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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical system of diacritics for Hebrew</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_voc_fragment_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bab_voc_fragment_1.jpg/400px-Bab_voc_fragment_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bab_voc_fragment_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 34:22-25, from a manuscript with Babylonian vocalization from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg/220px-Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg/330px-Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg/440px-Bab_voc_fragment_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>A verse-by-verse interlinear Hebrew-Aramaic text of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 14:4-19 with Babylonian vocalization from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Babylonian vocalization</b>, also known as <b>Babylonian supralinear punctuation</b>, or <b>Babylonian pointing</b> or <b>Babylonian niqqud</b> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נִקּוּד בָּבְלִי</span>‎) is a system of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>) and vowel symbols assigned above the text and devised by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> to add to the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">consonantal</a> text of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> to indicate the proper pronunciation of words (vowel quality), reflecting the Hebrew of Babylon. The Babylonian notation is no longer in use in any Jewish community, having been supplanted by the sublinear <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>. However, the Babylonian pronunciation as reflected in that notation appears to be the ancestor of that used by <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simple Babylonian vocalization system was created between the 6th and 7th centuries, while the complex system developed later.<sup id="cite_ref-s98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that Babylonian Hebrew had emerged as a distinct dialect by the end of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-s94_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babylonian Hebrew reached its peak in the 8th to 9th centuries, being used from Persia to Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-s103_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s103-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Muslim hegemony in the 10th century, the main academies disappeared and the Babylonian vocalization was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s103_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s103-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a> is thought to be the descendant of a variety of Babylonian Hebrew, as represented in the Babylonian system.<sup id="cite_ref-s104_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s104-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first example of the Babylonian vocalization to become known to modern scholars was a <a href="/wiki/Codex_Babylonicus_Petropolitanus" title="Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus">codex of the Prophets discovered in 1839</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chufut-Kale" title="Chufut-Kale">Chufut-Kale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s95_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s95-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Babylonian vocalization, along with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian vocalization</a>, are known as the <i>supralinear vocalizations</i> because they place the vowel graphemes above the consonant letters, rather than both above and below as in the Tiberian system.<sup id="cite_ref-b7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the Palestinian vocalization, only the most important vowels are indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-s118_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s118-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Babylonian systems developed: an earlier <i>simple</i> (or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">einfach</i></span>, <i>E</i>) system, and a later <i>complex</i> (or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kompliziert</i></span>, <i>K</i>) system.<sup id="cite_ref-s9798_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s9798-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following vowel graphemes were used in the simple system:<sup id="cite_ref-s97_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>niqqud with ב </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_patah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bab_patah.jpg/35px-Bab_patah.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bab_patah.jpg/53px-Bab_patah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bab_patah.jpg/70px-Bab_patah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_qamats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bab_qamats.jpg/35px-Bab_qamats.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bab_qamats.jpg/53px-Bab_qamats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bab_qamats.jpg/70px-Bab_qamats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_tsere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_tsere.jpg/35px-Bab_tsere.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_tsere.jpg/53px-Bab_tsere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_tsere.jpg/70px-Bab_tsere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_hirik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bab_hirik.jpg/35px-Bab_hirik.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bab_hirik.jpg/53px-Bab_hirik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bab_hirik.jpg/70px-Bab_hirik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="143" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_holam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bab_holam.jpg/35px-Bab_holam.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bab_holam.jpg/53px-Bab_holam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bab_holam.jpg/70px-Bab_holam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_shuruq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bab_shuruq.jpg/35px-Bab_shuruq.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bab_shuruq.jpg/53px-Bab_shuruq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bab_shuruq.jpg/70px-Bab_shuruq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="147" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_shwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bab_shwa.jpg/35px-Bab_shwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bab_shwa.jpg/53px-Bab_shwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bab_shwa.jpg/70px-Bab_shwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiberian<br />analogue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Patah">patah</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamatz">qamatz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">tzere</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">hiriq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">holam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubutz">qubutz</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Shuruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruq">shuruq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a> mobile<br />(shva na) </td></tr> <tr> <td>value </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The simple system also has signs corresponding to Tiberian <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a>, though not used identically.<sup id="cite_ref-s97_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shva quiescens (shva nah) is unmarked.