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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_in_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_in_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples in writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Letter (alphabet)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Тхыпкъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тхыпкъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter" title="Letter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Letter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchstabe" title="Buchstabe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buchstabe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puustav" title="Puustav – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puustav" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81" title="حرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Տառ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տառ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A2" title="Gramâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Gramâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lletra" title="Lletra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lletra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF" title="ХӀарп – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀарп" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rf" title="Hərf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="حرف (دیلچیلیک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حرف (دیلچیلیک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE)" title="বর্ণ (বর্ণমালা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণ (বর্ণমালা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-b%C3%B3" title="Jī-bó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-bó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Хәреф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хәреф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="अक्षर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अक्षर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Буква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buachstob" title="Buachstob – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buachstob" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovo" title="Slovo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slovo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenn" title="Lizherenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lletra" title="Lletra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lletra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Саспалли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саспалли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmeno" title="Písmeno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Písmeno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhii" title="Bhii – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhii" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythyren" title="Llythyren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythyren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogstav" title="Bogstav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bogstav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchstabe" title="Buchstabe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buchstabe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ht_(kiri)" title="Täht (kiri) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täht (kiri)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γράμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γράμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litero" title="Litero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Litero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="حرف (زبان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرف (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kstavur" title="Bókstavur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bókstavur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettre_(alphabet)" title="Lettre (alphabet) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lettre (alphabet)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter" title="Letter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Letter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litir_(aib%C3%ADtir)" title="Litir (aibítir) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litir (aibítir)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97" title="拼音字 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拼音字" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3-m%C3%BB" title="Sṳ-mû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ-mû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%AA%A8" title="자모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfa" title="Harfa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harfa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Տառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="वर्ण विभाग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्ण विभाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismik" title="Pismik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pismik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovo" title="Slovo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slovo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litero" title="Litero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Litero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf" title="Huruf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglak" title="Aglak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aglak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6" title="Дамгъæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дамгъæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oonobumba" title="Oonobumba – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Oonobumba" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinhlamvu_Zamagama" title="Izinhlamvu Zamagama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinhlamvu Zamagama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kstafur" title="Bókstafur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókstafur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettera_(alfabeto)" title="Lettera (alfabeto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettera (alfabeto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf" title="Huruf – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Huruf" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Хариф – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Хариф" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ასო (ნიშანი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასო (ნიშანი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Әріп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әріп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herufi" title="Herufi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herufi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8t_(glif)" title="Lèt (glif) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lèt (glif)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8t_(%C3%A9kritir)" title="Lèt (ékritir) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lèt (ékritir)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEp" title="Tîp – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîp" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тамга – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамга" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littera" title="Littera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Littera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burts" title="Burts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Burts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buschtaf" title="Buschtaf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buschtaf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid%C4%97" title="Raidė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lerfu" title="lerfu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lerfu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C5%B1" title="Betű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Буква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Буква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litera" title="Litera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Litera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അക്ഷരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്ഷരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="अक्षर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अक्षर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf" title="Huruf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AA-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Cê-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cê-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Тяшкс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тяшкс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Үсэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter" title="Letter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Letter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="字母" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buksteew" title="Buksteew – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buksteew" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokstav" title="Bokstav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokstav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokstav" title="Bokstav – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bokstav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra_(alfabet)" title="Letra (alfabet) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Letra (alfabet)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harf" title="Harf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੱਖਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਖਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="اکھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اکھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookstaav" title="Bookstaav – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bookstaav" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litera" title="Litera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Litera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1rip" title="Hárip – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hárip" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif" title="Arif – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arif" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter%C4%83" title="Literă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanampa" title="Sanampa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sanampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Буква – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Буква" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Буква – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буква" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Буукуба – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буукуба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="लकाराः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लकाराः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkronja" title="Shkronja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkronja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littra_(signu_gr%C3%A0ficu)" title="Littra (signu gràficu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Littra (signu gràficu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter" title="Letter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Letter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اکر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اکر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmeno" title="Písmeno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písmeno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crka" title="Črka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaraf" title="Xaraf – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xaraf" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پیت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слово – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слово" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovo" title="Slovo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slovo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjain" title="Kirjain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokstav" title="Bokstav – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bokstav" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik" title="Titik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Titik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="எழுத்து (இலக்கணம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து (இலக்கணம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asekkil" title="Asekkil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asekkil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Хәреф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәреф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2)" title="అక్షరం (వర్ణమాల) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్షరం (వర్ణమాల)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3" title="ตัวอักษร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวอักษร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84" title="Ҳарф – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳарф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harf" title="Harf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp" title="Harp – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Harp" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81" title="حرف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tara_de_l%27alfabeto" title="Létara de l'alfabeto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Létara de l'alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i" title="Chữ cái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ cái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete" title="Lete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agi_(abakadahan)" title="Agi (abakadahan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Agi (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91" title="בוכשטאב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוכשטאב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9A%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="單隻字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單隻字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herfe" title="Herfe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herfe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidie" title="Raidie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Raidie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkwukwuuk_ik%E1%BB%8D" title="Nkwukwuuk ikọ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nkwukwuuk ikọ" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Special:EditPage/Letter (alphabet)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Letter%22+alphabet">"Letter" alphabet</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Letter%22+alphabet+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Letter%22+alphabet&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Letter%22+alphabet+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Letter%22+alphabet">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Letter%22+alphabet&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.</b> For the meaning of how <span class="nowrap"><code>⟨ ⟩</code>, <code>| |</code>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>/ /</code>, and <code>[ ]</code></span> <span class="nowrap">are used here,</span> see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">this page</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, a <b>letter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> that generally corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two. An <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> is a writing system that uses letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200513–14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200513–14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_usage">Definition and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">Character (symbol)</a></div> <p>A letter is a type of <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a>, the smallest functional unit within a writing system. Letters are graphemes that broadly correspond to <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, the smallest functional units of sound in speech. Similarly to how phonemes are combined to form spoken words, letters may be combined to form written words. A single phoneme may also be represented by multiple letters in sequence, collectively called a <i><a href="/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)" title="Multigraph (orthography)">multigraph</a></i>. Multigraphs include <i>digraphs</i> of two letters<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200535_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200535-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. English <i>ch</i>, <i>sh</i>, <i>th</i>), and <i>trigraphs</i> of three letters (e.g. English <i>tch</i>). </p><p>The same <a href="/wiki/Letterform" title="Letterform">letterform</a> may be used in different alphabets while representing different phonemic categories. The Latin <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Η⟩</span>, and Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">en</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Н⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">homoglyphs</a>, but represent different phonemes. Conversely, the distinct forms of <span class="nowrap">⟨S⟩</span>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Σ⟩</span>, and Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">es</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨С⟩</span> each represent analogous /s/ phonemes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Ancient