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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_LPFM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Origins of LPFM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_LPFM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_Broadcasting_Preservation_Act_of_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Broadcasting_Preservation_Act_of_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Broadcasting_Preservation_Act_of_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.3</span> <span>Local Community Radio Act of 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.4</span> <span>Local Community Radio Act of 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.5</span> <span>Local Community Radio Act of 2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.6</span> <span>Local Community Radio Act of 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_LPFM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_LPFM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Arguments for LPFM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_LPFM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_against_LPFM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against_LPFM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Arguments against LPFM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_LPFM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LPFM_vs._broadcast_translators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LPFM_vs._broadcast_translators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>LPFM vs. broadcast translators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LPFM_vs._broadcast_translators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AM_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AM_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>AM radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AM_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_A_LPTV_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_A_LPTV_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Class A LPTV stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_A_LPTV_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Must-carry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Must-carry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Must-carry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Must-carry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Network affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Digital transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=LPTV&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="LPTV">LPTV</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radio or TV service, 100W or less</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Low-power radio" redirects here. For other low-power radio-wave communications, see <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">Near-field communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-power_wide-area_network" title="Low-power wide-area network">Low-power wide-area network</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPAM_Device.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/LPAM_Device.png/220px-LPAM_Device.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/LPAM_Device.png/330px-LPAM_Device.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/LPAM_Device.png/440px-LPAM_Device.png 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="3368" /></a><figcaption>An LPAM <a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">antenna</a> in a beer tent</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Low-power broadcasting</b> is <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting#Station" title="Radio broadcasting">broadcast station</a> at a low <a href="/wiki/Transmitter_power_output" title="Transmitter power output">transmitter power output</a> to a smaller service area than "full power" stations within the same region. It is often distinguished from "micropower broadcasting" (more commonly "<a href="/wiki/Microbroadcasting" title="Microbroadcasting">microbroadcasting</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">broadcast translators</a>. <b><abbr title="Low Power Amplitude Modulation">LPAM</abbr></b>, <b><abbr title="Low Power Frequency Modulation">LPFM</abbr></b> and <b><abbr title="Low Power Television">LPTV</abbr></b> are in various levels of use across the world, varying widely based on the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Enforcement" title="Enforcement">enforcement</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio communications in Canada are regulated by the Radio Communications and Broadcasting Regulatory Branch, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Industry_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry Canada">Industry Canada</a>, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC). Interested parties must apply for both a certificate from Industry Canada and a license from CRTC in order to operate a radio station. Industry Canada manages the technicalities of spectrum space and technological requirements whereas content regulation is conducted more so by CRTC. </p><p>LPAM stations are authorized to operate with less than 100 watts of power.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LPFM is broken up into two classes in Canada, Low (50 watts) and Very Low (10 watts). The transmitters therefore range from 1 to 50 watts, as opposed to 1 to 100 watts in the U.S. As of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 500 licenses (very low and low-power FM) have been issued. These transmitters are generally only allowed in remote areas. </p><p>Stations in the low-power class are subject to the same CRTC licensing requirements, and will generally follow the same <a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_Canada" title="Call signs in Canada">call sign</a> format, as full-power stations. Stations in the very low-power class formerly had to have CRTC licenses as well, although a series of CRTC regulation changes in the early 2000s exempted most such stations from licensing; a station in this class will usually not have a conventional call sign, but will instead be identified in a naming format consisting of a four-digit number preceded by the letters <b>CH</b> for a television station or <b>VF</b> for a radio station. </p><p>The regulation of spectrum space is strict in Canada, as well having restrictions on second and third adjacent channels, along with other protections for AM and FM commercial radio. In addition, because there have been a few cases that found that FM frequencies have caused interference to the aeronautical navigation and communications (NAV/COM) spectrum (though evidence is not very concrete presently), <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> regulation has remained very strict as well. However, the two regulating bodies do have certain exemptions. For example, low-power announcement transmitters that meet the requirement of Broadcasting Equipment Technical Standards 1, Limited Duration Special Events Distribution Undertakings, Temporary Resource Development Distribution Undertakings, and Public Emergency Radio Undertakings are a few instances, which according to certain criteria, may be exempt from certificate/license requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A television station is considered very low power if its power does not exceed 2 watts for a VHF station, or 10 watts for a UHF station.