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<ul id="toc-Chemical_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adiabatic_chemical_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adiabatic_chemical_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adiabatic chemical dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adiabatic_chemical_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-adiabatic_chemical_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-adiabatic_chemical_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-adiabatic chemical dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-adiabatic_chemical_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85" title="كيمياء الكم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء الكم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Química cuántica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química cuántica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="কোয়ান্টাম রসায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোয়ান্টাম রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Квантавая хімія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квантавая хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Квантова химия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квантова химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_hemija" title="Kvantna hemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvantna hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Química quàntica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química quàntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Квантăллă хими – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Квантăллă хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_chemie" title="Kvantová chemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvantová chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantekemi" title="Kvantekemi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvantekemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenchemie" title="Quantenchemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quantenchemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantkeemia" title="Kvantkeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvantkeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κβαντική χημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κβαντική χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Química cuántica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química cuántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantuma_kemio" title="Kvantuma kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvantuma kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_kuantiko" title="Kimika kuantiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika kuantiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی کوانتومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی کوانتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_quantique" title="Chimie quantique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie quantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Química cuántica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química cuántica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="양자화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양자화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քվանտային քիմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվանտային քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रमात्रा रसायनिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रमात्रा रसायनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia kuantum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_quantistica" title="Chimica quantistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica quantistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כימיה קוונטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה קוונטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia kuantum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კვანტური ქიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვანტური ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кванттық химия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кванттық химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кванттык химия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кванттык химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_quantica" title="Chemia quantica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia quantica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantu_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Kvantu ķīmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvantu ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantechimie" title="Quantechimie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quantechimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantin%C4%97_chemija" title="Kvantinė chemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvantinė chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_quantistica" title="Chimica quantistica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chimica quantistica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantumk%C3%A9mia" title="Kvantumkémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvantumkémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantumchemie" title="Kwantumchemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwantumchemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="量子化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="量子化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantekjemi" title="Kvantekjemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvantekjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia_quantica" title="Quimia quantica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia quantica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_kwantowa" title="Chemia kwantowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia kwantowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Química quântica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química quântica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_cuantic%C4%83" title="Chimie cuantică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie cuantică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Квантовая химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квантовая химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quantum chemistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantike" title="Kimia kuantike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia kuantike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>weak information content.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quantum_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Quantum chemistry">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quantum chemistry</b>, also called <b>molecular quantum mechanics</b>, is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> focused on the application of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions to physical and chemical properties of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a>, and solutions at the atomic level.