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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. 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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-개요" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#개요"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>개요</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-개요-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>개요 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-개요-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-철도부설과_청조의_국유화_정책" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#철도부설과_청조의_국유화_정책"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>철도부설과 청조의 국유화 정책</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-철도부설과_청조의_국유화_정책-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-보로운동" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#보로운동"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>보로운동</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-보로운동-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-사천의_보로운동(사천폭동)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#사천의_보로운동(사천폭동)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>사천의 보로운동(사천폭동)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-사천의_보로운동(사천폭동)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참고서적" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고서적"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>참고서적</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고서적-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">보로 운동</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 9개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_de_Protecci%C3%B3_dels_Ferrocarrils" title="Moviment de Protecció dels Ferrocarrils – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment de Protecció dels Ferrocarrils" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Railway Protection Movement" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautateiden_suojeluliike" title="Rautateiden suojeluliike – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautateiden suojeluliike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_protection_des_voies_ferr%C3%A9es" title="Mouvement de protection des voies ferrées – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement de protection des voies ferrées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Perlindungan_Kereta_Api" title="Gerakan Perlindungan Kereta Api – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Perlindungan Kereta Api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="保路運動 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保路運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хугуанский кризис – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хугуанский кризис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இருப்புப்பாதை பாதுகாப்பு இயக்கம் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருப்புப்பாதை பாதுகாப்பு இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="保路运动 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保路运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5368776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="본문 보기 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>문서</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" rel="discussion" title="문서의 내용에 대한 토론 문서 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="언어 변종 바꾸기" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>역사 보기</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="도구" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header 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href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" class="mw-redirect" title="청일전쟁">청일전쟁</a>(淸日戰爭) 후 열강에 빼앗긴 이권을 되찾기 위해 민간 주도로 주식을 발행하여 만든 자금으로 철도를 부설하였으나, 당시 국가 재정이 어려워 지면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청</a>(淸) 조정이 철도를 국유화하고 이를 담보로 외국으로부터 차관을 도입하려 하자, <a href="/wiki/%EC%93%B0%EC%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="쓰촨">사천</a>(四川) 지역을 중심으로 철도를 지키고자 전개한 운동을 말한다. </p><p>이를 기점으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="신해혁명">신해혁명</a>(辛亥革命)이 일어난다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="개요"><span id=".EA.B0.9C.EC.9A.94"></span>개요</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 개요"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="철도부설과_청조의_국유화_정책"><span id=".EC.B2.A0.EB.8F.84.EB.B6.80.EC.84.A4.EA.B3.BC_.EC.B2.AD.EC.A1.B0.EC.9D.98_.EA.B5.AD.EC.9C.A0.ED.99.94_.EC.A0.95.EC.B1.85"></span>철도부설과 청조의 국유화 정책</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 철도부설과 청조의 국유화 정책"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png/300px-%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png/450px-%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png/600px-%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3.png 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>청조 황족 고위 내각관료들.(중앙에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%B9%9C%EC%99%95" title="경친왕">경친왕</a> 혁광.) 이들 내각은 '철도국유화'를 추진해 민심으로부터 불만을 사게 만들었다.</figcaption></figure> <p>중국은 <a href="/wiki/1905%EB%85%84" title="1905년">1905년</a>이래 이권회수운동에 의하여 광산채굴권과 철도부설권이 외국으로부터 상당부분 회수되었다. 