CINXE.COM
Отын — Уикипедия
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="kk" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Отын — Уикипедия</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )kkwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"ymd","wgMonthNames":["","қаңтар","ақпан","наурыз","сәуір","мамыр","маусым","шілде","тамыз","қыркүйек","қазан","қараша","желтоқсан"],"wgRequestId":"7b0e6b19-a3b6-4d4b-8bf7-9ab04a8d62b4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Отын","wgTitle":"Отын","wgCurRevisionId":3215938,"wgRevisionId":3215938,"wgArticleId":47739,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view" ,"wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер","Аяқталмаған мақалалар","Үлгісін дәлдеу қажет аяқталмаған мақалалар","Үлгі шақыруында көшірме аргумент қолданатын беттер","Қуат көздері"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"kk","wgPageContentLanguage":"kk","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Отын","wgRelevantArticleId":47739,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"kk","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"kk"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":3000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q42501","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.FreezeTopRow":"ready","ext.gadget.VectorClassic":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.gadget.edittop","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.QuestionForm","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=codex-search-styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=ext.gadget.FreezeTopRow%2CVectorClassic&only=styles&skin=vector"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/1200px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="902"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/800px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/640px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="481"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Отын — Уикипедия"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Өңдеу" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Уикипедия (kk)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//kk.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.kk"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Уикипедия Atom желісі" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Отын rootpage-Отын skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eжабу\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"kk\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"width: 100% ! important; border: solid 1px lightblue; border-radius: 10px; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EҚұрметті оқырман, қазақша Уикипедияның \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Telegram\" title=\"Уикипедия:Telegram\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Telegram_logo.svg/25px-Telegram_logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Telegram_logo.svg/38px-Telegram_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Telegram_logo.svg/50px-Telegram_logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"512\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Telegram\" title=\"Уикипедия:Telegram\"\u003ETelegram арнасына\u003C/a\u003E жазыла аласыз\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Отын</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Навигацияға өту</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Іздеуге өту</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4022" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>Алау</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Отын</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – жылу энергиясын алуға қолданылатын жанғыш заттар. Агрегаттық күйіне қарай – қатты, сұйық және газ тәрізді, жаратылысы бойынша – табиғи және жасанды отын деп ажыратылады. </p> <ul><li>Табиғи отындарға қазынды көмірлер (антрациттер, тас және қоңыр <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір">көмірлер</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мұнай">мұнай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газ</a>, жанғыш сланецтер (тақтатастар), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Шымтезек">шымтезек</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ағаш">ағаш</a>, өсімдік қалдықтары жатады.</li> <li>Жасанды отындарға <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Домна пеші">домна пешінің</a> кокстері, мотор отындары, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Кокс">кокстық</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Генератор">генераторлық</a> газдар, т.б. жатады.</li></ul> <p><i>Отынның негізгі сипаттамасы</i> – жану жылулығы. <i>Отынның жану жылулығы</i> – отынның толық жану кезінде бөлініп шығатын жылу мөлшері. Оны төменгі және жоғарғы, меншікті және көлемдік жану жылулығы деп ажыратады. Төм. жану жылулығы жоғарғы жану жылулығынан отын жану кезінде түзілетін суды, сондай-ақ, оның құрамындағы ылғалды буландыруға жұмсалатын жылу мөлшерінен кем болады. <i>Мысалы,</i> тас көмірдің жану жылулығы 28 – 34 МДж/кг, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин">бензиндікі</a> – 44 МДж/кг-ға жуық; табиғи газдың көлемдік төм. жану жылулығы 31 – 38 МДж/м3. Әр түрлі отынды салыстыру және оның қосынды қорын есепке алу үшін шартты отын түсінігі пайдаланылады, оның ең төм. жану жылулығы 29,3 МДж/кг. Техниканың жаңа салаларының дамуына байланысты “отын” термині кең мағынада қолданылады, ол <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергия</a> көзі болып табылатын барлық материалдарға да (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ядролық отын">ядролық отын</a>, зымырандық отын) қатысты айтылады. Қазақстан қазба отын қорларына бірден-бір бай ел; қ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Көмір өнеркәсібі">Көмір өнеркәсіб</a>і; <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Газ өнеркәсібі">Газ өнеркәсібі</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Дереккөздер"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Қаржы-экономика сөздігі. - Алматы: ҚР Білім және ғылым ми- нистрлігінің Экономика институты, "Зияткер" ЖШС, 2007. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9786012150032" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-601-215-003-2</a></span> </li> </ol> <p><br /> </p> <table style="background:none; color:inherit; text-align:left; padding: 2px 0" class="metadata"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Мақала бастамасы"><img alt="Мақала бастамасы" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><span style="white-space:nowrap">Бұл — мақаланың <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Уикипедия:Мақалаға бастама">бастамасы</a>.</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><br />Бұл мақаланы <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit">толықтырып, дамыту</a></span> арқылы, Уикипедияға <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Уикипедия:Мақаланы қалай өңдеу керек">көмектесе</a> аласыз.</span></i><br /><small>Бұл ескертуді <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80:%D0%90%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Үлгілер:Аяқталмаған мақалалар">дәлдеп</a> ауыстыру қажет.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бұл үлгіні қарау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні қарау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/14px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/21px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/28px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B:%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бұл үлгіні талқылау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні талқылау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/14px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/21px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/28px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/16px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/24px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/32px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Энергетика">Энергетика</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Негізгі ұғымдар</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Энергетикалық жүйе">Энергетикалық жүйе</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Электр станциясы">Электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Электр желісі">Электр желісі</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Электр энергиясы">Электр энергиясы</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Отын</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жаңартылатын