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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="qG1M5qtuyagASON_nkLNccWOEX-tppRKw4ahgJqUhrx00R-aQPyahquXvqUxq-KjHkJ-z6r2_7CLoU1t9kxa2g" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jorge G Álvarez-Romero" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Spatial management, including setting aside conservation areas, is central to curbing the global decline of biodiversity, but many threats originate from beyond the boundaries of conservation areas. This is a particular problem in marine systems," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/8570474/4386860/12525952/s200_jorge._lvarez-romero.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Spatial management, including setting aside conservation areas, is central to curbing the global decline of biodiversity, but many threats originate from beyond the boundaries of conservation areas. This is a particular problem in marine systems," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://jamescook.academia.edu/jorge_alvarez_romero" /> <meta name="description" content="Spatial management, including setting aside conservation areas, is central to curbing the global decline of biodiversity, but many threats originate from beyond the boundaries of conservation areas. This is a particular problem in marine systems," /> <title>(PDF) Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739842565000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739842565000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Spatial management, including setting aside conservation areas, is central to curbing the global decline of biodiversity, but many threats originate from beyond the boundaries of conservation areas. This is a particular problem in marine systems, which are influenced by many activities on land. In addition, connections between land and sea support many species and ecological processes valued for conservation. Integrated land and sea conservation planning is therefore of utmost importance. We review the literature describing connections between land and sea and how they have been incorporated into conservation planning. Land-sea connections include land-sea processes, the natural flows occurring between realms; cross-system threats, which originate in one realm and affect another; and socioeconomic interactions associated with management decisions to maintain or restore land-sea processes and to prevent or mitigate cross-system threats. We highlight the need to explicitly incorporate land-sea connections in conservation planning and suggest ways of doing this through the use of a novel operational framework for integrated land-sea planning. On the basis of expert surveys and a literature review, we also identify those aspects of conservation planning for which improved integration between land and sea is most needed.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jorge G Álvarez-Romero","url":"https://jamescook.academia.edu/jorge_alvarez_romero"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-11-11","dateModified":"2024-11-27","datePublished":"2011-01-01","headline":"Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39914235/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Coastal Management","Water quality","Environmental Planning and Design","Marine Protected Areas","Marine Conservation","Catchment Management","Land-use planning","Water Pollution","Protected areas","Integrated Water Resources Management","Biodiversity Conservation","Biodiversity and Conservation","Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning","Integrated Coastal Zone Management","Systematic Conservation Planning","Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management","Marine spatial planning","Systematic Planning for Biodiversity Conservation","Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)","Marine Conservation Planning","Integrated land-sea planning"],"publication":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"jamescook"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39914235/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: 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This is a particular problem in marine systems, which are influenced by many activities on land. In addition, connections between land and sea support many species and ecological processes valued for conservation. Integrated land and sea conservation planning is therefore of utmost importance. We review the literature describing connections between land and sea and how they have been incorporated into conservation planning. Land-sea connections include land-sea processes, the natural flows occurring between realms; cross-system threats, which originate in one realm and affect another; and socioeconomic interactions associated with management decisions to maintain or restore land-sea processes and to prevent or mitigate cross-system threats. We highlight the need to explicitly incorporate land-sea connections in conservation planning and suggest ways of doing this through the use of a novel operational framework for integrated land-sea planning. 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window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39914235,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39914235/mini_magick20180819-12064-b92s6d.png?1534706253" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8570474" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/jorge_alvarez_romero"><img alt="Profile image of Jorge G Álvarez-Romero" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8570474/4386860/12525952/s65_jorge._lvarez-romero.jpg" />Jorge G Álvarez-Romero</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">39 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 18172580; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Spatial management, including setting aside conservation areas, is central to curbing the global decline of biodiversity, but many threats originate from beyond the boundaries of conservation areas. This is a particular problem in marine systems, which are influenced by many activities on land. In addition, connections between land and sea support many species and ecological processes valued for conservation. Integrated land and sea conservation planning is therefore of utmost importance. We review the literature describing connections between land and sea and how they have been incorporated into conservation planning. Land-sea connections include land-sea processes, the natural flows occurring between realms; cross-system threats, which originate in one realm and affect another; and socioeconomic interactions associated with management decisions to maintain or restore land-sea processes and to prevent or mitigate cross-system threats. We highlight the need to explicitly incorporate land-sea connections in conservation planning and suggest ways of doing this through the use of a novel operational framework for integrated land-sea planning. On the basis of expert surveys and a literature review, we also identify those aspects of conservation planning for which improved integration between land and sea is most needed.