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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Later efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_the_British_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_the_British_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Surrender of the British army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_the_British_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Kut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حصار الكوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار الكوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutun_m%C3%BChasir%C9%99si" title="Kutun mühasirəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kutun mühasirəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کوت‌العماره دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوت‌العماره دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аблога Эль-Кута – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблога Эль-Кута" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_K%C3%BAtu" title="Obléhání Kútu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Kútu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Kut" title="Belagerung von Kut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Kut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_de_Kut" title="Asedio de Kut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asedio de Kut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA" title="محاصره کوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره کوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Kut-el-Amara" title="Siège de Kut-el-Amara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Kut-el-Amara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC-%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Էլ-Քութի պաշարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլ-Քութի պաշարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Kut" title="Pengepungan Kut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Kut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Kut" title="Assedio di Kut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Kut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המצור על כות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על כות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belegering_van_Al-Koet" title="Belegering van Al-Koet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belegering van Al-Koet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="クートの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クートの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Kut" title="Beleiringen av Kut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beleiringen av Kut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کت دا کعیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کت دا کعیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Kut" title="Cerco de Kut – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Kut" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Осада Эль-Кута – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Эль-Кута" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliehanie_Kut_al-Amary" title="Obliehanie Kut al-Amary – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obliehanie Kut al-Amary" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBt%27%C3%BCl-Am%C3%A2re_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Kût'ül-Amâre Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kût'ül-Amâre Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Облога Ель-Куту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Ель-Куту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_v%C3%A2y_h%C3%A3m_Kut" title="Cuộc vây hãm Kut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc vây hãm Kut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%8D" title="庫特之圍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庫特之圍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kut&params=32_30_20_N_45_49_29_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°49′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.50556°N 45.82472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.50556; 45.82472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWI siege</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Kut</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Townshend,_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg/200px-Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg/300px-Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg/400px-Townshend%2C_Khalil_Pasha_after_Fall_of_Kut_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Townshend (British Army officer)">Charles Townshend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Pasha</a> after the fall of Kut</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kut-al-Amara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kut-al-Amara">Kut-al-Amara</a>, Mesopotamia (modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kut&params=32_30_20_N_45_49_29_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°49′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.50556°N 45.82472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.50556; 45.82472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Townshend (British Army officer)">Charles Townshend</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha" title="Nureddin Pasha">Nureddin Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C4%B0hsan_S%C3%A2bis" title="Ali İhsan Sâbis">Ali İhsan Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">C.F. von der Goltz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000–45,000 besieged in Kut</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson79_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–80,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Entire garrison<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qurna" title="Battle of Qurna">Qurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaiba" title="Battle of Shaiba">Shaiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amara" title="Battle of Amara">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah_(1915)" title="Battle of Nasiriyah (1915)">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Es_Sinn" title="Battle of Es Sinn">Es Sinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_Umm_at_Tubal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of Umm at Tubal (page does not exist)">Umm at Tubal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Sheikh Sa'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Dujaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_uprising_in_Hilla" title="1916 uprising in Hilla">Hilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">2nd Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_offensive" title="Samarra offensive">Samarra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Hamrin" title="Battle of Mount Hamrin">Jebel Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat" title="Battle of Istabulat">Istabulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)#First_Battle_of_Ramadi" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">1st Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)#Second_Battle_of_Ramadi" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">2nd Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Najaf_(1918)" title="Siege of Najaf (1918)">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Khan_Baghdadi" title="Action of Khan Baghdadi">Khan Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat" title="Battle of Sharqat">Sharqat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Kut Al Amara</b> (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the <b>first battle of Kut</b>, was the besieging of an 8,000-strong <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> garrison in the town of <a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>, 160 km (100 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a>. In 1915, its population was around 6,500. Following the surrender of the garrison on 29 April 1916, the survivors of the siege were marched to imprisonment at <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, during which many died.