inscription on a vase featuring <a href="/wiki/Greek_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek letter">Greek letters</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Letters are associated with specific names, which may differ between languages and dialects. <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, for example, is usually called <i>zed</i> outside of the United States, where it is named <i>zee</i>. Both ultimately derive from the name of the parent Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ζ⟩</span>. In alphabets, letters are arranged in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>, which also may vary by language. In Spanish, <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> is considered to be a separate letter from <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, though this distinction is not usually recognised in English dictionaries. In computer systems, each has its own <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a>, <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+006E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">n</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">LATIN SMALL LETTER N</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00F1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ñ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE</a></span>, respectively. </p><p>Letters may also function as numerals with assigned numerical values, for example with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. Greek and Latin letters have a <a href="/wiki/List_of_letters_used_in_mathematics_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="List of letters used in mathematics and science">variety of modern uses in mathematics, science, and engineering</a>. </p><p>People and objects are sometimes named after letters, for one of these reasons: </p> <ol><li>The letter is an abbreviation, e.g. "G-man" as slang for a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> agent, arose as short for "Government Man"</li> <li>Alphabetical order used as a counting system, e.g. Plan A, Plan B, etc.; <a href="/wiki/Alpha_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha ray">alpha ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta ray">beta ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>, etc.</li> <li>The shape of the letter, e.g. <a href="/wiki/A-clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="A-clamp">A-clamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-frame" title="A-frame">A-frame</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-ring" title="D-ring">D-ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="G-clamp">G-clamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maze_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze (HM Prison)">H-block</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-clip" title="R-clip">R-clip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarn#Structure" title="Yarn">S or Z twist</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_engine" title="U engine">U engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-bend" class="mw-redirect" title="U-bend">U-bend</a>, <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-drive" title="Z-drive">Z-drive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river <i>delta</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Block_(meteorology)#Omega_blocks" title="Block (meteorology)"><i>omega</i> block</a></li> <li>Other reasons, e.g. <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> after "<i>x</i> the unknown" in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, because the discoverer did not know what they were</li></ol> <p>The word <i>letter</i> entered <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>, borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">letre</i></span></i>. It eventually displaced the previous <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> term <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">bōcstæf</i></span> '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bookstaff" class="extiw" title="wikt:bookstaff">bookstaff</a>'. <i>Letter</i> ultimately descends from the Latin <i><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/littera#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:littera">littera</a></i></i>, which may have been derived from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">diphthera</i></span> 'writing tablet' via <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 19th century, <i>letter</i> was also used interchangeably to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Speech_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech segment">speech segment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg/220px-Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg/330px-Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg/440px-Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut%2C_session_%281882%29_%2814763332785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a>, an example of letters in <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before alphabets, <a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">phonograms</a>, graphic symbols of sounds, were used. There were three kinds of phonograms: verbal, pictures for entire words, syllabic, which stood for articulations of words, and alphabetic, which represented signs or letters. The earliest examples of which are from Ancient Egypt and Ancient China, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span>. The first consonantal alphabet emerged around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800 BCE</span>, representing the Phoenicians, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic</a> workers in Egypt. Their script was originally written and read from right to left. From the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> came the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a> and Greek alphabets. From there, the most widely used alphabet today emerged, Latin, which is written and read from left to right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet had 22 letters, nineteen of which the Latin alphabet used, and the Greek alphabet, adapted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 BCE</span>, added four letters to those used in Phoenician. This Greek alphabet was the first to assign letters not only to <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> sounds, but also to <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. </p><p>The Roman Empire further developed and refined the Latin alphabet, beginning around 500 BCE. During the fifth and sixth centuries, the development of lowercase letters began to emerge in Roman writing. At this point, paragraphs, uppercase and lowercase letters, and the concept of sentences and clauses still had not emerged; these final bits of development emerged in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, many slight letter additions and drops were made to the common alphabet used in the western world. Minor changes were made such as the removal of certain letters, such as <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ þ⟩</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ð ð⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uppercase_and_lowercase">Uppercase and lowercase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uppercase and lowercase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png/220px-Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png/330px-Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png/440px-Translations_of_Semitic_Letters.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>Transliterations and iconography of the Semitic script, the first consonantal alphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>A letter can have multiple variants, or <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a>, related to variation in style of <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>. Some writing systems have two major types of allographs for each letter: an <i>uppercase</i> form (also called <i>capital</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a></i>) and a <i>lowercase</i> form (also called <i>minuscule</i>). Upper- and lowercase letters represent the same sound, but serve different functions in writing. Capital letters are most often used at the beginning of a sentence, as the first letter of a proper name or title, or in headers or inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200510–11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200510–11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also serve other functions, such as in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> where all <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> begin with capital letters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The terms <i>uppercase</i> and <i>lowercase</i> originated in the days of handset type for printing presses. Individual letter blocks were kept in specific compartments of drawers in a type case. Capital letters were stored in a higher drawer or upper case.