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-power analog & digital television stations are authorized to operate with up to 50 watts in VHF, or 500 watts for a UHF station.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> residents are allowed a broadcast license (free-of-charge) at a maximum of 1 watt <a href="/wiki/EIRP" class="mw-redirect" title="EIRP">EIRP</a> in the FM guardbands from 87.6 to 88.3 and from 106.7 to 107.7 MHz under a General User Radio License (GURL), which is issued by Radio <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_management" title="Spectrum management">Spectrum Management</a>, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Business,_Innovation_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment</a>. Prior to June 2010, the lower band was located between 88.1 and 88.8 and a maximum of 500 mW EIRP allowed. Broadcasters on these frequencies are required to cease operations if they interfere with other, licensed broadcasters and have no protection from interference from other licensed or unlicensed broadcasters. Contact details must also be broadcast every hour.<sup id="cite_ref-NZRSM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZRSM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further restrictions are in place for the protection of aeronautical services. Use of the following frequencies is not permitted within certain boundaries approaching Auckland and Wellington airports:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 107.5 to 107.7, and 107.0 to 107.3 MHz, respectively. </p><p>There exists a 25 km <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translator</a> rule: one licensee may operate two transmitters anywhere (close together), but a third transmitter must be at least 25 km away from at least one of the first two transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-NZRSM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZRSM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are efforts on self-regulation of the broadcasters themselves. The NZRSM Radio Inspectors do, however, regularly monitor and make random unannounced visits to broadcasters, and will impose fines for violations of the regulations. New broadcasters are also subject to an initial compulsory inspection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Temporary low-power stations are allowed at times via a <a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a>. Since 2001, long-term LPFM licenses have been available in remote areas of the country. These are currently used for many establishments, including <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a>, universities and hospitals with fixed boundaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the 18th of June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> (Office of Communications) began a trial of expanding the number of LPFM stations in the United Kingdom by issuing licenses to broadcast to many more hospitals and military bases. This was done in order to see if such broadcasts could be feasibly achieved in events where they would be needed without interfering with other broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM_radio">FM radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FM radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low Power FM (LPFM) is a <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> broadcast radio service created by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 2000. LPFM licenses, which are limited to a maximum <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> (ERP) of 100 watts, may be issued to non-commercial educational entities, as well as public safety and transportation organizations. Individuals and holders of other types of broadcast licenses are not eligible. In addition, LPFM stations are not protected from interference from other classes of FM stations.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_LPFM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_LPFM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LPFM_classes">LPFM classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: LPFM classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Class L1 (LP100) is to 100 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> (ERP). (<span><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">47 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-73.811">73.811</a></span>)</li> <li>Class L2 (L10) is at least 1 and up to 10 watts ERP. (<span><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">47 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-73.811">73.811</a></span>)</li></ul> <p>In addition, Class D educational licenses exist for stations of 10 watts <a href="/wiki/Transmitter_power_output" title="Transmitter power output">transmitter power output</a> (TPO) or less, regardless of ERP. These stations are all grandfathered operations, as no new licenses of this type have been issued since 1978, except in Alaska. They are not considered to be LPFM stations, although they operate noncommercially and have similar coverage areas to Class L2 stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Origins_of_LPFM">Origins of LPFM</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins of LPFM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> established Low Power FM (LPFM) as a new designated class of radio station. These stations were allowed to operate at 1–10 or 50–100 watts of power, compared to the minimum requirement for commercial stations at 100 watts. (<span><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">47 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-73.211">73.211</a></span>). Originally, it was supported by activists and groups associated with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">American progressivism</a>; music artists (such as <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a>); religious leaders/churches (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>); and educators (for example, <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication Workers of America">Communication Workers of America</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities" title="National League of Cities">National League of Cities</a>). </p><p>The original purpose of LPFM was to serve as an alternative to "<a href="/wiki/Radio_homogenization" title="Radio homogenization">radio homogenization</a>", described in 2001 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journalism_%26_Mass_Communication_Quarterly" title="Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly">J & MC Quarterly</a></i>, as "... Necessary to offset the growing consolidation of station ownership in the wake of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which removed caps on radio ownership, as well as the decline of locally produced radio programming."