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<li id="toc-Photophone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photophone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Photophone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photophone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_wireless_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_wireless_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electric wireless technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_wireless_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_wireless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_wireless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early wireless</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_wireless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Radio waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wireless revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free-space_optical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-space_optical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Free-space optical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-space_optical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Electromagnetic induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electromagnetic spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_telephones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_telephones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mobile telephones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_telephones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Data communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Energy transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Medical technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories_of_implementations,_devices,_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_of_implementations,_devices,_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Categories of implementations, devices, and standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories_of_implementations,_devices,_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wireless</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="اتصال لاسلكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتصال لاسلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsiz_rabit%C9%99" title="Simsiz rabitə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simsiz rabitə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="ওয়্যারলেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়্যারলেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="वायरलेस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायरलेस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Безжична комуникация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безжична комуникация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_fil" title="Sense fil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sense fil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdr%C3%A1tov%C3%A1_komunikace" title="Bezdrátová komunikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezdrátová komunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A5dl%C3%B8s_kommunikation" title="Trådløs kommunikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trådløs kommunikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabellose_%C3%9Cbertragungsverfahren" title="Kabellose Übertragungsverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kabellose Übertragungsverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ασύρματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασύρματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_inal%C3%A1mbrica" title="Comunicación inalámbrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunicación inalámbrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haririk_gabeko_komunikazio" title="Haririk gabeko komunikazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haririk gabeko komunikazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بی‌سیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌سیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_sans_fil" title="Transmission sans fil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transmission sans fil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_f%C3%ADos" title="Sen fíos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sen fíos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%A0_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="무선 통신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무선 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Անլար կապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անլար կապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बेतार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेतार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirkabel" title="Nirkabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nirkabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A1%C3%B0laus_samskipti" title="Þráðlaus samskipti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þráðlaus samskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wireless" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תקשורת אלחוטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת אלחוטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ತಂತಿರಹಿತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಂತಿರಹಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უსადენო ტექნოლოგიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უსადენო ტექნოლოგიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvadu_sakari" title="Bezvadu sakari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezvadu sakari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Безжична комуникација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Безжична комуникација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antso" title="Antso – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बिनतारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिनतारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ურსინე ტექნოლოგიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურსინე ტექნოლოგიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayarles" title="Wayarles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wayarles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirkabel" title="Nirkabel – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nirkabel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemunica%C3%A7on_sin_filo" title="Quemunicaçon sin filo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quemunicaçon sin filo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Утасгүй технологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Утасгүй технологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကြိုးမဲ့ဆက်သွယ်ရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြိုးမဲ့ဆက်သွယ်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draadloze_communicatie" title="Draadloze communicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draadloze communicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="無線通信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無線通信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es_sem_fio" title="Comunicações sem fio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunicações sem fio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocomunica%C8%9Bie" title="Radiocomunicație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiocomunicație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Беспроводные технологии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беспроводные технологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikimi_pa_tela" title="Komunikimi pa tela – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komunikimi pa tela" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wireless" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdr%C3%B4tov%C3%A1_komunik%C3%A1cia" title="Bezdrôtová komunikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bezdrôtová komunikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brez%C5%BEi%C4%8Dni_prenos_podatkov" title="Brezžični prenos podatkov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezžični prenos podatkov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langaton_tekniikka" title="Langaton tekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Langaton tekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wireless" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கம்பியற்ற தகவல்தொடர்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கம்பியற்ற தகவல்தொடர்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వైర్‌లెస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైర్‌లెస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การสื่อสารไร้สาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสื่อสารไร้สาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kablosuz_ileti%C5%9Fim" title="Kablosuz iletişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kablosuz iletişim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бездротові технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бездротові технології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لاسلکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاسلکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wireless" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF" title="无线通讯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无线通讯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="無線通訊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無線通訊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transfer of information or power that does not require the use of physical wires</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wireless_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wireless (disambiguation)">Wireless (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Over the air broadcasting" redirects here. 