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<li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Relationship to Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Water transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Land transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Electricity and communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raj of Sarawak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82" title="مملكة سراوق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة سراوق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Sarawak" title="Regne de Sarawak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Sarawak" title="Königreich Sarawak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Sarawak" title="Reino de Sarawak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="راج ساراواک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راج ساراواک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Sarawak" title="Royaume de Sarawak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%81_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="사라왁 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사라왁 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sarawak" title="Kerajaan Sarawak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Sarawak" title="Regno di Sarawak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravako_karalyst%C4%97" title="Saravako karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saravako karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="രാജ് ഓഫ് സരവാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാജ് ഓഫ് സരവാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sarawak" title="Kerajaan Sarawak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Sarawak" title="Koninkrijk Sarawak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="サラワク王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラワク王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="ساراواک بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساراواک بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Sarawaku" title="Królestwo Sarawaku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Sarawaku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Sarauaque" title="Reino de Sarauaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Sarauaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Саравак (королевство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саравак (королевство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawakin_kuningaskunta" title="Sarawakin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarawakin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Sarawak" title="Kungariket Sarawak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சரவாக் இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சரவாக் இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Королівство Саравак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Саравак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="مملکت سراواک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت سراواک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sarawak" title="Vương quốc Sarawak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%92%88%E8%B6%8A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="沙撈越王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙撈越王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For the former sultanate, see <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Raj of Sarawak</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Kerajaan Sarawak</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1841–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sarawak_(1870%E2%80%931946,_1963%E2%80%931973).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sarawak"><img alt="Flag of Sarawak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sarawak" title="Flag of Sarawak">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sarawak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dum_Spiro_Spero" class="mw-redirect" title="Dum Spiro Spero">Dum Spiro Spero</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarley2013101_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarley2013101-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(While I breathe, I hope)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_Forth_Beyond_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gone Forth Beyond the Sea">Gone Forth Beyond the Sea</a></i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Fairland_Sarawak.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Fairland_Sarawak.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Fairland_Sarawak.ogg/Fairland_Sarawak.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Raj in the 1920s"><img alt="The Raj in the 1920s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png/250px-Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png/375px-Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png/500px-Expanding_Boundaries_of_Sarawak.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Raj in the 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent sovereign state (1841–1888)<br />Independent <a href="/wiki/Protected_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected state">protected state</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1888–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidayuh language">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20127_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._War_Office1942123_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._War_Office1942123-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/White_Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rajah">White Rajah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1841–1868 (First) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1868–1917 (Second) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1946 (Third) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyner_Brooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyner Brooke">Vyner Brooke</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Council Negri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 1841</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Protected state </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1888</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Allied liberation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ceded as <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">a Crown colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_dollar" title="Sarawak dollar">Sarawak dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/20px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/30px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/40px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/20px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/30px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg/40px-Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration (Borneo)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281947%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Raj of Sarawak</b>, <b>Kingdom of Sarawak</b> or <b>State of Sarawak</b>, was a kingdom founded in 1841 in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and was in a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">treaty of protection</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> from 1888. It was formed from a series of land <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concessions</a> acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Englishman" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishman">Englishman</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>. Sarawak was <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> as a sovereign state by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1850, and by the United Kingdom in 1864. The territory of the kingdom is now the <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">Malaysian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. </p><p>Following recognition, Brooke expanded the Raj's territory at the expense of Brunei. Several major rebellions occurred against his rule, causing him to be plagued by debt incurred in countering the rebellions, and the sluggish economic situation at the time. His nephew, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a>, succeeded James and normalised the situation by improving the economy, reducing <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> and establishing <a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">public infrastructure</a>. In 1888, the Raj acquired <a href="/wiki/Protected_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected state">protected state</a> status <a href="/wiki/British_protected_state" class="mw-redirect" title="British protected state">from the British Government</a> whilst avoiding <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a>. </p><p>To promote economic growth, Charles Brooke encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">migration of Chinese</a> workers from <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="British Singapore">British Singapore</a> for agricultural work. With proper economic planning and stability, Sarawak prospered and emerged as one of the world's major producers of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">oil</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> plantations. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a>, but <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">the arrival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese forces">Imperial Japanese forces</a> ultimately brought an end to the Raj, with the territory placed under <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_capitulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese capitulation">Japanese capitulation</a> in 1945, and <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by Britain as its last acquisition as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> in 1946, contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_James_Brooke_(1847)_by_Francis_Grant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/170px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/255px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/340px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, the founder of the Raj</figcaption></figure> <p>The Raj was founded by <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, an English former soldier and adventurer who arrived at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a> and berthed his <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> there in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPybus19969_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPybus19969-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having served in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a>, where he was severely wounded in battle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazis201266_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazis201266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke returned to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1825 to recover from his injury. Despite his attempts to return to service, he was unable to return to his station in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> before his temporary leave from the service expired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20126_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overstaying his <a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">furlough</a> resulted in his position in the military being forfeited, but he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> by the government for his service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20126_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868204_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868204-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser2013133_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2013133-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued on from India and went to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> to improve his health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1846357_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1846357-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his way to China in 1830, he saw the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Asiatic Archipelago</a>, still generally unknown to Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1846357_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1846357-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to England and made an abortive trading journey to China in the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <i>Findlay</i> before his father died in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868205_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868205-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1836207_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1836207-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the adventure stories regarding the success of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) where his father had been serving, and especially by the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> to expand the company influence in the Asiatic Archipelago,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece20047_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece20047-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman201045_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman201045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapman2016156_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapman2016156-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he purchased a schooner named <i><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(schooner)" title="Royalist (schooner)">Royalist</a></i> using the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>30,000 left to him by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazis201266_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazis201266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recruited a crew for the schooner, training in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in late 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20126_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before beginning their sail to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> on 27 October 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868205_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1868205-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 1839, he reached <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> and came across some British sailors who had been shipwrecked and helped by Pengiran Raja Muda Hashim, the uncle of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II" title="Omar Ali Saifuddin II">Omar Ali Saifuddin II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20126_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996555_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996555-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooke originally planned to sail to <a href="/wiki/Marudu_Bay" title="Marudu Bay">Marudu Bay</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, but the British Governor-General in Singapore asked him to thank Raja Muda Hashim in southwestern Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20126_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed to the western coast of the island the following month, and on 14 August 1839 berthed his schooner on the banks of the Sarawak River and met Hashim to deliver the message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Raja told Brooke that his presence in the area was to control a rebellion against the Sultanate of Brunei caused by the oppressive policies of Pengiran Indera Mahkota, a kinsman of the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996555_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996555-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197048_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197048-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeake198927_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeake198927-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahkota had earlier been dispatched by the Sultan to monopolise the <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> in the area; which as a result directly affected the income of the local <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a> there amid growing frustration from the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Land Dayak</a>, who had been forced to work in the mines for about 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang199515_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang199515-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200226_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200226-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been alleged that the rebellion against Brunei was aided by the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sultanate of Sambas</a> and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, who wanted to establish economic rights over the antimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200229_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200229-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these disturbances Brooke had limited access to explore the country, but he managed to explore up the Samarrahan River and spent some time at Rumah Jugah's longhouse at Lundu. On 2 October 1839 he returned to Singapore. 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class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Brunei.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/50px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F7E017; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Bruneian Empire</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Lupah Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Rajahnate of Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)#History" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian%E2%80%93Igan_War" title="Bruneian–Igan War">Bruneian–Igan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian%E2%80%93Tundun_War" title="Bruneian–Tundun War">Bruneian–Tundun War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Castilian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Civil_War" title="Bruneian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_conflict_(1769)" title="Manila conflict (1769)">Manila conflict of 1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict of 1771</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F7E017; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Colonial era</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Pemuda" title="Barisan Pemuda">Barisan Pemuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign#North_Borneo" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)#History" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">BMO Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Brunei People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Federation" title="North Borneo Federation">North Borneo Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Brunei)#History" title="National Day (Brunei)">Bruneian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Brunei">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Plan_(Brunei)" title="National Development Plan (Brunei)">National Development Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Brunei)" title="State Council (Brunei)">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#History" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan#History" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo#History" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F7E017; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-independence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_National_Solidarity_Party" title="Brunei National Solidarity Party">Brunei National Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jefri_Bolkiah#Legal_issues_with_Brunei" title="Prince Jefri Bolkiah">Amedeo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Party_(Brunei)" title="National Development Party (Brunei)">National Development Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Golden Jubilee of Hassanal Bolkiah">Golden Jubilee of Hassanal Bolkiah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F7E017; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei" title="Capital punishment in Brunei">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Brunei" title="Constitutional history of Brunei">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brunei" title="Foreign relations of Brunei">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Brunei" title="History of education in Brunei">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei#History" title="Islam in Brunei">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Brunei">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Bruneian_Sultanate" title="Military of the Bruneian Sultanate">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Navy_(1368-1888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Navy (1368-1888)">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bolkiah" title="House of Bolkiah">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brunei" title="Transport in Brunei">Transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F7E017; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Brunei" title="List of years in Brunei">List of years in Brunei</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Brunei" title="Template:History of Brunei"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Brunei" title="Template talk:History of Brunei"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Brunei" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Brunei"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg/220px-Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg/330px-Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg/440px-Dayaks_in_their_war_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3930" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a>, who subsequently became Brooke followers and most loyal to the raj along with the local <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a> of Sarawak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1862110_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1862110-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>When he returned to Sarawak, the rebellion against Brunei's rule was still ongoing and Hashim asked Brooke to help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke joined Mahkota's forces at Leda Tanah on 18 October 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 20 December 1840 the rebels offered to surrender to Brooke provided they should not be put to death.