<sup id="cite_ref-Class_D_to_LPFM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_D_to_LPFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main opposition to LPFMs came from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> (NAB), which opposed the act on grounds to "maintain spectrum integrity" for commercial broadcasting, according to NAB President Edward O. Fritts.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_D_to_LPFM_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_D_to_LPFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radio_Broadcasting_Preservation_Act_of_2000">Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pressure from the National Association of Broadcasters urged <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to slip the Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000 into a general spending bill then moving through Congress. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed the bill in December 2000. The bill passed by Congress (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp106&sid=cp106nfZjS&refer=&r_n=hr567.106&item=&sel=TOC_12219&">H.R.567</a>) was meant to tighten standards for LPFM stations, making it harder for them to be approved, to protect full-power FM stations through certain provisions: </p> <ol><li>The FCC has the ability and jurisdiction to license LPFM stations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Third adjacent channel interference protections require LPFM stations to be separated by at least 0.6 MHz from all other stations, to prevent signal interference.</li> <li>Applicants who have engaged in the unlicensed operation of any station cannot receive LPFM licenses.</li> <li>The FCC agreed to commission studies on the interference by, and economic impact of, LPFM on full-power stations (the findings, later published in the <i><a href="/wiki/MITRE_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="MITRE Corporation">MITRE Corporation</a> Report</i>, suggest that third adjacent channel interference protections may not be necessary).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>This act shifted policy making from the FCC to Congress, which was considered an insult against the FCC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2005">Local Community Radio Act of 2005</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local Community Radio Act of 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Local Community Radio Act of 2005 was introduced by Senators <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>. After the FCC complied with the provisions of the Radio Broadcasting Act of 2000 by commissioning <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recnet.net/mitre/2.pdf">the MITRE Report</a> to test if there was significant interference from LPFM stations on the full-power stations, the study showed that the interference of LPFM is minimal and would not have a significant effect on other stations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sen. Leahy, "This bill will open up the airwaves to truly local broadcasting while protecting full-power broadcasters from unreasonable interference and preserving important services such as reading services for the blind."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2007">Local Community Radio Act of 2007</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Local Community Radio Act of 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sponsored in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> by Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Mike_Doyle_(Pennsylvania_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Doyle (Pennsylvania politician)">Mike Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Terry" title="Lee Terry">Lee Terry</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> by Senators Maria Cantwell and John McCain, the Local Community Radio Act of 2007 never came to a vote. The House bill, H.R. 2802, was referred to the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet on June 21, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-govtrack.us_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the bill was not passed in FY 2007, the bill was removed from the docket as <i>Never Passed</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2009">Local Community Radio Act of 2009</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local Community Radio Act of 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bill was an update of the Local Community Radio Act of 2007. It would have required the FCC to alter current rules by removing the minimum frequency separation between low-power FM stations and third-adjacent channel stations.<sup id="cite_ref-ww-111hr1147_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-111hr1147-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, there was a minimum frequency separation; however the FCC found that LPFM stations did not cause any interference on third-adjacent channel stations, thus eliminating the need for such a requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Local Community Radio Act of 2009 also would have required that the FCC keep the rules that offer interference protection to third-adjacent channels that offer a <a href="/wiki/Radio_reading_service" title="Radio reading service">radio reading service</a> (the reading of newspapers, books or magazines for those who are blind or hearing impaired).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This protection will ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by LPFM stations.<sup id="cite_ref-govtrack.us_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to FM stations, the FCC must make sure that these licenses are also available to LPFM stations and that licensing decisions are made with regard to local community needs.