<sup id="cite_ref-s97_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complex system may be subdivided into <i>perfect</i> and <i>imperfect</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-s97_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former, unlike the latter, "has special signs for each kind of syllable and uses them consistently."<sup id="cite_ref-s97_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marks allophones of /a e i u/, consonant gemination, distinguishes vocalic and consonantal א and ה, and marks shva mobile and quiescens with a single grapheme.<sup id="cite_ref-s9798_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s9798-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perfect system is most notably employed by the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Babylonicus_Petropolitanus" title="Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus">Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus</a>. </p><p>A number of manuscripts with features intermediate between Tiberian and Babylonian also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-s99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Yemenite manuscripts, using both simple and complex systems, show Yemenite features such as confusion between patah and shva and between tsere and holam.<sup id="cite_ref-s99_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation,_from_Yemenite_Siddur,_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg/220px-Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg/330px-Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg/440px-Babylonian_Supralinear_Punctuation%2C_from_Yemenite_Siddur%2C_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Section of Yemenite Siddur, with Babylonian supralinear punctuation (Pirke Avot)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cantillation">Cantillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cantillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Babylonian system uses <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> similarly to the Tiberian system.<sup id="cite_ref-s100101_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s100101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest manuscripts (which use the simple system) mark only disjunctive accents (pauses), do not write the accent over the stressed syllable, and do not mark <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a>, while later manuscripts do.<sup id="cite_ref-s100101_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s100101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the simple system there are only eight types of pause, and they are denoted by small Hebrew letters written after the word, in much the same way as the punctuation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/220px-Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/330px-Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/440px-Siddur_-_Night_of_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Yemenite Siddur written with Babylonian supralinear punctuation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s98_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:98)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s94-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s94_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:94)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s103-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s103_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s103_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s104-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s104_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:104)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s95-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s95_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:95)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s118-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s118_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s9798-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s9798_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s9798_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:97–98)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s97-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s97_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s97_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s97_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s97_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s97_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:97)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s99-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s99_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s99_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:99)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s100101-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s100101_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s100101_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:100–101)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2288-babylonian-punctuation">Jewish Encyclopedia, treats on subject of Babylonian punctuation, or vocalization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablet.otzar.org/#/b/100513/p/1/t/1724144246629/fs/0/start/0/end/0/c">The Bible in Aramaic</a> : based on old manuscripts and printed texts / Edited by Alexander Sperber. Leiden : Brill, 1959 (Hebrew). (Link to Otzar ha-hokhmah, available to subscribers). This is a critical edition of the Targum <b>with Babylonian vocalization</b>. There is also a digital edition available to borrow with a free on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinaramaicba0001unse">volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinaramaicba0000unse">volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinaramaicba0000unse_o4d1">volume 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinaramaicba0004_pt01unse_d3s4">volume 4a</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinaramaicbav4pt2unse">volume 4b</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlau2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Blau">Blau, Joshua</a> (2010). <i>Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-129-0"><bdi>978-1-57506-129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-129-0&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+vocalization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993). <i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1"><bdi>0-521-55634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-55634-1&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz-Badillos&rft.aufirst=Angel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+vocalization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahle1913" class="citation book cs1">Kahle, Paul (1913). <i>Masoreten des Ostens</i>. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-01248-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-01248-0"><bdi>3-487-01248-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masoreten+des+Ostens&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hinrichs%27sche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=3-487-01248-0&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+vocalization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&oldid=1271074664">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&oldid=1271074664</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_of_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Language of the Hebrew Bible">Language of the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_alphabet" title="Category:Hebrew 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