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hashim initially refused to pardon them and wanted to execute them all, but was convinced by Brooke to forgive them, as Brooke had taken the major part in their suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1879633_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1879633-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hassim agreed to spare the insurgents’ lives and took the wives and children of the insurgency's leaders as hostages. Of the leaders themselves, Datu Patinggi Abdul Gapur and Datu Tumanggong Mersal withdrew to the protection of Sambas, while <a href="/wiki/Datu_Patinggi_Ali" title="Datu Patinggi Ali">Datu Patinggi Ali</a> found refuge among the Malays at Sarikei."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200243_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200243-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg/220px-Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg/330px-Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg/440px-Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>This sketch labeled Raja Muda Hashim in Captain Keppel's book is in fact Pengiran Indera Mahkota according to James Brooke.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In exchange for Brooke's support, Muda Hashim had promised Brooke the country of Siniawan and Sarawak, and its government and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 February 1841, Brooke received papers declaring him "resident at Sarawak,", which granted him the permission to live in the province, and "to seek profit by trade".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke left the next day in the <i>Royalist</i> for Singapore, only to return to Sarawak in May 1841 with a second boat: the <i>Swift</i>, filled with British manufactured goods to trade with Muda Hashim. Brooke was disappointed upon his return that the house Hashim had promised to build for him was not ready, and the antimony he wanted in trade for the manufactured goods had not yet been worked.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Hashim began questioning giving the territory to Brooke, which was fanned by Mahkota, who had been deprived of his power in the area in favour of Brooke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201374_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201374-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led Hashim to constantly delay the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concession</a> which frustrated Brooke. "Brooke’s estrangement from Hassim provided the Sarawak Malay datus with opportunities to re-establish their positions. They sent a delegation to Brooke led by Datu Tumanggong Mersal and Datu Patinggi Ali’s son, "to request him to become their Rajah, offering to support him by force of arms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200246_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200246-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 September 1841, Brooke, with the <i>Royalist</i> fully armed, went ashore to Hashim's audience chamber and called on him to negotiate. With little choice, and putting the blame mainly on Mahkota, Hashim granted Sarawak to Brooke on 24 September 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGregor189643_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor189643-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke issued new laws for the territory banning <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes1902307_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1902307-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by July 1842, his appointment was confirmed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201374_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201374-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(54).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/220px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/330px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/440px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Iranun pirates attacking the 'Jolly Bachelor' a boat owned by Brooke in 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1843, Brooke actively suppressed piracy on the coasts of western and northern Borneo together with Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Keppel" title="Henry Keppel">Henry Keppel</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dido_(1836)" title="HMS Dido (1836)">HMS <i>Dido</i></a>. After talks with Serib Sahib, who controlled the Sadong River, Keppel and Brooke's native forces attacked three rivers in the Saribas; the Padi, Paku and Rimbas. After which, Keppel was called away on orders, but returned in August 1844 along with EIC steamer <i>Phlegethon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelcherAdams1848146_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelcherAdams1848146-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time Serib Sahib had abandoned the Sadong and retreated to Patusan. Keppel and Brooke's native forces once again overwhelmed all opposition in Patusan and the Undop, but were ambushed by the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Sea Dayak</a> on the river Skrang at Karangan Peris, resulting in the death of Datu Patinggi Ali. Shortly after this punitive expedition Brooke heard that Mahkota, the former administrator of the Kuching area, had taken shelter at the Lingga, and managed to capture him and send him back to Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton1996306_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton1996306-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalib19995_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalib19995-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Brunei">Relationship to Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship to Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg/220px-Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg/330px-Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg/440px-Anglo_Bruni_Treaty_1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>The signing of Anglo-Bruneian Treaty on 23 October 1844 at the Brunei palace.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>To prevent any further dispute with Brunei, Brooke hoped to reform the administration of the Sultanate and establish a pro-British government through Hashim and his brother Pengiran Badruddin. In October 1844, Brooke with the aid of Captain Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Edward Belcher</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Samarang_(1822)" title="HMS Samarang (1822)">HMS <i>Samarang</i></a> and the EIC steamer <i>Phlegethon</i> returned the two brothers to Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201375_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201375-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessels anchored at the Sultan's audience chamber, requesting Pengiran Yusof's position as <i>Bendahara</i> to be replaced by Hashim and asking the Sultan to pledge to suppress piracy in his dominions, as well ceding the island of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> to the British (although the British government had not asked for this).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201375_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201375-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of Brooke as a Rajah and consul for the British at the time also remained controversial in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> as he was not recognised by the British government to represent the British subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapman2016197_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapman2016197-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin1955127_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1955127-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirectly, Brooke had become involved in an internal dynastic dispute of Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201376_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201376-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Vixen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Vixen.jpg/220px-HMS_Vixen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Vixen.jpg/330px-HMS_Vixen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Vixen.jpg/440px-HMS_Vixen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>HMS Vixen firing on Pengiran Yusof's house and battery</figcaption></figure><p>In August 1845, Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Cochrane" title="Thomas John Cochrane">Thomas Cochrane</a> arrived at Brunei with a squadron of from six to eight ships to release two <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">Lascar</a> seamen who were believed to be hidden there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201376_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201376-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2011374_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2011374-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badruddin accused Yusof of being involved in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> due to his close relations with a notable pirate leader –Sharif Usman– in Marudu Bay and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201376_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201376-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denying the allegation, Yusof refused to attend a meeting with Cochrane, and escaped after being threatened with force by Cochrane before regaining his own force in Brunei's capital. Cochrane then sailed away to Marudu Bay in pursuit of Usman, while Yusof was defeated by Badruddin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201376_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201376-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2011374_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2011374-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hashim managed to establish a rightful position in <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Brunei Town</a> to become the next sultan after successfully defeating the pirates led by Yusof who fled to <a href="/wiki/Kimanis" title="Kimanis">Kimanis</a> in northern Borneo, where he was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197095_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197095-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Asiatic_Society1960292_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Asiatic_Society1960292-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yusof was the favourite noble to the Sultan and with Hashim's victory, this upset the chances of the son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II becoming the next leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Asiatic_Society1960292_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Asiatic_Society1960292-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills1966258_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills1966258-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahkota, after his capture in Sarawak in 1844 became the Sultan's adviser in Yusof's absence. He prevailed on the Sultan to order the execution of Hashim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2011374_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2011374-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose presence had become unwelcome to the royal family, especially due to his close ties with Brooke that were favourable to English policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197094_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197094-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside that, an adventurer named Haji Saman, who was connected to Yusof, played upon the Sultan's fear of Hashim taking his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg/220px-Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg/330px-Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg/440px-Phlegethon_repelling_an_attack_from_the_forts_of_Borneo_Proper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Steamer <i>Phlegethon</i> and the boats of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Cochrane" title="Thomas John Cochrane">Thomas Cochrane</a> repelling an attack from the forts of Borneo Proper on 8 July 1846</figcaption></figure><p> By the order of the Sultan, Hashim and his brother Badruddin together with their family were assassinated in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2011374_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2011374-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197094_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197094-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidhu2016154_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidhu2016154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Badruddin's slaves, Japar, survived the attack and intercepted <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hazard_(1837)" title="HMS Hazard (1837)">HMS <i>Hazard</i></a>, which brought him to Sarawak to inform Brooke. Enraged by the news, Brooke organised an expedition to avenge Hashim's death with the aid of Cochrane from the Royal Navy with <i>Phlegethon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July 1846, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II complained through a letter about the discourtesy of HMS <i>Hazard</i> and invited Cochrane to ascend the capital with two boats.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Brunei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capture_of_Brunei.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Brunei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capture_of_Brunei.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Brunei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capture_of_Brunei.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Brunei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>HEICS Phlegethon, HMS Spiteful and HMS Royalist attack and capture Brunei 8 July 1846</figcaption></figure><p> HEICS <i>Phlegethon</i>, HMS <i>Spiteful</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royalist_(1841)" title="HMS Royalist (1841)">HMS Royalist</a> then moved up to the river on 8 July where they were fired on from every position with slight damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahkota and the Sultan retreated upriver while most of the population fled upon their arrival at Brunei's capital, leaving the brother of the Sultan's son, Pengiran Muhammad, who was badly wounded and Pengiran <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin" title="Abdul Momin">Mumin</a>, an opponent of the Sultan's son who despised the decision of his royal family to be involved in conflict with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2011374_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2011374-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British destroyed the town forts and invited the population to return with no harm to be done to them while the Sultan remained hiding in the jungle. Another expedition was sent to the interior but failed to find the Sultan. Brooke remained in Brunei with Captain <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mundy" title="Rodney Mundy">Rodney Mundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Iris_(1840)" title="HMS Iris (1840)">HMS <i>Iris</i></a> along with the <i>Phlegethon</i> and HMS <i>Hazard</i> while the main expedition continued their mission to suppress piracy in northern Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg/220px-Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg/330px-Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg/440px-Haji_Saman%27s_Battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Boats of HMS Iris and HEICS Phlegethon and natives from Kimanis, Papar and Kallas attack Haji Saman's house and battery - 16 August 1846</figcaption></figure><p>Upon finding that Haji Saman was living in Membakut and that he was involved in the plotting that caused Hashim's death, HEICS <i>Phlegethon</i> and HMS <i>Iris</i> departed there destroyed Haji Saman's house and captured the town of Membakut although Saman managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201377_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201377-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke returned again to Brunei and finally managed to induce the Sultan to return to the capital where the Sultan wrote a letter of apology to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> for the killings of Hashim, his brother and their family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his confession, the Sultan recognised Brooke's authority over Sarawak and mining rights throughout the territory without requiring him to pay any tribute as well granting the island of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke departed Brunei and left Mumin in charge together with Mundy to keep the Sultan in line until the British government made a final decision to acquire the island. Following the ratification agreement of the transfer of Labuan to the British, the Sultan also agreed to allow British forces to suppress all piracy along the coast of Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raj_of_Sarawak_(1848)_Merchant_flag_(1870).