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39914235,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39914235,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18172580/Integrated_land_sea_conservation_planning_the_missing_links"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Our analysis of gaps in high seas management indicates that a paradigm shift to a more systematic approach will be needed to safeguard high seas biodiversity from mounting threats. Experience from terrestrial and coastal areas indicates that a systematic approach to conservation planning and management can help to maintain ecosystem health and productivity while enabling sustainable use. Our analysis further demonstrates that the current legal regime on the high seas is insufficient to realize these objectives: management institutions have neither an adequate mandate for integrated planning nor the ability to effectively coordinate across multiple management regimes. We identify key elements for future high seas management and posit that a two-pronged approach is most promising: the development of an improved global legal regime that incorporates systematic planning as well as the expansion of existing and new regional agreements and mandates. This combined approach is most likely to achieve the required ecosystem-based, integrated and science-based management that world leaders at Rio acknowledged should underpin ocean management.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Systematic conservation planning: A better recipe for managing the high seas for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use","attachmentId":45556989,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13256554/Systematic_conservation_planning_A_better_recipe_for_managing_the_high_seas_for_biodiversity_conservation_and_sustainable_use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13256554/Systematic_conservation_planning_A_better_recipe_for_managing_the_high_seas_for_biodiversity_conservation_and_sustainable_use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21093951" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21093951/Large_marine_ecosystems_and_associated_new_approaches_to_regional_transboundary_and_high_seas_management">Large marine ecosystems and associated new approaches to regional, transboundary and ‘high seas’ management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21919836" href="https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/DavidVousden">David Vousden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Research Handbook on International Marine Environmental Law, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Large marine ecosystems and associated new approaches to regional, transboundary and ‘high seas’ management","attachmentId":42804892,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21093951/Large_marine_ecosystems_and_associated_new_approaches_to_regional_transboundary_and_high_seas_management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21093951/Large_marine_ecosystems_and_associated_new_approaches_to_regional_transboundary_and_high_seas_management"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="25148894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25148894/The_Crowded_Sea_Incorporating_Multiple_Marine_Activities_in_Conservation_Plans_Can_Significantly_Alter_Spatial_Priorities">The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation Plans Can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3268217" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/DorEdelist">Dor Edelist</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Successful implementation of marine conservation plans is largely inhibited by inadequate consideration of the broader social and economic context within which conservation operates. Marine waters and their biodiversity are shared by a host of stakeholders, such as commercial fishers, recreational users and offshore developers. Hence, to improve implementation success of conservation plans, we must incorporate other marine activities while explicitly examining trade-offs that may be required. In this study, we test how the inclusion of multiple marine activities can shape conservation plans. We used the entire Mediterranean territorial waters of Israel as a case study to compare four planning scenarios with increasing levels of complexity, where additional zones, threats and activities were added (e.g., commercial fisheries, hydrocarbon exploration interests, aquaculture, and shipping lanes). We applied the marine zoning decision support tool Marxan to each planning scenario and tested a) the ability of each scenario to reach biodiversity targets, b) the change in opportunity cost and c) the alteration of spatial conservation priorities. We found that by including increasing numbers of marine activities and zones in the planning process, greater compromises are required to reach conservation objectives. Complex plans with more activities incurred greater opportunity cost and did not reach biodiversity targets as easily as simplified plans with less marine activities. We discovered that including hydrocarbon data in the planning process significantly alters spatial priorities. For the territorial waters of Israel we found that in order to protect at least 10% of the range of 166 marine biodiversity features there would be a loss of ,15% of annual commercial fishery revenue and ,5% of prospective hydrocarbon revenue. This case study follows an illustrated framework for adopting a transparent systematic process to balance biodiversity goals and economic considerations within a country's territorial waters.