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href="/wiki/Maritime_mobile_service" title="Maritime mobile service">maritime mobile service</a> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antennas" title="Category:Antennas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antennas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/100px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/150px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/200px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_types" title="Antenna types">Common types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_antenna" title="Fractal antenna">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">Monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_upconverter" title="Block upconverter">Block upconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoise_(ground_system)" title="Counterpoise (ground system)">Counterpoise (ground system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_feed" title="Antenna feed">Feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">Feed line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">Low-noise block downconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_radiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive radiator">Passive radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">Rotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub_(electronics)" title="Stub (electronics)">Stub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">Tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lead" title="Twin-lead">Twin-lead</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">Antenna farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Safety and regulation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="nowrap">Radiation sources / regions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_boresight" title="Antenna boresight">Boresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_cloud" title="Focal cloud">Focal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">Ground plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">Main lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_and_far_field" title="Near and far field">Near and far field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Side lobe">Side lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical plane">Vertical plane</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_gain" title="Array gain">Array gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directivity" title="Directivity">Directivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_length" title="Electrical length">Electrical length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_equivalent_radius" title="Antenna equivalent radius">Equivalent radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_factor" title="Antenna factor">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friis_transmission_equation" title="Friis transmission equation">Friis transmission equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_resistance" title="Radiation resistance">Radiation resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">Spurious emission</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_steering" title="Beam steering">Beam steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time" title="Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time">Bell Laboratories Layered<br />Space-Time (BLAST)</a></div></li> <li>Massive <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_antenna" title="Reconfigurable antenna">Reconfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/WSDMA" title="WSDMA">Wideband Space Division<br />Multiple Access (WSDMA)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antennas" title="Template:Antennas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antennas" title="Template talk:Antennas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wireless communication</b> (or just <b>wireless</b>, when the context allows) is the transfer of information (<i><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a></i>) between two or more points without the use of an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> or other continuous guided <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">medium</a> for the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, or as far as millions of kilometers for <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">deep-space radio communications</a>. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> (PDAs), and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networking</a>. Other examples of applications of radio <i>wireless technology</i> include <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> units, <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">computer mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headsets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>, satellite television, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephones</a>. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications involve other <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> phenomena, such as light and magnetic or electric fields, or the use of sound. </p><p>The term <i>wireless</i> has been used twice in communications history, with slightly different meanings. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a></i>, until the new word <i>radio</i> replaced it around 1920. Radio sets in the UK and the English-speaking world that were not portable continued to be referred to as <i>wireless sets</i> into the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>wireless</i> was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires, such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph, from those that require wires or cables. This became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">mobile broadband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>. </p><p>Wireless operations permit services, such as mobile and interplanetary communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">telecommunications industry</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications system">telecommunications systems</a> (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, etc.) that use some form of energy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> and acoustic energy) to transfer information without the use of wires.<sup id="cite_ref-FS1037C_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS1037C-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History of telecommunication</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photophone">Photophone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Photophone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photophony1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/220px-Photophony1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/330px-Photophony1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/440px-Photophony1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Bell and Tainter's photophone, of 1880.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880 when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>, a telephone that sent audio over a beam of light. The photophone required sunlight to operate, and a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, which greatly decreased the viability of the photophone in any practical use.