энергия">Жаңартылатын энергия</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Энергетика түрлері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дәстүрлі энергетика">Дәстүрлі энергетика</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Қазбалы отын">Қазбалы отын</a> энергетикасы • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Су энергетикасы">Су энергетикасы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядролық энергетика">Ядролық энергетика</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баламалы энергетика">Баламалы энергетика</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жел энергетикасы">Жел энергетикасы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Күн энергетикасы">Күн энергетикасы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотермалдық энергетика">Геотермалдық энергетика</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сутекті энергетика">Сутекті энергетика</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Биомасса">Биомассалық</a> энергетика</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Электр станция түрлері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Дәстүрлі</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жылу электр станциясы">Жылу электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жылу электр орталығы">Жылу электр орталығы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Су электр станциясы">Су электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Атом электр станциясы">Атом электр станциясы</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Баламалы</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Күн электр станциясы">Күн электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жел электр станциясы">Жел электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Геотермалдық электр станциясы">Геотермалдық электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Көтерілу су электр станциясы">Көтерілу су электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Толқындық электр станциясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Толқындық электр станциясы</a> • Шағын энергетика: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дизельді электр станциясы">Дизельді электр станциясы</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Газ турбиналы электр станциясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Газ турбиналы электр станциясы</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Отын түрлері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір">Көмір</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Тас көмір">Тас көмір</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Қоңыр көмір">Қоңыр көмір</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит">Антрацит</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Шымтезек">Шымтезек</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жанғыш тақтатас">Жанғыш тақтатас</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ағаш көмірі">Ағаш көмірі</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Кокс">Кокс</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мұнай">Мұнай</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин">Бензин</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Керосин">Керосин</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82" title="Мазут">Мазут</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Газойль">Газойль</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дизель отыны">Дизель отыны</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Табиғи газ">Табиғи газ</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Сұйытылған газ">Сұйытылған газ</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Биоотын">Биоотын</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ядролық отын">Ядролық отын</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Елдер бойынша</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қазақстан энергетикасы">Қазақстан энергетикасы</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐565f7d7996‐59twr Cached time: 20241031113129 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.067 seconds Real time usage: 0.104 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 864/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27967/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1412/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 731/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.009/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 848637/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 48.361 1 -total 92.32% 44.646 3 Үлгі:Навигациялық_кесте 82.65% 39.971 1 Үлгі:Энергетика 28.32% 13.694 2 Үлгі:Navbox_subgroup 17.20% 8.320 1 Үлгі:Бастама 4.92% 2.378 1 Үлгі:Stub-meta --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key kkwiki:pcache:idhash:47739-0!canonical and timestamp 20241031113129 and revision id 3215938. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Отын&oldid=3215938">https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Отын&oldid=3215938</a>» бетінен алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арнайы:Санаттар">Санаттар</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:Үлгі шақыруында көшірме аргумент қолданатын беттер">Үлгі шақыруында көшірме аргумент қолданатын беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Санат:Қуат көздері">Қуат көздері</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Жасырын санат: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер">ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%90%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Аяқталмаған мақалалар">Аяқталмаған мақалалар</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Үлгісін дәлдеу қажет аяқталмаған мақалалар">Үлгісін дәлдеу қажет аяқталмаған мақалалар</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Навигация мәзірі</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Жеке құралдар</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Бұл IP мекенжайдың жеке беті">Кірмегенсіз</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжай өңдемелерін талқылау [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Талқылау</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжаймен жасаған өңдемелер тізімі [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Үлесім</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96&returnto=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Біз сізге есептік жазба бастауды және кіруді ұсынамыз,ол міндетті емес."><span>Тіркелу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Кіруіңізді ұсынамыз, ол міндетті емес. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Кіру</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Ат кеңістіктері</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Мазмұн бетін көру [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бет</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83:%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Мағлұмат бетті талқылау (мұндай бет жоқ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Талқылау</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">kk</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Көріністер</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD"><span>Оқу</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&veaction=edit" title="Бұл бетті өңдеу [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Өңдеу</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit" title="Бұл беттің қайнар мәтінін өңдеу [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Қайнарын өңдеу</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=history" title="Бұл беттін соңғы нұсқалары. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Өңделу тарихы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Тағы</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <h3 >Іздеу</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Уикипедия жобасынан іздеу" aria-label="Уикипедия жобасынан іздеу" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Уикипедия жобасында іздеу [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Арнайы:Іздеу"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Осы мәтіні бар бетті іздеу" value="Іздеу"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Егер дәл осы атауымен болса бетке өтіп кету" value="Өту"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Басты бетті көру"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Шарлау</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Басты бетті көру [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Басты бет</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жоба туралы, мұнда немен айналысуға болатыны туралы, қай жерде не бары туралы"><span>Қауымдастық порталы</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Осы уикидегі жуықтағы өзгерістер тізімі. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Жуықтағы өзгерістер</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Соңғы бір айдағы басталған беттер тізімі, есім кеңістігі бойынша сүзгілеп көре аласыз."><span>Жаңа беттер</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Кездейсоқ бет жүктеу [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Кездейсоқ бет</span></a></li><li id="n-videolesson" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедияны үйренуге қатысты YouTube-тағы видео сабақтар"><span>Видео сабақтар</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Анықтама табу орны."><span>Анықтама</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уикипедия қатысушыларының форумы."><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-general-discussion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Flow жұмыс легінде жұмыс істейтін Уикипедияның негізгі талқылау беті [4]" accesskey="4"><span>Талқылау легі</span></a></li><li id="n-telegram" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Telegram" title="Қазақша Уикипедияға қатысты ең маңызды жаңалықтар мен мақалалар"><span>Телеграм арна</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Бұл беттегі қатені хабарлау"><span>Қателер туралы хабарлау</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_kk.wikipedia.org&uselang=kk" title="Демеу беріңіз"><span>Демеу беру</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Құралдар</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Мұнда сілтейтін барлық бет тізімі [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Мұнда сілтейтін беттер</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" rel="nofollow" title="Осы жерден сілтенген беттердің жуықтағы өзгерістері [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Қатысты өзгерістер</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Барлық арнайы беттер тізімі [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Арнайы беттер</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&oldid=3215938" title="Мына беттің осы нұсқасының тұрақты сілтемесі"><span>Тұрақты сілтеме</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=info" title="Бұл бет туралы көбірек мәлімет"><span>Бет ақпараты</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&id=3215938&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Бұл беттен қалай дәйексөз алуға болатыны туралы мәлімет"><span>Беттен дәйексөз алу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259E%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD"><span>URL мекенжайын қысқарту</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259E%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD"><span>QR код жүктеу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading-label" > <h3 id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Баспа/экспорт</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ретінде жүктеп алу</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Бұл беттің басып шығаруға арналған нұсқасы [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Басып шығару нұсқасы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Басқа жобаларда</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fuel" hreflang="en"><span>Ортаққор</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42501" title="Сілтеме дерек қойма данасымен байланысқан [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Уикидерек элементі</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Басқа тілдерде</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brandstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="وقود – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وقود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܝܩܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܩܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="فيول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanacaq" title="Yanacaq – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yanacaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82" title="یاناجاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاناجاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Яғыулыҡ – башқұрт тілі" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яғыулыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башқұрт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паліва – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паліва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জ্বালানি – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্বালানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gorivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Түлишэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түлишэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سووتەمەنی – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووتەمەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwydd" title="Tanwydd – валлий тілі" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tanwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлий тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6ndstof" title="Brændstof – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brændstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennstoff" title="Brennstoff – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brennstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Καύσιμο – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύσιμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brula%C4%B5o" title="Brulaĵo – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brulaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtus" title="Kütus – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kütus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erregai" title="Erregai – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erregai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="سوخت – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polttoaine" title="Polttoaine – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polttoaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwai_(igu)" title="Waiwai (igu) – фиджи тілі" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Waiwai (igu)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breosla" title="Breosla – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breosla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A3_(%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A3)" title="ઈંધણ (બળતણ) – гуджарати тілі" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈંધણ (બળતણ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_fetur" title="Man fetur – хауса тілі" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Man fetur" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="דלק – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="ईन्धन – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईन्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Goriva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbistib" title="Konbistib – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konbistib" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCzel%C5%91anyag" title="Tüzelőanyag – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüzelőanyag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Վառելիք – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վառելիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibile" title="Combustibile – интерлингва тілі" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Combustibile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar" title="Bahan bakar – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan bakar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доагам – ингуш тілі" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Доагам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингуш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelo" title="Fuelo – идо тілі" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fuelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldsneyti" title="Eldsneyti – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldsneyti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibile" title="Combustibile – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Combustibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="燃料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="საწვავი – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საწვავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iner%C9%A3i" title="Inerɣi – кабил