그리고 철도를 중국인 스스로 건설하기로 하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%B6%81%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="호북성">호북성</a>(湖北省), <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="호남성">호남성</a>(湖南省), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="광동성">광동성</a>(廣東省), <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%B2%9C%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="사천성">사천성</a>(四川省)의 신상(紳商)들은 회사를 설립하고 주식을 모았다. 그러나 기대하였던 만큼 자금이 모아지지 않아 공사는 순조롭지 못하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-철도국유화_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-철도국유화-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>여기에 각 지역 신상들의 의견이 일치되지 못하여 일을 처리하기가 어려웠고, 또한 저마다 사익을 챙기는데 몰두하였기에 철도 공사는 자꾸 늦어질 수 밖에 없었다. 그러므로 청조(淸朝)는 호남과 호북의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%9C%ED%95%9C%EC%84%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="천한선 (없는 문서)">천한선</a>(川漢線)과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9B%94%ED%95%9C%EC%84%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="월한선 (없는 문서)">월한선</a>(粵漢線, 광동 광주-호북 한구) 철도를 건설하기 위해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD" title="영국">영국</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="프랑스">프랑스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일">독일</a>의 은행단과 550만 파운드를 빌리는 차관협정을 체결하기로 하였다. 그런데 여기에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="미국">미국</a>이 가입하여 결국 4국 은행단이 각각 4분의 1씩 내기로 하고, <a href="/wiki/1910%EB%85%84" title="1910년">1910년</a> 5월에 '철도협정'을 체결하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-철도국유화_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-철도국유화-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1911%EB%85%84" title="1911년">1911년</a> 5월 청조는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%A7%90%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%95" title="청말신정">신정</a>(新政)의 일환으로 새로운 내각을 구성하고 13명의 각료를 임명했는데, 문제는 13명의 각료 중 한족 출신은 4명뿐이고 나머지 9명은 만주족이었으며 그 9명 중 6명은 황족이었기 때문에 개혁의 기대를 완전히 저버린 인사였다. 여기에 더 큰 문제는 이 새로운 내각이 가장 먼저 의결한 사항이 '철도국유화'였다는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 당시 철도건설이 계획했던 것보다 늦어지자 중앙 조정의 관리들은 '외국으로부터 차관을 해서라도 철도를 하루 속히 부설하자'는 주장을 폈다. 청조는 우전부대신(郵傳部大臣) <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%84%A0%ED%9A%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="성선회">성선회</a>(盛宣懷)의 건의에 의하여 철도국유화의 상유를 발표하였으며, 관료 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%A9" title="단방">단방</a>(端方)을 천한선과 월한선 철도건설대신으로 임명하였다. 성선회는 우선 자금을 마련하기 위하여 영국, 프랑스, 독일, 미국 4국 은행단과 600만 파운드를 연리 5%, 40년에 상환하기로 하고 호북•호남•시천•광동 네 설(省)의 이금(釐金)과 염세(鹽稅)를 담보로 차관하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-철도국유화_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-철도국유화-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>그리고 이미 불입한 천한선과 월한선의 주식에 대하여 보상 방법을 발표하였는데, 월한선은 불입액의 60%를 상환하고 나머지 40%를 국가에서 무이자의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%8B%9D" title="주식">주식</a>을 주어 철도 완공 후 영업에 들어가 이익이 나면 10년에 분할 상환하기로 하였다. 사천의 철도는 주식의 불입이 비교적 많아 현금으로 상환하지 않고 국가가 이익을 보증하는 주식으로 주고, 5년 후부터 15년에 걸쳐 나누어 상환하기로 하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-철도국유화_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-철도국유화-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="보로운동"><span id=".EB.B3.B4.EB.A1.9C.EC.9A.B4.EB.8F.99"></span>보로운동</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 보로운동"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>청조의 철도국유화 정책은 민중들로부터 즉시 불만을 초래했다. 우선 내각(內閣)이 의회에 아무런 상의 없이 일방적으로 결정하고 통보한 사항이었고, 정부가 약속한 민주적인 절차를 완전히 무시한 것과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="만주족">만주족</a>이 독점한 내각에서 외국 자본을 끌어들이려 했다는 것은 중국 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="민족주의">민족주의</a> 정서를 크게 거스르는 결정이었으며 이미 투자한 민간인들의 이권을 박탈하는 조처로 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%85%ED%97%8C%ED%8C%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="입헌파 (없는 문서)">입헌파</a>(立憲派)•<a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85%ED%8C%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="혁명파 (없는 문서)">혁명파</a>(革命派)•온건파 할 것없이 민중들로부터 커다란 불만을 사게 만들었다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그리고 이어 '철도국유화'가 해당되는 지역에서 민중들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" class="mw-redirect" title="보로운동">보로운동</a>을 일으켰다. 국유화 발표이후 호남성에서 제일 먼저 일어나 '청조가 주권을 팔아먹는다'고 항의하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-disambig" title="장사">장사</a>(長沙)에서 1만여 명이 참가한 각 계의 모임을 소집하고 '국유화 명령을 철회하라'고 요구하였다. 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%B8" title="조세">조세</a>에 항거하여 '청조에 대항하자'며 상인의 철시(撤市)와 학생의 동맹휴학이 일어났다.<sup id="cite_ref-보로운동_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-보로운동-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98%EA%B5%AD" title="자의국">자의국</a>(諮議局)에서도 호남순무(湖南巡撫) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%91%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="양문정 (없는 문서)">양문정</a>에게 명령을 철회하도록 청조에 상주하라고 요구하였다. 양문정도 사태의 심각성을 감지하고 청조에 이를 상주하였으나, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%91%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="양문정 (없는 문서)">양문정</a>은 중앙으로부터 오히려 질책만 받았다. 이 소식이 전파되자 군중은 더욱 격분하여 보로운동이 확산되었다. 호남에 이어 호북에서도 보로운동이 일어나 시위의 규모는 더욱 늘어갔다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%B0%BD%EC%8B%9C" title="이창시">의창</a>(宜昌)에서 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%8C%ED%98%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="만현 (없는 문서)">만현</a>(萬縣)까지 이미 철도 공사가 시작되었는데 청조는 공사를 강제로 중지시켜 공사장의 노동자와 상인들이 모여 이를 반대하는 시위를 벌였다. 