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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 хэлээр</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="تعبيد الطريق – араб" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعبيد الطريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%95" title="ڕووی ڕێگە – төв курд" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووی ڕێگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="төв курд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozovka" title="Vozovka – чех" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vozovka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A6gning_(trafik)" title="Belægning (trafik) – дани" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belægning (trafik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decke_(Stra%C3%9Fenbau)" title="Decke (Straßenbau) – герман" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Decke (Straßenbau)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface – англи" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Road surface" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firme" title="Firme – испани" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Firme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teekate" title="Teekate – эстони" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teekate" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidezoru" title="Bidezoru – баск" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bidezoru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="روسازی – перс" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="перс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9" title="सड़क सतह – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सड़क सतह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkerasan_jalan" title="Perkerasan jalan – индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perkerasan jalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavimentazione_stradale" title="Pavimentazione stradale – итали" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pavimentazione stradale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%97%E8%A3%85" title="舗装 – япон" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="舗装" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C" title="포장도로 – солонгос" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포장도로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="солонгос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C4%A3is" title="Bruģis – латви" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латви" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegverharding" title="Wegverharding – нидерланд" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wegverharding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawierzchnia_drogowa" title="Nawierzchnia drogowa – польш" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nawierzchnia drogowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дорожная одежда – орос" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорожная одежда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Road surface" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laami" title="Laami – сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Laami" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ถนนลาดยาง – тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถนนลาดยาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_y%C3%BCzeyi" title="Yol yüzeyi – турк" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yol yüzeyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Дорожній одяг – украин" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дорожній одяг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="路面 – хятад" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路面" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="хятад" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="路面 – кантон" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路面" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1049667#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Өөр хэлтэй холбосныг засах" class="wbc-editpage">Холбоос засах</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Нэрний зайнууд"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">хажуугийн цэсэнд шилжүүлэх</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">хумих</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедиа — Чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mn" dir="ltr"><p>Замын гадаргуу (Британийн англи хэлэнд) эсвэл хучилт (Хойд Америкийн англи хэлэнд) нь зам, явган хүний зам гэх мэт тээврийн хэрэгслийн болон явган хүний хөдөлгөөнийг хангах зориулалттай газар дээр тавигдсан бат бөх гадаргуугийн материал юм. Өмнө нь хайрган замын гадаргуу, макадам, хоггин, бул чулуу, боржин чулууг өргөнөөр ашигладаг байсан боловч тэдгээрийг ихэвчлэн асфальт эсвэл нягтруулсан суурь дээр тавьсан бетоноор сольсон. Асфальтан хольцыг 20-р зууны эхэн үеэс хучилтын ажилд ашиглаж ирсэн бөгөөд арматуртай (хатуу гадаргуутай) ба арматургүй зам гэсэн хоёр төрөлтэй. Арматуртай зам нь тээврийн хэрэгслийн ачааллыг даахын тулд хийгдсэн байдаг тул ихэвчлэн байнга ашигладаг зам дээр хийдэг. Хайрган зам гэж нэрлэгддэг арматургүй зам нь барзгар бөгөөд бага даацтай байдаг. Замын гадаргуун дээр замын хөдөлгөөнийг чиглүүлэхийн тулд тэмдэглэгээ ихэвчлэн хийгддэг. </p><p>Өнөөдөр үер усны аюулаас урьдчилан сэргийлэх зорилгоор ус нэвчүүлэх хучилтын аргыг нөлөө багатай автозам, явган хүний замд хэрэглэж эхэлжээ. Замын тээвэрлэлтээс ихээхэн хамааралтай АНУ, Канад зэрэг орнуудад автозамын хучилт маш чухал байдаг. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r797781">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Википедиагийн чанарын стандартад нийцүүлэхийн тулд энэ өгүүллийг хянан тохиолдуулах хэрэгтэй байна.</b><br /> <small>Энэ талаар <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%86%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хэлэлцүүлэг:Замын гадаргуу (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">хэлэлцүүлгийн хуудас</a> дээр юм уу <a class="external text" href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83&action=edit">энэ тэмдгийг</a> илүү нарийвчилсан тэмдгээр солино уу. </small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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