274-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009274_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009284-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009284_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009285–286-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009285–286_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009294–295-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009294–295_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009296-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009296_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009304–305,_306–308-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009304–305,_306–308_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 304–305, 306–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009315,_318-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009315,_318_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 315, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009301-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009301_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009320–330,_333–336-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009320–330,_333–336_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 320–330, 333–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009366,_368,_374,_367–368-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009366,_368,_374,_367–368_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 366, 368, 374, 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009383-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009383_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009416-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009416_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009436-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009436_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009466-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009466_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009470–478-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009470–478_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 470–478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009481-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009481_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485–486-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009485–486_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009497,_510-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009497,_510_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 497, 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009518_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009521-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009521_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971458-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971458_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir1971">Beauvoir 1971</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971486_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir1971">Beauvoir 1971</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009524–533,_534–550-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009524–533,_534–550_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 524–533, 534–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971495-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971495_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir1971">Beauvoir 1971</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009567-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009567_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009568-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009568_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009571–581,_584–588,_589–591,_592–598-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009571–581,_584–588,_589–591,_592–598_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 571–581, 584–588, 589–591, 592–598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009592-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009592_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009605,_607–610-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009605,_607–610_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 605, 607–610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971565-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir1971565_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir1971">Beauvoir 1971</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009619,_622,_626-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009619,_622,_626_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 619, 622, 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009627,_632,_633-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009627,_632,_633_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 627, 632, 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009634–636-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009634–636_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 634–636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009636–637-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009636–637_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 636–637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009644_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009645,_647,_648,_649-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009645,_647,_648,_649_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 645, 647, 648, 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009658_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009664_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009668–670,_676-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009668–670,_676_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 668–670, 676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009708-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009708_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 708.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009713,_714–715,_716-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009713,_714–715,_716_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 713, 714–715, 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009717-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009717_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009731–732-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009731–732_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, pp. 731–732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009733-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009733_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009734-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009734_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009741-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009741_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009748-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009748_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009750-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009750_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009751-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009751_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 751.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009760-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009760_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009766-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauvoir2009766_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauvoir2009">Beauvoir 2009</a>, p. 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi1988" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Alice S. (19 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministpapersfr00ross/page/674"><i>The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir</i></a>. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministpapersfr00ross/page/674">674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-028-0"><bdi>978-1-55553-028-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminist+Papers%3A+From+Adams+to+de+Beauvoir&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1988-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-028-0&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Alice+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeministpapersfr00ross%2Fpage%2F674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Book_Depository" class="citation web cs1">The Book Depository. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/Second-Sex-Paperback-Simone-Beauvoir-Vintage/10472714098/bd">"The Second Sex (Paperback)"</a>. AbeBooks Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex+%28Paperback%29&rft.pub=AbeBooks+Inc.&rft.au=The+Book+Depository&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2FSecond-Sex-Paperback-Simone-Beauvoir-Vintage%2F10472714098%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy,_Wardell1982" class="citation book cs1">Pomeroy, Wardell (1982). <i>Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02801-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02801-6"><bdi>0-300-02801-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Kinsey+and+the+Institute+for+Sex+Research&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-300-02801-6&rft.au=Pomeroy%2C+Wardell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauvoir,_Simone_de1962" class="citation book cs1">Beauvoir, Simone de (1962) [1960]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primeoflife00beau"><i>The Prime of Life</i></a></span>. Translated by Green, Peter. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primeoflife00beau/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62009051">62009051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+of+Life&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62009051&rft.au=Beauvoir%2C+Simone+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimeoflife00beau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1974" class="citation news cs1">Moorehead, Caroline (2 June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html">"A talk with Simone de Beauvoir"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+talk+with+Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.date=1974-06-02&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fa-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster,_Richard2005" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Richard (2005). <i>Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis</i>. Oxford: The Orwell Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9515922-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9515922-5-4"><bdi>0-9515922-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Freud+Was+Wrong%3A+Sin%2C+Science+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=The+Orwell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9515922-5-4&rft.au=Webster%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster,_PennySutton,_Imogen1989" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Penny; Sutton, Imogen (1989). <i>Daughters of de Beauvoir</i>. London: The Women's Press, Ltd. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-5044-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-5044-0"><bdi>0-7043-5044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+de+Beauvoir&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=The+Women%27s+Press%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7043-5044-0&rft.au=Forster%2C+Penny&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a>, "Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex" in <i>Yale French Studies</i>, No. 72 (1986), pp. 35–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiii-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiii_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBair1989">Bair 1989</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBair1989xiv_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBair1989">Bair 1989</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin,_David_M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, David M. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp"><i>One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp/page/136">136</a>, 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90097-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90097-2"><bdi>0-415-90097-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Homosexuality%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Greek+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136%2C+138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-90097-2&rft.au=Halperin%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonehundredyearso0000halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaglia,_Camille1993" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (1993). <i>Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays</i>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 112, 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017209-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-017209-2"><bdi>0-14-017209-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Art%2C+and+American+Culture%3A+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112%2C+243&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-017209-2&rft.au=Paglia%2C+Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaglia,_Camille2017" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (2017). <i>Free Women, Free Men: Sex, Gender, Feminism</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42477-9"><bdi>978-0-375-42477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Women%2C+Free+Men%3A+Sex%2C+Gender%2C+Feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42477-9&rft.au=Paglia%2C+Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gutiérrez, Lucía Pintado and Castillo Villanueva, Alicia (eds.) (2019). <i>New Approaches to Translation, Conflict and Memory : Narratives of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship.</i> Cham : Springer International Publishing : Palgrave Macmillan. p. 96 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00698-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00698-3">978-3-030-00698-3</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Michael H. (2014). <i>The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937234-8"><bdi>978-0-19-937234-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Transformed%3A+1945+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937234-8&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moi-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moi_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moi_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moi, Toril (2002), "While we wait: The English translation of The Second Sex" in <i>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</i> vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1005–1035.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simons-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simons_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simons, Margaret, "The Silencing of Simone de Beauvoir: Guess What's Missing from The Second Sex" in <i>Beauvoir and The Second Sex</i> (1999), pp. 61–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simons, Margaret, "Beauvoir Interview (1985)", in <i>Beauvoir and The Second Sex</i> (1999), pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moi, Toril (January 12, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/12/society.simonedebeauvoir">"It changed my life!"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London: Jonathan Cape, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07859-7">978-0-224-07859-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Janine_di_Giovanni" title="Janine di Giovanni">di Giovanni, Janine</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_reviews/article6960597.ece">The Second Sex</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", in <i>The Times</i> (London).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Cusk" title="Rachel Cusk">Cusk, Rachel</a> (December 12, 2009), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/12/rachel-cusk-women-writing-review">Shakespeare's Daughters</a>", in <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowe, Catriona (December 19, 2009), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/1219/1224260949819.html">Second can be the best</a>", in <i>The Irish Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Smith" title="Joan Smith">Smith, Joan</a> (December 18, 2009), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-second-sex-by-simone-de-beauvoir-trans-constance-borde--sheila-malovanychevallier-1843614.html">The Second Sex, By Simone de Beauvoir trans. Constance Borde & Sheila Malovany-Chevallier</a>", in <i>The Independent</i> (London).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRB-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LRB_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoi,_Toril2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toril_Moi" title="Toril Moi">Moi, Toril</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210825122813/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n03/toril-moi/the-adulteress-wife">"The Adulteress Wife"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 3–6. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n03/toril-moi/the-adulteress-wife">the original</a></span> on 2021-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Adulteress+Wife&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Moi%2C+Toril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv32%2Fn03%2Ftoril-moi%2Fthe-adulteress-wife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg,_Michelle" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg, Michelle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/Reviews-Essays/The-Second-Sex/ba-p/2417">"The Second Sex"</a>. <i>Barnes and Noble Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+and+Noble+Review&rft.atitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnreview.barnesandnoble.com%2Ft5%2FReviews-Essays%2FThe-Second-Sex%2Fba-p%2F2417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppignanesi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Appignanesi" title="Lisa Appignanesi">Appignanesi, Lisa</a> (2005). <i>Simone de Beauvoir</i>. London: Haus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904950-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-904950-09-4"><bdi>1-904950-09-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904950-09-4&rft.aulast=Appignanesi&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2006" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Nancy (2006) [2004]. "Must We Read Simone de Beauvoir?". In Grosholz, Emily R. (ed.). <i>The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926536-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926536-4"><bdi>0-19-926536-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Must+We+Read+Simone+de+Beauvoir%3F&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-926536-4&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauvoir1971" class="citation book cs1">Beauvoir, Simone (1971). <i>The Second Sex</i>. Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBair1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Bair" title="Deirdre Bair">Bair, Deirdre</a> (1989) [Translation first published 1952]. "Introduction to the Vintage Edition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondsex00simo"><i>The Second Sex</i></a>. By Beauvoir, Simone de. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Parshley" title="Howard Parshley">H. M. Parshley</a>. Vintage Books (Random House). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72451-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72451-6"><bdi>0-679-72451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Vintage+Edition&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.pub=Vintage+Books+%28Random+House%29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-679-72451-6&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondsex00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauvoir2002" class="citation book cs1">Beauvoir, Simone de (2002). <i>The Second Sex (Svensk upplaga)</i>. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex+%28Svensk+upplaga%29&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauvoir2009" class="citation book cs1">Beauvoir, Simone de (2009) [1949]. <i>The Second Sex</i>. Trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. Random House: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26556-2"><bdi>978-0-307-26556-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.pub=Random+House%3A+Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26556-2&rft.aulast=Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Sex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>The Second Sex</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Le_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Sexe" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Le Deuxième Sexe">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Feminism/Literature/The_Second_Sex" class="extiw" title="b:Feminism/Literature/The Second Sex">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470098" class="extiw" title="d:Q470098">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusk,_Rachel2009" class="citation news cs1">Cusk, Rachel (December 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/12/rachel-cusk-women-writing-review">"Shakespeare's daughters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News and Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%27s+daughters&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft.au=Cusk%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Fdec%2F12%2Frachel-cusk-women-writing-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/1219/1224260949819.html">"Second can be the best"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. December 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Second+can+be+the+best&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fweekend%2F2009%2F1219%2F1224260949819.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Joan2009" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Joan (December 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-second-sex-by-simone-de-beauvoir-trans-constance-borde--sheila-malovanychevallier-1843614.html">"The Second Sex, By Simone de Beauvoir trans. Constance Borde & Sheila Malovany-Chevallier"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Second+Sex%2C+By+Simone+de+Beauvoir+trans.+Constance+Borde+%26+Sheila+Malovany-Chevallier&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.au=Smith%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fthe-second-sex-by-simone-de-beauvoir-trans-constance-borde--sheila-malovanychevallier-1843614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/de-beauvoir/2nd-sex/index.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Second Sex' by Simone de Beauvoir"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Second+Sex%27+by+Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Fsubject%2Fethics%2Fde-beauvoir%2F2nd-sex%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span> (Free English translation of a small part of the book)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman,_Laurel2011" class="citation web cs1">Zuckerman, Laurel (March 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurelzuckerman.com/2011/03/paris-writers-news-talks-about-simone-de-beauvoirs-the-second-sex-with-constance-borde-and-sheila-ma.html">"The Second Sex: a talk with Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany Chevalier"</a>. laurelzuckerman.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex%3A+a+talk+with+Constance+Borde+and+Sheila+Malovany+Chevalier&rft.pub=laurelzuckerman.com&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Laurel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laurelzuckerman.com%2F2011%2F03%2Fparis-writers-news-talks-about-simone-de-beauvoirs-the-second-sex-with-constance-borde-and-sheila-ma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadio_National2011" class="citation web cs1">Radio National (November 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2011/3367659.htm">"Translating the 'Second Sex"</a>. <i>ABC: The Book Show</i>. ABC.net.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC%3A+The+Book+Show&rft.atitle=Translating+the+%27Second+Sex&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.au=Radio+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frn%2Fbookshow%2Fstories%2F2011%2F3367659.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdovitch,_Mim1988" class="citation web cs1">Udovitch, Mim (December 6, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/reviews/981206.06udovitt.html?_r=2">"Hot and Epistolary: 'Letters to Nelson Algren', by Simone de Beauvoir"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hot+and+Epistolary%3A+%27Letters+to+Nelson+Algren%27%2C+by+Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.date=1988-12-06&rft.au=Udovitch%2C+Mim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F12%2F06%2Freviews%2F981206.06udovitt.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand,_Louis2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Menand, Louis</a> (September 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/09/26/050926crbo_books?currentPage=all">"Stand By Your Man: The strange liaison of Sartre and Beauvoir (Book review of the republished <i>The Second Sex</i> by Simone de Beauvoir)"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Stand+By+Your+Man%3A+The+strange+liaison+of+Sartre+and+Beauvoir+%28Book+review+of+the+republished+The+Second+Sex+by+Simone+de+Beauvoir%29&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft.au=Menand%2C+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F09%2F26%2F050926crbo_books%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Second+Sex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simone_de_Beauvoir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Template:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Template talk:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simone_de_Beauvoir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Things_of_the_Spirit_Come_First" title="When Things of the Spirit Come First">When Things of the Spirit Come First</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/She_Came_to_Stay" title="She Came to Stay">She Came to Stay</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_Others" title="The Blood of Others">The Blood of Others</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Mortal" title="All Men Are Mortal">All Men Are Mortal</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mandarins" title="The Mandarins">The Mandarins</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_and_Cineas" title="Pyrrhus and Cineas">Pyrrhus and Cineas</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Ambiguity" title="The Ethics of Ambiguity">The Ethics of Ambiguity</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Day_by_Day" title="America Day by Day">America Day by Day</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Second Sex</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_Age_(book)" title="The Coming of Age (book)">The Coming of Age</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir" title="Hélène de Beauvoir">Hélène de Beauvoir</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Le_Bon-de_Beauvoir" title="Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir">Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir</a> (adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir" title="Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir">Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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