그러자 청조에서는 군대까지 동원하여 이를 강경진압하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-보로운동_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-보로운동-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>또한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%9C" title="무한">무한</a>(武漢)에서도 보로운동이 일어났다. 무한의 혁명당들도 긴밀히 연락하여 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%EA%B0%95%EB%B3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="대강보 (없는 문서)">대강보</a>(大江報)에 청조의 매국행위를 폭로하는 글을 연재하여 청조에 대하여 갖고 있는 기대와 환상을 버리도록 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%9C" title="무한">무한</a>지역 군중들에게 호소했다. 그리하여 보로운동을 반청(反淸)운동으로 결합시켜 혁명으로 이끌어 나가려고 하였다. 청조는 즉각 대강보를 폐간시키고 관련자들을 체포하였다. 이에 청조의 만행을 규탄하고 대강보를 지지하는 성원의 편지, 위문 전보, 항의문이 사옥의 벽마다 붙여져 무한의 보로운동은 뒤이어 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%B0%BD%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="무창봉기">무창기의</a>(武昌起義)를 촉발시킨 도화선이 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-보로운동_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-보로운동-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%91%EA%B4%91_(%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="양광 (중국) (없는 문서)">양광</a>(兩廣) 지역은 당시 양광총독(兩廣總督) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%A5%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="장명기 (없는 문서)">장명기</a>가 위압적인 태도를 취하였으나 광동의 월한선 주식소유자가 만인대회를 개최하여 청조의 국유화 정책에 반대하였다. 해외 화교들도 이 소식을 듣고 전보를 보내 보로 운동을 격려하였다. 이에 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%A5%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="장명기 (없는 문서)">장명기</a>는 주주들을 위협하고 또한 언론에 일체의 보로운동 소식을 게재하지 못하게 하여 이를 막으려 하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-보로운동_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-보로운동-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="사천의_보로운동(사천폭동)"><span id=".EC.82.AC.EC.B2.9C.EC.9D.98_.EB.B3.B4.EB.A1.9C.EC.9A.B4.EB.8F.99.28.EC.82.AC.EC.B2.9C.ED.8F.AD.EB.8F.99.29"></span>사천의 보로운동(사천폭동)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 사천의 보로운동(사천폭동)"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei,_Chengdu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg/240px-Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg/360px-Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg/480px-Xinhai_Qiu_Baolu_Sishi_Jinianbei%2C_Chengdu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>보로운동 희생자 추모비 (성도)</figcaption></figure> <p>호북과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%91%EA%B4%91_(%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="양광 (중국) (없는 문서)">양광</a>에서 보로운동이 일어나는 가운데, 제일 격렬하게 운동이 발생한 곳은 사천이었다. 사천의 성도(省都) <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%8F%84" class="mw-disambig" title="성도">성도</a>(成都)에는 사천보로동지회(四川保路同志會)가 조직되었으며, 각 주현(州縣)에 분회를 조직하고, 동맹 휴학과 납세 거부 운동을 전개하였다. 당시 사천총독(四川總督) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%92%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="조이풍 (없는 문서)">조이풍</a>(趙爾豐)은 보로운동에 대하여 동정적이었으므로 철도의 민영화를 건의하여 입헌파로부터 찬양을 받았다. 그러나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%84%A0%ED%9A%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="성선회">성선회</a> 등으로부터 질책받고 조정의 강경책이 나오자, 태도를 바꾸어 그 때까지 취했던 완화정책 대신 적극적인 진압정책을 펴게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-쓰촨폭동-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>조이풍은 우선 보로동지회 회장이었던 자의국 의장 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EC%A0%84%EC%A4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="포전준 (없는 문서)">포전준</a> 등을 구속하고, 철도 공사를 수색하였으며, 철도 학당을 폐교시켰을 뿐만 아니라 보로운동과 관련있는 신문도 정간시켰다. 그리하여 사천 지역 군중들은 분노하였고, 수천 명의 군중들이 총독아문으로 몰려와 포위하고 이들의 석방을 요구, 시위를 벌였다. 이에 당황한 군대가 군중에 총을 발사하여 20여 명이 사망하여 유혈사태 '폭동'이 일어나게 되었다. 조이풍은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%8F%84" class="mw-disambig" title="성도">성도</a> 전역에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%97%84%EB%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="계엄령">계엄령</a>을 내리고 사천 전역에서 일어나는 저항을 저지시키려 하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-쓰촨폭동-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>그러나 이 때는 이미 사천의 혁명당들이 조직한 '보로동지군'이 각 지역에서 일제히 일어나 성도를 포위하는 형세가 되었다. 청조는 이 소식을 접하고 즉시 각 성(省)에 연락하여 사천에 진압할 군대를 파병했다.<sup id="cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-쓰촨폭동-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그런데 진압군대를 이끌던 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%A9" title="단방">단방</a>(端方)이 사천의 자주(資州)에 이르렀을 때 그가 이끄는 호북 신군(新軍)이 그를 살해하고 시위대에 가담했다. 여기에 전임총독 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%A0%EC%B6%98%ED%9B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="잠춘훤 (없는 문서)">잠춘훤</a>도 '사천으로 가 조이풍과 사태를 수습하라'는 중앙의 명령을 받고 무한까지 왔으나 사태가 심각하다는 것을 보고 사천으로 들어가지 못하여 결국 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%8F%84" class="mw-disambig" title="성도">성도</a>는 보로동지군에게 점령당하고 청조가 진압하지 못한 채 <a href="/wiki/10%EC%9B%94_10%EC%9D%BC" title="10월 10일">10월 10일</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%B0%BD%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="무창봉기">무창봉기</a>가 일어나게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-쓰촨폭동-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-철도국유화-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-철도국유화_1-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-철도국유화_1-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-철도국유화_1-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-철도국유화_1-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">《근대중국:개혁과 혁명-중화제국 마지막 왕조의 몰락(下)》,신승하 저. 