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calculations include systematically applied approximations intended to make calculations computationally feasible while still capturing as much information about important contributions to the computed <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave functions</a> as well as to observable properties such as structures, spectra, and <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> properties. Quantum chemistry is also concerned with the computation of quantum effects on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>. </p><p>Chemists rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> through which information regarding the <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(physics)" title="Quantization (physics)">quantization</a> of energy on a molecular scale can be obtained. Common methods are <a href="/wiki/Infra-red_(IR)_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy">infra-red (IR) spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_(NMR)_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy">scanning probe microscopy</a>. Quantum chemistry may be applied to the prediction and verification of spectroscopic data as well as other experimental data. </p><p>Many quantum chemistry studies are focused on the electronic <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited states</a> of individual atoms and molecules as well as the study of reaction pathways and <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition states</a> that occur during <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. Spectroscopic properties may also be predicted. Typically, such studies assume the electronic wave function is adiabatically parameterized by the nuclear positions (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation" title="Born–Oppenheimer approximation">Born–Oppenheimer approximation</a>). A wide variety of approaches are used, including <a href="/wiki/Semi-empirical_quantum_chemistry_method" title="Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method">semi-empirical</a> methods, <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">density functional theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method" title="Hartree–Fock method">Hartree–Fock</a> calculations, quantum <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo</a> methods, and <a href="/wiki/Coupled_cluster" title="Coupled cluster">coupled cluster</a> methods. </p><p>Understanding <a href="/wiki/Electronic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic structure">electronic structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> through the development of computational solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> is a central goal of quantum chemistry. Progress in the field depends on overcoming several challenges, including the need to increase the accuracy of the results for small molecular systems, and to also increase the size of large molecules that can be realistically subjected to computation, which is limited by scaling considerations — the computation time increases as a power of the number of atoms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some view the birth of quantum chemistry as starting with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> and its application to the hydrogen atom. However, a 1927 article of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitler" title="Walter Heitler">Walter Heitler</a> (1904–1981) and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a> is often recognized as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen molecule">hydrogen molecule</a>, and thus to the phenomenon of the chemical bond.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, prior to this a critical conceptual framework was provided by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> in his 1916 paper <i>The Atom and the Molecule</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein Lewis developed the first working model of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>. Important contributions were also made by Yoshikatsu Sugiura<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and S.C. Wang.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of articles by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, written throughout the 1930s, integrated the work of Heitler, London, Sugiura, Wang, Lewis, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a> on the concept of valence and its quantum-mechanical basis into a new theoretical framework.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many chemists were introduced to the field of quantum chemistry by Pauling's 1939 text <i>The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals: An Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry</i>, wherein he summarized this work (referred to widely now as <a href="/wiki/Valence_bond_theory" title="Valence bond theory">valence bond theory</a>) and explained quantum mechanics in a way which could be followed by chemists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text soon became a standard text at many universities. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hellmann" title="Hans Hellmann">Hans Hellmann</a> appears to have been the first to publish a book on quantum chemistry, in the Russian <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and German languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years to follow, this theoretical basis slowly began to be applied to chemical structure, reactivity, and bonding. In addition to the investigators mentioned above, important progress and critical contributions were made in the early years of this field by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hellmann" title="Hans Hellmann">Hans Hellmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_H%C3%BCckel" title="Erich Hückel">Erich Hückel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Douglas Hartree</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennard-Jones" title="John Lennard-Jones">John Lennard-Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Vladimir Fock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_structure">Electronic structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electronic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>electronic structure</b> of an atom or molecule is the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum state</a> of its electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first step in solving a quantum chemical problem is usually solving the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic quantum chemistry</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_molecular_Hamiltonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic molecular Hamiltonian">electronic molecular Hamiltonian</a>, usually making use of the Born–Oppenheimer (B–O) approximation. This is called determining the electronic structure of the molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exact solution for the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation can only be obtained for the hydrogen atom (though exact solutions for the bound state energies of the <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_cation" title="Dihydrogen cation">hydrogen molecular ion</a> within the B-O approximation have been identified in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Lambert_W_function#Generalizations" title="Lambert W function">generalized Lambert W function</a>). Since all other atomic and molecular systems involve the motions of three or more "particles", their Schrödinger equations cannot be solved analytically and so approximate and/or computational solutions must be sought. The process of seeking computational solutions to these problems is part of the field known as <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valence_bond_theory">Valence bond theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Valence bond theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valence_bond_theory" title="Valence bond theory">Valence bond theory</a></div> <p>As mentioned above, Heitler and London's method was extended by Slater and Pauling to become the valence-bond (VB) method. In this method, attention is primarily devoted to the pairwise interactions between atoms, and this method therefore correlates closely with classical chemists' drawings of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a>. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of an atom combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed, incorporating the two key concepts of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital hybridization">orbital hybridization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_orbital_theory">Molecular orbital theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Molecular orbital theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butadien4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Butadien4.jpg/300px-Butadien4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Butadien4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>An anti-bonding molecular orbital of <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">Butadiene</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory" title="Molecular orbital theory">Molecular orbital theory</a></div> <p>An alternative approach to valence bond theory was developed in 1929 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hund" title="Friedrich Hund">Friedrich Hund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are described by mathematical functions delocalized over an entire <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>. The Hund–Mulliken approach or molecular orbital (MO) method is less intuitive to chemists, but has turned out capable of predicting <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic properties</a> better than the VB method. This approach is the conceptual basis of the <a href="/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method" title="Hartree–Fock method">Hartree–Fock method</a> and further <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock" title="Post–Hartree–Fock">post-Hartree–Fock</a> methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density_functional_theory">Density functional theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Density functional theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">Density functional theory</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_a_box" title="Gas in a box">Thomas–Fermi model</a> was developed independently by <a href="/wiki/L._H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="L. H. Thomas">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> in 1927. This was the first attempt to describe many-electron systems on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic density">electronic density</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave functions</a>, although it was not very successful in the treatment of entire molecules. The method did provide the basis for what is now known as density functional theory (DFT). Modern day DFT uses the <a href="/wiki/Kohn%E2%80%93Sham_equations" title="Kohn–Sham equations">Kohn–Sham method</a>, where the density functional is split into four terms; the Kohn–Sham kinetic energy, an external potential, exchange and correlation energies. A large part of the focus on developing DFT is on improving the exchange and correlation terms. Though this method is less developed than post Hartree–Fock methods, its significantly lower computational requirements (scaling typically no worse than <i>n</i><sup>3</sup> with respect to <i>n</i> basis functions, for the pure functionals) allow it to tackle larger <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic molecule">polyatomic molecules</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>. This computational affordability and often comparable accuracy to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ller%E2%80%93Plesset_perturbation_theory" title="Møller–Plesset perturbation theory">MP2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coupled_cluster" title="Coupled cluster">CCSD(T)</a> (post-Hartree–Fock methods) has made it one of the most popular methods in <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_dynamics">Chemical dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further step can consist of solving the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> with the total <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Hamiltonian" title="Molecular Hamiltonian">molecular Hamiltonian</a> in order to study the motion of molecules. Direct solution of the Schrödinger equation is called <i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" title="Quantum dynamics">quantum dynamics</a></i>, whereas its solution within the <a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_physics" title="Semiclassical physics">semiclassical</a> approximation is called <i>semiclassical dynamics.</i> Purely <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical</a> simulations of molecular motion are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> (MD)</i>. Another approach to dynamics is a hybrid framework known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_quantum-classical_dynamics" title="Mixed quantum-classical dynamics">mixed quantum-classical dynamics</a>;</i> yet another hybrid framework uses the <a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Feynman path integral</a> formulation to add quantum corrections to molecular dynamics, which is called <a href="/wiki/Path_integral_molecular_dynamics" title="Path integral molecular dynamics">path integral molecular dynamics</a>. Statistical approaches, using for example classical and quantum <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo methods</a>, are also possible and are particularly useful for describing equilibrium distributions of states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adiabatic_chemical_dynamics">Adiabatic chemical dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adiabatic chemical dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation" title="Born–Oppenheimer approximation">Born–Oppenheimer approximation</a></div> <p>In adiabatic dynamics, interatomic interactions are represented by single <a href="/wiki/Scalar_(physics)" title="Scalar (physics)">scalar</a> <a href="/wiki/Potential" title="Potential">potentials</a> called <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy_surface" title="Potential energy surface">potential energy surfaces</a>. This is the <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation" title="Born–Oppenheimer approximation">Born–Oppenheimer approximation</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a> in 1927. Pioneering applications of this in chemistry were performed by Rice and Ramsperger in 1927 and Kassel in 1928, and