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg/220px-Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg/330px-Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg/440px-Raj_of_Sarawak_%281848%29_Merchant_flag_%281870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The Sarawak flag first hoisted 21 September 1848 as described by James Brooke in his letter to Lord Palmerston dated 14 March 1849 "a yellow field, with a cross <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">per pale</a> red and black" <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg/220px-The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg/330px-The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg/440px-The_barque_of_Rajah_of_Sarawak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>An English <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> named <i>Rajah of Sarawak</i>, after James Brooke (drawn by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Walters_(artist)" title="Samuel Walters (artist)">Samuel Walters</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Brooke in 1847, acting as HM Commissioner and British Consul to the Sultan and Independent Chiefs of Borneo negotiated the 1847 Treaty of Friendship and Commerce. One of the articles agreed to, prevented the Sultanate from engaging in any concession treaty with other foreign powers especially after the visit of <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American policy at the time however made no intention to establish any <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territorial acquisitions">solid presence</a> in Asia and the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201379_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201379-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1850, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> recognised the status of Brooke's raj as an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1962300_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1962300-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II died in 1852 and he was succeeded by Mumin, which already proved a success in Brooke's efforts to establish a pro-British government in Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201380_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201380-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Sultan then ceded the <a href="/wiki/Saribas" title="Saribas">Saribas</a> and Skrang districts, which later became the Second Division, to Brooke in 1853 due to conflict with pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELea200117_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELea200117-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198895_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198895-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three major rebellions led by <a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a> (1853),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramb2007116_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramb2007116-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a> (1857)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang199545–47_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang199545–47-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChin199623_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin199623-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a> (1860)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece200435_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece200435-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shook the Rajah's administration which, together with the stagnant economic conditions at the time, caused Brooke to be plagued by debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201723_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201723-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was driven into planning to cede Sarawak to the British to settle his debt; while the idea was supported by some of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Members_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of parliament">members of parliament</a> and businessmen, it was rejected by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> who feared that the introduction of a British taxation system would shock the population more than exercising their own system under the Rajahs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201724_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201724-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also concerns about its financial viability and probable drain on the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury">Exchequer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring1859342_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring1859342-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke then thought to sell his kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> or to Brunei again, or to other European powers rather than to the neighbouring Dutch who were ready to retake Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201724_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201724-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke's intention had already been decried by neighbouring British governors such as Labuan Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_Hennessy" title="John Pope Hennessy">Hennessy</a> who, while respecting the Rajah, considered Sarawak a mere <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198894_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198894-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/220px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/330px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/440px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Territorial gains from 1841 to 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the ongoing piracy suppression, a <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">major battle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Illanun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Illanun people">Illanuns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro pirates">Moro pirates</a> from the southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> occurred in mid-November 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDougall1882_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall1882-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, the United Kingdom appointed a Consul to Sarawak and recognised the Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1962300_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1962300-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddenFieldhouseDarwin1985556_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddenFieldhouseDarwin1985556-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British warships saluted the Raj's flag with <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21 guns</a> while entering Kuching as a sign of recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanee_of_Sarawak1914429_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanee_of_Sarawak1914429-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> refused recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldBampfylde1909128_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldBampfylde1909128-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke then expanded his Raj into territory of Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, he acquired the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a> basin, which subsequently became the Third Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELea200117_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELea200117-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198895_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198895-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion continued after his death in 1868, when he was succeeded by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPybus199651_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPybus199651-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidhu201683_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidhu201683-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/220px-Iban_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/330px-Iban_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/440px-Iban_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iban_people#The_Iban_migrations_to_Sarawak" title="Iban people">Iban migrations</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (The Iban migrations to Sarawak) has been deleted. (2024-10-13)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> towards northern Sarawak and Brunei was also assisted by Brooke's administration, turning Iban from a regional tribe from <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_Hulu_Regency" title="Kapuas Hulu Regency">Kapuas Hulu</a> in the 1750s to become one of the major ethnic groups in modern-day Sarawak</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Charles' administration, Sarawak's economy grew rapidly, especially later on with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">oil</a>, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a>, and the construction of public infrastructure as his main priorities to stabilise the economic situation and reduce government debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEla_Boda1994498_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEla_Boda1994498-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowthornCohenWilliams200825_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowthornCohenWilliams200825-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017176_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017176-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged the migration of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> to boost the economy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> sectors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramb2007124_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramb2007124-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most of them settled around <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Sri Aman</a> (mainly Teochew).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYong199435_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong199435-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotterell2011135_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotterell2011135-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was trusted and respected for his fairness and strict order, although he was not as popular among the local Malays as his uncle, while being a close friend to the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198885_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198885-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarawak prospered under his rule and he did not seek <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protection</a> from any European power other than Britain, with requests for protection from the British being rejected in 1869 and 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198885_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198885-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles continued to seek protection from the British, securing Protected State status from them on 14 June 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198885_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198885-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1917 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996200_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996200-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_decline">World War II and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–42)">Battle of Borneo (1941–42)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo campaign (1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_at_Lutong_oil_refinery,_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fire_at_Lutong_oil_refinery%2C_Sarawak.jpg/220px-Fire_at_Lutong_oil_refinery%2C_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Fire_at_Lutong_oil_refinery%2C_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lutong" title="Lutong">Lutong</a> oil refinery and storage facilities destroyed by the British in anticipation of Japanese invasion</figcaption></figure> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> began to expand their range in Asia and the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi19991_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi19991-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vyner became aware of the growing threats and began to institute reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepley201546_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepley201546-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the treaty of protection, Britain was responsible for Sarawak's defence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it could do little, most of its forces having been deployed to the war in Europe against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. The defence of Sarawak depended on a single Indian infantry battalion –the 2/15 <a href="/wiki/15th_Punjab_Regiment" title="15th Punjab Regiment">Punjab Regiment</a>– together with the local forces of Sarawak and Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Sarawak had a significant number of oil refineries in <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutong" title="Lutong">Lutong</a>, the British feared that these supplies would fall to Japanese control, and thus instructed the infantry to carry out a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013136-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002206_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002206-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching,_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg/170px-The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg/255px-The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg/340px-The_unconditional_surrender_ceremony_of_the_Japanese_to_the_Australian_forces_in_Kuching%2C_Sarawak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The official surrender ceremony of the Japanese to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) on board <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kapunda" title="HMAS Kapunda">HMAS <i>Kapunda</i></a> in Kuching on 11 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 December 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese navy</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_military_detachments_in_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese military detachments in World War II">detachment</a> on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sagiri" title="Japanese destroyer Sagiri"><i>Sagiri</i></a> arrived at Miri from <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002206_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002206-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19996_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19996-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese then launched an air attack on <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> on 19 December, bombing parts of the town's airfield while machine-gunning people in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling200191_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling200191-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack created panic and sent residents fleeing to rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan2011_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2011-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch submarine <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_K_XVI" title="HNLMS K XVI">HNLMS <i>K XVI</i></a> managed to bring down the Japanese from Miri but, with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shirakumo_(1927)" title="Japanese destroyer Shirakumo (1927)"><i>Shirakumo</i></a> together with other ships, the Japanese secured the town on 24 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006440_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006440-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 7 January 1942, Japanese troops in Sarawak crossed the border of Dutch Borneo and proceeded to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>. The 2/15 Punjab Regiment were forced to withdraw to Dutch Borneo and later surrendered on 9 March after <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">most of the Allies had surrendered</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling200191_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling200191-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A steamship of Sarawak –the <a href="/wiki/SS_Vyner_Brooke" title="SS Vyner Brooke">SS <i>Vyner Brooke</i></a>– was sunk while evacuating nurses and wounded servicemen in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a>. Most of its surviving crew were <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island_massacre" title="Bangka Island massacre">massacred</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPateman201742_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPateman201742-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag,_1945_(AWM_118393).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG/170px-Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG/255px-Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG/340px-Hoisting_the_Sarawak_flag%2C_1945_%28AWM_118393%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>The hoisting of Sarawak's flag by the ex-internees of Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW) compound in Kuching, 12 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Lacking air protection, Sarawak, together with rest of the island, fell to the Japanese and Vyner took sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2005217_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2005217-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the British and Australian soldiers captured after the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">fall of Malaya</a> and Singapore were brought to Borneo and held as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp" title="Batu Lintang camp">Batu Lintang camp</a> in Sarawak and <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> in North Borneo. The Japanese military authorities placed the southern part of Borneo under the navy, while its <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">army</a> were responsible for management of the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi201315_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi201315-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Allied Campaign</a> to retake their possessions in the East, Allied forces were sent to Borneo in the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo Campaign (1945)">Borneo Campaign</a> and liberated the island. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) played a significant role in the mission. The Allies' <a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a> provided intelligence gathering which facilitated the AIF landings. Most of the major towns of Sarawak were bombed during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan2011_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2011-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended on 15 August 1945 following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> and the administration of Sarawak was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> from September. Vyner returned to administer Sarawak but decided to cede it to the British government as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown colony</a> on 1 July 1946 due to a lack of resources to finance reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYust1947382_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYust1947382-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard2009102_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard2009102-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_State_Government2014_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_State_Government2014-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sarawakian_royal_consorts" title="List of Sarawakian royal consorts">List of Sarawakian royal consorts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching,_Sarawak;_the_Astana,_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg/220px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg/330px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg/440px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Astana%2C_a_partly_castellated_building._Wellcome_V0037394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Astana,_Sarawak" title="The Astana, Sarawak">The Astana</a>, the palace of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a> since <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a> reign; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO_1069-555-35_(7937605180)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg/170px-CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg/255px-CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg/340px-CO_1069-555-35_%287937605180%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Datu Bandar Buassan for over 40 years was one of the Rajah's ministers and also a member of Supreme Council, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the establishment of the Sarawak Administrative Service under Charles Brooke, there had been no formal civil administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalib19936_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalib19936-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil service recruited Europeans, mainly <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> officers, to run district outstations where the residents became exposed to and trained in many British and European methods and culture, while retaining the customs of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>. After the acquisition of more territory, Sarawak was divided into five divisions, each headed by a <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHock2011_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHock2011-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Resident's job was to establish law and order, convene courts to settle disputes, punish crimes, be accessible at all times to the natives, and "gain the confidence of the chiefs of the wilder tribes and to lead them to accept the Sarawak flag and the benefits of the Rajah's government".