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<li id="toc-Constitutional_and_absolute_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_and_absolute_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Constitutional and absolute monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_and_absolute_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>England, Scotland and the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern constitutional monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_current_constitutional_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_current_constitutional_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of current constitutional monarchies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_current_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of current constitutional monarchies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_current_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_constitutional_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_constitutional_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ceremonial constitutional monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_constitutional_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_constitutional_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Executive constitutional monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_constitutional_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_constitutional_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Former constitutional monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants_of_constitutional_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants_of_constitutional_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other variants of constitutional monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants_of_constitutional_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitutional monarchy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" title="Monarki konstitusional – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Monarki konstitusional" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondwetlike_monargie" title="Grondwetlike monargie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grondwetlike monargie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutionelle_Monarchie" title="Konstitutionelle Monarchie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konstitutionelle Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ملكية دستورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملكية دستورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_constitucional" title="Monarquía constitucional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monarquía constitucional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusiyal%C4%B1_monarxiya" title="Konstitusiyalı monarxiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konstitusiyalı monarxiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مشروطیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مشروطیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সাংবিধানিক রাজতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংবিধানিক রাজতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun-ch%C3%BA_li%CC%8Dp-hi%C3%A0n" title="Kun-chú li̍p-hiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kun-chú li̍p-hiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституцион монархия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конституцион монархия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Канстытуцыйная манархія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыйная манархія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Канстытуцыйная манархія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канстытуцыйная манархія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституционна монархия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституционна монархия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavna_monarhija" title="Ustavna monarhija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ustavna monarhija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiezh_vonreizhel" title="Monarkiezh vonreizhel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Monarkiezh vonreizhel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Үндэһэн хуулита хаанта засаглал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үндэһэн хуулита хаанта засаглал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_constitucional" title="Monarquia constitucional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monarquia constitucional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_monarchie" title="Konstituční monarchie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstituční monarchie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhiniaeth_gyfansoddiadol" title="Brenhiniaeth gyfansoddiadol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhiniaeth gyfansoddiadol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutionelt_monarki" title="Konstitutionelt monarki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstitutionelt monarki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutionelle_Monarchie" title="Konstitutionelle Monarchie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstitutionelle Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutsiooniline_monarhia" title="Konstitutsiooniline monarhia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konstitutsiooniline monarhia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συνταγματική Μοναρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματική Μοναρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_constitucional" title="Monarquía constitucional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monarquía constitucional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucia_monarkio" title="Konstitucia monarkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucia monarkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkia_konstituzional" title="Monarkia konstituzional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monarkia konstituzional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="پادشاهی مشروطه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی مشروطه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_constitutionnelle" title="Monarchie constitutionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchie constitutionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstit%C3%BAsjonele_monargy" title="Konstitúsjonele monargy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konstitúsjonele monargy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcacht_bhunreacht%C3%BAil" title="Monarcacht bhunreachtúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monarcacht bhunreachtúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkaght_vunraghtoil" title="Monarkaght vunraghtoil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Monarkaght vunraghtoil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_constitucional" title="Monarquía constitucional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monarquía constitucional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%85%ED%97%8C%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C" title="입헌군주제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="입헌군주제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սահմանադրական միապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սահմանադրական միապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संवैधानिक राजतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवैधानिक राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavna_monarhija" title="Ustavna monarhija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ustavna monarhija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucala_monarkio" title="Konstitucala monarkio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konstitucala monarkio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batay-linteg_a_monarkia" title="Batay-linteg a monarkia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Batay-linteg a monarkia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_konstitusional" title="Kerajaan konstitusional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan konstitusional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_constitutional" title="Monarchia constitutional – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monarchia constitutional" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eingbundin_konungsstj%C3%B3rn" title="Þingbundin konungsstjórn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þingbundin konungsstjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_costituzionale" title="Monarchia costituzionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monarchia costituzionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מונרכיה חוקתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונרכיה חוקתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституциялы монархия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Конституциялы монархия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კონსტიტუციური მონარქია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტიტუციური მონარქია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Kikatiba" title="Ufalme wa