generalized into the <a href="/wiki/RRKM" class="mw-redirect" title="RRKM">RRKM</a> theory in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Marcus</a> who took the <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition state</a> theory developed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Eyring</a> in 1935 into account. These methods enable simple estimates of unimolecular <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction rates">reaction rates</a> from a few characteristics of the potential surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-adiabatic_chemical_dynamics">Non-adiabatic chemical dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-adiabatic chemical dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibronic_coupling" title="Vibronic coupling">Vibronic coupling</a></div> <p>Non-adiabatic dynamics consists of taking the interaction between several coupled potential energy surfaces (corresponding to different electronic <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum states</a> of the molecule). The coupling terms are called vibronic couplings. The pioneering work in this field was done by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stueckelberg" title="Ernst Stueckelberg">Stueckelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Davidovich Landau">Landau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Zener" title="Clarence Zener">Zener</a> in the 1930s, in their work on what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Zener_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau–Zener transition">Landau–Zener transition</a>. Their formula allows the transition probability between two <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic">adiabatic</a> potential curves in the neighborhood of an <a href="/wiki/Avoided_crossing" title="Avoided crossing">avoided crossing</a> to be calculated. <a href="/wiki/Spin_forbidden_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin forbidden reactions">Spin-forbidden reactions</a> are one type of non-adiabatic reactions where at least one change in <a href="/wiki/Spin_states_(d_electrons)" title="Spin states (d electrons)">spin state</a> occurs when progressing from <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reactant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">product</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcQuarrie2007" class="citation book cs1">McQuarrie, Donald A. (2007). <i>Quantum Chemistry</i> (2nd ed.). University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1891389504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1891389504"><bdi>978-1891389504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Chemistry&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1891389504&rft.aulast=McQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitlerLondon1927" class="citation journal cs1">Heitler, W.; London, F. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397394">"Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. <b>44</b> (6–7): 455–472. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ZPhy...44..455H">1927ZPhy...44..455H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01397394">10.1007/BF01397394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Wechselwirkung+neutraler+Atome+und+homopolare+Bindung+nach+der+Quantenmechanik&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=455-472&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01397394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927ZPhy...44..455H&rft.aulast=Heitler&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=London%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF01397394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołos1989" class="citation book cs1">Kołos, W. (1989). "The Origin, Development and Significance of the Heitler-London Approach". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0949-6_8"><i>Perspectives in Quantum Chemistry. Académie Internationale Des Sciences Moléculaires Quantiques/International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science</i></a>. Vol. 6. 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(1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02261a002">"The Atom and the Molecule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4): 762–785. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02261a002">10.1021/ja02261a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Atom+and+the+Molecule&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=762-785&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02261a002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fja02261a002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugiura1927" class="citation journal cs1">Sugiura, Y. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01329207">"Über die Eigenschaften des Wasserstoffmoleküls im Grundzustande"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. <b>45</b> (7–8): 484–492. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ZPhy...45..484S">1927ZPhy...45..484S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01329207">10.1007/BF01329207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Eigenschaften+des+Wasserstoffmolek%C3%BCls+im+Grundzustande&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=484-492&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01329207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927ZPhy...45..484S&rft.aulast=Sugiura&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF01329207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakane2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakane, Michiyo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bewi.201900007">"Yoshikatsu Sugiura's Contribution to the Development of Quantum Physics in Japan"</a>. <i>Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 338–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbewi.201900007">10.1002/bewi.201900007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31777981">31777981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berichte+zur+Wissenschaftsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Yoshikatsu+Sugiura%27s+Contribution+to+the+Development+of+Quantum+Physics+in+Japan&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=338-356&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbewi.201900007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31777981&rft.aulast=Nakane&rft.aufirst=Michiyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbewi.201900007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1928" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, S. 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(1928-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.31.579">"The Problem of the Normal Hydrogen Molecule in the New Quantum Mechanics"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 579–586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928PhRv...31..579W">1928PhRv...31..579W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.31.579">10.1103/PhysRev.31.579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Normal+Hydrogen+Molecule+in+the+New+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=579-586&rft.date=1928-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.31.579&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928PhRv...31..579W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.31.579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauling1931" class="citation journal cs1">Pauling, Linus (April 6, 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/bond/papers/1931p.3.html">"The nature of the chemical bond. Application of results obtained from the quantum mechanics and from a theory of paramagnetic susceptibility to the structure of molecules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></i>. <b>53</b> (4): 1367–1400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01355a027">10.1021/ja01355a027</a> – via Oregon State University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+chemical+bond.