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People's Commissariat for Communications - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philatelic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philatelic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Commissars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Commissars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Commissars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Commissars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications_of_the_USSR&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="People&#039;s Commissariat for Communications of the USSR">People&#039;s Commissariat for Communications of the USSR</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former communications agency of the Soviet Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Народный комиссариат связи СССР<br />(НКС СССР, Наркомсвязь СССР)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKS_SSSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKS_SSSR.jpg/180px-NKS_SSSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKS_SSSR.jpg/270px-NKS_SSSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKS_SSSR.jpg/360px-NKS_SSSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official emblem of the Commissariat<br />on a manhole in <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">17&#160;January 1932<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;92 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1932-01-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs_of_the_RSFSR" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR</a> (since 8 November 1917)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR (since 12 November 1923)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">15&#160;March 1946<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;78 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="dtend">1946-03-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Ministry of Communications of the USSR</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">7 <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorky Street">Gorky Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;params=55_45_26_N_37_36_53_E_type:landmark_region:SU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°36′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.75722°N 37.61472°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">55.75722; 37.61472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">varied</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Alexey Rykov (1932–36), People's Commissar for Communications</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">several</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{map_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soviet_Union_Map.png/220px-Soviet_Union_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soviet_Union_Map.png/330px-Soviet_Union_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soviet_Union_Map.png/440px-Soviet_Union_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Народный комиссариат связи СССР</span>) was the central state agency of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> in the period 1932 to 1946. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat" title="People&#39;s Commissariat">Commissariat</a> administered the <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> services. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commissariat was organised on 17 January 1932 by renaming from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs_of_the_USSR" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years of the pre-World War II five-year plans (1929–1940), there was a rapid development of the Soviet communication system and industry. High-frequency equipment was introduced for long-distance communication. Use of such equipment allowed to transmit three, four, or 12 telephone calls over a pair of wires or 16 telegrams over a single telephone channel. In 1939, construction of a high-frequency three-channel line between Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> (8,600&#160;km) provided dependable communication between the USSR central regions and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a>. By late 1940, the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Central_Telegraph" title="Central Telegraph">Central Telegraph</a> Office had 22 <a href="/wiki/Fax#Wire_transmission" title="Fax">facsimile</a> lines. In 1941, a 12-channel line between Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> was put into operation that meant the concurrent transmission of 12 telephone calls over a single pair of wires.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the rural (intraraion) telephone communication was first set up. In 1940, it reached 70% of the areas under rural soviets, 76.3% of the <a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">sovkhozes</a>, and 9.2% of the <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhozes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio broadcasting network">radio broadcasting network</a> experienced significant expansion. In the early 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> Radio Station, with a power of 500&#160;kW, was constructed along with a number of other stations with a power of 100&#160;kW each. The receiving network was augmented, while a system for wired broadcasting via rebroadcasting centres was arranged. Regular <a href="/wiki/Television_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programming">television programming</a> was initiated in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> of 1941–1945, steady communication was organised between the General Headquarters of the Supreme Command and the fronts. Soviet postal service administered by the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR delivered billions of <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a> via the postal network and the military postal units of the army in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Up to 70 million <a href="/wiki/Parcel_(package)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcel (package)">parcels</a> per month were delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> front from the rear under extremely difficult and often very dangerous conditions. </p><p>Because of the war time, almost half the telephone offices became inoperative but were restored soon after the war. By 1948, telephone system capacity and number of installed telephone sets exceeded the pre-war level.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-war times, mail service had undergone quantitative and qualitative changes. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Communications of the USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philatelic_policy">Philatelic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Philatelic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was responsible for issuing <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>. It also sold stamps to <a href="/wiki/Philatelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philatelic">philatelic</a> organisations and collectors. By 1939–1940, the <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> from stamp sales through philatelic organisations was significant. In that same year, it secured over 85% of the total income of the Commissariat (or 17.28 million rubles of 19.833 million rubles). The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a> was not an exception among the other states in terms of deriving a profit from the postage stamp trade. In fact, many governments around the world developed similar policies for issuing stamps:<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most stamps, particularly in the 1920s and afterwards, lost their purely postal character in favour of other ends. Some countries began to give philatelic issues their special attention in order to derive a sizable part of the national income from the sale of stamps.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite>Carlos Stoetzer, "Postage Stamps as Propaganda", Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press,1953, 2.</cite></div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center; font-size:78%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet postal truck in the 1930s"><img alt="Soviet postal truck in the 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Postcar.jpg/310px-Postcar.