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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oegarities" title="Oegarities – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oegarities" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأوغاريتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأوغاريتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ugaritico" title="Idioma ugaritico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma ugaritico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ugar%C3%ADticu" title="Idioma ugaríticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma ugaríticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="উগারিতীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উগারিতীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угаритски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Угаритски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugar%C3%ADtic" title="Ugarític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ugarític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit%C5%A1tina" title="Ugaritština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ugaritština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritische_Sprache" title="Ugaritische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ugaritische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugariti_keel" title="Ugariti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ugariti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ουγκαριτική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουγκαριτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ugar%C3%ADtico" title="Idioma ugarítico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ugarítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarita_lingvo" title="Ugarita lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ugarita lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritera" title="Ugaritera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugaritera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان اوغاریتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اوغاریتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ougaritique" title="Ougaritique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ougaritique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ugar%C3%ADtica" title="Lingua ugarítica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ugarítica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="उगारितिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उगारितिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ugarit" title="Bahasa Ugarit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ugarit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Agar%C3%ADt" title="Úgarít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úgarít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ugaritica" title="Lingua ugaritica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ugaritica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוגריתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגריתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უგარითული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უგარითული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Угарит тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Угарит тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyugaritike" title="Icyugaritike – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyugaritike" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Угарит кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Угарит кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oegaritisch" title="Oegaritisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oegaritisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugariti_nyelv" title="Ugariti nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ugariti nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угаритски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Угаритски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ogaritika" title="Fiteny ogaritika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ogaritika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="യുഗാരിതീയ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുഗാരിതീയ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უგარითული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უგარითული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritisch" title="Ugaritisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ugaritisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="ウガリット語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウガリット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarittisk" title="Ugarittisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ugarittisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarittisk" title="Ugarittisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ugarittisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit_tili" title="Ugarit tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ugarit tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوگاریتی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوگاریتی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ugarycki" title="Język ugarycki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ugarycki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ugar%C3%ADtica" title="Língua ugarítica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ugarítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ugaritic%C4%83" title="Limba ugaritică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ugaritică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Угаритский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Угаритский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ugaritščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ugaritščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritin_kieli" title="Ugaritin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ugaritin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritiska" title="Ugaritiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ugaritiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษายูการิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษายูการิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit%C3%A7e" title="Ugaritçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ugaritçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Угаритська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угаритська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Northwest Semitic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Ugaritic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">12th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>(unclassified)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ugaritic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=470">uga</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/uga" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:uga">uga</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/uga">uga</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ugar1238">ugar1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG/40px-Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG/60px-Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG/80px-Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="120" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ugaritic</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters#Ancient_scripts" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ugaritic</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic language</a> known through the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a> discovered by French <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> in 1928 at <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solve_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including several major literary texts, notably the <a href="/wiki/Baal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal cycle">Baal cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solve_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHLL_2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHLL_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ugaritic has been called "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Mesopotamian cuneiform</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corpus">Corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a></div> <p>The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. The city of Ugarit was destroyed roughly 1190 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Huehnergard2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huehnergard2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary texts discovered at Ugarit include the <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Keret" title="Legend of Keret">Legend of Keret</a></i>, the legends of <a href="/wiki/Danel" title="Danel">Danel</a>, the <i>Myth of Baal-Aliyan</i>, and the <i>Death of Baal</i>. The latter two are also known collectively as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a></i>. All