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data-animation-delay="0" data-animation-duration="1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <h1>IOC World Bird List</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5fedee15495cc fl-animation fl-fade-in" data-node="5fedee15495cc" data-animation-delay="0" data-animation-duration="1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <h3>v14.2</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-600849cf13327 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="600849cf13327"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-600849cf1caf6" data-node="600849cf1caf6"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-600849cf1cbbc" data-node="600849cf1cbbc"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-5fedee15495cd" data-node="5fedee15495cd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-mobile"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger-label" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span><span class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle-label">Menu</span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-11611" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/welcome">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/">IOC Lists</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/master-list-2/">Master Lists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/references/">References</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/crossref/">DOI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/range-terminology/">Ranges</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/">Classification</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/orders-of-birds-draft/">Orders of Birds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/family-index-2/">Family Index</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8950" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/species/">Species</a></li> <li id="menu-item-191" class="menu-item 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id="menu-item-335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/english-names/">English Name Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/subspecies-2/">Subspecies Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/taxonomy/">Taxonomic Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/proposed-splits/">Proposed Splits/Lumps</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-7143" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/">BOW (Birds of the World)</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ratites/">Ratites: Ostriches to tinamous</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/">Screamers, ducks, geese, swans</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/megapodes/">Megapodes, guans, guineafowl, New World quail</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/">Pheasants, partridges, francolins</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nightjars/">Nightjars, Oilbird, potoos, frogmouths</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10008" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/swifts/">Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts, swifts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10009" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/">Hummingbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/turacos/">Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10011" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pigeons/">Pigeons</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10012" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flufftails/">Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10013" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grebes/">Grebes, flamingos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/buttonquail/">Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10014" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sandpipers/">Sandpipers, snipes, Crab-plover, coursers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10015" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/gulls/">Noddies, skimmers, gulls, terns, skuas, auks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10016" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/">Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/petrels/">Petrels, albatrosses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10017" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/storks/">Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10018" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pelicans/">Ibises, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10019" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/raptors/">Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/owls/">Owls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/mousebirds/">Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/rollers/">Rollers, ground rollers, kingfishers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10023" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/todies/">Todies, motmots, bee-eaters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/jacamars/">Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/woodpeckers/">Woodpeckers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/falcons/">Seriemas, falcons</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/parrots/">Parrots, cockatoos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10028" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nz_wrens/">NZ wrens, Sapayoa, asities, broadbills, pittas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ovenbirds/">Ovenbirds, woodcreepers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10030" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antbirds/">Antbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antthrushes/">Antthrushes, antpittas, gnateaters, tapaculos, crescentchests</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flycatchers/">Tyrant flycatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10033" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cotingas/">Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10034" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/lyrebirds/">Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian treecreepers, Australasian wrens</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10035" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/honeyeaters/">Honeyeaters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10036" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bristlebirds/">Bristlebirds, pardalotes, Australasian warblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/au_babblers/">Australasian babblers, logrunners, satinbirds, berrypeckers, wattlebirds, whipbirds, jewel-babblers, quail-thrushes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10038" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/batises/">Batises, bushshrikes, boatbills, vangas (sensu lato)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/butcherbirds/">Bristlehead, butcherbirds, woodswallows, ioras, cuckooshrikes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10040" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/whistlers/">Whiteheads, sittellas, Ploughbill, Australo-Papuan bellbirds, Shriketit, whistlers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10041" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/shrikes/">Vireos, shrike-babblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10042" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/orioles/">Orioles, drongos, fantails</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10043" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/monarchs/">Monarchs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/crows/">Jayshrike, shrikes, crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/au_robins/">Australasian robins, rockfowl, rockjumpers, Rail-babbler</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10046" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waxwings/">Waxwings and allies, tits, penduline tits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/larks/">Nicators, Bearded