<sup id="cite_ref-ww-111hr1147_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-111hr1147-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill had unanimous bipartisan support from FCC leadership. It was passed by the House and referred to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Local_Community_Radio_Act_of_2010">Local Community Radio Act of 2010</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Local Community Radio Act of 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Local Community Radio Act of 2010 (based upon the legislation originally introduced in 2005) was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on January 4, 2011, as <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/371?link-type=html">111–371 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/371?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, after passage in the House on December 17, 2010, and the U.S. Senate on December 18, 2010. In a statement after the bill became law, Federal Communications Commission chairman <a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a> said, "Low power FM stations are small, but they make a giant contribution to local community programming. This important law eliminates the unnecessary restrictions that kept these local stations off the air in cities and towns across the country." The Act states that the Federal Communications Commission, when licensing new FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations, should ensure that licenses are available to FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations; such decisions are made based on the needs of the local community; and FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations remain equal in status and secondary to existing and modified full-service FM stations. </p><p>In general, the FCC was to modify its rules to eliminate third-adjacent minimum frequency separation requirements between low-power FM stations; and full-service FM stations, FM translator stations, and FM booster stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments_for_LPFM">Arguments for LPFM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arguments for LPFM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(advocacy_group)" title="Free Press (advocacy group)">Free Press</a>, a non-partisan advocacy organization pushing for media reform, promoting "diversity and independent media ownership, strong public media, and universal access to communications,"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voiced its support of LPFM for a variety of reasons: <ul><li>It strengthens community identity.</li> <li>It creates an outlet for amateur musicians to have their music heard.</li> <li>It promotes diversity on the air because more women and racial minorities are represented.</li> <li>It creates an opportunity for young people, especially college students, who are interested in radio to learn about the business.</li> <li>It provides farmers with up to date agricultural information.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Radio_Project" title="Prometheus Radio Project">Prometheus Radio Project</a>, a non-profit organization that "builds, supports, and advocates for community radio stations which empower participatory community voices and movements for social change,"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also supported LPFM, citing these reasons: <ul><li>The media should not limit democratic participation but should provide a way for communities and movements to express themselves</li> <li>Public airwaves shouldn't be concentrated in private/corporate hands</li> <li>Low Power FM gives a voice to communities</li> <li>Low Power FM needs to be protected from big broadcasters</li></ul></li></ul> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focusing on a LPFM station, <a href="/wiki/KOCZ-LP" title="KOCZ-LP">KOCZ-LP</a>, highlights a number of key arguments favoring low-powered broadcasting: </p> <ul><li>"In Louisiana, a large African-American community appreciates how LPFM plays a genre of music called <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, a potent blend of <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> and, among a younger generation, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>, often features accordion and washboard.“</li> <li>LPFM influences commercial radio to offer listeners a wider range of music. "Commercial stations had started playing more zydeco since KOCZ started broadcasting in 2002. 'They know that we make them better,' an advocate said."</li> <li>Because LPFM is non-commercial, schools and organizations are able to promote many projects that help serve the local community. "KOCZ is licensed to the Southern Development Foundation, a civil rights group that grants scholarships and runs a business incubator but has fallen on hard times. The foundation treats the station as a 24-hour form of community outreach. "</li> <li>LPFM promotes a very close community. "A woman walked into the station ... asked for an announcement to be broadcast about her lost dog... 'She was able to get her dog back the next day’”</li> <li>LPFM is crucial for small communities in times of emergencies. “A low power FM radio station can stay on the air even if the power goes out. Low power FM saved lives during Katrina.”</li></ul> <p>Former President Bill Clinton has also become an advocate of LPFM for "giving voice to the voiceless", including schools, community-based organizations, churches, and ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown Paper Tickets CEO Steve Butcher supports LPFM, stating in a letter to the FCC, "We hear from event producers frequently who can't afford radio ad buys on commercial stations. These local entrepreneurs can afford underwriting on smaller stations that can help build awareness about their events."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LPFM stations are considered to be affordable compared to an average FM station, whose operating costs can run up to a million dollars, and could only afforded by businesses and the very wealthy. An antenna and transmitter can cost between $2,000 and $5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments_against_LPFM">Arguments against LPFM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arguments against LPFM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Signal interference on FM station – High-power FM stations express concern that LPFM stations may cause interference with their signals if third adjacent-channel interference protections are not observed. While the Mitre Report suggests that the likelihood for interference is not as threatening as previously thought, high-power FM stations question the methodology, scope and validity of the study and its results.