Kikatiba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Kikatiba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%AE%C5%9Fahiya_dest%C3%BBr%C3%AE" title="Padîşahiya destûrî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Padîşahiya destûrî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ລະບອບລັດຖະທຳມະນູນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະບອບລັດຖະທຳມະນູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_constitutionalis" title="Monarchia constitutionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monarchia constitutionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucion%C4%81l%C4%81_monarhija" title="Konstitucionālā monarhija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konstitucionālā monarhija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutionell_Monarchie" title="Konstitutionell Monarchie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konstitutionell Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucin%C4%97_monarchija" title="Konstitucinė monarchija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstitucinė monarchija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutioneel_monarchie" title="Constitutioneel monarchie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Constitutioneel monarchie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_costituzionala" title="Monarchia costituzionala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monarchia costituzionala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkotm%C3%A1nyos_monarchia" title="Alkotmányos monarchia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkotmányos monarchia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Уставна монархија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уставна монархија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="ഭരണഘടനാപരമായ രാജവാഴ്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭരണഘടനാപരമായ രാജവാഴ്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="संवैधानिक राजेशाही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संवैधानिक राजेशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კონსტიტუციური მონარქია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონსტიტუციური მონარქია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ملكية دستوريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملكية دستوريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_berperlembagaan" title="Raja berperlembagaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raja berperlembagaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ADng-ci%C5%8D_l%C4%ADk-hi%C4%93ng-ci%C3%A9" title="Gŭng-ciō lĭk-hiēng-cié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŭng-ciō lĭk-hiēng-cié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Үндсэн хуульт хаант засаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндсэн хуульт хаант засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="စည်းမျဉ်းခံဘုရင်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စည်းမျဉ်းခံဘုရင်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionele_monarchie" title="Constitutionele monarchie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constitutionele monarchie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="立憲君主制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="立憲君主制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusjonelt_monarki" title="Konstitusjonelt monarki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstitusjonelt monarki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusjonelt_monarki" title="Konstitusjonelt monarki – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konstitusjonelt monarki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_constitucionala" title="Monarquia constitucionala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monarquia constitucionala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutsiyaviy_monarxiya" title="Konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="آئینی بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئینی بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkia_constitucional" title="Monarkia constitucional – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Monarkia constitucional" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87%D9%8A" title="مشروطه پاچهي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مشروطه پاچهي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89" title="រាជាធិបតេយ្យអាស្រ័យរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជាធិបតេយ្យអាស្រ័យរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_konstytucyjna" title="Monarchia konstytucyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monarchia konstytucyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_constitucional" title="Monarquia constitucional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquia constitucional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Monarhie constituțională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monarhie constituțională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституционная монархия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционная монархия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constitutional monarchy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkia_kushtetuese" title="Monarkia kushtetuese – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monarkia kushtetuese" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constitutional monarchy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA" title="آئيني بادشاهت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئيني بادشاهت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%A1titu%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_monarchia" title="Konštitučná monarchia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konštitučná monarchia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavna_monarhija" title="Ustavna monarhija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ustavna monarhija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyo_dastuuri_ah" title="Boqortooyo dastuuri ah – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyo dastuuri ah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پاشایەتیی دەستووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاشایەتیی دەستووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Уставна монархија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уставна монархија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavna_monarhija" title="Ustavna monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustavna monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" title="Monarki konstitusional – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Monarki konstitusional" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perustuslaillinen_monarkia" title="Perustuslaillinen monarkia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perustuslaillinen monarkia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitutionell_monarki" title="Konstitutionell monarki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstitutionell monarki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiyang_konstitusyonal" title="Monarkiyang konstitusyonal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monarkiyang konstitusyonal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="அரசியல்சட்ட முடியாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல்சட்ட முடியாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституцияле монархия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конституцияле монархия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D" title="ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Подшоҳии машрута – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии машрута" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Frutiyet" title="Meşrutiyet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meşrutiyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Конституційна монархія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційна монархія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="آئینی بادشاہت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئینی بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch%C3%ACa_Costitusiona%C5%82e" title="Monarchìa Costitusionałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Monarchìa Costitusionałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_l%E1%BA%ADp_hi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Quân chủ lập hiến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân chủ lập hiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB" title="君民共主 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="君民共主" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="君主立宪制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" title="君主立憲制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="君主立憲制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constitutional monarchy</b>, also known as <b>limited monarchy</b>, <b>parliamentary monarchy</b> or <b>democratic monarchy</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumCameronBarnes19702Nnk67–268_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumCameronBarnes19702Nnk67–268-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutional monarchies differ from <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. </p><p>Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">constitution of the United Kingdom</a>, which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/370px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/555px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/740px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><b>World's states coloured by systems of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></b>: <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary systems</a>:</b> Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#db060b; color:white;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional monarchy</a> with a ceremonial monarch</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a637; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> with a ceremonial president</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4db264; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">Parliamentary republic with an executive president</a></div> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>:</b> Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1965b0; color:white;"> </span> Presidential republic</div> <hr /> <b>Hybrid systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7f057; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a>: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7bb0df; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a>: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it</div> <hr /> <b>Other systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#177817; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocratic</a> republic: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> holds significant executive and legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ae76a3; color:black;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a>: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#882e72; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>: Monarch has unlimited power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71190e; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae1ac; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#777777; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a>: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Dependent territories or places without governments</div> <hr /> <b>Note:</b> this chart represents the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i></span> systems of government, not the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i></span> degree of democracy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_government" title="Template talk:Systems of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg/220px-Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg/330px-Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg/440px-Trekongem%C3%B8tet_1917_OB.F16064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>The three constitutional monarchs of the Scandinavian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> gathered in November 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>.<br />From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf V of Sweden">Gustaf V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Constitutional monarchy</i> may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, whether codified or <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurian2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> or chooses political leaders. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a>, paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Macaulay">Thomas Macaulay</a>, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogdanor1996407–422_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanor1996407–422-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to acting as a visible symbol of <a href="/wiki/National_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="National unity">national unity</a>, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolving parliament">dissolving parliament</a> or giving <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Constitution" title="The English Constitution">The English Constitution</a></i>, British political theorist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a> identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>, and may also play an important political role. </p><p>The Commonwealth realms share the same person as <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies – <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> – are <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Elective monarchies">elective monarchies</a>, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>. </p><p>The concept of <b>semi-constitutional monarch</b> identifies constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely ceremonial role may also be referred to as "<b>parliamentary monarchies</b>" to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a>, have been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republics</a> by writers <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and Glenn Patmore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. They were an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Anatolian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Anatolian people">ancient Anatolian people</a> that lived during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> whose king had to share his authority with an assembly, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Pankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankus">Panku</a></i>, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the <i>Panku</i> came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonax_(lawmaker)" title="Demonax (lawmaker)">Demonax</a> created a constitutional monarchy for King <a href="/wiki/Battus_III_of_Cyrene" title="Battus III of Cyrene">Battus III</a> the Lame, of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> had become an unstable state, in about 548 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Histories_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histories-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_and_absolute_monarchy">Constitutional and absolute monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional and absolute monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom"><span id="England.2C_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom"></span>England, Scotland and the United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: England, Scotland and the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, although the first form of constitution was enacted with <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> of 1215. At the same time, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Estates_(1689)" title="Convention of Estates (1689)">Convention of Estates</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Right Act 1689">Claim of Right Act 1689</a>, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Militia_Bill" title="Scottish Militia Bill">Scottish Militia Bill</a>. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> constantly blocked <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation in Britain">Catholic Emancipation</a>, eventually precipitating the resignation of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> as prime minister in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period. <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">King William IV</a> was the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a> as a result of Melbourne's choice of <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a> as Leader of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of Parliament when the <a href="/wiki/Bedchamber_crisis" title="Bedchamber crisis">Bedchamber crisis</a> resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. For example, in 1886 she vetoed Gladstone's choice of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a> as War Secretary in favour of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a> – chiefly in the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> – exercise their powers under <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">"royal (or Crown) prerogative"</a>: on behalf of the monarch and through powers still formally possessed by the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunt2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunt2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParliamentary_staff2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParliamentary_staff2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No person may accept significant public office without swearing an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(United_Kingdom)" title="Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)">oath of allegiance to the King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESear20013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESear20013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom">constitutional convention</a> to act on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, but much more widely afterwards. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> (1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christian view of natural law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy">Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Constitutional monarchy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22">"Constitutional monarchy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world – executive and ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In executive monarchies (also called <i>semi-constitutional monarchies</i>), the monarch wields significant (though not <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a>) power. The monarchy under this system of government is a powerful political (and social) institution. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently still have a great deal of social and cultural influence. </p><p>Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are <i>not</i> absolute monarchs and have very limited <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> power compared to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy#Monarchies_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Monarchy">Islamic monarchs</a>, which is why their countries are generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracies">liberal democracies</a> and not undemocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, when <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Prince_Alois" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Prince Alois">Hereditary Prince Alois</a> of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a possible approval of a <a href="/wiki/2011_Liechtenstein_referendums" title="2011 Liechtenstein referendums">referendum to legalize abortion in 2011</a>, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in the end, this was moot, as the proposal was not approved). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_constitutional_monarchy">Modern constitutional monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern constitutional monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu's</a> account of the separation of powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1924[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1924[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where they democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I">Louis-Philippe I</a> was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of France". </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire" title="Constitution of the German Empire">Constitution of the German Empire</a> which Bismarck inspired, the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> retained considerable actual executive power, while the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany#Empire_(1871–1918)" title="Chancellor of Germany">Imperial Chancellor</a> needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that there was a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">king</a> as the titular head of state while actual power was held by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain. </p><p>Nowadays a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> only in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular head of state – monarch or president – serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a>. </p><p>However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>. These are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, under which the monarch may exercise power under certain very limited circumstances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity</a>, under which the monarch may <i>do no wrong</i> under the law because the <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> is instead deemed accountable</li> <li>The immunity of the monarch from some taxation or restrictions on property use</li></ul> <p>Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the authority of or owe <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to the Crown). </p><p>Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> countries, including the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a>. However, the two most populous constitutional monarchies in the world are in Asia: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a>. In these countries, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ between countries. In Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>. </p><p>In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. However, a few monarchies (most notably <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer the nominal chief executive. </p><p>There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, which are known as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Household_staff2015b_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Household_staff2015b-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and his Governors-General in the Commonwealth realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>, the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> had threatened to block the Government's <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> by refusing to pass the necessary appropriation bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. When he sought the Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that, he installed leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> in his place. Acting quickly before all parliamentarians became aware of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia should become a republic</a>. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, however, the event confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in excess of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately as a safeguard against dictatorship. </p><p>In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The immediate former King, <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>, was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand's history, before passing away on 13 October 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential role in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (See Bhumibol's role in <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej#Role_in_Thai_politics" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Thai Politics</a>.) Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">lèse majesté</a> protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by the royal family. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisan</a> goal, while some <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientists</a> champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. For instance, the monarch of the United Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. However, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is widely believed that this and many of the monarch's other political powers are <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_power" title="Lapsed power">lapsed powers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_current_constitutional_monarchies">List of current constitutional monarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of current constitutional monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">List of current monarchies</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Constitutional monarchy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22">"Constitutional monarchy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitutional+monarchy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_constitutional_monarchies">Ceremonial constitutional monarchies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceremonial constitutional monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Indonesia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/43px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" style="width:20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Raja_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja of Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" style="width:20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-South_Africa_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Africa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/23px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/35px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/46px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Commonwealth-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_28-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, which share <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">the same person</a> as their monarch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indonesia-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indonesia_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, has a special region with a monarch as its head.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Africa-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic with an executive president</a>, has a province with a monarch as its ceremonial head.