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970855_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970855-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rajahs also encouraged the establishment of schools, healthcare services and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspalter2017112_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspalter2017112-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government worked to restore peace where <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">tribal feuds</a> had grown rampant and its success depended ultimately on the co-operation of the native village headmen, while the Native Officers acted as a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalib199947_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalib199947-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Rangers" title="Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Rangers</a> was established in 1862 as a <a href="/wiki/Para-military" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-military">para-military</a> force of the raj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2003319_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2003319-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was superseded by the Sarawak Constabulary in 1932 as a police force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllinwoodEnloe1978201_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllinwoodEnloe1978201-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 900 members mainly comprising <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Post_Office_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kuching General Post Office building, built in 1931 with neoclassical architecture; pictured in 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/General_Post_Office_04.jpg/750px-General_Post_Office_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/General_Post_Office_04.jpg/1125px-General_Post_Office_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/General_Post_Office_04.jpg/1500px-General_Post_Office_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6499" data-file-height="2283" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Post_Office_04.jpg" title="File:General Post Office 04.jpg"> </a></div>The Kuching General Post Office building, built in 1931 with <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>; pictured in 2015</div></div></div> <p>As a British protected state, all foreign relations were conducted under the purview of the British government although internally remaining an independent state ruled by the Rajahs.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an agreement signed on 14 June 1888,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888239-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was stipulated: </p> <blockquote style="background:#EAECF0; border:1px solid gray; padding:2px;"> <p><b>I.</b> The State of Sarawak shall continue to be governed and administered by the said Rajah and his successors as an independent State under the protection of Great Britain; but such protection shall confer no right on Her Majesty's Government to interfere with the internal administration of the State further than is herein provided.<br /><b>II.</b> In case any question should hereafter arise respecting the rights of succession to the present or any future Ruler of Sarawak, such question shall be referred to Her Majesty's Government for decision.<br /><b>III.</b> The relations between the State of Sarawak and all foreign States, including the States of Brunei and North Borneo, shall be conducted by Her Majesty's Government, or in accordance with its directions; and if any difference should arise between the Government of Sarawak and that of any other State, the Government of Sarawak agrees to abide by the decision of Her Majesty's Government, and to take all steps necessary to give effect thereto.<br /><b>IV.</b> Her Majesty's Government shall have the right to establish British Consular officers in any part of the State of Sarawak, who shall receive exequaturs in the name of the Government of Sarawak. They shall enjoy whatever privileges are usually granted to the Consular officers, and shall be entitled to hoist the British flag over their residences and public offices.<br /><b>V.</b> British subjects, commerce, and shipping shall enjoy the same right, privileges, and advantages as the subjects, commerce, and shipping of the most favoured nation, as well as any other rights, privileges, and advantages which may be enjoyed by the subjects, commerce and shipping of the State of Sarawak.<br /><b>VI.</b> No cession or other alienation of any part of the territory of the State of Sarawak shall be made by the Rajah or his successors to any foreign State, or the subjects or the citizens thereof, without the consent of Her Majesty's Government; but this restriction shall not apply to ordinary grants or leases of lands or houses to private individuals for purposes of residence, agriculture, commerce, or other business. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching,_Sarawak;_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg/220px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg/330px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg/440px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_Borneo_Company%27s_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Company_Limited" title="Borneo Company Limited">Borneo Company Limited</a> building in Kuching, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon acquisition of his first territories in the First Division, James Brooke came into possession of a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> from mines around the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke_(3)1853159_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke_(3)1853159-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his arrival, a land tenure system known as the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Native Customary Rights</a> had been practised by the indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke200646_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200646-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEguavoenLaube2010216_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEguavoenLaube2010216-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUncle_DI2017_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUncle_DI2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Brooke's first priority was to abolish <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> among the indigenous communities of the interior. The kingdom's authorities conducted repeated raids on <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Sea Dayak</a> villages and, facing a major rebellion, ultimately forced them to practice <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> and abandon headhunting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETajuddin201235_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETajuddin201235-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996297_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliotBickerstethBallard1996297-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Land Dayaks</a> had also been involved in headhunting but more readily abandoned the practice<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELing2013290_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing2013290-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became loyal followers of James Brooke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1862110_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1862110-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> coastal villages were also raided as part of the kingdom's policy to combat <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETajuddin201235_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETajuddin201235-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite success in these endeavours, stagnant economic conditions persisted and the kingdom amassed huge debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201723_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201723-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg/220px-Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg/330px-Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg/440px-Kuching_Main_Bazaar_shophouses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The Main Bazaar in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuching" title="Chinatown, Kuching">Chinatown, Kuching</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>James Brooke promoted <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> immigration, convinced that they would inject vigour into the economy and prove an encouragement to indigenous communities to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke_(1)1853101_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke_(1)1853101-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, most of the immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Sambas_Regency" title="Sambas Regency">Sambas</a> in neighbouring Dutch Borneo. These later formed a <i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_clan_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Chinese clan association">Kongsi</a></i> system in <a href="/wiki/Bau,_Sarawak" title="Bau, Sarawak">Bau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBissonnetteBernardde_Koninck201159_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissonnetteBernardde_Koninck201159-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a> continued this policy, particularly targeting the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramb2007124_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramb2007124-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicts ensued between the government and the Chinese in 1857, believed to have arisen in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008160_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008160-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinggit2015_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinggit2015-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was no forced labour, except for prisoners doing public works and roads repair. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>'s forced <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivation system">cultivation system</a> (<i>cultuurstelsel</i>), the indigenous people of Sarawak paid only a small amount of door tax and land rent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970853_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970853-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies">Companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Company_Limited" title="Borneo Company Limited">Borneo Company Limited</a> was formed in 1856. It was involved in a wide range of businesses in Sarawak, including trade, banking, agriculture, mineral exploration and development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeong_Jia2007_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeong_Jia2007-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Rajah worked to stabilise the economy and reduce government debt. The economy grew significantly under his reign, with total exports reaching $386,439 (<a href="/wiki/Sarawak_dollar" title="Sarawak dollar">Sarawak dollars</a>) and imports $414,756 in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198885_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198885-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land">Land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rajah established the land tenure policy in 1863 with some minor modifications throughout James Brooke's rule. Every inhabitant in Sarawak was entitled to three acres of land, in which sale was prohibited, and no one could own more than 100 acres without the permission of the government. Although the majority of the lands were in smallholders, the Brooke government granted several land concessions to Borneo Company Limited to develop rubber, timber, oil, coal, and antimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970853_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970853-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1869, by which time total trade had reached $3,262,500,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198885_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198885-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Charles Brooke invited Chinese <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">gambier</a> growers from <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> to cultivate their crops in Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulbeckReidChengYiqi199868_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulbeckReidChengYiqi199868-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramb2007128_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramb2007128-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, by the early 20th century, Sarawak became one of the world's major producers of pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard2009101_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard2009101-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was a relative latecomer to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> boom due to the reluctance of Charles Brooke to give over indigenous farmland to European companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshikawa201072_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshikawa201072-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, Charles Brooke declined offers by five foreign companies to set up large-scale rubber plantations here because speculation of rubber prices was "a mania at the present which did not suit the quiet non-speculative spirit of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970852_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt_JM1970852-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only five large rubber estates were established during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBissonnetteBernardde_Koninck201159_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissonnetteBernardde_Koninck201159-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">Oil</a> reserves were discovered in his final years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrisswell1978216_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisswell1978216-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1930s, through the work of the Chinese businesses in the kingdom, it became a significant raw material supplier, with Singapore as a major trading partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraishi200934_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraishi200934-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_dollar" title="Sarawak dollar">Sarawak dollar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg/220px-Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg/330px-Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg/440px-Dollar_du_Sarawak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>One Sarawak dollar, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sarawak dollar was first issued in 1858 and remained at par with the <a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">Straits dollar</a>. Different notes were issued by the Sarawak Government Treasury, the earliest notes using <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. From the 1880s, the notes' background featured the Rajah's portrait and coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuhaj20141058_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuhaj20141058-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg/220px-Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg/330px-Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg/440px-Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Sea Dayaks</a> with weapons and head-dresses, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/220px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/330px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/440px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png 2x" data-file-width="4958" data-file-height="5254" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition map of the natives of Raj of Sarawak and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo">British North Borneo</a>, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1841, Sarawak had an indigenous population of about 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> were the largest indigenous group in the interior: comprising <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> and other interior tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a>, while coastal areas were dominated by the Sarawak local <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Sarawak welcomed the migration of Chinese workers to boost the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedesmaLewisSavage2003401-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramb2007124_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramb2007124-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following various immigration schemes initiated by the Rajahs, the population increased to 150,000 in 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker1848476_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker1848476-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300,000 in 1893,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleton1894396_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleton1894396-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 475,000 in 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 600,000 in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell196558-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Water transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public infrastructure began to be given attention during the reign Charles Brooke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2007_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2007-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river systems in Sarawak are not inter-connected. As a result, coastal ships were used by the Brooke government to carry merchandise from one river system to another. The Brooke government also established a trade route from Kuching to Singapore, using its own ships such as The <i><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(schooner)" title="Royalist (schooner)">Royalist</a></i>, <i>Julia</i>, and <i>Swift</i>. Among the early cargoe was antimony and gold. Borneo Company Limited bought another steamer, which they named the <i>Sir James Brooke</i>, to carry antimony, coal, and <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>. The ships were the link between Sarawak and Singapore. Charles Brooke encouraged the Sarawak Chamber of Commerce to set up its own shipping lane to Singapore, offering to sell the <i>Royalist</i> to it. In 1875, the "Singapore and Sarawak Steamship Company" was formed and, shortly thereafter, bought the <i>Royalist</i> and the steamer <i>Rajah Brooke</i>. There were complaints that the company provided irregular services to its customers and, in 1908, the Brooke government transferred another two small steamships, the <i>Adeh</i> and <i>Kaka</i>, to the company in expectation of improvement. In 1919, Chinese interests bought the company's shares, liquidated it and formed a new company named the "Sarawak Steamship Company". The company established shipping lanes linking the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang</a>, Limbang, and Baram river systems. The Sibu-Singapore shipping lane was started by the company but soon abandoned, being unprofitable. The establishment of the shipping lanes by Sarawak Steamship Company allowed the indigenous people to participate in wider markets, thus narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas in Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaur201677–80_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur201677–80-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company suffered heavy losses in the trade depression of the 1920s and was acquired by the Singapore-based "Straits Steamship Company". The company established branches at Sibu and Bintulu and installed agents at other small river ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaur201677–80_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur201677–80-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_transport">Land transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Land transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg/193px-The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg/290px-The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg/386px-The_Sarawak_Government_Railway_locomotive_named_Bulan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>A locomotive named "Bulan" was installed after the government railway was opened in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAh_Chon194848_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAh_Chon194848-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Land transport in Sarawak was poorly developed owing to the swampy environment around rivers downstream, while dense jungles presented significant challenges to road construction inland. Most of the roads were constructed in coastal areas. Borneo Company Limited and Sarawak Oilfields also constructed a small number of short roads to serve their own economic interests. Meanwhile, in the interior, raised paths were made by the natives using logs to connect villages and their environs, easing access to farms and collection of forest produce. At the same time, rivers remained the most important means of transportation to coastal towns. In the first 70 years of Brooke rule, <a href="/wiki/Bridle_path" title="Bridle path">bridle paths</a> were constructed to connect administrative posts to the surrounding districts. After the 1930s, the policy was changed to providing access from villages to navigable rivers. Most of the roads located near the towns were short, with the exception of the economically important Miri-Lutong road built by Sarawak Oilfields, the Jambusan road to Tegora via the Dahan estate, and Penrissen road built by the Brooke government. Together with the road developments, bullock carts were introduced together with porters, and hand carts in the mid-19th century, followed by rickshaws at the end of the 19th century, and bicycles in the early 20th century. Public motor services appeared in 1912 together with private taxis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaur201680–83_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur201680–83-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, a short railway connecting Kuching to Tenth Mile (now Kota Padawan) was opened to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan2023_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2023-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent construction of a road running parallel to the railway led to substantial losses, however, and its operations were limited to transportation of rocks from Seventh Mile (now Kota Sentosa) to Kuching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaur201680–83_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur201680–83-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurandCurtis2014175_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurandCurtis2014175-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Government_Railway2015_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Government_Railway2015-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_and_communication">Electricity and communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electricity and communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue stamps of Sarawak">Revenue stamps of Sarawak</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1918_$1_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg/118px-1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg/178px-1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg/237px-1918_%241_revenue_stamp_of_Sarawak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A $1 revenue stamp issued in 1918, featuring <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg/193px-Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg/290px-Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg/386px-Kuching_Electrical_Power_Station_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belliss_and_Morcom" title="Belliss and Morcom">Belliss and Morcom</a> engines in the coal-fired Kuching power station, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, while plans for electric street lightning were being drawn up in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, Rajah Charles Brooke refused to adopt this new technology because of his dislike of "new-fangled things". The sparse population of Sarawak also presented a logistical challenge to install power stations and connecting cables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate19999–10_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate19999–10-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wired telephones were installed around Kuching in 1898 for keeping up to date communications with the outstations. Otherwise, messages from the northernmost areas of the state such as <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> and Baram could take up to a month to reach Kuching. Besides, telephones were cheap to install and required little power. By 1908, the Mukah-Oya region was connected to telephone lines, followed by Miri in 1913, and Sibu in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199915–17_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199915–17-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wireless telegraphy station was erected in Kuching in 1917, followed by Sibu and Miri immediately thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199920–21_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199920–21-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1914 that the first electrical power stations were installed in <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a> by Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company and <a href="/wiki/Bau,_Sarawak" title="Bau, Sarawak">Bau</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Company_Limited" title="Borneo Company Limited">Borneo Company Limited</a>. The oil production boom in Miri and gold mining in Bau gave rise to the need of more efficient lightning and motor systems. Cinematography also began that year in Miri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199930–31_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199930–31-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, J. R. Barnes, the manager of the Sarawak Government Wireless Telegraphs and Telephones Department, proposed an electrical lightning scheme for Kuching using a coal-fired system. In January 1923, a power station covering an area of 620 square metres (6,700 sq ft) was completed at Khoo Hun Yeang Street, Kuching, and started operation in June 1923, supplying Kuching with a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199930,_45,_48_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199930,_45,_48-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the road where the power station was once located is now known as the "Power Street".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakar2011_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakar2011-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazette1922_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazette1922-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sibu's first power station was installed in 1927, followed by Mukah in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199961_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199961-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1922 to 1932, the electrical supply in Kuching was managed by the Electrical Department, under the jurisdiction of Public Works Department. This department was then privatised as the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Energy" title="Sarawak Energy">Sarawak Electricity Supply Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate199949,_70_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate199949,_70-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1930s, a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph line">telegraph line</a> connected the country with Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplanRoberts1955115_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplanRoberts1955115-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraph_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless telegraph station">Wireless telegraph stations</a> were located in all major towns in Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2016102-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postal service was also available throughout the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrester-Wood1959575_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester-Wood1959575-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_General_Hospital_between_1900_to_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sarawak_General_Hospital_between_1900_to_1930.jpg/193px-Sarawak_General_Hospital_between_1900_to_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Sarawak_General_Hospital_between_1900_to_1930.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>The Kuching General Hospital between 1900 and 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915, Dr Ledingham Christie, surgeon to Borneo Company Limited, conducted a study regarding latent dysentery and parasitism amongst the Malay population staying near the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a>. Those who had latent dysentery or parasites may not show any symptoms, but they may be pale and thin. The Malays at that time usually dumped their sewage into the river, while bathing or drinking from the same spot, believing that water currents would remove the waste. Among the 100 stool samples tested, whipworm (<i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i>) and roundworm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i>) were most commonly found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedingham_Christie191589_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedingham_Christie191589-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a> was endemic in Sarawak; however very little is documented about the disease. The earliest cholera outbreak in Sarawak was in 1873 but it was not known how many died in it. In the same year, Captain Giles Helyer, the commander of the boat <i>Heartsease</i>, died of cholera. Meanwhile, the two children of Rajah James Brooke also died on board the SS <i>Hydaspes</i>, possibly due to cholera. In 1888, an outbreak occurred amongst a number of Malays in Simanggang District. In 1902, another cholera pandemic occurred with 1,500 deaths, at a time when an expeditionary force was organised by the Brookes to punish the Dayaks living in the rural areas of the Simanggang District. This was because the Dayaks were killing and attacking friendly neighbours. The epidemic caused the break-up of the expeditionary force without achieving any of its military objectives. There were also outbreaks in 1910 and 1911. No outbreaks were reported from 1911 to 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadav1990195-196_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadav1990195-196-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first doctor was appointed shortly after James Brooke was proclaimed Rajah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuching Hospital services existed in the 1800s but no records are available. The earliest record of the Kuching Hospital (now <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_General_Hospital" title="Sarawak General Hospital">Sarawak General Hospital</a>) was available in 1910 which shows it admitted 920 patients that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012345_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012345-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, a <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> settlement was constructed in Kuching. Rajah Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital was also constructed to treat leprosy patients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, a facility to treat mental illness was constructed beside the Kuching Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sibu, the construction of Lau King Howe Hospital (now <a href="/wiki/Lau_King_Howe_Hospital_Memorial_Museum" title="Lau King Howe Hospital Memorial Museum">Lau King Howe Hospital Memorial Museum</a>) was completed in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012351_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012351-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, there were six doctors serving the needs of the senior government servants. The State Health Office (known as Medical Headquarters) was located at the Kuching Pavilion building from 1909 to 1947. There was only one assistant dental officer before the Japanese occupation. Charles Vyner Brooke had been attempting to persuade doctors from the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> to serve in Sarawak but the response had been cold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medical service continued under Japanese occupation. There are few records regarding the development of dentistry in the 1900s. Several accounts from elderly people stated that there were traditional healers and roadside tooth-pullers performing palliative treatments at that time. The first government dentist was appointed in July 1925 at Kuching General Hospital. In 1932, the "Sarawak Government Registration of Dentist Ordinance" was introduced. A total of 15 dentists were registered before the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012203_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012203-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching,_Sarawak;_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg/193px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg/290px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg/386px-Kuching%2C_Sarawak%3B_the_museum_building._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037397.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Museum" title="Sarawak State Museum">Sarawak museum building</a> in 1896</figcaption></figure><p> In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> arrived in Kuching as a guest of James Brooke. In 1855, he wrote a paper entitled "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1855_The_Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History/On_the_Law_which_has_regulated_the_Introduction_of_New_Species" class="extiw" title="s:1855 The Annals and Magazine of Natural History/On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species">On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species</a>", also known as the "Sarawak Law", which anticipated aspects of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwin's theory of evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2013_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2013-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest museum in Borneo, the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Museum" title="Sarawak State Museum">Sarawak State Museum</a>, was constructed with endorsement from Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawie2017_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawie2017-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hose" title="Charles Hose">Charles Hose</a>, who served under Brooke as an administrator in the Baram region, was an avid photographer, <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a>, and author. He is credited with the discovery of various mammal and bird species endemic to Borneo: some of his specimens are now housed in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>. His ethnological collections are in, amongst others, the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai201613_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai201613-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a> (since 1820), the Sarawak Gazette (since 1870),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Gazette1870_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Gazette1870-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sarawak Museum Journal (since 1911) hold a significant amount of information on Sarawak before and during the Rajahs administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarley2013101-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarley2013101_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarley2013">Barley 2013</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraumann201463_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraumann2014">Straumann 2014</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1888" class="citation web cs1">Salisbury (6 March 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-811158370/view">"Minutes by Lord Salisbury regarding the Borneo Protectorates"</a>. <i>The Trove</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Under the proposed arrangement, Brunei, Sarawak , and North Borneo would become "independent protected states", preserving their absolute rights of internal govt, but carrying on their relations with foreign states only through the medium of the protecting power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Trove&rft.atitle=Minutes+by+Lord+Salisbury+regarding+the+Borneo+Protectorates&rft.date=1888-03-06&rft.au=Salisbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-811158370%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20127-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey20127_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey2012">Storey 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._War_Office1942123-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._War_Office1942123_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain._War_Office1942">Great Britain. War Office 1942</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPybus19969-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPybus19969_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPybus1996">Pybus 1996</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoggo18537_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoggo1853">Foggo 1853</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazis201266-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazis201266_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazis201266_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHazis2012">Hazis 2012</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey20126-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#CITEREFEliotBickerstethBallard1996">Eliot, Bickersteth & Ballard 1996</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196679_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltonTate1966">Hilton & Tate 1966</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger2012160_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012">Ring, Watson & Schellinger 2012</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197048-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2002">Walker 2002</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201374-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201374_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201374_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201374_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2013">Saunders 2013</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1862110-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1862110_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1862110_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFanon1862">anon 1862</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199311_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1993">Morrison 1993</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppel1846" class="citation book cs1">Keppel, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nzQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA140"><i>The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1</i></a>. Chapman and Hall. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+Suppression+of+Piracy%3A+Vol+1&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DnzQEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppel1846" class="citation book cs1">Keppel, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nzQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA182"><i>The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1</i></a>. Chapman and Hall. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+Suppression+of+Piracy%3A+Vol+1&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DnzQEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1879633-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1879633_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFanon1879">anon 1879</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200243-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200243_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2002">Walker 2002</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempler1853" class="citation book cs1">Templer, John C. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privateletterss03tempgoog/page/n146/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Makota%27s+likeness"><i>The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B. Rajah of Sarawak, Narrating the Events of his Life, from 1838 to the Present Time Vol. 3</i></a>. Richard Bentley. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Letters+of+Sir+James+Brooke%2C+K.C.B.+Rajah+of+Sarawak%2C+Narrating+the+Events+of+his+Life%2C+from+1838+to+the+Present+Time+Vol.+3&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Templer&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivateletterss03tempgoog%2Fpage%2Fn146%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3DMakota%2527s%2Blikeness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppel1846" class="citation book cs1">Keppel, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nzQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA170&q=Siniawan+and+Sarawak"><i>The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1</i></a>. Chapman and Hall. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+Suppression+of+Piracy%3A+Vol+1&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DnzQEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA170%26q%3DSiniawan%2Band%2BSarawak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundy1848" class="citation book cs1">Mundy, Rodney (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=BB1JAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA240&hl=en"><i>Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, down to the Occupation of Labuan: from the Journals of James Brooke, Esq. Vol. 1</i></a>. John Murray. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+Events+in+Borneo+and+Celebes%2C+down+to+the+Occupation+of+Labuan%3A+from+the+Journals+of+James+Brooke%2C+Esq.+Vol.+1&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DBB1JAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA240%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppel1846" class="citation book cs1">Keppel, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nzQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA214"><i>The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1</i></a>. Chapman and Hall. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+Suppression+of+Piracy%3A+Vol+1&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DnzQEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200246-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200246_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2002">Walker 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor189643-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGregor189643_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGregor1896">MacGregor 1896</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1902307-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes1902307_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaynes1902">Baynes 1902</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelcherAdams1848146-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelcherAdams1848146_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelcherAdams1848">Belcher & Adams 1848</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton1996306-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton1996306_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickerstethHinton1996">Bickersteth & Hinton 1996</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalib19995-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalib19995_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalib1999">Talib 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarryat1848" class="citation book cs1">Marryat, Frank (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=XM5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA114&hl=en"><i>Borneo and the Indian Archipelago with Drawings of Costume and Scenery</i></a>. 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLedingham_Christie1915">Ledingham Christie 1915</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadav1990195-196-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadav1990195-196_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1990">Yadav 1990</a>, p. 195-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20122_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Health2012">Sarawak Health 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012345-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012345_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Health2012">Sarawak Health 2012</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health20125_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Health2012">Sarawak Health 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012351-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012351_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Health2012">Sarawak Health 2012</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012203-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Health2012203_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Health2012">Sarawak Health 2012</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2013-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2013_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2013">Rogers 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawie2017-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawie2017_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTawie2017">Tawie 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai201613-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai201613_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2016">Lai 2016</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarawak_Gazette1870-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarawak_Gazette1870_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarawak_Gazette1870">Sarawak Gazette 1870</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanon1836" class="citation book cs1">anon (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1NIAAAAYAAJ&q=Thomas+Brooke+obituary&pg=PA207"><i>Obituary – Thomas Brooke, Esg </i>in<i> The Gentleman's Magazine, Or Monthly Intelligencer</i></a>. Vol. 41. William Pickering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obituary+%E2%80%93+Thomas+Brooke%2C+Esg+in+The+Gentleman%27s+Magazine%2C+Or+Monthly+Intelligencer&rft.pub=William+Pickering&rft.date=1836&rft.au=anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1NIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThomas%2BBrooke%2Bobituary%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanon1846" class="citation book cs1">anon (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ilej/image1.pl?item=page&seq=3&size=1&id=bm.1846.3.x.59.365.x.357"><i>Mr Brooke of Borneo </i>in<i> Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</i></a>. Vol. 59. William Blackwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr+Brooke+of+Borneo+in+Blackwood%27s+Edinburgh+Magazine&rft.pub=William+Blackwood&rft.date=1846&rft.au=anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodley.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Filej%2Fimage1.pl%3Fitem%3Dpage%26seq%3D3%26size%3D1%26id%3Dbm.1846.3.x.59.365.x.357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelcherAdams1848" class="citation book cs1">Belcher, Edward; Adams, Arthur (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DMNAAAAIAAJ&q=Narrative+of+the+Voyage+of+the+H.M.S.+Samarang%2C+During+the+Years+1843-46%3A+Employed+Surveying+Samarang+rejoins&pg=PA146"><i>Narrative of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Samarang, During the Years 1843–46: Employed Surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, Accompanied by a Brief Vocabulary of the Principal Languages ...</i></a> Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Voyage+of+the+H.M.S.+Samarang%2C+During+the+Years+1843%E2%80%9346%3A+Employed+Surveying+the+Islands+of+the+Eastern+Archipelago%2C+Accompanied+by+a+Brief+Vocabulary+of+the+Principal+Languages+...&rft.pub=Reeve%2C+Benham%2C+and+Reeve&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Belcher&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Adams%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DMNAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DNarrative%2Bof%2Bthe%2BVoyage%2Bof%2Bthe%2BH.M.S.%2BSamarang%252C%2BDuring%2Bthe%2BYears%2B1843-46%253A%2BEmployed%2BSurveying%2BSamarang%2Brejoins%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1848" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Joseph (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&q=300%2C000+composed+of+various+races&pg=PA476"><i>An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...</i></a> J. Whitaker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Almanack+for+the+Year+of+Our+Lord+...&rft.pub=J.+Whitaker&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cUMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D300%252C000%2Bcomposed%2Bof%2Bvarious%2Braces%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke_(1)1853" class="citation book cs1">Brooke (1), James (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmQXsSMetT8C&q=enterprizing+and+industrious+chinese&pg=PA101"><i>The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B., Rajah of Sarawak, Narrating the Events of His Life, from 1838 to the Present Time</i></a>. Vol. 1. R. Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Letters+of+Sir+James+Brooke%2C+K.C.B.%2C+Rajah+of+Sarawak%2C+Narrating+the+Events+of+His+Life%2C+from+1838+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Brooke+%281%29&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmQXsSMetT8C%26q%3Denterprizing%2Band%2Bindustrious%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke_(3)1853" class="citation book cs1">Brooke (3), James (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sgs3AQAAMAAJ&q=I+possess+no+power&pg=PA159"><i>The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak: Narrating the Events of His Life from 1838 to the Present Time</i></a>. 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Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Letters+of+Sir+James+Brooke%2C+Rajah+of+Sarawak%3A+Narrating+the+Events+of+His+Life+from+1838+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Brooke+%283%29&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgs3AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DI%2Bpossess%2Bno%2Bpower%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoggo1853" class="citation book cs1">Foggo, George (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIYxAQAAMAAJ&q=burmese&pg=PA7"><i>Adventures of Sir J. Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak</i></a>. Effingham Wilson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+of+Sir+J.+Brooke%2C+Rajah+of+Sarawak&rft.pub=Effingham+Wilson&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Foggo&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIYxAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dburmese%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring1859" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, John (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avisittophilipp00bowrgoog"><i>A Visit to the Philippine Islands</i></a>. 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Leonard Scott [American Edition]. pp. 53 volumes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+St.+John%27s+Borneo+in+The+North+British+Review&rft.pages=53+volumes&rft.pub=Leonard+Scott+%5BAmerican+Edition%5D&rft.date=1862&rft.au=anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101064464652%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1868" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Frederick (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEk3AAAAMAAJ&q=overstayed+his+furlough&pg=PA204"><i>The Career and Character of Rajah Brooke </i>in<i> Temple Bar</i></a>. Vol. 24. 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Vol. XLVIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.John%27s+Life+of+Sir+James+Brooke+in+Saturday+Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.date=1879&rft.au=anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsaturdayreviewof4818unse%23page%2F633%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall1882" class="citation web cs1">McDougall, Harriette (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html">"Sketches of Our Life at Sarawak (Illanun Pirates)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Canterbury" title="Project Canterbury">Project Canterbury</a>, Anglican History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Our+Life+at+Sarawak+%28Illanun+Pirates%29&rft.pub=Project+Canterbury%2C+Anglican+History&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Harriette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fasia%2Fsarawak%2Fsketches1882%2F16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. 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SEAP Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5"><bdi>978-0-87727-712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+Land+Sarawak%3A+Some+Recollections+of+an+Expatriate+Official&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-712-5&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalib1993" class="citation book cs1">Talib, Naimah S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:13391a/content"><i>The Development of the Sarawak Administrative Service from Its Inception (1840s) to 1963</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Sarawak+Administrative+Service+from+Its+Inception+%281840s%29+to+1963&rft.pub=University+of+Hull&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Talib&rft.aufirst=Naimah+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhydra.hull.ac.uk%2Fassets%2Fhull%3A13391a%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1994" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Paul (1994). <i>A dream of freedom: the early Sarawak Chinese</i>. Pelanduk Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-978-377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-978-377-3"><bdi>978-967-978-377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dream+of+freedom%3A+the+early+Sarawak+Chinese&rft.pub=Pelanduk+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-967-978-377-3&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFla_Boda1994" class="citation book cs1">la Boda, Sharon (1994). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.aulast=la+Boda&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1995" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Pat Foh (1995). <i>The Land of Freedom Fighters</i>. Ministry of Social Development, Sarawak.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Freedom+Fighters&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Social+Development%2C+Sarawak&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Pat+Foh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPybus1996" class="citation book cs1">Pybus, Cassandra (1996). <i>White Rajah: A Dynastic Intrigue</i>. Univ. of Queensland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-2857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-2857-5"><bdi>978-0-7022-2857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Rajah%3A+A+Dynastic+Intrigue&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7022-2857-5&rft.aulast=Pybus&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29366-5&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerstethHinton1996" class="citation book cs1">Bickersteth, Jane; Hinton, Amanda (1996). <i>Malaysia & Singapore Handbook</i>. Footprint Handbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-4909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-4909-4"><bdi>978-0-8442-4909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+%26+Singapore+Handbook&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8442-4909-4&rft.aulast=Bickersteth&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliotBickerstethBallard1996" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Joshua; Bickersteth, Jane; Ballard, Sebastian (1996). <i>Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook</i>. Trade & Trade & Travel Publications; New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%2C+Malaysia+%26+Singapore+Handbook&rft.pub=Trade+%26+Trade+%26+Travel+Publications%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Bickersteth%2C+Jane&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin1996" class="citation book cs1">Chin, Ung Ho (1996). <i>Chinese Politics in Sarawak: A Study of the Sarawak United People's Party</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0007-4"><bdi>978-983-56-0007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+in+Sarawak%3A+A+Study+of+the+Sarawak+United+People%27s+Party&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-983-56-0007-4&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Ung+Ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1998" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Anthony (1998). <i>Gentleman Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia 1770–1890</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-171-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Capitalists%3A+British+Imperialism+in+Southeast+Asia+1770%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-171-8&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulbeckReidChengYiqi1998" class="citation book cs1">Bulbeck, David; Reid, Anthony; Cheng, Tan Lay; Yiqi, Wu (1998). <i>Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3055-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3055-67-4"><bdi>978-981-3055-67-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Exports+Since+the+14th+Century%3A+Cloves%2C+Pepper%2C+Coffee%2C+and+Sugar&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-981-3055-67-4&rft.aulast=Bulbeck&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Reid%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Tan+Lay&rft.au=Yiqi%2C+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi1999" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (1999). <i>Rising Sun over Borneo: The Japanese Occupation of Sarawak, 1941–1945</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27300-3"><bdi>978-1-349-27300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Sun+over+Borneo%3A+The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Sarawak%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-349-27300-3&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Mary H. (1999). <i>Special Studies, Chronology, 1941–1945</i>. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001876-3"><bdi>978-0-16-001876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Studies%2C+Chronology%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-16-001876-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate1999" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Muzaffar (1999). <i>The power behind the state (A history of Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation (SESCO) and of Electricity Supply in Sarawak)</i>. Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-99360-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/983-99360-1-8"><bdi>983-99360-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+power+behind+the+state+%28A+history+of+Sarawak+Electricity+Supply+Corporation+%28SESCO%29+and+of+Electricity+Supply+in+Sarawak%29&rft.pub=Sarawak+Electricity+Supply+Corp.