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>FM translators – These devices allow a radio station to rebroadcast its signal to reach a greater area. FM translators could benefit religious broadcasters wishing to reach a larger audience, as well as many AM radio stations who, due to <a href="/wiki/Ionospheric_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionospheric reflection">ionospheric refraction</a>, are required to emit weaker signals during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FM translators are low-power, so compete with LPFM for limited space on the airwaves.</li> <li>In some states, the local <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> operates large networks of LPFM stations that act as <a href="/wiki/Highway_advisory_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway advisory radio">highway advisory radio</a> stations – a service traditionally operated at the fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> band – restricting the number of available channels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (these systems can be licensed to the entire AM band, but the LPFM service provides considerably greater coverage at 100 watts than the 10-watt limit on AM – hence the considerable appeal for government agencies).</li> <li>Some investors in radio believe LPFM services prevent the development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> is a major opponent to low-power FM. Their stance is that allowing more flexible rules for LPFM would burden other stations by forcing them to deal with interference problems and because full-power broadcasters reach a broader audience and provide a greater service, they should be favored regarding spectrum availability.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The National Association of Broadcasters is the other major source of opposition. Its stance is that full-power FM broadcasters “enhance localism” by providing community-responsive information such as emergency information. Allowing low-power FM stations to have equal spectrum rights could be detrimental to these necessary programs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LPFM_vs._broadcast_translators">LPFM vs. broadcast translators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: LPFM vs. broadcast translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station#Great_Translator_Invasion_of_2003" title="Broadcast relay station">Broadcast relay station § Great Translator Invasion of 2003</a></div> <p>Unlike the former <a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes#FM" class="mw-redirect" title="List of broadcast station classes">FM class D</a> license, an LPFM station has no priority over broadcast translators in the allocation of available spectrum. This is problematic insofar as the regulations for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translators</a> exempts non-commercial stations from the requirement that translators be within the coverage area of the original station that they rebroadcast. However, this provision only affects translators in the non-commercial portion of the band. Stations in the commercial part of the spectrum must be fed over the air unless they are within the actual service area of the primary station. Since the translator window of 2003 was only open for commercial channels, the use of directly-fed via satellite FM translators, commonly called "Satellators", was never a factor in the 2003 window. </p><p>The FCC licensing window for new translator applications in 2003 resulted in over 13,000 applications being filed,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of them coming from a few religious broadcasters. However even though all translators on commercial frequencies must be fed by a direct, over-the-air source, regardless of who owns the translator per FCC rule 74.1231(b),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the actual over-the-air source (the primary station) can be satellite fed, just as commercial stations can be fed by satellite. This leads to programming from a single station (retransmitted by many others) ending up on several hundred different translators. One station cannot apply for hundreds or thousands of translators nationwide, using automated means to generate license applications for all available channels, unless all of their applications are exclusively on the non-commercial part of the broadcast band (88–91.9 MHz). (<span><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">47 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-74.1231(b)">74.1231(b)</a></span>) As with any new service that shares the FM spectrum, when translators are added to an area, they can reduce or eliminate the availability of channels both for new LPFM applicants and for relocation of any existing LPFM stations displaced by full-service broadcasters. Unlike an LPFM station, a translator is not required to (and legally not authorized to) originate any local content except as permitted by <span><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">47 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-74.1231">74.1231</a></span>. Thus there is competition for spectrum in some locations between the LPFM service and the FM translator service. </p><p>In May 2018, several groups supporting community-based low-power FM stations filed objections with the FCC, citing the <a href="/wiki/Local_Community_Radio_Act" title="Local Community Radio Act">Local Community Radio Act</a>, accusing it of favoring existing station coverage expansion with translator licenses - "a spectrum grab" - over new LPFM spectrum licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prometheus_May_2018_translator_objections_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prometheus_May_2018_translator_objections-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AM_radio">AM radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: AM radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting#Microbroadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting § Microbroadcasting</a></div> <p>The acronym 'LPAM' is not a legal term in the United States and is only used as an acronym. Unlike LPFM stations, which have legal and regulatory status, FCC rules do not define "LPAM" nor issue licenses for low-power AM transmission. LPAM is only an acronym applied to licensed low-power AM operations and to <a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">Part 15</a> transmissions as well. </p><p>Any use of the term "low power AM" in FCC licensing for United States stations is the requirement for higher-power licensed AM stations to reduce their transmit power at nighttime – post-sunset / pre-sunrise – as a condition of their high-power broadcast authorization. There is a category <i>class D</i> for AM broadcast licenses, which limited stations to