Reedling, larks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10049" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bulbuls/">Bulbuls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10050" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/swallows/">Swallows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/crombecs/">Cupwings, crombecs, cettiid bush warblers, Streaked Scrub Warbler, yellow flycatchers, hylias</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10052" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bushtits/">Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grassbirds/">Grassbirds, Donacobius, tetrakas, cisticolas, allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sylvias/">Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/babblers/">Babblers, scimitar babblers, ground babblers, Alcippe fulvettas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/laughingthrushes/">Laughingthrushes and allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sugarbirds/">Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, Elachura, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10058" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nuthatch/">Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, spotted creepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/thrushes/">Thrushes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10060" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/chats/">Chats, Old World flycatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/dippers/">Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10062" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/weavers/">Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10063" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waxbills/">Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10064" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/finches/">Finches, euphonias, longspurs, Thrush-tanager</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/buntings/">Buntings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10066" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sparrows/">New World sparrows, bush tanagers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/enigmas/">Caribbean “tanagers”, Wrenthrush, Yellow-breasted Chat</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10068" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/blackbirds/">Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10069" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/warblers/">New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cardinals/">Cardinals, grosbeaks and “tanager” allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10071" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/tanagers/">Tanagers and allies</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/">English Names</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/principles/">Principles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-199" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/">Spelling Rules</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-172" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/capitalization/">Capitalization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-184" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/patronyms-and-accents/">Patronyms & Accents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/british-vs-american/">British vs American</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1274" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/geographical-nouns-vs-adjectives/">Geographical Nouns vs Adjectives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/compound-names/">Compound Names</a></li> <li id="menu-item-409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-377 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/hyphens/">Hyphens</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/the-project/">The Project</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/ioc-committee/">Original Participants</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-377 page type-page status-publish hentry" id="fl-post-377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <header class="fl-post-header"> <h1 class="fl-post-title" itemprop="headline">Hyphens</h1> </header> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <p>The use of hyphens in the spelling of compound bird names is a contentious issue among ornithologists. More broadly, grammarians now view past enthusiasms for hyphens as excessive and unnecessary — see <em>Death-Knell. Or Death Knell</em> by Charles McGrath.</p> <p><a title="On hyphens & phylogeny" href="http://www.worldbirdnames.org/documents/On hyphens and phylogeny WJO 2009.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">On hyphens and phylogeny </a>provides some historical perspective and the IOC position regarding the following rules for the use and spelling of two-word compound English names of birds:</p> <ul> <li>Two words should be used to spell all names not falling within the rules for single-word names.</li> <li>A hyphen should not be used as a general rule, and both words should begin with capital letters (e.g., Black Tyrant, Screech Owl, Green Pigeon, Storm Petrel, Wood Partridge). This rule is contrary to the broadly used names of Sibley and Monroe (1990) and currently of the AOU. We attempted to use hyphens to denote group names, despite reservations of several committees, but finally rejected the practice for two primary reasons: <ul> <li>In standard English, hyphens should not be used to link a noun with an adjective that modifies it to create a new noun. Rather, compound nouns are formed (Yellowstone) or the two words remain separate but are used as one (French Poodle).</li> <li>The goal of creating group names by adding hyphens is intrinsically unstable, confusing, and impractical. It requires that we add a hyphen when one species, such as Warbling Vireo, is split into a group of two species (Eastern Warbling-Vireo and Western Warbling-Vireo), and that we remove the hyphen when two such species are lumped. Hyphens then must be added or subtracted in concert with changes in species taxonomy, which only a small group of specialists will be able to track in something approaching real time.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Where both nouns are the names of birds or bird families a hyphen should be inserted to signify that the taxon belongs to the family of the second word, not the first (e.g., Eagle-Owl, Nightingale-Thrush). This conforms to correct English use of hyphens.</li> <li>If a name is of a taxon that is not a member of the stated bird family, the letter after the hyphen should be lowercase to clarify that status (e.g., Flycatcher-shrike). This is a companion to the rule, described above, that hyphenates single-word names to avoid confusion, as in Silky-flycatcher or Stone-curlew.</li> </ul> </div> </article>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="fl-page-footer-wrap" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" role="contentinfo"> <div class="fl-page-footer"> <div class="fl-page-footer-container container"> <div class="fl-page-footer-row row"> <div class="col-lg-12 text-center clearfix"><div class="fl-page-footer-text fl-page-footer-text-1">© 2024 | Updated August 17, 2024 with version 14.2<br /> IOC World Bird List v14.2 by Frank Gill, David Donsker & Pamela Rasmussen (Eds) is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a>. </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/yui3.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="yui3-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/fl-slideshow.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="fl-slideshow-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.waypoints.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-waypoints-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/d87eb2715203c0ca3fef630798ee1c20-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.3.6-1.4.10" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-d87eb2715203c0ca3fef630798ee1c20-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/bootstrap-4.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="bootstrap-4-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> </body> </html>