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_constitutional_monarchies">Executive constitutional monarchies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Executive constitutional monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><sup id="cite_ref-UAE_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAE-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UAE-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UAE_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the case of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">president</a> functions as the head of state of a federation of seven <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a>, and is <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> elected by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Supreme Council</a>; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates">prime minister</a> is <i>de jure</i> appointed and is the head of government. The president and prime minister are <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> the rulers of the absolute monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>, respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_constitutional_monarchies">Former constitutional monarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Former constitutional monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Constitutional monarchy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> was a constitutional monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a> from 1964 to 1973.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Anglo-Corsican Kingdom</a> was a brief period in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Corsica" title="History of Corsica">history of Corsica</a> (1794–1796) when the island broke with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a> and sought military protection from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Corsica became an independent kingdom under <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">Governor-General</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Monarchy of Barbados</a>. After an extensive history of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">republican</a> movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> to 1889, when <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> was deposed by a military coup.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a> until 1946 when <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Tsar Simeon</a> was deposed by the communist assembly.</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a> were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (1910–1961), <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) (1948–1972), <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a> (1970–1987), <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">Gambia</a> (1965–1970), <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a> (1957–1960), <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a> (1966–1970), <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (1968–1992), <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (1962–1976), and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a> (1966–2021).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a>, with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_1923" title="Egyptian Constitution of 1923">Egyptian Constitution of 1923</a>. This system persisted until the declaration of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Republic_of_Egypt_(1953–1958)" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">a republic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a> coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">occupied by the United Kingdom</a>, and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Egypt" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt">nominally accredited as diplomats</a> to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Finland">Grand Principality of Finland</a> was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>, was simultaneously an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute ruler</a> in Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a> into the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">French Constitution of 1791</a>, which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">Insurrection of 10 August 1792</a>. Several years later, in 1804, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>), the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire" title="Constitution of the German Empire">Constitution of the German Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> until 1973 when <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a> was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–74">military government</a>. The decision was formalized by a <a href="/wiki/Greek_plebiscite,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek plebiscite, 1974">plebiscite</a> 8 December 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when <a href="/wiki/King_Kamehameha_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Kamehameha III">King Kamehameha III</a> promulgated the kingdom's <a href="/wiki/1840_Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii">first constitution</a>. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893 <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii#Coup_d.27état" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">coup</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In the interwar period (1920–1944) <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Iceland">sovereign kingdom</a> united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> was a constitutional monarchy, with <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> as head of state and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">the Earl Mountbatten</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">governor-general</a>, for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">15 August 1947</a> and becoming a republic when it adopted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">its constitution</a> on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> in 1906.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Savang_Vatthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Savang Vatthana">Sisavang Vatthana</a> was forced to abdicate by the communist <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> was a constitutional monarchy with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> was twice an Empire. The <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustin I</a> elected as emperor. Then, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Mexican monarchists</a> and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III of France</a>, elected <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian of Mexico">Maximilian of Austria</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a>. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> until 1918 when it merged with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and other areas to form <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> until 28 May 2008, when <a href="/wiki/King_Gyanendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gyanendra">King Gyanendra</a> was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.</li> <li>Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">14 August 1947</a> and becoming a republic when it adopted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">first Constitution of Pakistan</a> on 23 March 1956. The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> had a total of two monarchs (<a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>) and four <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-Generals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> being the first). <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a> (or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, formed after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>, which historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1996699_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1996699-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as <i>a republic under the presidency of the King</i> . Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex regnat et non gubernat</i></span>, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a> was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> was forced to abdicate by the communists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Karadjordjevic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karadjordjevic">Karadjordjevic</a> dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> was a constitutional monarchy with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Queen of Trinidad and Tobago</a>, represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor-General</a> appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24 September.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> from 1918 (as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>) until 1929 and from 1931 (as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_variants_of_constitutional_monarchies">Other variants of constitutional monarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other variants of constitutional monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>, being headed by <a href="/wiki/Co-princes_of_Andorra" title="Co-princes of Andorra">two co-princes</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urgell">bishop of Urgell</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> are the only countries with reigning princes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is the only remaining explicit <a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">popular monarchy</a>: the formal title of its <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">king</a> is <i>King of the Belgians</i> rather than <i>King of Belgium</i>. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to have been modelled on the title "King of the French" granted by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1830" title="Charter of 1830">Charter of 1830</a> to monarch of the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is the only country remaining with an <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> is the only country remaining with a <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duke</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> country with an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> is selected from among nine <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">state</a> rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. Unlike in most other Commonwealth realms, sovereignty is constitutionally vested in the citizenry of Papua New Guinea and the preamble to the constitution states "that all power belongs to the people—acting through their duly elected representatives". The monarch has been, according to section 82 of the constitution, "requested by the people of Papua New Guinea, through their Constituent Assembly, to become [monarch] and Head of State of Papua New Guinea" and thus acts in that capacity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">The Spanish Constitution</a> does not recognize the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">Spanish Monarch</a> as the <i>sovereign</i>, but as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> [Section 56(1)]. It states "National Sovereignty belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish People</a>, from whom all state powers emanate." [Section 1(2)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/constitucion/detalleconstitucioncompleta/index.html?lang=en#t2">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> country with an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">President or Ra'is</a>, being selected from among the rulers of the seven <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">emirates</a>, each of whom is a hereditary absolute monarch in their own emirate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Monarchist_League" title="Australian Monarchist League">Australian Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumCameronBarnes19702Nnk67–268-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumCameronBarnes19702Nnk67–268_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlumCameronBarnes1970">Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970</a>, pp. 2Nnk67–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTridimas2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tridimas, George (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-021-09336-8">"Constitutional monarchy as power sharing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Political_Economy" title="Constitutional Political Economy">Constitutional Political Economy</a></i>. <b>32</b> (4): 431–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-021-09336-8">10.1007/s10602-021-09336-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Constitutional+monarchy+as+power+sharing&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=431-461&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-021-09336-8&rft.aulast=Tridimas&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10602-021-09336-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanLinzMinoves2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stepan, Alfred; Linz, Juan J.; Minoves, Juli F. 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(December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanor1996407–422-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogdanor1996407–422_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogdanor1996">Bogdanor 1996</a>, pp. 407–422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnckarAkademi2016" class="citation web cs1">Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214014519/https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=30190&EventID=95">"Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing"</a>. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). 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Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-200-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-200-3"><bdi>978-1-74223-200-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635291529">635291529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+the+Republic&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635291529&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-200-3&rft.aulast=Patmore&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F635291529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020063846/http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml">"The Hittites"</a>, <i>smie.co</i>, 12 September 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml">the original</a> on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=smie.co&rft.atitle=The+Hittites&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smie.co%2Fhtml%2Fcultural_history%2Fhittites%2Fhittites_3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkurgal2001">Akurgal 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histories-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Histories_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1997" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/herodotus.pdf"><i>The histories</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsburg, Tom and Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R., The Functions of Constitutional Monarchy: Why Kings and Queens Survive in a World of Republics (May 21, 2023). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Liechtenstein+prince+threatens+to+veto+referendum&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2F2011%2F09%2F08%2Fliechtenstein-prince-threatens-to-veto-referendum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1924[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1924[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontesquieu1924">Montesquieu 1924</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Household_staff2015b-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Household_staff2015b_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal_Household_staff2015b">Royal Household staff 2015b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewan2016" class="citation web cs1">Dewan, Angela (13 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/13/asia/thai-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies/index.html">"Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88"</a>. <i>CNN Regions+</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Regions%2B&rft.atitle=Thai+King+Bhumibol+Adulyadej+dies+at+88&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Dewan&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Fasia%2Fthai-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA-NL/2006/provincial-gazette-ZA-NL-no-6460-dated-2006-01-16.pdf">KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act, 2005</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Act). KwaZulu-Natal Legislature. 2005. Section 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=KwaZulu-Natal+Traditional+Leadership+and+Governance+Act%2C+2005&rft.pages=Section+17&rft.pub=KwaZulu-Natal+Legislature&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.opengazettes.org.za%2Farchive%2FZA-NL%2F2006%2Fprovincial-gazette-ZA-NL-no-6460-dated-2006-01-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1996699-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1996699_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1996">Davies 1996</a>, p. 699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/seido/seido.html">"The Imperial Institution – The Imperial Household Agency"</a>. <i>kunaicho.go.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kunaicho.go.jp&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Institution+%E2%80%93+The+Imperial+Household+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunaicho.go.jp%2Fe-about%2Fseido%2Fseido.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkurgal2001" class="citation cs2">Akurgal, Ekrem (2001), <i>The Hattian and Hittite civilizations</i>, Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, p. 118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-17-2756-1" title="Special:BookSources/975-17-2756-1"><bdi>975-17-2756-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hattian+and+Hittite+civilizations&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Turkish+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=975-17-2756-1&rft.aulast=Akurgal&rft.aufirst=Ekrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumCameronBarnes1970" class="citation cs2">Blum, Jerome; Cameron, Rondo; Barnes, Thomas G. (1970), <i>The European World</i>, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 267–268, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76819">76819</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+World&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76819&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Rondo&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor, Vernon</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020064121/https://academic.oup.com/pa/article-abstract/49/3/407/1592600/The-Monarchy-and-the-Constitution?