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillemin1891_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillemin1891-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be several decades before the photophone's principles found their first practical applications in <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">military communications</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communications</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_wireless_technology">Electric wireless technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric wireless technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_wireless">Early wireless</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early wireless"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">Wireless telegraphy</a></div> <p>A number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including sending electric currents through water and the ground using electrostatic and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> were investigated for telegraphy in the late 19th century before practical radio systems became available. These included a patented induction system by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> allowing a telegraph on a running train to connect with telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks, a <a href="/wiki/William_Preece" class="mw-redirect" title="William Preece">William Preece</a> induction telegraph system for sending messages across bodies of water, and several operational and proposed telegraphy and voice earth conduction systems. </p><p>The Edison system was used by stranded trains during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1888" title="Great Blizzard of 1888">Great Blizzard of 1888</a> and earth conductive systems found limited use between trenches during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but these systems were never successful economically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_waves">Radio waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Radio waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>Marconi transmitting the first radio signal across the Atlantic.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> began developing a wireless telegraph system using <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>, which had been known about since proof of their existence in 1888 by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>, but discounted as a communication format since they seemed, at the time, to be a short-range phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted (due in part to the signals bouncing off the then unknown <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>). Marconi and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> were awarded the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Millimetre_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimetre wave">Millimetre wave</a> communication was first investigated by <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> during 1894–1896, when he reached an <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">extremely high frequency</a> of up to 60<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> in his experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> junctions to detect radio waves,<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he patented the radio <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-timeline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-timeline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-1901_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-1901-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_revolution">Wireless revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wireless revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D2PAK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/D2PAK.JPG/220px-D2PAK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/D2PAK.JPG/330px-D2PAK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/D2PAK.JPG/440px-D2PAK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFETs</a>, which are used in <a href="/wiki/RF_power_amplifier" title="RF power amplifier">RF power amplifiers</a> to boost <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) signals in long-distance <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networks">wireless networks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wireless revolution began in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the advent of digital <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networks">wireless networks</a> leading to a social revolution, and a paradigm shift from wired to wireless technology,<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the proliferation of commercial wireless technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagers">pagers</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Internet">wireless Internet</a>, and laptop and <a href="/wiki/Handheld_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld computers">handheld computers</a> with wireless connections.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wireless revolution has been driven by advances in <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">radio frequency</a> (RF), <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">microelectronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">microwave engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the transition from analog to digital RF technology,<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enabled a substantial increase in voice traffic along with the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> such as text messaging, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes">Modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wireless communications</i> can be via: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></div> <p>Radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> communication carry information by <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulating</a> properties of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> transmitted through space. Specifically, the transmitter generates artificial electromagnetic waves by applying time-varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric currents">electric currents</a> to its <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. The waves travel away from the antenna until they eventually reach the antenna of a receiver, which induces an electric current in the receiving antenna. This current can be detected and <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">demodulated</a> to recreate the information sent by the transmitter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free-space_optical">Free-space optical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Free-space optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg/250px-FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg/375px-FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg/500px-FSO-gigabit-laser-link-0a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>An 8-beam free space optics laser link, rated for 1 Gbit/s at a distance of approximately 2 km. The receptor is the large disc in the middle, and the transmitters are the smaller ones. To the top and right corner is a <a href="/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular">monocular</a> for assisting the alignment of the two heads.</figcaption></figure><p> Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communication</a> technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit wireless data for telecommunications or <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>. "Free space" means the light beams travel through the open air or outer space. This contrasts with other communication technologies that use light beams traveling through <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission lines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> or dielectric "light pipes". </p><p>The technology is useful where physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other considerations. For example, free space optical links are used in cities between office buildings that are not wired for networking, where the cost of running cable through the building and under the street would be prohibitive. Another widely used example is <a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">consumer IR</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a> and IrDA (<a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">Infrared Data Association</a>) networking, which is used as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a> networking to allow laptops, PDAs, printers, and digital cameras to exchange data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonic">Sonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sonic, especially <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> short-range communication involves the transmission and reception of sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_induction">Electromagnetic induction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic induction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a> only allows short-range communication and power transmission. It has been used in biomedical situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> tags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common examples of wireless equipment include:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices</li> <li>Professional LMR (<a href="/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Mobile Radio">Land Mobile Radio</a>) and SMR (<a href="/wiki/Specialized_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized Mobile Radio">Specialized Mobile Radio</a>) are typically used by business, industrial, and Public Safety entities.