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation Plans Can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities","attachmentId":45469450,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25148894/The_Crowded_Sea_Incorporating_Multiple_Marine_Activities_in_Conservation_Plans_Can_Significantly_Alter_Spatial_Priorities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25148894/The_Crowded_Sea_Incorporating_Multiple_Marine_Activities_in_Conservation_Plans_Can_Significantly_Alter_Spatial_Priorities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="15156915" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15156915/Developing_an_integrated_planning_framework_and_decision_support_methods_for_biodiversity_conservation_and_sustainable_natural_resource_management_across_the_marine_terrestrial_interface">Developing an integrated planning framework and decision support methods for biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management across the marine-terrestrial interface</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34199434" href="https://nmsw.academia.edu/MatthewWatts">Matthew E Watts</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34741384" href="https://uq.academia.edu/RomolaStewart">Romola Stewart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A Report to the National Heritage Trust National Competitive Component. The University of Queensland, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">2008). Developing an integrated planning framework and decision support methods for biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management across the marine-terrestrial interface. The</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Developing an integrated planning framework and decision support methods for biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management across the marine-terrestrial interface","attachmentId":41314419,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15156915/Developing_an_integrated_planning_framework_and_decision_support_methods_for_biodiversity_conservation_and_sustainable_natural_resource_management_across_the_marine_terrestrial_interface","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15156915/Developing_an_integrated_planning_framework_and_decision_support_methods_for_biodiversity_conservation_and_sustainable_natural_resource_management_across_the_marine_terrestrial_interface"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="33295190" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33295190/Marine_and_freshwater_conservation_planning_From_representation_to_persistence">Marine and freshwater conservation planning: From representation to persistence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65666354" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LinkeS">Simon Linke</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8570474" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/jorge_alvarez_romero">Jorge G Álvarez-Romero</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2036691" href="https://uvic.academia.edu/NatalieBan">Natalie C Ban</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Conservation Planning: Shaping the Future, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most of the science and practice of conservation planning has focused on terrestrial environments, just as this book has, with similarly threatened marine and freshwater systems receiving less attention. In contrast to land, anthropogenic changes to marine and freshwater systems are less easily observed and, until recently, the phrase " out of sight, out of mind " aptly applied to the conservation of these systems. As human impacts on marine and freshwater systems have become increasingly apparent (e.g., fisheries collapses), there has been an increasing realization that these ecosystems require protection, better resource management, and conservation. Biodiversity in marine and freshwater is declining alarmingly, and humans are starting to feel the effects of reductions in ecosystem services. Increased conservation of marine and freshwater systems is therefore necessary, and a key part of these efforts will be conservation planning. The goals of this chapter are to provide an overview of established good practices in marine and freshwater conservation planning, highlight distinctive characteristics of marine and freshwater systems important for their conservation, and place these systems in the broader framework of conservation planning. We highlight elements of marine and freshwater systems that differ both from each other and from terrestrial systems, and discuss how these differences influence approaches to planning. Also, despite some differences between aquatic and terrestrial systems, many of the principles, lessons, tools, and techniques for terrestrial conservation planning described in other chapters of this book can be adapted to marine and freshwater systems. We also pinpoint some emerging and cutting-edge conservation issues and practices, but the predominant focus of this chapter is on established good practices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marine and freshwater conservation planning: From representation to persistence","attachmentId":53361203,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33295190/Marine_and_freshwater_conservation_planning_From_representation_to_persistence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33295190/Marine_and_freshwater_conservation_planning_From_representation_to_persistence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="24741644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24741644/Ecosystem_Based_Marine_Spatial_Management_An_Evolving_Paradigm_for_the_Management_of_Coastal_and_Marine_Places">Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Management: An Evolving Paradigm for the Management of Coastal and Marine Places</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35503516" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesEhler">Charles Ehler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ocean Yearbook Online, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Management: An Evolving Paradigm for the Management of Coastal and Marine Places","attachmentId":45070754,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24741644/Ecosystem_Based_Marine_Spatial_Management_An_Evolving_Paradigm_for_the_Management_of_Coastal_and_Marine_Places","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24741644/Ecosystem_Based_Marine_Spatial_Management_An_Evolving_Paradigm_for_the_Management_of_Coastal_and_Marine_Places"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="90704661" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90704661/Minimizing_cross_realm_threats_from_land_use_change_A_national_scale_conservation_framework_connecting_land_freshwater_and_marine_systems">Minimizing cross-realm threats from land-use change: A national-scale conservation framework connecting land, freshwater and marine systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245235739" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernardSuruman">Bernard