대명출판사. p517~p519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130181725/http://pds.joinsmsn.com/news/component/htmlphoto_mmdata/201003/htm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG#">“먼나라이웃나라”</a>. 2016년 1월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pds.joinsmsn.com/news/component/htmlphoto_mmdata/201003/htm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG#">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 3월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%A8%BC%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%9B%83%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpds.joinsmsn.com%2Fnews%2Fcomponent%2Fhtmlphoto_mmdata%2F201003%2Fhtm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130181725/http://pds.joinsmsn.com/news/component/htmlphoto_mmdata/201003/htm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG#">“먼나라 이웃나라”</a>. 2016년 1월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pds.joinsmsn.com/news/component/htmlphoto_mmdata/201003/htm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG#">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 3월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%A8%BC%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9B%83%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpds.joinsmsn.com%2Fnews%2Fcomponent%2Fhtmlphoto_mmdata%2F201003%2Fhtm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-보로운동-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-보로운동_4-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-보로운동_4-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-보로운동_4-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-보로운동_4-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">《근대중국:개혁과 혁명-중화제국 마지막 왕조의 몰락(下)》,신승하 저. 대명출판사. p520~p521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-쓰촨폭동-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-쓰촨폭동_5-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">《중국사(下)》,신승하 저. 대한교과서. p282~p283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">신승하 (2004년 4월 10일). 《중국근현대사: 근대중국 개혁과 혁명)(상.하)》. 서울: 대명출판사, p523</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고서적"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0.EC.84.9C.EC.A0.81"></span>참고서적</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 참고서적"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《근대중국:개혁과 혁명-중화제국 마지막 왕조의 몰락(下)》,신승하 저. 대명출판사. p517~p519</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130181725/http://pds.joinsmsn.com/news/component/htmlphoto_mmdata/201003/htm_2010032401061140004300-001.JPG">먼나라 이웃나라</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9B%84%EC%BF%A0%EC%95%99_%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%EC%B1%84%EA%B6%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="후쿠앙 철도채권 (없는 문서)">후쿠앙 철도채권</a>(Hukuang Railway Bond) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%B1%84%EA%B6%8C%EC%86%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%AC%EB%8B%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="미국채권소유자재단 (없는 문서)">미국채권소유자재단</a>(American Bondholders Foundation, <b>ABF</b>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98_%EB%B9%84%EC%95%99%EC%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="조나 비앙코 (없는 문서)">조나 비앙코</a>(Jonna Bianco)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="신해 혁명">신해 혁명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="중국의 역사">중국의 역사</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:청나라 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:청나라"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;청나라&#124;링크=청나라_청나라" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라"><img alt="청나라" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라"><span style="color:white;">청나라</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">역사</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">초기 <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%95%98%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AC%EC%A7%84_%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC" title="누르하치의 여진 통일">누르하치의 여진 통일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B8%88" title="후금">후금</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%98%ED%98%B8%EB%9E%80" title="정묘호란">정묘호란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%9E%90%ED%98%B8%EB%9E%80" title="병자호란">병자호란</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%ED%95%9C%EC%82%B0%EC%84%B1_%EA%B3%B5%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84" title="남한산성 공성전">남한산성 공성전</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B4%EC%9A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="삼전도의 굴욕">삼전도의 굴욕</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%B2%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="명청 전쟁">명청 전쟁</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%9B%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="사르후 전투">사르후 전투</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%98%81%EC%9B%90%EC%84%B1_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="제1차 