+Application+of+results+obtained+from+the+quantum+mechanics+and+from+a+theory+of+paramagnetic+susceptibility+to+the+structure+of+molecules&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1367-1400&rft.date=1931-04-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01355a027&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fbond%2Fpapers%2F1931p.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauling1939" class="citation book cs1">Pauling, Linus (1939). <i>The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals: An Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry</i> (1st ed.). Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Chemical+Bond+and+the+Structure+of+Molecules+and+Crystals%3A+An+Introduction+to+Modern+Structural+Chemistry&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3956">"Pauling Publishes "The Nature of the Chemical Bond"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>History of Information</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Information&rft.atitle=Pauling+Publishes+%22The+Nature+of+the+Chemical+Bond%22&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofinformation.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D3956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFХельман1937" class="citation book cs1">Хельман, Г. (1937). <i>Квантовая Химия</i>. Главная Редакция Технико-Теоретической Литературы, Moscow and Leningrad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C+Moscow+and+Leningrad&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%93.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmann1937" class="citation book cs1">Hellmann, Hans (1937). <i>Einführung in die Quantenchemie</i>. Deuticke, Leipzig und Wien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Quantenchemie&rft.pub=Deuticke%2C+Leipzig+und+Wien&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hellmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2003" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Jack (2003). "Chapter 6. Electronic Structures". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simons.hec.utah.edu/ITCSecondEdition/chapter6.pdf"><i>An introduction to theoretical chemistry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521823609" title="Special:BookSources/0521823609"><bdi>0521823609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.+Electronic+Structures&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+theoretical+chemistry&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521823609&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimons.hec.utah.edu%2FITCSecondEdition%2Fchapter6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard M. (2008-10-27). <i>Electronic Structure: Basic Theory and Practical Methods</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53440-6"><bdi>978-0-521-53440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Structure%3A+Basic+Theory+and+Practical+Methods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53440-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikHiberty2007" class="citation book cs1">Shaik, S.S.; Hiberty, P.C. (2007). <i>A Chemist's Guide to Valence Bond Theory</i>. Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470037355" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470037355"><bdi>978-0470037355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chemist%27s+Guide+to+Valence+Bond+Theory&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0470037355&rft.aulast=Shaik&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft.au=Hiberty%2C+P.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, P.W. (2002). <i>Physical Chemistry</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-879285-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-879285-9"><bdi>0-19-879285-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-879285-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsFriedman2005" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, P.W.; Friedman, R. (2005). <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927498-7"><bdi>978-0-19-927498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927498-7&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsFriedman2008" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, P.W.; Friedman, R. (2008). <i>Quanta, Matter and Change: A Molecular Approach to Physical Change</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6117-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6117-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-6117-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quanta%2C+Matter+and+Change%3A+A+Molecular+Approach+to+Physical+Change&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-6117-4&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bader" title="Richard Bader">Bader, Richard</a> (1994). <i>Atoms in Molecules: A Quantum Theory</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855865-1"><bdi>978-0-19-855865-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atoms+in+Molecules%3A+A+Quantum+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-855865-1&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gavroglu, Kostas; Ana Simões: <i>Neither Physics nor Chemistry: A History of Quantum Chemistry</i>, MIT Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-01618-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-01618-4">0-262-01618-4</a></li> <li>Karplus M., Porter R.N. (1971). <i>Atoms and Molecules. An introduction for students of physical chemistry</i>, Benjamin–Cummings Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5218-4">978-0-8053-5218-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLifshitz1977" class="citation book cs1">Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. (1977). <i>Quantum Mechanics:Non-relativistic Theory</i>. Course of Theoretical Physic. Vol. 3. Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-019012-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-019012-X"><bdi>0-08-019012-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics%3ANon-relativistic+Theory&rft.series=Course+of+Theoretical+Physic&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-08-019012-X&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=L.D.&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2008" class="citation book cs1">Levine, I. (2008). <i>Physical Chemistry</i> (6th ed.). McGraw–Hill Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-253862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-253862-5"><bdi>978-0-07-253862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-253862-5&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulson1991" class="citation book cs1">Coulson, Charles Alfred (1991) [1979]. McWeeny, Roy (ed.). <i>Coulson's valence</i> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198551454" title="Special:BookSources/9780198551454"><bdi>9780198551454</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468330825">468330825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coulson%27s+valence&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468330825&rft.isbn=9780198551454&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauling,_L.1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling, L.