</li> <li>Consumer <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radio</a> including FRS <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">Family Radio Service</a>, GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service), and Citizens band ("CB") radios.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Radio">Amateur Radio</a> Service (Ham radio).</li> <li>Consumer and professional <a href="/wiki/Marine_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine radio">Marine VHF radios</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">Airband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> equipment used by aviators and <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular telephone">Cellular telephones</a> and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; wireless headphones, keyboards, and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless telephone</a> sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones.</li> <li>Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. Typical services use <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> to provide multiple television channels to viewers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electromagnetic_spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_management" title="Spectrum management">Spectrum management</a></div> <p>AM and FM radios and other electronic devices make use of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. The frequencies of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by organizations such as the American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> in the United Kingdom, the international <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> or the European <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>. Their regulations determine which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines did not have specific frequencies to work under and an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operator was interfering with a pilot's ability to land an aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_telephones">Mobile telephones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mobile telephones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 6.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within the range of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">mobile telephone site</a> used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_communications">Data communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Data communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wireless Internet" redirects here. For all wireless Internet access, see <a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless broadband</a>. For mobile wireless Internet, see <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radio_data_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio data communication">Radio data communication</a></div> <p>Wireless data communications allow <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networking">wireless networking</a> between <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>, laptops, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, cell phones, and other related devices. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range, and performance,<sup id="cite_ref-Geeks_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some circumstances, users employ multiple connection types and switch between them using connection manager software<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_virtual_private_network" title="Mobile virtual private network">mobile VPN</a> to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single <a href="/wiki/Virtual_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual network">virtual network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting technologies include: </p> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></b> is a wireless <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> that enables portable computing devices to connect easily with other devices, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, and the Internet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Standardized as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11a">a</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11b">b</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11g">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11n">n</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> has link speeds similar to older standards of wired <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Cellular data service</b> offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geeks_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a>, through <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>, to <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> networks such as <a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a> or <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, the proposed next generation is <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Low-power wide-area networks</b> (<a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">LPWAN</a>) bridge the gap between Wi-Fi and Cellular for low-bitrate <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT) applications.</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mobile-satellite_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile-satellite communications">Mobile-satellite communications</a></b> may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areas<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or remote locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Geeks_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a> are especially important for transportation, aviation, <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">maritime</a> and military use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a></b> are responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data, formulate clear user displays, and to perform decision-making functions<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Wireless data communications are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling in <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">point-to-multipoint communication</a>, to provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, to link portable or temporary workstations, to overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or to remotely connect mobile users or networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peripheral devices in computing can also be connected wirelessly, as part of a Wi-Fi network or directly via an optical or radio-frequency (RF) peripheral interface. Originally these units used bulky, highly local transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse; however, more recent generations have used smaller, higher-performance devices. Radio-frequency interfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a>, provide greater ranges of efficient use, usually up to 10 feet, but distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even human bodies can all degrade the signal quality.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007 when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models were highly insecure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_transfer">Energy transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless energy transfer">Wireless energy transfer</a></div> <p>Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer. Energy can be transferred using either far-field methods that involve beaming power/lasers, radio or microwave transmissions, or near-field using electromagnetic induction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wireless energy transfer may be combined with wireless information transmission in what is known as Wireless Powered Communication.<sup id="cite_ref-NiyatoShafai2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiyatoShafai2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington demonstrated far-field energy transfer using Wi-Fi signals to power cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_technologies">Medical technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medical technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New wireless technologies, such as mobile body area networks (MBAN), have the capability to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen level, and body temperature. The MBAN works by sending low-powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing stations or monitoring sites. This technology helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of infection or disconnection that arise from wired connections.