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Postcar.jpg/465px-Postcar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Postcar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet <a href="/wiki/Postal_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal truck">postal truck</a> in the 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Telegramme of the People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications sent to freed Kharkov, 1944"><img alt="Telegramme of the People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications sent to freed Kharkov, 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg/295px-1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg/442px-1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg/589px-1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4363" data-file-height="3110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">Telegramme</a> of the People's Commissariat for Communications sent to freed Kharkov, 1944</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp issued by the People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the claimed invention of radio by A.S. Popov, 1945"><img alt="Stamp issued by the People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the claimed invention of radio by A.S. Popov, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg/151px-USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg/226px-USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg/302px-USSR_stamp_1945_CPA_978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp issued by the People's Commissariat for Communications to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the claimed <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">invention of radio</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">A.S. Popov</a>, 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letterhead of the Kharkov City Post Office, People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications, 1946"><img alt="Letterhead of the Kharkov City Post Office, People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications, 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg/224px-1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg/336px-1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg/448px-1946_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">Letterhead</a> of the Kharkov City Post Office, People's Commissariat for Communications, 1946</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Commissars">List of Commissars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: List of Commissars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, the Commissariat was headed by the following officers: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th>People's Commissar for Communications </th> <th>Term of office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Rykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Rykov">Alexey Rykov</a> </td> <td>17 January 1932 – 26 September 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> </td> <td>26 September 1936 – 5 April 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Khalepsky" title="Innokenty Khalepsky">Innokenty Khalepsky</a> </td> <td>5 April 1937 – 17 August 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Berman" title="Matvei Berman">Matvei Berman</a> </td> <td>17 August 1937 – 1 July 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>(vacant) </td> <td>1 July 1938 – 7 May 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Peresypkin" title="Ivan Peresypkin">Ivan Peresypkin</a> </td> <td>10 May 1939 – 20 July 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Konstantin Sergeychuk </td> <td>20 July 1944 – 15 March 1946 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trading_tax_stamp" title="International trading tax stamp">International trading tax stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Mass_Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of Russia">Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs_of_the_RSFSR" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postage stamps and postal history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_post-Soviet_postage_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet and post-Soviet postage rates">Soviet and post-Soviet postage rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_stamp_catalogue" title="Soviet Union stamp catalogue">Soviet Union stamp catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamps_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamps of the Soviet Union">Stamps of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFВладинец,_Н._И.Ильичёв,_Л._И.Левитас,_И._Я.Мазур,_П._Ф.1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1852">"Народный комиссариат связи СССР"</a> &#91;People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR&#93;. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/dic_philately/"><i>Большой филателистический словарь</i></a> &#91;<i>Great Philatelic Dictionary</i>&#93; (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-256-00175-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-256-00175-2"><bdi>5-256-00175-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125512/http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1852">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%5BRadio+i+svyaz%27%5D.+320+p&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=5-256-00175-2&amp;rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%2C+%D0%9D.+%D0%98.&amp;rft.au=%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9B.+%D0%98.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%AF.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%2C+%D0%9F.+%D0%A4.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%9D.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%90.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+%D0%AE.+%D0%9A.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C+%D0%A1.+%D0%90.&amp;rft.au=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%AE.+%D0%9C.&amp;rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9C.+%D0%91.&amp;rft.au=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%90.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdic.academic.ru%2Fdic.nsf%2Fdic_philately%2F1852&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Commissariat+for+Communications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДавыдов,_Г._Б.1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Давыдов, Г. Б. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Economy">"Связь"</a> &#91;Economy&#93;. In Прохоров, А. М. (ed.). <i>Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979)</i> &#91;<i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Soviet Encyclopedia">The Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>&#93; (in Russian and English). Vol.&#160;24 (кн. 2) (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик) (3rd&#160;ed.). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%B2+30+%D1%82.+%281970%E2%80%931979%29&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%5BSoviet+Encyclopedia%5D&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.au=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%91.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FEconomy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Commissariat+for+Communications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВладинец,_Н._И.Ильичёв,_Л._И.Левитас,_И._Я.Мазур,_П._Ф.1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1752">"Министерство связи СССР"</a> &#91;Ministry of Communications of the USSR&#93;. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/dic_philately/"><i>Большой филателистический словарь</i></a> &#91;<i>Great Philatelic Dictionary</i>&#93; (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-256-00175-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-256-00175-2"><bdi>5-256-00175-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020621/http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1752/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%5BRadio+i+svyaz%27%5D.+320+p&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=5-256-00175-2&amp;rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%2C+%D0%9D.+%D0%98.&amp;rft.au=%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9B.+%D0%98.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%AF.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%2C+%D0%9F.+%D0%A4.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%9D.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%98.+%D0%90.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+%D0%AE.+%D0%9A.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C+%D0%A1.+%D0%90.&amp;rft.au=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%AE.+%D0%9C.&amp;rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9C.+%D0%91.&amp;rft.au=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%90.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdic.academic.ru%2Fdic.nsf%2Fdic_philately%2F1752&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Commissariat+for+Communications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_J.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, J. (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150515113218/http://cabdirect.cab.semcs.net/abstracts/19961801522.html">"The socialist construction of philately in the early Soviet era"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 476–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500019770">10.1017/S0010417500019770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179216">179216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143458562">143458562</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabdirect.cab.semcs.net/abstracts/19961801522.html">the original</a> on 2015-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&amp;rft.atitle=The+socialist+construction+of+philately+in+the+early+Soviet+era&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=476-493&amp;rft.date=1995-07&amp;rft.issn=0010-4175&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143458562%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500019770&amp;rft.au=Grant%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcabdirect.cab.semcs.net%2Fabstracts%2F19961801522.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Commissariat+for+Communications" class="Z3988"></span> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240527083547/https://www.webcitation.org/6YXgzUUR4?url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/179216%3Fuid=3739920">the original</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6YXguzrX2?url=http://cabdirect.cab.semcs.net/abstracts/19961801522.html;jsessionid=D5AB89DF87BFD291068CC77278487A9B">another source</a> on 2015-05-15.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People%27s_Commissariat_for_Communications_of_the_USSR" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People&#39;s Commissariat for Communications of the USSR">People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224004719/http://www.elisanet.fi/daglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm">"Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1917–1923. Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1923–1964"</a>. <i>Governments (historical): Soviet Union SOV 1917</i>. Finland: Dag Larsson; Elisa Oyj. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elisanet.fi/daglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="President of the Soviet Union">President and Vice President of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation Council of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Federation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Security Council of the Soviet Union">Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">Ministries</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministries of the Soviet Union">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agricultural_Products_Procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agricultural Products Procurement">Agricultural Products Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Food_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Soviet Union)">Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Installation_and_Special_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Installation and Special Construction (page does not exist)">Installation and Special Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Armament">Armament</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Automobile_and_Agricultural_Machine_Building&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building (page does not exist)">Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Aviation Industry">Aviation Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Building_Materials_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Building Materials Industry">Building Materials Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Chemical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Chemical Industry">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Chemical_and_Oil_Machinery_Building&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Chemical and Oil Machinery Building (page does not exist)">Chemical and Oil Machinery Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cellulose_and_Paper_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Cellulose and Paper Industry">Cellulose and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Civil Aviation (Soviet Union)">Civil Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Coal_Industry" title="Ministry of Coal Industry">Coal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Commerce_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Commerce (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communication_Equipment_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communication Equipment Industry (Soviet Union)">Communication Equipment Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Construction (Soviet Union)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Fuel_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Fuel Industry (page does not exist)">Construction of Fuel Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Heavy_Industry" title="Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry">Construction of Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Oil_and_Gas_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industry">Construction of Oil and Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Petrochemical_Machinery&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Petrochemical Machinery (page does not exist)">Construction of Petrochemical Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Power_Plants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Power Plants (page does not exist)">Construction of Power Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Road_Building_and_Communal_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines">Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Tool-Machines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Tool-Machines (page does not exist)">Construction of Tool-Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Culture (Soviet Union)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense Industry (Soviet Union)">Defense Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Economy_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Economy (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Education (Soviet Union)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electrical_Power_and_Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electrical Power and Electrification">Electrical Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronic_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electronic Industry">Electronics Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Electrotechnical_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Electrotechnical Industry (page does not exist)">Electrotechnical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Environmental Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ferrous_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy (Soviet Union)">Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Fishing_Industry" title="Ministry of the Fishing Industry">Fishing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Economic_Relations_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (Soviet Union)">Foreign Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry" title="Ministry of Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Forestry Industry">Forestry Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Fruits_and_Vegetables&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Fruits and Vegetables (page does not exist)">Fruits and Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Gas_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Gas Industry">Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of General Machine-Building">General Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Geology_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Geology (Soviet Union)">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Grain_Products_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Grain Products (Soviet Union)">Grain Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Housing_and_Architecture&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Housing and Architecture (page does not exist)">Housing and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_Machine_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy Machine Building">Heavy Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_and_Transport_Machines_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machines Construction">Heavy and Transport Machines Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Soviet Union)">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Industrial_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Industrial Construction (page does not exist)">Industrial Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Installation_and_Special_Construction_Work&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Installation and Special Construction Work (page does not exist)">Installation and Special Construction Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Instrument-Making,_Automation_and_Control_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems">Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Iron_and_Steel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Iron and Steel (page does not exist)">Iron and Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Light_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Light Industry (Soviet Union)">Light Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_Reclamation_and_Water_Resources&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources (page does not exist)">Land Reclamation and Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building (page does not exist)">Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Animal_Husbandry_and_Fodder_Products&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Light_and_Food_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Light and Food Industry (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Light and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Machine_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry" title="Ministry of Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry">Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machinery_for_Stock_Raising_and_Feeding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding (page does not exist)">Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manufacture_of_Communication_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Manufacture of Communication Media">Manufacture of Communication Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Meat_and_Dairy_Industry" title="Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry">Meat and Dairy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Medical Industry">Medical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Medical_and_Microbiologiacal_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry (page does not exist)">Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medium_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of Medium Machine-Building">Medium Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Merchant_Marine_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Merchant Marine (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Mineral_Fertilizer_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Mineral Fertilizer Production">Mineral Fertilizer Production</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Metallurgy (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Non-Ferrous_Metallurgy" title="Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy">Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Nuclear_Power_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Nuclear Power Industry (page does not exist)">Nuclear Power Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry" title="Ministry of Oil Industry">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_and_Gas_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry (page does not exist)">Oil and Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_Processing_and_Petrochemical_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry (page does not exist)">Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_and_Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Power and Electrification">Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Pulp_and_Paper_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Pulp and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Radio_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Radio Industry">Radio Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Railways (Soviet Union)">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Rubber_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Rubber Industry (page does not exist)">Rubber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Shipbuilding_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Shipbuilding (Soviet Union)">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Farms" title="Ministry of State Farms">State Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Technical_Cultivation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Technical Cultivation (page does not exist)">Technical Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Textile_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Textile Industry (page does not exist)">Textile Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber Industry">Timber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber,_Paper_and_Wood_Processing_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry">Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Tool and Tool Building Industry (page does not exist)">Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Trade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Internal Trade (page does not exist)">Internal Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tractors_and_Agricultural_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tractors and Agricultural Machines">Tractors and Agricultural Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_Construction" title="Ministry of Transport Construction">Transport Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Urban_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Urban Construction (page does not exist)">Urban Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Eastern_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Eastern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Eastern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Far_East_and_Transbaikal_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Northern_and_Western_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Northern and Western Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Northern and Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Southern_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Southern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Southern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Urals_and_West_Siberian_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a><br />and commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Building_Materials&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Building Materials (page does not exist)">Building Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Construction" title="State Committee for Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Defense_Technology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Defense Technology (page does not exist)">Defense Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supervisory_Commission_for_Flight_Safety" title="State Supervisory Commission for Flight Safety">Flight Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Fuel_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Fuel Industry (page does not exist)">Fuel Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Labour_and_Social_Issues" title="State Committee for Labour and Social Issues">Labour and Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossnab" title="Gossnab">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Control_Commission" title="People&#39;s Control Commission">People's Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_Prices" title="State Committee on Prices">Prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Publishing" title="State Committee for Publishing">Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Metallurgy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Metallurgy (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Science_and_Technology" title="State Committee for Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosstandart" title="Gosstandart">Standards and Product Quality Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">State Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">State Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goskomstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goskomstat">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">Television and Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Timber_and_Paper_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Timber and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Timber and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Transport_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Transport Construction (page does not exist)">Transport Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Template:Postal history of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Postal history of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Postal history of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">postal history</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Aden" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Alawite_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Alawite State">Alaouites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Hatay" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Hatay">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Annam_and_Tongking" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking">Annam-Tongking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Armenia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bahrain" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangkok" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bhutan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Brunei" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Burma" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Cambodia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_East_Timor" title="Postage stamps and postal history of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Hatay" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Hatay">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Hong_Kong" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Indian_states" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states">Indian States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Indochina" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Indonesia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Iran" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Iraq" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Israel" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Japan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Jordan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Korea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kuwait" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Labuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Laos" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Alawite_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Alawite State">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Lebanon" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Macau" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Malaysia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Maldives" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Manchukuo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Mongolia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Muscat_and_Oman" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Nepal" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Dutch East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Borneo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Korea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Pakistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bahawalpur" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Palestine" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Portuguese_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Qatar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ryukyu_Islands" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Sharjah" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Singapore" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_South_Korea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Syria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Taiwan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tajikistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Thailand" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkmenistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tannu_Tuva" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tannu Tuva">Tannu Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Uzbekistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vietnam" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Western_New_Guinea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Yemen" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/13px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/20px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/27px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="534" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philately" title="Portal:Philately">Philately&#32;portal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Africa" title="Template:Postal