reveal aspects of ancient Northwest Semitic religion. </p><p>Edward Greenstein has proposed that Ugaritic texts might help solve <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> puzzles such as the <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> mentioning <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#14:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 14:13–16</a><sup id="cite_ref-solve_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actually referring to <a href="/wiki/Danel" title="Danel">Danel</a>, a hero from the Ugaritic <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Aqhat" title="Tale of Aqhat">Tale of Aqhat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/22_alphabet.jpg/250px-22_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/22_alphabet.jpg/375px-22_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/22_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>Clay tablet of Ugaritic alphabet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg/250px-Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg/375px-Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg/500px-Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Table of Ugaritic alphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a> used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel. </p><p>Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic scripts such as the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabets</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>). The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet" has 22. Other languages (particularly <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>) were occasionally written in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablets</a> written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>. The script was written from left to right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugaritic had 28 consonantal <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> (including two <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a>) and eight <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> phonemes (three short vowels and five long vowels): <i>a ā i ī u ū ē ō</i>. The phonemes <i>ē</i> and <i>ō</i> occur only as long vowels and are the result of <a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">monophthongization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> <i>аy</i> and <i>aw</i>, respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Ugaritic consonantal phonemes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental/Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">emphatic</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-footnote1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnote1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-footnote2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnote2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnote1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnote1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] occurs as a late variant of the voiced interdental fricative /ð/.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnote2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, while an independent phoneme at all periods, also occurs as a late variant of the emphatic voiced interdental /ðˤ/.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The following table shows <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> and their correspondences among Ugaritic, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Proto-Semitic </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2">Ugaritic </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a> </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic_language#Imperial_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">b</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </th> <td>𐎁</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">b</i></span> </td> <td>ب</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">b</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td>ב</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">b/ḇ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b/v]</span> </td> <td>ב</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">b/ḇ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b/v]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </th> <td>𐎔</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p</i></span> </td> <td>ف</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">f</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td>פ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p/p̄</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p/f]</span> </td> <td>פ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p/p̄</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p/f]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </th> <td>𐎏</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d</i></span>;<br />sometimes <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <td>ذ</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <td>ז</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td>ד (older ז)</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d/ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d/ð]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </th> <td>𐎘</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <td>ث</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <td>שׁ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td>ת</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t/ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t/θ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṱ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θʼ]</span> </th> <td>𐎑</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ẓ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]</span>;<br />sporadically <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td> <td>ظ</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ẓ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]</span> </td> <td>צ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>ט</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </th> <td>𐎄</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d</i></span> </td> <td>د</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">d</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td>ד</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d/ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d/ð]</span> </td> <td>ד</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d/ḏ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d/ð]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </th> <td>𐎚</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t</i></span> </td> <td>ت</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td>ת</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t/ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t/θ]</span> </td> <td>ת</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t/ṯ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t/θ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʼ]</span> </th> <td>𐎉</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td> <td>ط</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td> <td>ט</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td> <td>ט</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </th> <td>𐎌</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td>س</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td>שׁ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td>שׁ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> </th> <td>𐎇</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> </td> <td>ز</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">z</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td>ז</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td>ז</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> </th> <td>𐎒</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s</i></span> </td> <td>س</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td>ס</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td>ס</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʼ]</span> </th> <td>𐎕</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>ص</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>צ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>צ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">l</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </th> <td>𐎍</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">l</i></span> </td> <td>ل</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">l</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td>ל</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">l</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td>ל</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">l</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span> </th> <td>𐎌</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> </td> <td>ش</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">š</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td>שׂ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]→[s]</span> </td> <td>שׂ/ס</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s/ś</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ́</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(t)ɬʼ]</span> </th> <td>𐎕</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>ض</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɮˤ]→[dˤ]</span> </td> <td>צ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td>ע (older ק)</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">g</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </th> <td>𐎂</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">g</i></span> </td> <td>ج</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ǧ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʲ]→[dʒ]</span> </td> <td>ג</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">g/ḡ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ/ɣ]</span> </td> <td>ג</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">g/ḡ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ/ɣ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </th> <td>𐎋</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">k</i></span> </td> <td>ك</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td>כ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">k/ḵ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k/x]</span> </td> <td>כ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">k/ḵ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k/x]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">q</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼ]</span> </th> <td>𐎖</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">q</i></span> </td> <td>ق</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">q</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td>ק</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">q</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td>ק</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">q</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </th> <td>𐎙</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td> <td>غ</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ġ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td> <td>ע</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td>ע</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </th> <td>𐎃</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td>خ</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḫ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td>ח</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td>ח</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </th> <td>𐎓</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td>ع</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td>ע</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td>ע</td> <td>[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </th> <td>𐎈</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td>ح</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td>ח</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td>ח</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>[ʾ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </th> <td>𐎛</td> <td>[ʾ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td>ء</td> <td>[ʾ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td>א</td> <td>[ʾ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td>א/∅</td> <td>[ʾ/∅] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ/∅]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </th> <td>𐎅</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> </td> <td>ﻫ</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">h</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td>ה</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td>ה</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">m</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </th> <td>𐎎</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">m</i></span> </td> <td>م</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">m</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td>מ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">m</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td>מ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">m</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">n</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </th> <td>𐎐</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">n</i></span> </td> <td>ن</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">n</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td>נ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">n</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>;<br />total <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a><br />before a consonant </td> <td>נ</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">n</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">r</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </th> <td>𐎗</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">r</i></span> </td> <td>ر</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">r</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td>ר</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">r</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td>ר</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">r</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">w</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </th> <td>𐎆</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">w</i></span> </td> <td>و</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">w</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </td> <td>ו</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">w</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>;<br /><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> initially </td> <td>ו</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">w</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </th> <td>𐎊</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td>ي</td> <td><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td>י</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td>י</td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:18%;">Proto-Semitic </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2">Ugaritic </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a> </th> <th style="width:18%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic grammar</a></div> <p>Ugaritic is an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected language</a>, and its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>. It possesses two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine and feminine), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> for <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular, dual, and plural), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">verb aspects</a> similar to those found in other <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> for Ugaritic is <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO) and <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessed–possessor</a> (NG), and <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>–<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> (NA). Ugaritic is considered a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">conservative</a> Semitic language, since it retains most of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language#Phonology" title="Proto-Semitic language">phonemes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">the case system</a>, and the word order of the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlA_Basic_Grammar_of_Ugaritic_Language_by_Stanislav_Segert_-_Hardcover_-_University_of_California_Press_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlA_Basic_Grammar_of_Ugaritic_Language_by_Stanislav_Segert_-_Hardcover_-_University_of_California_Press-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322213913/http://multitree.org/codes/uga">"Ugaritic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/uga">the original</a> on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ugaritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file">"Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Modern+South+Arabian+as+a+Source+for+Ugaritic+Etymologies&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbildnercenter.rutgers.edu%2Fdocman%2Frendsburg%2F59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendsburg, Gary A. “Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies”. In: <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 107, no. 4 (1987): 623–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/603304">https://doi.org/10.2307/603304</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ugaritic">"Ugaritic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ugaritic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FUgaritic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonWyatt1999" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Wilfred G. E.; Wyatt, Nicolas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA91"><i>Handbook of Ugaritic Studies</i></a>. Brill. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10988-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ugaritic+Studies&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10988-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+G.+E.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z2Jo01iq1YC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC&pg=PA50"><i>Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0815-4"><bdi>978-90-429-0815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+Languages%3A+Outline+of+a+Comparative+Grammar&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0815-4&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiXVqyEkPKcC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC"><i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139469340" title="Special:BookSources/9781139469340"><bdi>9781139469340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.isbn=9781139469340&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTrT-bZyuPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetze1941" class="citation journal cs1">Goetze, Albrecht (1941). "Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?". <i>Language</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 127–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409619">10.2307/409619</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409619">409619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Is+Ugaritic+a+Canaanite+Dialect%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-138&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409619%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goetze&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (2007-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C"><i>Morphologies of Asia and Africa</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061092" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061092"><bdi>9781575061092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.isbn=9781575061092&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaktTQ8vq28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewindHunt2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Schniedewind" title="William Schniedewind">Schniedewind, William</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_H._Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel H. Hunt (page does not exist)">Hunt, Joel H.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC&pg=PA20"><i>A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46698-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46698-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Ugaritic%3A+Language%2C+Culture+and+Literature&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46698-1&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2T_4KVwpTQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solve-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-solve_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solve_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solve_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Greenstein, Edward L. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/36/6/5">"Texts from Ugarit Solve Biblical Puzzles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>. <b>36</b> (6): 48–53, 70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Texts+from+Ugarit+Solve+Biblical+Puzzles&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=48-53%2C+70&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F36%2F6%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHLL_2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EHLL_2013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford, J. N. (2013). "Ugaritic and Biblical Hebrew". In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Khan" title="Geoffrey Khan">Khan, Geoffrey</a>; Bolozky, Shmuel; Fassberg, Steven; <a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg" title="Gary A. Rendsburg">Rendsburg, Gary A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_D._Rubin" title="Aaron D. Rubin">Rubin, Aaron D.</a>; Schwarzwald, Ora R.; Zewi, Tamar (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000287">10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ugaritic+and+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hebrew+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000287&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17642-3&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_H._Gordon" title="Cyrus H. Gordon">Gordon, Cyrus H.</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord"><i>The Ancient Near East</i></a></span>. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord/page/99">99</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Cyrus+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareast00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huehnergard2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huehnergard2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuehnergard2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Huehnergard" title="John Huehnergard">Huehnergard, John</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfHQx5FUZW8C"><i>An Introduction to Ugaritic</i></a>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-820-2"><bdi>978-1-59856-820-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ugaritic&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-820-2&rft.aulast=Huehnergard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfHQx5FUZW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Gerald H. (1982). "Ugaritic Word Order and Sentence Structure in KRT". <i>Journal of Semitic Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2F27.1.17">10.1093/jss/27.1.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ugaritic+Word+Order+and+Sentence+Structure+in+KRT&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-32&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2F27.1.17&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlA_Basic_Grammar_of_Ugaritic_Language_by_Stanislav_Segert_-_Hardcover_-_University_of_California_Press-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlA_Basic_Grammar_of_Ugaritic_Language_by_Stanislav_Segert_-_Hardcover_-_University_of_California_Press_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegert1985" class="citation book cs1">Segert, Stanislav (March 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520039995/a-basic-grammar-of-ugaritic-language"><i>A Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert – Hardcover – University of California Press</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520039995" title="Special:BookSources/9780520039995"><bdi>9780520039995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Grammar+of+Ugaritic+Language+by+Stanislav+Segert+%E2%80%93+Hardcover+%E2%80%93+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985-03&rft.isbn=9780520039995&rft.aulast=Segert&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520039995%2Fa-basic-grammar-of-ugaritic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordreuil,_PierrePardee,_Dennis2009" class="citation book cs1">Bordreuil, Pierre & Pardee, Dennis (2009). <i>A Manual of Ugaritic: Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 3</i>. Winona Lake, IN 46590: Eisenbraun's, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-153-5"><bdi>978-1-57506-153-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Ugaritic%3A+Linguistic+Studies+in+Ancient+West+Semitic+3&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN+46590&rft.pub=Eisenbraun%27s%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-153-5&rft.au=Bordreuil%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Pardee%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunchillos,_J.-L.Vita,_Juan-Pablo2003" class="citation book cs1">Cunchillos, J.-L. & Vita, Juan-Pablo (2003). <i>A Concordance of Ugaritic Words</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-258-7"><bdi>978-1-59333-258-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concordance+of+Ugaritic+Words&rft.pub=Piscataway%2C+NJ%3A+Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-258-7&rft.au=Cunchillos%2C+J.-L.&rft.au=Vita%2C+Juan-Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Olmo_Lete,_GregorioSanmartín,_Joaquín2004" class="citation book cs1">del Olmo Lete, Gregorio & Sanmartín, Joaquín (2004). <i>A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13694-6"><bdi>978-90-04-13694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Ugaritic+Language+in+the+Alphabetic+Tradition&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13694-6&rft.au=del+Olmo+Lete%2C+Gregorio&rft.au=Sanmart%C3%ADn%2C+Joaqu%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> (2 vols; originally in Spanish, translated by W. G. E. Watson).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson,_John_C._L.1977" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, John C. L. (1977). <i>Canaanite Myths and Legends</i>. T. & T. Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02351-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02351-3"><bdi>978-0-567-02351-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myths+and+Legends&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02351-3&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> (Contains Latin-alphabet <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a> of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Cyrus_Herzl1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Herzl_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Herzl Gordon">Gordon, Cyrus Herzl</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast0000gord"><i>The Ancient Near East</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00275-1"><bdi>978-0-393-00275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00275-1&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Cyrus+Herzl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareast0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstein,_Edward_L.1998" class="citation book cs1">Greenstein, Edward L. (1998). Shlomo Izre'el; Itamar Singer; Ran Zadok (eds.). <i>"On a New Grammar of Ugaritic" in Past links: studies in the languages and cultures of the ancient near east: Volume 18 of Israel oriental studies</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-035-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-035-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-035-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22On+a+New+Grammar+of+Ugaritic%22+in+Past+links%3A+studies+in+the+languages+and+cultures+of+the+ancient+near+east%3A+Volume+18+of+Israel+oriental+studies&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-035-4&rft.au=Greenstein%2C+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&dq=Edward+L.+Greenstein+Ugaritic&pg=PA397">Google Scholar</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuehnergard,_John2011" class="citation book cs1">Huehnergard, John (2011). <i>A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd ed</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5750-6941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5750-6941-8"><bdi>978-1-5750-6941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Akkadian%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-5750-6941-8&rft.au=Huehnergard%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscati,_Sabatino1980" class="citation book cs1">Moscati, Sabatino (1980). <i>An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-00689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-00689-7"><bdi>978-3-447-00689-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Comparative+Grammar+of+Semitic+Languages%2C+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-3-447-00689-7&rft.au=Moscati%2C+Sabatino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_Simon_B._(ed.)1997" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Simon B. (ed.) (1997). <i>Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature</i>. Atlanta: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0337-5"><bdi>978-0-7885-0337-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ugaritic+Narrative+Poetry%3A+Writings+from+the+Ancient+World+Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5&rft.au=Parker%2C+Simon+B.+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardee,_Dennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Pardee, Dennis (2003). <i>Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient</i>. Vienna, Austria: Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rezension+von+J.+Tropper%2C+Ugaritische+Grammatik+%28AOAT+273%29+Ugarit-Verlag%2C+M%C3%BCnster+2000%3A+Internationale+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Wissenschaft+vom+Vorderen+Orient&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Orientforschung+%28AfO%29&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pardee%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf">P. 1-404</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind,_William_M.Hunt,_Joel_H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. & Hunt, Joel H. (2007). <i>A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5217-0493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5217-0493-9"><bdi>978-0-5217-0493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Ugaritic%3A+Language%2C+Culture+and+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9&rft.au=Schniedewind%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Joel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegert,_Stanislav1997" class="citation book cs1">Segert, Stanislav (1997). <i>A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03999-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03999-5"><bdi>978-0-520-03999-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Grammar+of+the+Ugaritic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03999-5&rft.au=Segert%2C+Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivan,_Daniel1997" class="citation book cs1">Sivan, Daniel (1997). <i>A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik)</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10614-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10614-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10614-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Ugaritic+Language+%28Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies%2FHandbuch+Der+Orientalistik%29&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10614-7&rft.au=Sivan%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> A more concise grammar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTropper,_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Tropper, J. (2000). <i>Ugaritische Grammatik, AOAT 273</i>. Münster, Ugarit Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ugaritische+Grammatik%2C+AOAT+273&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnster%2C+Ugarit+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Tropper%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard,_Roger_D._(ed.)2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) (2008). <i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68498-9"><bdi>978-0-521-68498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68498-9&rft.au=Woodard%2C+Roger+D.+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pardee, Dennis. “UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS”. In: <i>Archiv Für Orientforschung</i> 36/37 (1989): 390–513. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41661762">UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_Tropper,_Juan-Pablo_Vita2020" class="citation book cs1">Josef Tropper, Juan-Pablo Vita (2020). <i>Lehrbuch der ugaritischen Sprache</i>. Münster: Zaphon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-070-3"><bdi>978-3-96327-070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+ugaritischen+Sprache&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Zaphon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-96327-070-3&rft.au=Josef+Tropper%2C+Juan-Pablo+Vita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgaritic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson, Wilfred G.E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/125642/edition/109632/content">From Hair to Heel: Ugaritic Terms for Parts of the Body</a>". In: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27Folia_Orientalia%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="''Folia Orientalia'' (page does not exist)">''Folia Orientalia''</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folia_Orientalia" class="extiw" title="pl:Folia Orientalia">pl</a>]</span> Vol. LII (2015), pp. 323–364.</li> <li>Watson, Wilfred G.E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/124688/edition/108812/content">Terms for Occupations, Professions and Social Classes in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study</a>". In: <i>Folia Orientalia</i> Vol. LV (2018), pp. 307–378. DOI: 10.24425/for.2018.124688</li> <li>Watson, Wilfred G.E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ub.edu/ipoa/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20182AuOrWatson.pdf">Terms for Textiles, Clothing, Hides, Wool and Accessories in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study</a>". In: <i>Aula Orientalis</i> 36/2 (2018): 359–396. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0212-5730">0212-5730</a>.</li> <li>Watson, Wilfred G. E.. "Ugaritic Military Terms in the Light of Comparative Linguistics". In: <i>At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate</i>. Edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021. pp. 699–720. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575064741-047">coaccess</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm">Ugarit and the Bible</a>. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1113436">"El in the Ugaritic tablets"</a> on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm">Abstract of Mark Smith, <i>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10380.pdf">Unicode Chart</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/RSTI/">RSTI</a>. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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