тілі" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Inerɣi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8" title="ಇಂಧನ – каннада тілі" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಧನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C" title="연료 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Отун – қырғыз тілі" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Отун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қырғыз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandjsjtof" title="Brandjsjtof – лимбург тілі" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brandjsjtof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ເຊື້ອໄຟ – лаос тілі" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuras" title="Kuras – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagu%C4%BCs" title="Daguļs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Daguļs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurin%C4%81mais" title="Kurināmais – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurināmais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandrehitra" title="Fandrehitra – малагаси тілі" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandrehitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагаси тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_baka" title="Minyak baka – минангкабау тілі" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Minyak baka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ധനം – малаялам тілі" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ധനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="इंधन – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंधन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_api" title="Bahan api – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="လောင်စာ – бирма тілі" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောင်စာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирма тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="इन्धन – непал тілі" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्धन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brensel" title="Brensel – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brensel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3" title="ਬਾਲਣ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliwo" title="Paliwo – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paliwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DD%A8" title="بالݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combust%C3%ADvel" title="Combustível – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Combustível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawrana" title="Rawrana – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rawrana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibil" title="Combustibil – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Combustibil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Топливо – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топливо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Оттук – саха тілі" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оттук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – шотланд тілі" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BB" title="ٻارڻ – синдхи тілі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻارڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Goriva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1" title="ඉන්ධන – сингал тілі" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්ධන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gorivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnda_djeg%C3%ABse" title="Lënda djegëse – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lënda djegëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluh" title="Suluh – сундан тілі" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suluh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nsle" title="Bränsle – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bränsle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueli" title="Fueli – суахили тілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fueli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிமம் – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ఇంధనం – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంధనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เชื้อเพลิง – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชื้อเพลิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo" title="Lolo – тонган тілі" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lolo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="тонган тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%C4%B1t" title="Yakıt – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yakıt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Паливо – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паливо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%86" title="ایندھن – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایندھن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqilg%CA%BBi" title="Yoqilgʻi – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoqilgʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conbust%C3%ACbi%C5%82e" title="Conbustìbiłe – венеция тілі" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Conbustìbiłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венеция тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Nhiên liệu – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiên liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="燃料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="ברענשטאף – идиш тілі" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברענשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="燃料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="燃料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Тіларалық сілтемелерді өңдеу" class="wbc-editpage">Сілтемелерді өңдеу</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бұл беттің соңғы рет өзгертілген кезі: 2023 ж. қазанның 16, 20:26.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Мәтін <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиясы</a> аясында қолжетімді; қосымша шарттар қолданылуы мүмкін. Бұл сайтты қолдану арқылы <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Қолдану шарты</a> және <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Құпиялық саясатымен</a> келісесіз. Wikipedia® <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> коммерциялық емес ұйымының тіркелген сауда маркасы.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Құпиялық саясаты</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B">Уикипедия туралы</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83">Жауапкершіліктен бас тарту</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Тәртіп кодексі</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Әзірлеушілер</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/kk.wikipedia.org">Статистикалар</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie мәлімдемесі</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//kk.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Мобильді көрініс</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"codex-search-styles\".\n[1.43] Use a CodexModule with codexComponents to set your specific components used: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex#Using_a_limited_subset_of_components");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-j7v4x","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.067","walltime":"0.104","ppvisitednodes":{"value":864,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":27967,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1412,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":731,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 48.361 1 -total"," 92.32% 44.646 3 Үлгі:Навигациялық_кесте"," 82.65% 39.971 1 Үлгі:Энергетика"," 28.32% 13.694 2 Үлгі:Navbox_subgroup"," 17.20% 8.320 1 Үлгі:Бастама"," 4.92% 2.378 1 Үлгі:Stub-meta"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":848637,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7d7996-59twr","timestamp":"20241031113129","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u041e\u0442\u044b\u043d","url":"https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42501","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42501","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-06-17T04:41:41Z","dateModified":"2023-10-16T15:26:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fd\/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG"}</script> </body> </html>