daytime-only transmission before regulations changed in the 1980s. Many, but not all, class D stations have been granted authority to broadcast at night with enough power to be heard within a few miles of their transmitters. </p><p>Other LPAM operations are known as <a href="/wiki/Travelers%27_Information_Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelers' Information Stations">Travelers' Information Stations</a> (TIS), sometimes also called highway advisory radio (HAR). Authorized under FCC Part 90.242, these are stations licensed to local transportation departments or other governmental or quasi-governmental agencies to provide bulletins to motorists regarding traffic conditions. These are often near highways and airports, and occasionally other tourism attractions such as <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>. Some are used by chemical and nuclear facilities for emergency evacuation information systems, others by public safety entities for mobile operations. </p><p>Music is not allowed on TIS/HAR stations, and they are restricted to only 3 kHz wide, "<a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">low-fidelity audio</a>", compared to the 10 kHz audio for standard AM broadcasters and 15 kHz audio permitted on FM stations. (Modern AM stations in the US actually restrict their audio from 5 kHz down to 2.5 kHz - roughly the same as to TIS stations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Travelers%27_Information_Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelers' Information Stations">TIS</a> transmissions are normally authorized for 10 watts or less, although some higher authorizations exist, primarily in locations where emergency evacuation may become necessary. The 60–watt TIS stations on 1640 and 1680 kHz at <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have the highest licensed power among full-time TIS stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_(LPTV)_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_(30977386063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg/220px-Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg/330px-Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg/440px-Figure_4_Low_Power_Television_%28LPTV%29_Stations%27_Communities_of_License_as_of_May_2016_%2830977386063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>Low Power Television stations in the US by community of license</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than 2,450 licensed low-power television (LPTV) stations in the U.S., which are located in markets of all sizes, from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (five stations, though more exist in the market from other <a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">cities of license</a>) down to <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City, Kansas</a> (two stations).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>LPTV (-LP) and LPTV Digital (-LD) are common in the U.S., Canada and most of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, where most stations originate their own programming. Stations that do not originate their own programming are designated as <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station#Broadcast_translators" title="Broadcast relay station">translators</a> (-TX). The Community Broadcasters Act of 1998 directed the FCC to create a classification of LPTV licenses called <a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A</a> (-CA) and Class A Digital (-CD). Digital low-power and Class-A television stations have an ERP limit of 3,000 watts (3 kW) for VHF, and 15 kilowatts for UHF.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LPTV service is considered a secondary service by the FCC, which means the licensee is not guaranteed protection from interference or displacement. An LPTV station must accept harmful interference from full-service television stations and may not cause harmful interference to any full-service television station (the FCC defines interference levels deemed to be "harmful"). The problem with potential displacement was made evident during the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">transition of broadcasting in the United States from analog to digital</a>. All television stations operating on UHF channels 38 and above were required to move to channel 36 or below. Full-service stations were guaranteed a place to land in the new compressed band while LPTV stations operating on channels 38 and above were required to either enter a channel-sharing agreement with another station or lose their license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_A_LPTV_stations">Class A LPTV stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Class A LPTV stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC provided a one-time filing opportunity for existing LPTV stations to become Class A stations. The designation was only available to LPTV stations that were producing two hours per week of local programming. Class A stations had to maintain a production studio within their Grade B contour, and comply with many of the requirements placed on full-service television stations. This allowed them to obtain protected channel status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Must-carry">Must-carry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Must-carry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the key distinctions between full-service television stations and low-power stations is <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> (DBS) carriage. Full-service stations are guaranteed carriage in their local <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">television market</a> through "<a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">must-carry</a>" whereas LPTV stations are not. In 2008, there was an effort put forward by FCC chairman Kevin Martin to grant must-carry rights to Class A LPTV stations. The effort failed due to a lack of support from the other FCC commissioners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network_affiliates">Network affiliates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Network affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though many low-power television stations are either unaffiliated, or broadcast programming from small networks meant for their use, some LPTV stations are affiliated with minor broadcast networks like <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> or <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>. Examples include in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> with <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> on <a href="/wiki/WBTS-CD" title="WBTS-CD">WBTS-CD</a>; <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>, where