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=983-99360-1-8&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalib1999" class="citation book cs1">Talib, Naimah S. (1999). <i>Administrators and Their Service: The Sarawak Administrative Service Under the Brooke Rajahs and British Colonial Rule</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0031-9"><bdi>978-983-56-0031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrators+and+Their+Service%3A+The+Sarawak+Administrative+Service+Under+the+Brooke+Rajahs+and+British+Colonial+Rule&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-983-56-0031-9&rft.aulast=Talib&rft.aufirst=Naimah+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea2001" class="citation book cs1">Lea; et al. (2001). <i>A Political Chronology of South East Asia and Oceania</i>. Europa Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35659-0"><bdi>978-1-135-35659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+South+East+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35659-0&rft.au=Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling2001" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (2001). <i>A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941–1945</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-584-8"><bdi>978-1-85065-584-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sudden+Rampage%3A+The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-584-8&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). <i>World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-military+Study&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation book cs1">Walker, John Henry (2002). <i>Power and Prowess: The Origins of Brooke Kingship in Sarawak</i>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-711-5"><bdi>978-1-86508-711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Prowess%3A+The+Origins+of+Brooke+Kingship+in+Sarawak&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86508-711-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedesmaLewisSavage2003" class="citation book cs1">Ledesma, Charles de; Lewis, Mark; Savage, Pauline (2003). <i>Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei</i>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-094-7"><bdi>978-1-84353-094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Singapore+and+Brunei&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-094-7&rft.aulast=Ledesma&rft.aufirst=Charles+de&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&rft.au=Savage%2C+Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling2003" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (2003). <i>Imperialism in Southeast Asia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-57081-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-57081-3"><bdi>1-134-57081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-134-57081-3&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2004" class="citation book cs1">Reece, Bob (2004). <i>The White Rajahs of Sarawak: A Borneo Dynasty</i>. Archipelago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-11-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-11-3"><bdi>978-981-4155-11-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rajahs+of+Sarawak%3A+A+Borneo+Dynasty&rft.pub=Archipelago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-981-4155-11-3&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylyHarper2005" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Christopher Alan; Harper, Timothy Norman (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl"><i>Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01748-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Armies%3A+The+Fall+of+British+Asia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01748-1&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Alan&rft.au=Harper%2C+Timothy+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenarmiesf00bayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Ashley (2006). <i>The British Empire and the Second World War</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3760-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-3760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-3760-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2006" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Fadzilah Majid (2006). <i>State, Communities and Forests in Contemporary Borneo</i>. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-52-6"><bdi>978-1-920942-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Communities+and+Forests+in+Contemporary+Borneo&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920942-52-6&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Fadzilah+Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Caroline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171914/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/03/19/enlivening-brooke-legacy/">"Enlivening Brooke legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/03/19/enlivening-brooke-legacy/">the original</a> on 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Enlivening+Brooke+legacy&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2007%2F03%2F19%2Fenlivening-brooke-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeong_Jia2007" class="citation web cs1">Yeong Jia, Joshua Chia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012024013/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html">"The Borneo Company Limited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Borneo+Company+Limited&rft.pub=National+Library+Board&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Yeong+Jia&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Chia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_1248_2007-07-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramb2007" class="citation book cs1">Cramb, Rob A. (2007). <i>Land and Longhouse: Agrarian Transformation in the Uplands of Sarawak</i>. NIAS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-010-2"><bdi>978-87-7694-010-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Longhouse%3A+Agrarian+Transformation+in+the+Uplands+of+Sarawak&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-87-7694-010-2&rft.aulast=Cramb&rft.aufirst=Rob+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowthornCohenWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris; Cohen, Muhammad; Williams, C. (2008). <i>Borneo. Ediz. Inglese</i>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-105-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-105-8"><bdi>978-1-74059-105-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-105-8&rft.aulast=Rowthorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Williams%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Jim (2008). <i>Crossroads (2nd Edn): A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore</i>. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-48-2"><bdi>978-981-4435-48-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+%282nd+Edn%29%3A+A+Popular+History+of+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-4435-48-2&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2009" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig (2009). <i>Southeast Asia in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972196-2"><bdi>978-0-19-972196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972196-2&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiraishi2009" class="citation book cs1">Shiraishi, Takashi (2009). <i>Across the Causeway: A Multi-dimensional Study of Malaysia-Singapore Relations</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-783-5"><bdi>978-981-230-783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Causeway%3A+A+Multi-dimensional+Study+of+Malaysia-Singapore+Relations&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-230-783-5&rft.aulast=Shiraishi&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEguavoenLaube2010" class="citation book cs1">Eguavoen, Irit; Laube, Wolfram (2010). <i>Negotiating Local Governance: Natural Resources Management at the Interface of Communities and the State</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10673-5"><bdi>978-3-643-10673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Local+Governance%3A+Natural+Resources+Management+at+the+Interface+of+Communities+and+the+State&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10673-5&rft.aulast=Eguavoen&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Laube%2C+Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshikawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Ishikawa, Noboru (2010). <i>Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland</i>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-476-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-476-0"><bdi>978-0-89680-476-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Frontiers%3A+Nation+and+Identity+in+a+Southeast+Asian+Borderland&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-476-0&rft.aulast=Ishikawa&rft.aufirst=Noboru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2010" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (2010). <i>The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5"><bdi>978-0-521-12899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rajah%3A+A+History+of+Sarawak+from+1841+to+1946&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12899-5&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2011" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Arthur (2011). <i>Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 – 1999</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16999-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16999-5"><bdi>978-1-118-16999-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Power+in+Asia%3A+Its+Slow+Rise+and+Swift+Fall%2C+1415+%E2%80%93+1999&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-16999-5&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2011" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Gabriel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804082513/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/under-the-nippon-flag/">"Under the Nippon flag"</a>. <i>The Borneo Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/under-the-nippon-flag/">the original</a> on 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Under+the+Nippon+flag&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Funder-the-nippon-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBissonnetteBernardde_Koninck2011" class="citation book cs1">Bissonnette, Jean-Francois; Bernard, Stephane; de Koninck, Rodolphe (2011). <i>Borneo Transformed: Agricultural Expansion on the Southeast Asian Frontier</i>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-544-6"><bdi>978-9971-69-544-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Transformed%3A+Agricultural+Expansion+on+the+Southeast+Asian+Frontier&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-544-6&rft.aulast=Bissonnette&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rft.au=Bernard%2C+Stephane&rft.au=de+Koninck%2C+Rodolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakar2011" class="citation news cs1">Bakar, Lamah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306034306/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/03/01/the-story-behind-the-states-streets-and-roads/">"The story behind the state's streets and roads"</a>. <i>The Star (Malaysia)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/03/01/the-story-behind-the-states-streets-and-roads/">the original</a> on 6 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+%28Malaysia%29&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+the+state%27s+streets+and+roads&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bakar&rft.aufirst=Lamah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2011%2F03%2F01%2Fthe-story-behind-the-states-streets-and-roads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock2011" class="citation news cs1">Hock, Lim Kian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801123638/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/">"A look at the civil administration of Sarawak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borneo_Post" title="The Borneo Post">The Borneo Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/">the original</a> on 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=A+look+at+the+civil+administration+of+Sarawak&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Lim+Kian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Fa-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2011" class="citation book cs1">Gott, Richard (2011). <i>Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt</i>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-892-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-892-1"><bdi>978-1-84467-892-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Empire%3A+Resistance%2C+Repression+and+Revolt&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-892-1&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajuddin2012" class="citation book cs1">Tajuddin, Azlan (2012). <i>Malaysia in the World Economy (1824–2011): Capitalism, Ethnic Divisions, and "Managed" Democracy</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7196-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-7196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+in+the+World+Economy+%281824%E2%80%932011%29%3A+Capitalism%2C+Ethnic+Divisions%2C+and+%22Managed%22+Democracy&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7196-7&rft.aulast=Tajuddin&rft.aufirst=Azlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazis2012" class="citation book cs1">Hazis, Faisal S. (2012). <i>Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-58-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-58-8"><bdi>978-981-4311-58-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domination+and+Contestation%3A+Muslim+Bumiputera+Politics+in+Sarawak&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4311-58-8&rft.aulast=Hazis&rft.aufirst=Faisal+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2012" class="citation book cs1">Storey, Nicholas (2012). <i>Great British Adventurers</i>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84468-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84468-130-3"><bdi>978-1-84468-130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+British+Adventurers&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84468-130-3&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012). <i>Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2013" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Alan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820155904/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/">"Wallace and the Sarawak Law"</a>. <i>The Borneo Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/">the original</a> on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Wallace+and+the+Sarawak+Law&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2013%2F07%2F14%2Fwallace-and-the-sarawak-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2013" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Alex (2013). <i>Golden Dreams of Borneo</i>. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4797-9168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4797-9168-2"><bdi>978-1-4797-9168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Dreams+of+Borneo&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4797-9168-2&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2013" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, George MacDonald (2013). <i>Flashman's Lady</i>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-63386-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-63386-1"><bdi>978-1-101-63386-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flashman%27s+Lady&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-101-63386-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=George+MacDonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2013" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham (2013). <i>A History of Brunei</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87394-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). <i>Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7"><bdi>978-1-134-05803-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-war+Borneo%2C+1945%E2%80%9350%3A+Nationalism%2C+Empire+and+State-Building&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-05803-7&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley2013" class="citation book cs1">Barley, Nigel (2013). <i>White Rajah: A Biography of Sir James Brooke</i>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-13985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-13985-2"><bdi>978-0-349-13985-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Rajah%3A+A+Biography+of+Sir+James+Brooke&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-349-13985-2&rft.aulast=Barley&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2013" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2013). <i>Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12506-5"><bdi>978-1-136-12506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Minorities+in+the+Wartime+Japanese+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12506-5&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurandCurtis2014" class="citation book cs1">Durand, Frédéric; Curtis, Richard (2014). <i>Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress</i>. Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-3-2"><bdi>978-967-10617-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Malaysia+and+Borneo%3A+Discovery%2C+Statehood+and+Progress&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-967-10617-3-2&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuhaj2014" class="citation book cs1">Cuhaj, George S. (2014). <i>Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368–1960</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4267-0"><bdi>978-1-4402-4267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%2C+General+Issues%2C+1368%E2%80%931960&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-4267-0&rft.aulast=Cuhaj&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraumann2014" class="citation book cs1">Straumann, Lukas (2014). <i>Money Logging: On the Trail of the Asian Timber Mafia</i>. Schwabe AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905252-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-905252-69-9"><bdi>978-3-905252-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+Logging%3A+On+the+Trail+of+the+Asian+Timber+Mafia&rft.pub=Schwabe+AG&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-905252-69-9&rft.aulast=Straumann&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarawak_State_Government2014" class="citation web cs1">Sarawak State Government (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113608/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/237/248/">"Sarawak as a British Crown Colony (1946 â€" 1963)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak" title="Government of Sarawak">Government of Sarawak</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89507-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89507-7"><bdi>978-1-317-89507-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Colonial+Empires%3A+1815%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89507-7&rft.aulast=Wesseling&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepley2015" class="citation book cs1">Shepley, Nick (2015). <i>Red Sun at War Part II: Allied Defeat in the Far East</i>. Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78166-302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78166-302-8"><bdi>978-1-78166-302-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Sun+at+War+Part+II%3A+Allied+Defeat+in+the+Far+East&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78166-302-8&rft.aulast=Shepley&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarawak_Government_Railway2015" class="citation web cs1">Sarawak Government Railway (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searail.malayanrailways.com/Sarawak/Sarawak.htm">"Sarawak Government Railway"</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-023-037-709-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-023-037-709-7"><bdi>978-023-037-709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Change+in+East+Malaysia%3A+Sabah+and+Sarawak+since+1850&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-023-037-709-7&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y.2016" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson, Andaya; Leonard Y., Andaya (2016). <i>A History of Malaysia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3"><bdi>978-1-137-60515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60515-3&rft.aulast=Barbara+Watson&rft.aufirst=Andaya&rft.au=Leonard+Y.%2C+Andaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai2016" class="citation book cs1">Lai, Fanny (2016). <i>Visual Celebrations of Borneo's Wildlife</i>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-146-291-907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-146-291-907-9"><bdi>978-146-291-907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Celebrations+of+Borneo%27s+Wildlife&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-146-291-907-9&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapman2016" class="citation book cs1">Knapman, Gareth (2016). <i>Race and British Colonialism in Southeast Asia, 1770–1870: John Crawfurd and the Politics of Equality</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-45216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-45216-6"><bdi>978-1-315-45216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+British+Colonialism+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+1770%E2%80%931870%3A+John+Crawfurd+and+the+Politics+of+Equality&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-45216-6&rft.aulast=Knapman&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidhu2016" class="citation book cs1">Sidhu, Jatwan S. (2016). <i>Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6459-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-6459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6459-5&rft.aulast=Sidhu&rft.aufirst=Jatwan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, M. (2016). <i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1933</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27062-6"><bdi>978-0-230-27062-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1933&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27062-6&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPateman2017" class="citation book cs1">Pateman, Colin (2017). <i>B-24 Bridge Busters: RAF Liberators Over Burma</i>. Fonthill Media. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-12313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-12313-2"><bdi>978-1-317-12313-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Care+Systems+in+Developing+Countries+in+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-12313-2&rft.aulast=Aspalter&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelman2017" class="citation book cs1">Welman, Frans (2017). <i>Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1</i>. Booksmango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-245-082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-245-082-2"><bdi>978-616-245-082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Trilogy+Sarawak%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-616-245-082-2&rft.aulast=Welman&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2017" class="citation book cs1">Press, Steven (2017). <i>Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe's Scramble for Africa</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Administrative+Policy+and+Practice+in+Sarawak%3A+Continuity+and+Change+Under+the+Brookes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=851-862&rft.date=1970-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2943092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Reinhardt+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2023" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Francis (10 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230910002429/https://www.theborneopost.com/2023/09/10/bulan-the-high-tech-art-smart-tram-harking-back-to-days-of-sarawaks-railway/">"Bulan the high-tech ART smart tram – harking back to days of Sarawak's railway"</a>. The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2023/09/10/bulan-the-high-tech-art-smart-tram-harking-back-to-days-of-sarawaks-railway/">the original</a> on 10 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulan+the+high-tech+ART+smart+tram+%E2%80%93+harking+back+to+days+of+Sarawak%27s+railway&rft.date=2023-09-10&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2023%2F09%2F10%2Fbulan-the-high-tech-art-smart-tram-harking-back-to-days-of-sarawaks-railway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1960" class="citation web cs1">Runciman, Steven (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188502">"The White Rajahs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>. p. 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+White+Rajahs&rft.pages=340&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.188502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801125549/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html">"Sarawak: A Kingdom in the Jungle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sarawak%3A+A+Kingdom+in+the+Jungle&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F13%2Ftravel%2Fsarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801125110/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/chronology-of-sarawak-throughout-the-brooke-era-to-malaysia-day/">"Chronology of Sarawak throughout the Brooke Era to Malaysia Day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borneo_Post" title="The Borneo Post">The Borneo Post</a></i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/chronology-of-sarawak-throughout-the-brooke-era-to-malaysia-day/">the original</a> on 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Sarawak+throughout+the+Brooke+Era+to+Malaysia+Day&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Fchronology-of-sarawak-throughout-the-brooke-era-to-malaysia-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804182705/https://m.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100727">"Sarawak: A Most Unusual Territory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100727">the original</a> on 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Sarawak%3A+A+Most+Unusual+Territory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.thegazette.co.uk%2Fall-notices%2Fcontent%2F100727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807170205/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/234/245/">"The Brooke Era (1841 â€" 1941)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak" title="Government of Sarawak">Sarawak State Government</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/234/245/">the original</a> on 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brooke+Era+%281841+%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%22+1941%29&rft.pub=Sarawak+State+Government&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarawak.gov.my%2Fweb%2Fhome%2Farticle_view%2F234%2F245%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYap2016" class="citation news cs1">Yap, Joanna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812075205/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/03/tracing-influence-of-brunei-and-sambas-in-formation-of-swak/">"Tracing influence of Brunei and Sambas in formation of S'wak"</a>. <i>The Borneo Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/03/tracing-influence-of-brunei-and-sambas-in-formation-of-swak/">the original</a> on 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Tracing+influence+of+Brunei+and+Sambas+in+formation+of+S%27wak&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Yap&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2016%2F04%2F03%2Ftracing-influence-of-brunei-and-sambas-in-formation-of-swak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaj+of+Sarawak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1550596270">Trove</a> – Records of the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel – Borneo and Malaya 1778–1952</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a> (1917–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of heads of government of the Raj of Sarawak">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak">British representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_constitution_of_Sarawak" title="1941 constitution of Sarawak">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sarawak" title="Flag of Sarawak">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwiku" title="Ibu Pertiwiku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_dollar" title="Sarawak dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue stamps of Sarawak">Revenue stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Sarawak" title="Order of the Star of Sarawak">Order of the Star of Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Company_Limited" title="Borneo Company Limited">Borneo Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Rangers" title="Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Rangers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Alice" title="Fort Alice">Fort Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Margherita" title="Fort Margherita">Fort Margherita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sylvia" title="Fort Sylvia">Fort Sylvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Museum" title="Sarawak State Museum">Sarawak State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astana,_Sarawak" title="The Astana, Sarawak">The Astana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Tower_(Sarawak)" title="Square Tower (Sarawak)">Square Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Raj_of_Sarawak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Raj_of_Sarawak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Raj of Sarawak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template talk:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements <small>(1826–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States <small>(1885–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States <small>(1895–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union <small>(1946–1948)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony of Malacca <small>(1946–1957)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony of Penang <small>(1946–1957)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Crown Colony of Singapore <small>(1946–1963)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya <small>(1948–1957)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raj of Sarawak <small>(1841–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan <small>(1848–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo <small>(1882–1946)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei <small>(1888–1984)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak <small>(1946–1963)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo <small>(1946–1963)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template talk:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_The_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current viceregal representatives of The Crown">Governors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown<br />Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government,_1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Anguilla" title="Governor of Anguilla">Governor of Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory">Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory">Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Governor of the Virgin Islands">Governor of the Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Governor of the Cayman Islands">Governor of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="List of governors of the Falkland Islands">Governor of the Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montserrat" title="Governor of Montserrat">Governor of Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pitcairn" title="Governor of Pitcairn">Governor of Pitcairn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands">Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Africa)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Mauritius" title="Governor of British Mauritius">Governor of British Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cameroons">Governor of British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Gambia" title="List of colonial governors of the Gambia">Governor of the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Gold Coast">Governor of Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Lagos_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Lagos Colony">Governor of Lagos Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nyasaland">Governor of Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor of Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nigeria">Governor of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Senegal">Governor of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Seychelles">Governor of the Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sierra Leone">Governor of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Governors of British South African colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Governor of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tanganyika" title="List of governors of Tanganyika">Governor of Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uganda" title="List of governors of Uganda">Governor of Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Zanzibar" title="List of British representatives in Zanzibar">Resident in Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Americas)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of governors of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Barbados">Governor of Barbados</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Grenada">Lieutenant Governor of Grenada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Guiana">Governor of British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Honduras">Governor of British Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica">Governor of Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada#British_governors_of_Grenada_(1762–1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Leeward Islands">Governor of the Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Lucia">Governor of St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Vincent">Governor of St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tobago">Lieutenant governors of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad">Governor of Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Columbia">Governor of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New Brunswick">Governor of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Prince Edward Island">Governor of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760–1791" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Christopher,_Nevis_and_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla">Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Chief_of_the_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands">Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_West_Indies_Federation" title="Governor-General of the West Indies Federation">Governor-General of the West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of colonial governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida" title="List of colonial governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of colonial governors of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of colonial governors of New Hampshire">Governor of New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Governor of New-Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of New York">Governor of New-York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North-Carolina_(1712%E2%80%931776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of North-Carolina (1712–1776)">Governor of North-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor of South-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Asia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma" title="List of colonial governors of Burma">Governor of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States</a> <ul><li>Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states</li> <li>Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="General Adviser to the Government of Johore">General Adviser to the Government of Johore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah">Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Kelantan">Adviser to the Government of Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Perlis">Adviser to the Government of Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser,_Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser, Trengganu">Adviser, Trengganu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India" title="List of governors-general of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a> <ul><li>Heads of the provinces of British India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bombay Presidency">Governor of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency">Governor of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_in_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India">Governor of Sindh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_of_Gwalior" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident of Gwalior">Resident of Gwalior</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq#British_High_Commissioners_to_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">High Commissioner for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan" title="Governor of Labuan">Governor of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Muscat_and_Oman" title="List of British representatives in Muscat and Oman">Representative in Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Malaya">High Commissioner for Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Malayan_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Malayan Union">Governor of the Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_resident_ministers_in_Nepal" title="List of British resident ministers in Nepal">Resident Minister in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Governor of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak">Representative in the Raj of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Singapore" title="List of governors of Singapore">Governor of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Trucial_States" title="List of British representatives in the Trucial States">Representative in the Trucial States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Europe)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governor of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Isle of Wight">Governor of the Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_commissioners_of_Malta" title="List of civil commissioners of Malta">Civil Commissioner of Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malta">Governor of Malta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Minorca">Governor of Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Oceania)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governor of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resident_commissioners_and_governors_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of resident commissioners and governors of the Solomon Islands">Governor of the Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_consuls_in_Tonga" title="List of British consuls in Tonga">Consul in Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific" title="High Commissioner for the Western Pacific">High Commissioner for the Western Pacific</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="former(Australia)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Australia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_Central_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of Central Australia">Government Resident of Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_North_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of North Australia">Government Resident of North Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Governor of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Governor of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Swan_River_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony">Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_the_British_monarch" title="Category:Viceroys of the British monarch">category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />history<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">Proclamation of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2019 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkred;">(on hold) ★ first tabling</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia#March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2021 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkgreen;">(passed) ★ second tabling</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_Dutch_Borneo,_1898.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898."><img alt="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/150px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/225px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/300px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of<br />Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy#North_Borneo" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Self-government of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Double Six Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks from the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Water_Department_corruption_probe" title="Sabah State Water Department corruption probe">Sabah State Water Department corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of<br />Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raj of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Self-government of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sarawak_HFMD_outbreak" title="1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak">1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan#History" title="Labuan">History of<br />Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1904)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–46)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Covers the three territories</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&oldid=1259080393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_of_Sarawak&oldid=1259080393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Category:Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Borneo" title="Category:British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li><li><a 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territories disestablished in 1946</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1841_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1841 establishments in Asia">1841 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_disestablishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1946 disestablishments in Asia">1946 disestablishments in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from July 2017">EngvarB from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2017">Use dmy dates from July 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