영원성 전투">영원성 전투</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%95%B4%EA%B4%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="산해관 전투">산해관 전투</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%84%EB%A0%B9" title="천계령">천계령</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EB%B2%88%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="삼번의 난">삼번의 난</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EA%B1%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%84%B8" title="강건성세">강건성세</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(1683–1839)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD-%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="청-러시아 국경 분쟁">청-러시아 국경 분쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD-%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청-중가르 전쟁 (없는 문서)">청-중가르 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%98_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청의 티베트 정복 (없는 문서)">청의 티베트 정복</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9D%98%EB%A1%80_%EB%85%BC%EC%9F%81" title="중국 의례 논쟁">중국 의례 논쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%AD%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B4%EA%B3%B5" title="십전무공">십전무공</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%98%EC%A1%B1_%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80_(1735%EB%85%84-1736%EB%85%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="묘족 반란 (1735년-1736년) (없는 문서)">제1차 묘족 반란</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1750%EB%85%84_%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC_%ED%8F%AD%EB%8F%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1750년 라사 폭동 (없는 문서)">1750년 라사 폭동</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4_%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="알티샤르 호자의 난 (없는 문서)">알티샤르 호자의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EC%B9%98_%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="아파치 호자의 성전 (없는 문서)">아파치 호자의 성전</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD-%EB%B2%84%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청-버마 전쟁 (없는 문서)">청-버마 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%84%EC%83%81%EB%AC%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="임상문의 난 (없는 문서)">임상문의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A5%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%B4-%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%A4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="옥호이-동다 전투 (없는 문서)">옥호이-동다 전투</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD-%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="청-네팔 전쟁">청-네팔 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%98%EC%A1%B1_%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80_(1795%EB%85%84-1806%EB%85%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="묘족 반란 (1795년-1806년) (없는 문서)">제2차 묘족 반란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EB%A0%A8%EA%B5%90%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="백련교도의 난">백련교도의 난</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">말기 <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(1840–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%8E%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 아편 전쟁">제1차 아편 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD-%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청-시크 전쟁 (없는 문서)">청-시크 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="태평천국의 난">태평천국의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="염군의 난">염군의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%9C%EC%A7%80%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="천지회의 난 (없는 문서)">천지회의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%9A%8C" title="소도회">소도회</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%98%EC%A1%B1_%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80_(1854%EB%85%84%E2%80%931873%EB%85%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="묘족 반란 (1854년–1873년) (없는 문서)">제3차 묘족 반란</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94-%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="네팔-티베트 전쟁 (없는 문서)">네팔-티베트 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%91%90%EB%AC%B8%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="두문수의 난 (없는 문서)">두문수의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%8E%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 아편 전쟁">제2차 아편 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%80" title="신유정변">신유정변</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%91%BC%ED%8B%B0-%ED%95%98%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="푼티-하카 전쟁 (없는 문서)">푼티-하카 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B3%91%ED%95%A9" title="아무르 병합">아무르 병합</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EB%AC%B4%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="양무운동">양무운동</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8F%99%EC%B9%98%EC%A4%91%ED%9D%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="동치중흥 (없는 문서)">동치중흥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%91%A5%EA%B0%84_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="둥간 혁명">둥간 