a pair of LPTV stations based at <a href="/wiki/WYFX-LD" title="WYFX-LD">WYFX-LD</a> broadcast <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> programming, along with the <a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">digital subchannel</a> of the co-owned <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate, <a href="/wiki/WKBN-TV" title="WKBN-TV">WKBN-TV</a>; or in the <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Ohio" title="Lima, Ohio">Lima, Ohio</a> area, whose low-power stations are affiliates of major networks, such as <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_transition">Digital transition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Digital transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">Digital television transition in the United States</a></div> <p>On July 15, 2011, the FCC issued an order to low-power broadcasters that effectively required all remaining television transmitters to vacate channels 52 to 69 by December 31, 2011. Originally, all low power analog TV stations were required to shut off by September 1, 2015, however, the deadline for low-power television stations and translators was postponed due to a spectrum auction that took place. While Class-A television stations were required to sign off on September 1, 2015, the last remaining low-powered analog television stations had signed off by July 13, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike AM and FM, unlicensed use of television bands is prohibited for broadcasting. The <a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">amateur television</a> channels do allow for some very limited non-entertainment transmissions however, with some <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> airing <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a> during <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">missions</a> when they are not in local use. </p><p>The low-power television industry was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Community_Broadcasters_Association" title="Community Broadcasters Association">Community Broadcasters Association</a> (CBA), which held its annual convention each year in October and an annual meeting each year in April at the National Association of Broadcasters Convention in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. The meeting was open to anyone interested in the low-power television industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On August 13, 2009, the CBA announced in a statement that it would shut down after 20 years of representing LPTV stations. One reason given was the "restrictive regulations that kept the Class A and LPTV industry from realizing its potential". Another was the inability to reach most viewers, partly due to <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_video_programming_distributor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel video programming distributor">multichannel video programming distributors</a> refusing to carry these channels. In addition, Amy Brown, former CBA executive director, said, "some 40% of Class A and LPTV station operators believe they will have to shut down in the next year if they are not helped through the digital transition."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2006, the FCC released its Notices of Proposed Rules for Digital Radio. The Commission reaffirms its commitment to provide broadcasters with the opportunity to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital audio broadcasting</a> (DAB) technology, proposed criteria for evaluating models and systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/In-band_on-channel" title="In-band on-channel">In-band on-channel</a> (IBOC) system, and inquired on the needs for a mandatory DAB transmission standard. </p><p>In section 39 of the Notice, the FCC inquires as how to balance incentives for broadcasters to switch to digital systems with incumbents of new entrance opportunities, stating that they “seek analyses of the minimum power levels that would preserve service within protected service areas in an all-digital environment, and alternatively, the levels that would not result in significant disruptions to current listening patterns.”<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DAB system that was identified as the best fit for LPFM was IBOC. This hybrid system uses existing frequencies and can operate carrying digital information along with analog broadcast signal on the sidebands. However, the digital carriers require the bandwidth to be widened, which would cause interference to stations on the first adjacent channel. If LPFM adopts IBOC, then LPFM would also need to accept a second adjacent channel restriction between two LPFM stations, as there is a potential that the sidebands of two LPFM stations would overlap causing interference. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, imposing a second adjacent channel restriction would impact less than 10 LPFM stations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_current#Low-power_broadcasting_stations" title="Carrier current">Carrier current#Low-power broadcasting stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of broadcast station classes">List of broadcast station classes</a> – Explanation on broadcasting classes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_call_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="North American call sign">North American call sign</a> – How <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call signs</a> and classes are used in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_prefix" title="ITU prefix">ITU prefix</a> – How callsigns and classes are used worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LPFM_stations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LPFM stations in New Zealand">List of LPFM stations in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">Cognitive radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">Wireless mesh network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/spectrum-management-telecommunications/en/official-publications/procedures/broadcasting-procedures-and-rules-bpr/bpr-2-application-procedures-and-rules-am-broadcasting-undertakings#s2.10">ISED Canada, Circular BPR-2, section 2.10; retrieved June 8, 2023.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIndustry_Canada._Radiocommunications_and_Broadcasting_Regulatory_Branch,_Spectrum_and_Telecommunications_Management.2000" class="citation cs2">Industry Canada. Radiocommunications and Broadcasting Regulatory Branch, Spectrum and Telecommunications Management. (2000), <i>Frequently asked questions on low power FM broadcasting (RIC-40)</i>, Ottawa, Canada: Spectrum Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions+on+low+power+FM+broadcasting+%28RIC-40%29&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Spectrum+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Industry+Canada.