history of Africa">Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Postal history of the Americas">Americas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Template:Postal history of Europe">Europe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Oceania" title="Template:Postal history of Oceania">Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philately" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philately">WikiProject</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Template:Postal history of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Postal history of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Postal history of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">postal history</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By country or<br />territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_%C3%85land" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Albania" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Allenstein" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Allenstein">Allenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Andorra" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Armenia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Austria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Belarus" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Belgium" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bulgaria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Crete" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Croatia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Cyprus" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Dalmatia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Denmark" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Eastern_Rumelia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Estonia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Finland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Fiume" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Fiume">Fiume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_France" title="Postage stamps and postal history of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_the_French_colonies" title="Postage stamps of the French colonies">French colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Funchal">Funchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Georgia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Germany" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_German_colonies" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the German colonies">German colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Great_Britain" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_definitives" title="Country definitives">GB regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Greece" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Greenland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Guernsey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Heligoland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Heligoland">Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Hungary" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Iceland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Ireland" title="Postage stamps of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Jersey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Karelia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kastellorizo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kosovo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Latvia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Liechtenstein" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Lithuania" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Luxembourg" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Malta" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Moldova" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Monaco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Montenegro" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Mount_Athos" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Ingria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Ingria">North Ingria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Norway" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Portugal" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Azores" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Azores">Azores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Madeira" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Madeira">Madeira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Romania" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Saar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Saar">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_San_Marino" title="Postage stamps and postal history of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Serbia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Slovakia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Slovenia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Postage stamps of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Spain" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Sweden" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Switzerland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Transnistria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tuscany" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ukraine" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_West_Ukrainian_National_Republic" title="Postage stamps and postal history of West Ukrainian National Republic">West Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Yugoslavia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_services_abroad" title="List of postal services abroad">Post abroad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_post_offices_in_Crete" title="Austrian post offices in Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_post_offices_in_Liechtenstein" title="Austrian post offices in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Austrian post offices in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_post_offices_abroad" title="List of British post offices abroad">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_military_post_offices_in_Africa" title="British military post offices in Africa">Africa (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_postal_agencies_in_Eastern_Arabia" title="British postal agencies in Eastern Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_post_offices_in_China" title="British post offices in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_post_offices_in_Crete" title="British post offices in Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_post_offices_in_Morocco" title="British post offices in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Bushire_under_British_occupation" title="Postage stamps of Bushire under British occupation">Bushire occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Batum_under_British_occupation" title="Postage stamps of Batum under British occupation">Batum occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_abroad" title="French post offices abroad">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_China" title="French post offices in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_Crete" title="French post offices in Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_Egypt" title="French post offices in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="French post offices in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_Zanzibar" title="French post offices in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_post_offices_abroad" title="German post offices abroad">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_post_offices_in_China" title="German post offices in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_post_offices_in_Morocco" title="German post offices in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="German post offices in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_post_offices_in_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="German post offices in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Baden" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bergedorf" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Hamburg" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Schleswig-Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Mecklenburg" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_post_offices_abroad" title="Russian post offices abroad">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_post_offices_in_China" title="Russian post offices in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_post_offices_in_Crete" title="Russian post offices in Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Russian post offices in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/13px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/20px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/27px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="534" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philately" title="Portal:Philately">Philately&#32;portal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Africa" title="Template:Postal history of Africa">Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Postal history of the Americas">Americas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Template:Postal history of Asia">Asia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Oceania" title="Template:Postal history of Oceania">Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philately" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philately">WikiProject</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4313359#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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