혁명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%84%AC_%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%9C_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="미야코섬 조난 사건">미야코섬 조난 사건</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%88%EC%A7%84_%EA%B5%90%EC%95%88" title="톈진 교안">톈진 교안</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%88%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="마거리 사건 (없는 문서)">마거리 사건</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%9E%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="모란사 사건">모란사 사건</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="정무기황 (없는 문서)">정무기황</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BF%B1_%EB%B2%A1%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="야쿱 벡의 난">야쿱 벡의 난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" class="mw-redirect" title="청프 전쟁">청프 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9C%ED%82%B4_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="시킴 원정 (없는 문서)">시킴 원정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EB%8B%A8%EB%8F%84" title="금단도">금단도 사건</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="청일 전쟁">청일 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%B0%A8%EC%83%81%EC%84%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공차상서 (없는 문서)">공차상서</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%91%A5%EA%B0%84_%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="제2차 둥간 반란 (없는 문서)">제2차 둥간 반란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%88%A0%EB%B3%80%EB%B2%95" title="무술변법">무술변법</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EC%B0%A8_%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89" title="제3차 페스트 범유행">제3차 페스트 범유행</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%99%94%EB%8B%A8_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="의화단 운동">의화단 운동</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%8D%EC%A0%95%EC%A1%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="홍정조 (없는 문서)">홍정조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B0%95_8%EA%B5%AD" title="열강 8국">열강 8국</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%A7%90%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%95" title="청말신정">청말신정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영국의 티베트 원정 (없는 문서)">영국의 티베트 원정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%94%ED%83%95_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="바탕 봉기 (없는 문서)">바탕 봉기</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909%EB%85%84_%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909년 청나라 지방선거 (없는 문서)">1909년 청나라 지방선거</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%B0%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="천군입장 (없는 문서)">천군입장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC_%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="만주 페스트">만주 페스트</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">보로 운동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="신해혁명">신해혁명</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%B0%BD_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="우창 봉기">우창 봉기</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC_%EB%8F%99%EB%9E%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="신해 라사 동란 (없는 문서)">신해 라사 동란</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png/100px-Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png/150px-Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png/200px-Seal_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_Daqing_Sitianzi_02.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Ching_Dynasty_1892.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ching_Dynasty_1892.png/150px-Ching_Dynasty_1892.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ching_Dynasty_1892.png/225px-Ching_Dynasty_1892.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ching_Dynasty_1892.png/300px-Ching_Dynasty_1892.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">행정</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="중국 황제">황제</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EB%8C%80_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="청나라의 역대 황제">목록</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD_%ED%99%A9%EC%8B%A4_%EA%B0%80%EA%B3%84%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청 황실 가계도 (없는 문서)">가계도</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%B6%80%EC%B4%9D%EA%B4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="내무부총관 (없는 문서)">내무부총관</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%88%EC%9B%90" title="이번원">이번원</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%84%EB%B6%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="우전부 (없는 문서)">우전부</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%B8%EB%B3%B4%EA%B5%B0%EC%88%9C%ED%8F%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%98%81%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="제독구문보군순포오영통령 (없는 문서)">보군통령</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%9C%EB%AC%B4_(%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%81)" title="순무 (관직)">순무</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%85_(%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="제독 (청나라) (없는 문서)">제독</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85_(%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC)" title="총독 (중국사)">총독</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EB%A1%80%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85" title="직례총독">직례</a></li> <li><a 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class="new" title="하도총독 (없는 문서)">하도</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%A8%ED%95%98%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="남하총독 (없는 문서)">남하</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8F%99%ED%95%98%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="동하총독 (없는 문서)">동하</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%81%ED%95%98%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="북하총독 (없는 문서)">북하</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="총리아문">총리아문</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%A0%EC%A0%95%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95%EB%8C%80%EA%B0%95" title="흠정헌법대강">흠정헌법대강</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">군사</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EA%B5%B0" title="청군">청군</a></li> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC%EC%98%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="수사영 (없는 문서)">수사영</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%B4%EC%9C%84%EA%B5%B0_(%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="무위군 (청나라) (없는 문서)">무위군</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EA%B5%B0_(%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="상군 (청나라)">상군</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">특수 지역</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%B4%EB%A5%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청의 내륙아시아 통치 (없는 문서)">내륙아시아</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%AD%EC%B9%98%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="만주청치시기 (없는 문서)">만주</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%97%AD%EC%8B%A0%EA%B0%95" title="서역신강">서역신강</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%B1%EC%B2%98%EC%9E%A5%EA%B5%B0" title="총통이리등처장군">총통이리등처장군</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">궁성과 능묘</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1" title="자금성">자금성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%96%91_%EA%B3%A0%EA%B6%81" title="선양 고궁">심양궁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%84%9C%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="피서산장">피서산장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%85%EC%9B%90" title="원명원">원명원</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%9B%90" title="이화원">이화원</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%80%EC%99%B8%EC%82%BC%EB%A6%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="관외삼릉 (없는 문서)">관외삼릉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EB%A6%89" title="청동릉">청동릉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%84%9C%EB%A6%89" title="청서릉">청서릉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%A9%EB%A6%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="명나라와 청나라의 황릉 (없는 문서)">명나라와 청나라의 황릉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">사회문화사</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4_%EC%95%84%ED%95%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="보이 아하 (없는 문서)">보이 아하</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%A3%BC%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="상주학파">상주학파</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B3%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="지보">지보</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%99%95" class="mw-disambig" title="사왕">사왕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%91%EC%84%B1" title="고금도서집성">고금도서집성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC_(%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%84%9C)" title="명사 (역사서)">명사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B5%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청나라와 이슬람교 (없는 문서)">청나라와 이슬람교</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%9D%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84" title="강희자전">강희자전</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A6%9D%ED%95%99" title="고증학">고증학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%A5" title="문자의 옥">문자의 옥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%84%EC%84%9D" title="만한전석">만한전석</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%A8%EB%AC%B8%EC%9A%B4%EB%B6%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="패문운부 (없는 문서)">패문운부</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%B4%EC%A0%9C%EC%98%A4%EC%B2%B4%EC%B2%AD%EB%AC%B8%EA%B0%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="어제오체청문감 (없는 문서)">어제오체청문감</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%8C%80%EA%B4%80%EB%AA%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청대관모 (없는 문서)">청대관모</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청나라의 시문학 (없는 문서)">청나라의 시문학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%9C" title="전당시">전당시</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EB%B0%9C" title="변발">변발</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9B%90%EB%A5%98%EA%B3%A0" title="만주원류고">만주원류고</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%B1%EC%9C%A0%EA%B4%91%ED%9B%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="성유광훈 (없는 문서)">성유광훈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%A4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청나라의 샤머니즘 (없는 문서)">청나라의 샤머니즘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%84%9C" title="사고전서">사고전서</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%84%9C%EC%B4%9D%EB%AA%A9%EC%A0%9C%EC%9A%94" title="사고전서총목제요">사고전서총목제요</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">조약</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%AC%ED%9D%90%ED%83%80_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD_(1727%EB%85%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="캬흐타 조약 (1727년)">캬흐타</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="네르친스크 조약">네르친스크</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%B6%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="신축조약">신축</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EB%A7%81%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="벌링게임 조약">벌링게임</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A6%88%ED%91%B8_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="즈푸 조약">즈푸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%98%81%EC%86%8D%EC%A0%95%EC%9E%A5%EC%9D%B8%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="중영속정장인조약">티베트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9_%EC%98%81%ED%86%A0_%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="홍콩 영토 확장 조약">홍콩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%95_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="베이징 조약">베이징</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%88%EC%A7%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD_(1885%EB%85%84)" title="톈진 조약 (1885년)">톈진</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%B2%AD_%EB%B0%80%EC%95%BD" title="러청 밀약">러청</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD-%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EC%9A%B0%ED%98%B8%ED%86%B5%EC%83%81%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="중국-포르투갈 우호통상조약">포르투갈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%9B%88_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="아이훈 조약">아이훈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EB%A8%BC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="후먼 조약">후먼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%EB%8F%99_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="광동 조약 (없는 문서)">광동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%A8%EC%9E%90_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="쿨자 조약">쿨자</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%A7%95_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="난징 조약">난징</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%B8%EC%84%B8%ED%82%A4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="시모노세키 조약">시모노세키</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%91%A5%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%98%ED%99%98_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="랴오둥반도 반환 조약">요동 반환</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="타르바가타이 조약">타르바가타이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%88%EC%A7%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="톈진 조약">톈진</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EC%83%A4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="왕샤 조약">왕샤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%ED%91%B8_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="황푸 조약">황푸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C_%ED%95%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="아이신기오로 할라">아이신기오로 할라</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%98%EC%B2%AD%EB%B3%B5%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="반청복명 (없는 문서)">반청복명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%8F%99_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="광동 체제">광동 체제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%88%EA%B4%80%EB%8F%99" title="틈관동">틈관동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0" title="청사고">청사고</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%84%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="추선">추선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="만주족">만주족</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청나라의 국명 (없는 문서)">청나라의 국명</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%A0%EC%B2%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="신청사 (없는 문서)">신청사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="청나라 정복 이론 (없는 문서)">청나라 정복 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%98%EC%B2%AD_%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="반청 반란 연표 (없는 문서)">반청 반란 연표</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD%ED%95%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="조약항">조약항</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%80" title="유조변">유조변</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#00386a; color:#ffffff;"><div><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="틀:명나라"><span style="color:white;">대명</span></a> </div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B5%B0%EB%B2%8C_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="틀:군벌 시대"><span style="color:white;">군벌 시대</span></a> » </div> 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