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The Monarchy and the Constitution"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Parliamentary Affairs">Parliamentary Affairs</a></i>, <b>49</b> (3): 407–422, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2F49.3.407">10.1093/pa/49.3.407</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/3/407">the original</a> on 20 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Monarchy+and+the+Constitution&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-422&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpa%2F49.3.407&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpa.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F49%2F3%2F407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span> – excerpted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bogdanor, Vernon (1995), <i>The Monarchy and the Constitution</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+and+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2008" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Peter (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC"><i>The Queen's Other Realms</i></a>, Annandale: Federation Press, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9"><bdi>978-1-86287-700-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Other+Realms&rft.place=Annandale&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-700-9&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY-Tk0-quyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation cs2">Davies, Norman (1996), <i>Europe: A History</i>, Oxford University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/699">699</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"><bdi>0-19-820171-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-820171-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunt2015" class="citation cs2">Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/monarchy/">"Monarchy – Background"</a>, <i>politics.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=politics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Monarchy+%E2%80%93+Background&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Freference%2Fmonarchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegel1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">Hegel, G. W. F.</a> (1991) [1820], Wood, Allen W. (ed.), <i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i>, translated by Nisbet, H. B., <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34438-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34438-7"><bdi>0-521-34438-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+Philosophy+of+Right&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-34438-7&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span> – originally published as Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, <i>Philosophie des Rechts</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2011" class="citation cs2">Kurian, George Thomas (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cqpress.com/teps/encyps_315.1">"Constitutional Monarchy"</a>, <i>The Encyclopedia of Political Science</i>, CQ Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781608712434">10.4135/9781608712434</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933116440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933116440"><bdi>978-1933116440</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Monarchy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781608712434&rft.isbn=978-1933116440&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fteps%2Fencyps_315.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCannon2006" class="citation cs2">McCannon, John (2006), <i>Barron's how to Prepare for the AP World History Examination</i> (2nd, illustrated ed.), Barron's Educational Serie, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuH2pwQOI4C&pg=PA177">177</a>–178, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0764132711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0764132711"><bdi>978-0764132711</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+how+to+Prepare+for+the+AP+World+History+Examination&rft.pages=177-178&rft.edition=2nd%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Serie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0764132711&rft.aulast=McCannon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span> – England and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries were parliamentary democracies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontesquieu1924" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de</a> (1924), <i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Legal Classics Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Laws&rft.pub=Legal+Classics+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Montesquieu&rft.aufirst=Charles-Louis%2C+Baron+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2002" class="citation cs2">Orr, Campbell, ed. (2002), <i>Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture, and Dynastic Politics</i> (illustrated ed.), Manchester University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z92wf0IMv6EC&pg=PA3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719057694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719057694"><bdi>978-0719057694</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queenship+in+Britain%2C+1660%E2%80%931837%3A+Royal+Patronage%2C+Court+Culture%2C+and+Dynastic+Politics&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0719057694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliamentary_staff2010" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/crown-prerogative/">"Crown Prerogative"</a>, <i>Official website of the British Parliament</i>, 21 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+Parliament&rft.atitle=Crown+Prerogative&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fsite-information%2Fglossary%2Fcrown-prerogative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatmore2009" class="citation cs2">Patmore, Glenn (2009), <i>Choosing the Republic</i>, UNSW Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4p65yM_hYC&dq=%22Crowned+republic%22&pg=PB105">105</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-015-3"><bdi>978-1-74223-015-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+the+Republic&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-015-3&rft.aulast=Patmore&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Household_staff2015a" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx">"What is constitutional monarchy?"</a>, <i>Official website of the British Monarchy</i>, 12 December 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.atitle=What+is+constitutional+monarchy%3F&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FHowtheMonarchyworks%2FWhatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Household_staff2015b" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202194643/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandCommonwealth/WhatisaCommonwealthRealm.aspx">"What is a Commonwealth realm?"</a>, <i>Official website of the British Monarchy</i>, 12 December 2015, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandCommonwealth/WhatisaCommonwealthRealm.aspx">the original</a> on 2 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Commonwealth+realm%3F&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchAndCommonwealth%2FQueenandCommonwealth%2FWhatisaCommonwealthRealm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2008" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Carl (2008) [1928], Seitzer, Jeffrey (ed.), <i>Constitutional Theory</i>, translated by Seitzer, Jeffrey (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, pp. 313–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc7kELb-bJwC&pg=PA314">314</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822340119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822340119"><bdi>978-0822340119</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Theory&rft.pages=313-314&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0822340119&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSear2001" class="citation cs2">Sear, Chris (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP01-116">"Research Paper 01/116"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Official website of the British Parliament</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+Parliament&rft.atitle=Research+Paper+01%2F116&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sear&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FRP01-116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (2003) [1690], Shapiro, Ian (ed.), <i>Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration</i> (with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro ed.), New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10017-5"><bdi>0-300-10017-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Treatises+of+Government+and+A+Letter+Concerning+Toleration&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=with+essays+by+John+Dunn%2C+Ruth+W.+Grant+and+Ian+Shapiro&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10017-5&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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