Suruman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Conservation, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is a growing recognition that conservation strategies should be designed accounting for cross-realm connections, such as freshwater connections to land and sea, to ensure effectiveness of marine spatial protection and minimize perverse outcomes of changing land-use. Yet, examples of integration across realms are relatively scarce, with most targeting priorities in a single realm, such as marine or freshwater, while minimizing threats originating in terrestrial ecosystems. To date, no study has optimized priorities across multiple realms to produce a spatially explicit integrated conservation plan that simultaneously accounts for multiple human activities at a national scale. This represents a major gap in the application of existing cross-realm planning theory. We present a national scale conservation framework for selecting protected areas using a case study of Papua New Guinea (PNG) that integrates multiple systems and ecological connectivity to account for cross-realm benefits and minimize threats of land-use and climate change. The relative importance of both the forests and inshore reef environments to PNG subsistence and commercial livelihoods emphasizes the importance of considering the connections between the land and sea. The plan was commissioned by the PNG Conservation and Environment Protection Authority and identifies a comprehensive set of priorities that meet conservation targets in both the land and sea. Our national-scale prioritization framework is useful for agencies and managers looking to implement actions given multiple objectives, including watershed management and biodiversity protection, and ensures actions are efficient and effective across the land and sea.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Minimizing cross-realm threats from land-use change: A national-scale conservation framework connecting land, freshwater and marine systems","attachmentId":94193761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90704661/Minimizing_cross_realm_threats_from_land_use_change_A_national_scale_conservation_framework_connecting_land_freshwater_and_marine_systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90704661/Minimizing_cross_realm_threats_from_land_use_change_A_national_scale_conservation_framework_connecting_land_freshwater_and_marine_systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="72529148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72529148/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines_Edited_by">Incorporating Marine Protected Areas into Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Principles and Guidelines Edited by</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35503516" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesEhler">Charles Ehler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) nor of the University of Delaware concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refl ect those of IUCN, NOAA nor the University of Delaware. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from NOAA, WCPA and UNEP, as GEF funding</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Incorporating Marine Protected Areas into Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Principles and Guidelines Edited by","attachmentId":81421545,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72529148/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines_Edited_by","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72529148/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines_Edited_by"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="112342391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112342391/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines">Incorporating Marine Protected Areas into Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Principles and Guidelines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35503516" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesEhler">Charles Ehler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IUCN eBooks, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) nor of the University of Delaware concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refl ect those of IUCN, NOAA nor the University of Delaware. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from NOAA, WCPA and UNEP, as GEF funding agency.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Incorporating Marine Protected Areas into Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Principles and Guidelines","attachmentId":109602420,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112342391/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112342391/Incorporating_Marine_Protected_Areas_into_Integrated_Coastal_and_Ocean_Management_Principles_and_Guidelines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39914235,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39914235,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39914235" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="26026462" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26026462/Linking_Terrestrial_and_Marine_Conservation_Planning_and_Threats_Analysis">Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49867457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZachFerdana">Zach Ferdana</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50057858" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/2753724/Global_priority_areas_for_incorporating_land_sea_connections_in_marine_conservation">Global priority areas for incorporating land��sea connections in marine conservation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117106" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/FiorenzaMicheli">Fiorenza Micheli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Global priority areas for incorporating land��sea connections in marine conservation","attachmentId":30725563,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2753724/Global_priority_areas_for_incorporating_land_sea_connections_in_marine_conservation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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data-author-id="307622" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/SteveRocliffe">Steve Rocliffe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marine Conservation 2.0","attachmentId":63992324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43689313/Marine_Conservation_2_0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43689313/Marine_Conservation_2_0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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