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_of_implementations,_devices,_and_standards"><span id="Categories_of_implementations.2C_devices.2C_and_standards"></span>Categories of implementations, devices, and standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Categories of implementations, devices, and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a>, <a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a>, <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>, <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>, <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/6G_(network)" class="mw-redirect" title="6G (network)">6G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless telephony</a>: DECT (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Mobile Radio System">Land Mobile Radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Professional_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Mobile Radio">Professional Mobile Radio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial Trunked Radio">TETRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_25" title="Project 25">P25</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSky" title="OpenSky">OpenSky</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDACS" title="EDACS">EDACS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Mobile Radio">DMR</a>, <a href="/wiki/DPMR" class="mw-redirect" title="DPMR">dPMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li>Radio station in accordance with <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a> <a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">RR</a> (article 1.61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocommunication_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocommunication service">Radiocommunication service</a> in accordance with ITU RR (article 1.19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_communication_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication system">Radio communication system</a></li> <li>Short-range point-to-point communication: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_microphone" title="Wireless microphone">Wireless microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">Remote controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communications" title="Dedicated short-range communications">DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)</a>, <a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near_Field_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Field Communication">Near Field Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Personal area networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">Ultra-wideband</a> (UWB from <a href="/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance" title="WiMedia Alliance">WiMedia Alliance</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless networks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a> (WLAN), (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> branded as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/HiperLAN" title="HiperLAN">HiperLAN</a>), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and (<a href="/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Multipoint Distribution Service">LMDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of wireless data standards">Comparison of wireless data standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot (Wi-Fi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" title="ISO 15118">ISO 15118</a> (Vehicle to Grid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiFi" title="MiFi">MiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mobile (disambiguation)">Mobile (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">Radio antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_resource_management" title="Radio resource management">Radio resource management</a> (RRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_radio" title="Timeline of radio">Timeline of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">Tuner (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">Wireless access point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_security" title="Wireless security">Wireless security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Wide_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Wide Area Network">Wireless Wide Area Network</a> (True wireless)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSSUS_model" title="WSSUS model">WSSUS model</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army1944" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Army (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAItAAAAIAAJ"><i>Technical Manual</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>In definitions given in the index, p. 162, the term "radio set" is listed as synonymous with the term "wireless set"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Manual&rft.pub=US+War+Department&rft.date=1944&rft.au=U.S.+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAItAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulu1956" class="citation book cs1">Paulu, Burton (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyt7GLmSEOIC"><i>British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452909547" title="Special:BookSources/9781452909547"><bdi>9781452909547</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>(p.396) In a public opinion poll in Sweden in 1942, 31.4 percent answered 'Yes' to the question "Do you usually listen to the foreign news on the wireless?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Broadcasting%3A+Radio+and+Television+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9781452909547&rft.aulast=Paulu&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfyt7GLmSEOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FS1037C-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FS1037C_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/">"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007"</a>. atis.org. 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Macmillan and Company. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+and+Magnetism&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e+Guillemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEz3PAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-CLIO-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA162"><i>Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Know+Wireless+Networks+and+Technology&rft.pub=InformIT&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.aulast=Aravamudhan&rft.aufirst=Lachu&rft.au=Faccin%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Mononen%2C+Risto&rft.au=Patil%2C+Basavaraj&rft.au=Saifullah%2C+Yousuf&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sarvesh&rft.au=Sreemanthula%2C+Srinivas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Fprinterfriendly.aspx%3Fp%3D98132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607105523/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf">"What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITU. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+really+is+a+Third+Generation+%283G%29+Mobile+Technology&rft.pub=ITU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-D%2Fimt-2000%2FDocumentsIMT2000%2FWhat_really_3G.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeier2008" class="citation web cs1">Geier, Jim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152324/http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf">"Wireless Network Industry Report 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wireless-Nets, Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wireless+Network+Industry+Report+2007&rft.pub=Wireless-Nets%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Geier&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wireless-nets.com%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fwireless_industry_report_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlcev2006" class="citation book cs1">Ilcev, Stojce Dimov (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781441954367"><i>Global Mobile Satellite Communications for Maritime, Land and Aeronautical Applications</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402027840" title="Special:BookSources/9781402027840"><bdi>9781402027840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Mobile+Satellite+Communications+for+Maritime%2C+Land+and+Aeronautical+Applications&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781402027840&rft.aulast=Ilcev&rft.aufirst=Stojce+Dimov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9781441954367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, F.L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf">"Wireless Sensor Networks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Smart Environments: Technologies, Protocols, and Applications</i>. New York: John Wiley: 11–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047168659X.ch2">10.1002/047168659X.ch2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471686590" title="Special:BookSources/9780471686590"><bdi>9780471686590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smart+Environments%3A+Technologies%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Applications&rft.atitle=Wireless+Sensor+Networks.