+Radiocommunications+and+Broadcasting+Regulatory+Branch%2C+Spectrum+and+Telecommunications+Management.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/spectrum-management-telecommunications/en/licences-and-certificates/broadcasting/broadcasting-procedures-and-rules-bpr/bpr-4-application-procedures-and-rules-television-broadcasting-undertakings#s6">BPR-4, section 7.1.1.1; retrieved June 8, 2023.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/spectrum-management-telecommunications/en/licences-and-certificates/broadcasting/broadcasting-procedures-and-rules-bpr/bpr-4-application-procedures-and-rules-television-broadcasting-undertakings#s5">ISED circular BPR-4, section 5.1.1.3; retrieved June 8, 2023.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/spectrum-management-telecommunications/en/official-publications/procedures/broadcasting-procedures-and-rules-bpr/bpr-10-application-procedures-and-rules-digital-television-dtv-undertakings#s4">ISED circular BPR-10, section 4.3.5; retrieved June 8, 2023.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZRSM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZRSM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZRSM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsm.govt.nz/cms/licensees/types-of-licence/general-user-licences/low-power-fm-broadcasting">"Radiocommunications Regulations (General User Licence for Low Power FM Broadcasting) Notice 2010"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiocommunications+Regulations+%28General+User+Licence+for+Low+Power+FM+Broadcasting%29+Notice+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsm.govt.nz%2Fcms%2Flicensees%2Ftypes-of-licence%2Fgeneral-user-licences%2Flow-power-fm-broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130094343/https://www.rsm.govt.nz/about-rsm/pdf-and-documents-library/spectrum-policy/official-information-notices-gazette/gurl-notices/low-power-fm-broadcasting/radiocommunications-regulations-general-user-radio-licence-for-low-power-fm-broadcasting-notice-2010.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsm.govt.nz/about-rsm/pdf-and-documents-library/spectrum-policy/official-information-notices-gazette/gurl-notices/low-power-fm-broadcasting/radiocommunications-regulations-general-user-radio-licence-for-low-power-fm-broadcasting-notice-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsm.govt.nz%2Fabout-rsm%2Fpdf-and-documents-library%2Fspectrum-policy%2Fofficial-information-notices-gazette%2Fgurl-notices%2Flow-power-fm-broadcasting%2Fradiocommunications-regulations-general-user-radio-licence-for-low-power-fm-broadcasting-notice-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/restricted-radio-services/limited-coverage-trial/">"Limited coverage FM restricted service radio trial licensing"</a>. <i>www.ofcom.org.uk</i>. June 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+%26+Cable&rft.atitle=Community+Broadcasters+Association+to+Shutter&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastingcable.com%2Farticle%2F327560-Community_Broadcasters_Association_to_Shutter.php%3Frssid%3D20068%26q%3Ddigital%2Btv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prometheusradio.org/node/139">"Review of fcc proposed rules for digital radio and impact for lpfm"</a>. <i>Prometheus Radio Project, Initials</i>. February 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prometheus+Radio+Project%2C+Initials&rft.atitle=Review+of+fcc+proposed+rules+for+digital+radio+and+impact+for+lpfm&rft.date=2006-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprometheusradio.org%2Fnode%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Eyre2008" class="citation web cs1">Michelle Eyre (September 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.recnet.com/dab">"A Comparative [<i>sic</i>] overview of digital audio broadcasting (dab) systems"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comparative%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+overview+of+digital+audio+broadcasting+%28dab%29+systems&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.au=Michelle+Eyre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.recnet.com%2Fdab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrman1981" class="citation news cs1">Lehrman, Paul (November 17, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-11-17_10_46/page/n163/mode/1up">"LPTV: The people's video? - The struggle to establish low-power television"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=LPTV%3A+The+people%27s+video%3F+-+The+struggle+to+establish+low-power+television&rft.date=1981-11-17&rft.aulast=Lehrman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1981-11-17_10_46%2Fpage%2Fn163%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow-power+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-power_broadcasting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpfmdatabase.com">Unofficial database of LPFM stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-6533">Status of LCRA of 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/04/statement-press-secretary">President Obama Signs LCRA of 2010 into law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.fcc.gov/document/fcc-chairman-julius-genachowski-commends-passage-local-community-radio-act">Genachowski Statement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715120701/http://www.digitalsyndicate.net/part15.html">Part-15 Low Power AM Radio in U.S.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422100300/http://home.att.net/~weatheradio/part15.htm">Part 15 Radio Stations of North America (from archive.org April 2006)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futureofmusic.org/research/radiostudyexecsum.cfm">Radio Deregulation: Has It Served Citizens and Musicians?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpfm.ws">REC Networks LPFM site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpfmnz.com">Society of LPFM Broadcasters Inc. (based in Auckland, New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/telco96.html">The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its Impact by Nicholas Economides (September 1998)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403054557/http://www.rsm.govt.nz/licensing/gurls/gurl-lpfmbc-2.html">New Zealand GURL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231040330/http://zinelibrary.info/complete-manual-pirate-radio">Complete Manual of Pirate Radio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/DTVandLPTV.html">US FCC Consumer Advisory</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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