<sup id="cite_ref-Typographia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Typographia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg/220px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg/330px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg/440px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2611" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg/220px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg/330px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg/440px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2696" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg/220px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg/330px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg/440px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="2273" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg/220px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg/330px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg/440px-Decorated_Roman_alphabet_MET_DP855613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="2375" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engravings</a> of decorated Latin letters, from the 18th century (note the lack of a J and a U)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">Diacritics</a></div><p> In most alphabetic scripts, diacritics (or accents) are a routinely used. <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> is unusual in not using them except for <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages or personal names (for example, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/na%C3%AFve" class="extiw" title="wikt:naïve">naïve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë">Brontë</a></i>). The ubiquity of this usage is indicated by the existence of <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> for use with computer systems (for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨á⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨à⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨â⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ã⟩</span>.)</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typography_Line_Terms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Typography_Line_Terms.svg/220px-Typography_Line_Terms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Typography_Line_Terms.svg/330px-Typography_Line_Terms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Typography_Line_Terms.svg/440px-Typography_Line_Terms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascenders</a> (as in "h") and <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a> (as in "p") make the height of lower-case letters vary.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_in_writing_systems">Examples in writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples in writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">List of writing systems</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venn_diagram_showing_Greek,_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg/263px-Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg/395px-Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg/526px-Venn_diagram_showing_Greek%2C_Latin_and_Cyrillic_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> of letters in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Alphabet">Cyrillic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabets</a>. Certain letters appear in two or more of these alphabets, although they may not represent the same sound.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the following table, letters from multiple different <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> are shown, to demonstrate the variety of letters used throughout the world. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Example alphabet </th> <th>Letters in example alphabet </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a> </td> <td>অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, ৰ, ল, ৱ, শ, ষ, স, হ,ক্ষ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ৎ, ং, ঃ, ঁ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a> </td> <td>অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, ল, শ, ষ, স, হ,ক্ষ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ৎ, ং, ঃ, ঁ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td>(Alphabetical from right to left) <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ﺍ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">ﺏ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">ﺕ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯāʼ">ﺙ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">ﺝ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">ﺡ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫāʼ">ﺥ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">ﺩ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ﺫ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">ﺭ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">ﺯ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ﺱ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ﺵ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ﺹ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ﺽ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ﻁ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓāʼ">ﻅ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ﻉ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġayn">ﻍ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">ﻑ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">ﻕ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">ﻙ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">ﻝ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">ﻡ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">ﻥ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">هـ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">ﻭ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">ﻱ</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ա">Ա</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Բ">Բ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Գ">Գ</a>, Դ, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ե">Ե</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Զ">Զ</a>, Է, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ը">Ը</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Թ">Թ</a>, Ժ, <a href="/wiki/%D4%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ի">Ի</a>, Լ, Խ, Ծ, Կ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Հ">Հ</a>, Ձ, Ղ, Ճ, Մ, Յ, Ն, Շ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ո">Ո</a>, Չ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Պ">Պ</a>, Ջ, Ռ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ս">Ս</a>, Վ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Տ">Տ</a>, Ր, Ց, Ւ, <a href="/wiki/%D5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Փ">Փ</a>, Ք, Օ, Ֆ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> </td> <td>(Alphabetical from right to left) <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ܐ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">ܒ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ܓ">ܓ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ܕ">ܕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">ܗ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">ܘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ܙ">ܙ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ܚ">ܚ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ܛ">ܛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ܝ">ܝ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaph_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaph (letter)">ܟܟ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ܠ">ܠ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mem_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mem (letter)">ܡܡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">ܢܢ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">ܣ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ܥ">ܥ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">ܦ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ܨ">ܨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">ܩ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%DC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ܪ">ܪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ܫ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">ܬ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">Ы</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ა">ა</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:ბ">ბ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:გ">გ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:დ">დ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:ე">ე</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:ვ">ვ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:ზ">ზ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:თ">თ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:ი">ი</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:კ">კ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:ლ">ლ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:მ">მ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:ნ">ნ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ო">ო</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:პ">პ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჟ">ჟ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:რ">რ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ს">ს</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ტ">ტ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:უ">უ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:ფ">ფ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ქ">ქ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:ღ">ღ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ყ">ყ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:შ">შ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჩ">ჩ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ც">ც</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:ძ">ძ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:წ">წ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჭ">ჭ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ხ">ხ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჯ">ჯ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჰ">ჰ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (letter)">Α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">Β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Γ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Δ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Ε</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">Ζ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta (letter)">Η</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Θ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ι</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa (letter)">Κ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Λ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Μ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Ν</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Ξ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Ρ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma (letter)">Σ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Τ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Υ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Φ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Χ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">Ψ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Ω</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> </td> <td>(Alphabetical from right to left) <a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (letter)">א</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">ב</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">ג</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">ד</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">ה</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">ו</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">ז</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ח</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ט</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">י</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">כ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">ל</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">מ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">נ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">ס</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ע</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">פ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">צ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">ק</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">ר</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ש</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">ת</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </td> <td>ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> </td> <td>က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ည ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ တ ထ ဒ ဓ န ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ ယ ရ လ ဝ သ ဟ ဠ အ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </td> <td>ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑㄒㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘㄙㄚㄛㄜㄝㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢㄣㄤㄥㄦㄧㄨㄩㄭ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> </td> <td>  <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚁ">ᚁ</a> ᚂ ᚃ ᚄ ᚅ ᚆ ᚇ ᚈ ᚉ ᚊ ᚋ ᚌ ᚍ ᚎ ᚏ ᚐ ᚑ ᚒ ᚓ ᚔ ᚕ ᚖ ᚗ ᚘ ᚙ ᚚ ᚛ ᚜ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</a> </td> <td>ሀ ለ ሐ መ ሠ ረ ሰ ሸ ቀ በ ተ ቸ ኀ ነ ኘ አ ከ ኸ ወ ዐ ዘ ዠ የ ደ ጀ ገ ጠ ጨ ጰ ጸ ፀ ፈ ፐ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> (Amazigh alphabet) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴰ">ⴰ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴱ">ⴱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵛ">ⵛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴷ">ⴷ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴹ">ⴹ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴻ">ⴻ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴼ">ⴼ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴳ">ⴳ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ⴳⵯ (page does not exist)">ⴳⵯ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵀ">ⵀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵃ">ⵃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵉ">ⵉ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵊ">ⵊ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B4%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ⴽ">ⴽ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ⴽⵯ (page does not exist)">ⴽⵯ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵍ">ⵍ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵎ">ⵎ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵏ">ⵏ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵓ">ⵓ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵄ">ⵄ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵖ">ⵖ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵅ">ⵅ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵇ">ⵇ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵔ">ⵔ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵕ">ⵕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵙ">ⵙ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵚ">ⵚ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵜ">ⵜ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵟ">ⵟ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵡ">ⵡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵢ">ⵢ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵣ">ⵣ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%B5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ⵥ">ⵥ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meetei_Mayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetei Mayek">Meetei Mayek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯀ">ꯀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯁ">ꯁ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯂ">ꯂ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯃ">ꯃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯄ">ꯄ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯅ">ꯅ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯆ">ꯆ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯈ">ꯈ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯉ">ꯉ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯊ">ꯊ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯋ">ꯋ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯌ">ꯌ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯍ">ꯍ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯎ">ꯎ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯏ">ꯏ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯐ">ꯐ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯑ">ꯑ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯒ">ꯒ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯓ">ꯓ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯔ">ꯔ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯕ">ꯕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯖ">ꯖ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯗ">ꯗ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯘ">ꯘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯙ">ꯙ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯚ">ꯚ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯛ">ꯛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯜ">ꯜ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯝ">ꯝ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯞ">ꯞ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯟ">ꯟ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯠ">ꯠ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯡ">ꯡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯢ">ꯢ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯥ">ꯥ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯤ">ꯤ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯨ">ꯨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯦ">ꯦ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꯣ (page does not exist)">ꯣ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯩ">ꯩ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯧ">ꯧ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ꯪ">ꯪ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">Abecedarium</a> – Inscription consisting of the letters of an alphabet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a> – Writing system specifically created by an individual or group<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">Character (computing)</a> – Primitive data type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">Collation</a> – Assembly of written information into a standard order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a> – Modifier mark added to a letter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a> – Purposeful written mark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature (writing)</a> – Glyph combining two or more letterforms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a> – Set of conventions for written language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> – Set of characters that share common design features</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> – Art of arranging type</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200513–14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200513–14_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2005">Rogers (2005)</a>, p. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200535-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200535_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2005">Rogers (2005)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/letter">"Origin and meaning of letter"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103211458/https://www.etymonline.com/word/letter">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+letter&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fletter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombie1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abercrombie_(linguist)" title="David Abercrombie (linguist)">Abercrombie, David</a> (1949). "What is a "letter?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(journal)" title="Lingua (journal)">Lingua</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 54–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2849%2990006-6">10.1016/0024-3841(49)90006-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=What+is+a+%22letter%3F%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=54-63&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2849%2990006-6&rft.aulast=Abercrombie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1899" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Isaac (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100584677"><i>The history of the alphabet; an account of the origin and development of letters</i></a>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+alphabet%3B+an+account+of+the+origin+and+development+of+letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F100584677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1920" class="citation book cs1">Mason, William Albert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001181080"><i>A history of the art of writing</i></a>. New York: The Macmillan company – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+art+of+writing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=William+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001181080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1879" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Isaac (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001770774"><i>Greeks and Goths: a study on the runes</i></a>. London: Macmillan and co. – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks+and+Goths%3A+a+study+on+the+runes.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+co.&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001770774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200510–11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200510–11_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2005">Rogers (2005)</a>, p. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlippo2020" class="citation web cs1">Flippo, Hyde (February 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/capitalization-in-german-4069437">"Capitalization in German"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119124320/https://www.thoughtco.com/capitalization-in-german-4069437">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Capitalization+in+German&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.aulast=Flippo&rft.aufirst=Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcapitalization-in-german-4069437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Typographia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Typographia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansard1825" class="citation book cs1">Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typographiaanhi01hansgoog/page/406/mode/2up"><i>Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing</i></a>. p. 406<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typographia%2C+an+Historical+Sketch+of+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+the+Art+of+Printing&rft.pages=406&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Hansard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Curson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypographiaanhi01hansgoog%2Fpage%2F406%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogin1980" class="citation book cs1">Drogin, Marc (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486261423" title="Special:BookSources/9780486261423"><bdi>9780486261423</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123174716/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Calligraphy%3A+Its+History+and+Technique&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780486261423&rft.aulast=Drogin&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHNtDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Henry (2005). <i>Writing Systems</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631234647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631234647"><bdi>978-0631234647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0631234647&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_(alphabet)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clodd, Edward (1904). <i>The Story of the Alphabet.</i> [New York]: McClure, Phillips & Co.</li> <li>Daniels, Peter T, and William Bright, eds (1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0">0-19-507993-0</a>.</li> <li>Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams (2014). <i>An Introduction to Language</i> (Tenth Ed.)<i>.</i> [Boston]: Wadsworth Cengage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1333-1068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1333-1068-6">978-1-1333-1068-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2005" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2005) [1941]. <i>Alpha beta : how 26 letters shaped the Western world</i>. [New York]: Barnes and Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-6610-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-6610-1"><bdi>978-0-7607-6610-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60936567">60936567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alpha+beta+%3A+how+26+letters+shaped+the+Western+world&rft.place=%5BNew+York%5D&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60936567&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-6610-1&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1986" class="citation cs2">Millard, AR (1986), "The Infancy of the Alphabet", <i>World Archaeology</i>, <b>17</b> (3): 390–398, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978">10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Infancy+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Powell, Barry B. (1991). <i>Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9">978-0-521-58907-9</a> | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58907-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58907-X">0-521-58907-X</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, A (2003). "The Origins of Writing" in Crowley, David and Paul Heyer <i>Communication in History : Technology, Culture, Society</i> (Fourth Ed). [Boston]: Allyn and Bacon pp 34–40.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2003" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack"><i>Language Visible: unraveling the mystery of the alphabet from A to Z</i></a></span> (First ed.). New York: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6"><bdi>978-0-7679-1172-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51210302">51210302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Visible%3A+unraveling+the+mystery+of+the+alphabet+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51210302&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1172-6&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagevisibleu00sack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetter+%28alphabet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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