&rft.pages=11-46&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F047168659X.ch2&rft.isbn=9780471686590&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=F.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idc-online.com%2Ftechnical_references%2Fpdfs%2Felectronic_engineering%2FWirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaventi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paventi, Jared (26 October 2013). "How does a Wireless Keyboard Work?". <i>Ehow</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ehow&rft.atitle=How+does+a+Wireless+Keyboard+Work%3F&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft.aulast=Paventi&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoserSchrödel2007" class="citation web cs1">Moser, Max; Schrödel, Philipp (5 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123043010/http://www.dreamlab.net/download/articles/27_Mhz_keyboard_insecurities.pdf">"27Mhz Wireless Keyboard Analysis Report aka 'We know what you typed last summer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreamlab.net/download/articles/27_Mhz_keyboard_insecurities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=27Mhz+Wireless+Keyboard+Analysis+Report+aka+%27We+know+what+you+typed+last+summer%27&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6del%2C+Philipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamlab.net%2Fdownload%2Farticles%2F27_Mhz_keyboard_insecurities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, George (14 September 2010). "Future Proof: How Wireless Energy Transfer Will Kill the Power Cable". <i>MaximumPC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MaximumPC&rft.atitle=Future+Proof%3A+How+Wireless+Energy+Transfer+Will+Kill+the+Power+Cable.&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NiyatoShafai2017-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NiyatoShafai2017_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusit_NiyatoLotfollah_Shafai2017" class="citation book cs1">Dusit Niyato; Lotfollah Shafai (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQhQDQAAQBAJ"><i>Wireless-Powered Communication Networks</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13569-7"><bdi>978-1-107-13569-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless-Powered+Communication+Networks&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13569-7&rft.au=Dusit+Niyato&rft.au=Lotfollah+Shafai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQhQDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2015/06/03/167817/first-demonstration-of-a-surveillance-camera-powered-by-ordinary-wi-fi-broadcasts/">"First Demonstration of a Surveillance Camera Powered by Ordinary Wi-Fi Broadcasts"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=First+Demonstration+of+a+Surveillance+Camera+Powered+by+Ordinary+Wi-Fi+Broadcasts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2015%2F06%2F03%2F167817%2Ffirst-demonstration-of-a-surveillance-camera-powered-by-ordinary-wi-fi-broadcasts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinebaugh2012" class="citation news cs1">Linebaugh, Kate (23 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304065704577422633456558976">"More Hospital Medical Devices to Go Wireless"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=More+Hospital+Medical+Devices+to+Go+Wireless&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.aulast=Linebaugh&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304065704577422633456558976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeier2001" class="citation book cs1">Geier, Jim (2001). <i>Wireless LANs</i>. Sams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32058-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32058-4"><bdi>0-672-32058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+LANs&rft.pub=Sams&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-672-32058-4&rft.aulast=Geier&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Andrea (2005). <i>Wireless Communications</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83716-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83716-2"><bdi>0-521-83716-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83716-2&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarssonStoica2003" class="citation book cs1">Larsson, Erik; Stoica, Petre (2003). <i>Space-Time Block Coding For Wireless Communications</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space-Time+Block+Coding+For+Wireless+Communications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Stoica%2C+Petre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolisch2005" class="citation book cs1">Molisch, Andreas (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wirelesscommunic0000moli"><i>Wireless Communications</i></a></span>. Wiley-IEEE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84888-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84888-X"><bdi>0-470-84888-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-470-84888-X&rft.aulast=Molisch&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwirelesscommunic0000moli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavanKrishnamurthy2002" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002). <i>Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-093003-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-093003-2"><bdi>0-13-093003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Wireless+Networks+%E2%80%93+a+Unified+Approach&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-093003-2&rft.aulast=Pahlavan&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+Prashant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavanLevesque1995" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995). <i>Wireless Information Networks</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-10607-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-10607-0"><bdi>0-471-10607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Information+Networks&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-10607-0&rft.aulast=Pahlavan&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=Levesque%2C+Allen+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2002" class="citation book cs1">Rappaport, Theodore (2002). <i>Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-042232-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-042232-0"><bdi>0-13-042232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-042232-0&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoton2001" class="citation book cs1">Rhoton, John (2001). <i>The Wireless Internet Explained</i>. Digital Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55558-257-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55558-257-5"><bdi>1-55558-257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wireless+Internet+Explained&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55558-257-5&rft.aulast=Rhoton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseViswanath2005" class="citation book cs1">Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005). <i>Fundamentals of Wireless Communication</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84527-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84527-0"><bdi>0-521-84527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Wireless+Communication&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84527-0&rft.aulast=Tse&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Viswanath%2C+Pramod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/wireless" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/wireless">wireless</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net/histoire-de-la-t-s-f-et-de-la-radio">Bibliography - History of wireless and radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nets,_Webs_and_the_Information_Infrastructure" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure">Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2018/02/sir-jagadis-chandra-bose-the-man-who-almost-invented-the-radio-.html">Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose - The man who (almost) invented the radio</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wireless communication systems"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1176209/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92006740">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Systèmes de communication sans fil"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124682763">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Systèmes de communication sans fil"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124682763">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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