</a> (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0"><i>General Chemistry</i></a></span>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-65622-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-65622-5"><bdi>0-486-65622-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-486-65622-5&rft.au=Pauling%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00paul_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulingWilson1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling, L.</a>; Wilson, E. B. (1963) [1935]. <i>Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-64871-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-64871-0"><bdi>0-486-64871-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Quantum+Mechanics+with+Applications+to+Chemistry&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-486-64871-0&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullmanPullman1963" class="citation book cs1">Pullman, Bernard; Pullman, Alberte (1963). <i>Quantum Biochemistry</i>. New York and London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1830-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1830-X"><bdi>90-277-1830-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=90-277-1830-X&rft.aulast=Pullman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Pullman%2C+Alberte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2006" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, Eric R. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer"><i>The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530573-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530573-6"><bdi>0-19-530573-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table%3A+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530573-6&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span> Considers the extent to which chemistry and especially the periodic system has been reduced to quantum mechanics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1976" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Z. (1976). <i>Quantum Biochemistry and Specific Interactions</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85626-087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85626-087-2"><bdi>978-0-85626-087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Biochemistry+and+Specific+Interactions&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85626-087-2&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzaboOstlund1996" class="citation book cs1">Szabo, Attila; Ostlund, Neil S. (1996). <i>Modern Quantum Chemistry: Introduction to Advanced Electronic Structure Theory</i>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-69186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-69186-1"><bdi>0-486-69186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Quantum+Chemistry%3A+Introduction+to+Advanced+Electronic+Structure+Theory&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-486-69186-1&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Ostlund%2C+Neil+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David Branston (1998). <i>Handbook of computational quantum chemistry</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198501145" title="Special:BookSources/9780198501145"><bdi>9780198501145</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468919475">468919475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+computational+quantum+chemistry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468919475&rft.isbn=9780198501145&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David+Branston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_mechanics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_mechanics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Timeline of quantum mechanics">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)"> Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">Ground state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">Excited state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_levels" title="Degenerate energy levels">Degenerate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">Zero-point energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">Quantum state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Formulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Path integral formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl_equation" title="Weyl equation">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_equation" title="Majorana equation">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarita%E2%80%93Schwinger_equation" title="Rarita–Schwinger equation">Rarita–Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed choice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum nanoscience">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_differential_calculus" title="Quantum differential calculus">Quantum differential calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" title="Quantum dynamics">Quantum dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_geometry" title="Quantum geometry">Quantum geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">Quantum measurement problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_stochastic_calculus" title="Quantum stochastic calculus">Quantum stochastic calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spacetime" title="Quantum spacetime">Quantum spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">Quantum algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" title="Quantum amplifier">Quantum amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_bus" title="Quantum bus">Quantum bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_finite_automaton" title="Quantum finite automaton">Quantum finite automata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum error correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_imaging" title="Quantum imaging">Quantum imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_image_processing" title="Quantum image processing">Quantum image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum logic gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">Quantum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" title="Quantum metamaterial">Quantum metamaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metrology" title="Quantum metrology">Quantum metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">Quantum network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">Quantum neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_sensor" title="Quantum sensor">Quantum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">Quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat_in_popular_culture" title="Schrödinger's cat in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_friend" title="Wigner's friend">Wigner's friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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