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Catherwood" title="Christopher Catherwood">Christopher Catherwood</a> has called the siege "the worst defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (World War I)">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Catherwood2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catherwood2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten months later, the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, consisting almost entirely of newly recruited troops from Western India, conquered Kut, Baghdad and other regions in between in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Fall of Baghdad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kut1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kut1915.jpg/220px-Kut1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kut1915.jpg/330px-Kut1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kut1915.jpg/440px-Kut1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Situation at Kut on 28 September 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/6th_(Poona)_Division" title="6th (Poona) Division">6th (Poona) Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend">Charles Townshend</a>, had fallen back to the town of Kut after retreating from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Ctesiphon</a>. The British Empire forces arrived at Kut around 3 December 1915. They had suffered significant losses, numbering only 11,000 soldiers (plus cavalry). General Townshend chose to stay and hold the position at Kut instead of continuing the march downriver towards <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. Contained within a long river loop, Kut offered a good defensive position although supply lines from distant Basra were stretched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_siege">The siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Siege_of_Kut" title="Special:EditPage/Siege of Kut">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Siege+of+Kut%22">"Siege of Kut"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Siege+of+Kut%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Siege+of+Kut%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Siege+of+Kut%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Siege+of+Kut%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Siege+of+Kut%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png/220px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png/330px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png/440px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_Siege_of_Kut.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>The siege by Ottoman 6th Army forces</figcaption></figure> <p>The pursuing Ottoman forces under <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Pasha</a> arrived on 7 December 1915. Once it became clear the Ottomans had enough forces to lay siege to Kut, Townshend ordered his cavalry to escape south, which it did, led by Lieut. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Leachman" title="Gerard Leachman">Gerard Leachman</a>. The Ottoman forces numbered around 11,000 men and were increasing steadily with additional reinforcements arriving constantly. They were commanded by the respected but elderly German general and military historian <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Baron von der Goltz</a>. Goltz knew the Ottoman army well, as he had spent 12 years working on modernizing it, from 1883 to 1895. After three attacks in December, Goltz directed the building of siege fortifications facing Kut. He prepared for an attack from Basra, using the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a>, by building defensive positions further down the river designed to cut off a river-borne relief. The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XVIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XVIII Corps</a> that consisted of the 45th and 51st divisions were assigned to besiege Kut while the <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XIII Corps</a> that consisted of the 35th and 52nd divisions were assigned down the Tigris river to block any relief force coming up from Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201379_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201379-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a month of siege, Townshend wanted to break out and withdraw southwards but his commander, General <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Nixon">Sir John Nixon</a> saw value in tying down the Ottoman forces in a siege. Nixon had ordered transports from London, but none had arrived. The War Office was in the process of reorganizing military command; previously the orders had come from the Viceroy and India Office. </p><p>However, when Townshend—inaccurately—reported that only one month of food remained, a rescue force was hastily raised. It is not clear why Townshend reported he only had enough food for one month when he actually had food for more than four months (although at a reduced level), but Townshend would not attempt an infantry retreat unprotected through hostile tribal lands without river transport. Nixon had ordered this with reinforcements, commanded by his son, but by December they were still only in the Suez Canal. The confusing communications would prove a critical delay. </p><p>Medical facilities in Kut were headed by Major General <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hehir" title="Patrick Hehir">Patrick Hehir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief_expeditions">Relief expeditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relief expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first relief expedition comprised some 19,000 men under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Sir_Fenton_Aylmer,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Fenton Aylmer, 13th Baronet">Aylmer</a> and it headed up the river from Ali Gharbi in January 1916. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Times_history_of_the_war_(1914)_(14577828889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg/220px-The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg/330px-The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg/440px-The_Times_history_of_the_war_%281914%29_%2814577828889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>The British Headquarters in Kut</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa'ad"><span id="Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa.27ad"></span>Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad</a></div> <p>The first attempt to relieve Kut (the Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad) came on 6 January by troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Younghusband" title="George Younghusband">George Younghusband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops under Lieut. Gen. Aylmer's command joined the British forces with two brigades the next day following which Aylmer took over the command.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the cause of delay was the debate in Cabinet over whether one division would be an adequate force, or whether two divisions should be sent. Deliberations were painfully slow. The ageing General Maurice insisted on being informed at every turn as the evidence came into the Committee of Imperial Defence; which was further complicated by a restructuring involving the setup of a new sub-committee system and transfer of military responsibilities. At least three urgent memoranda were sent from General Nixon demanding transports to evacuate Townshend's division. By Christmas his health had broken down, and he requested a return to Bombay. </p><p>Nixon's replacements with additional staff as a mandatory requirement moved forward from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al_Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Al Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ali Al Gharbi</a> towards <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Sa%27ad_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh Sa'ad (Iraq) (page does not exist)">Sheikh Sa'ad</a> along both banks of the Tigris. Younghusband's column made contact with the Ottomans on the morning of 6 January <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5.6 km (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) east of Sheikh Sa'ad. British efforts to defeat the Ottomans were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_2nd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon_2nd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, on 7 January, Aylmer arrived with the main body of his forces and ordered a general attack. Younghusband led the attack on the left bank and Major-General <a href="/wiki/George_Kemball" title="George Kemball">Kemball</a> took the right. After heavy fighting all day, Kemball's troops had overrun Ottoman trenches on the right bank, taking prisoners and capturing two guns. However, the Ottoman left bank held firm and they carried out supporting manoeuvres from the north. </p><p>After little change on 8 January, renewed British attacks on 9 January resulted in the Ottomans retiring from Sheikh Sa'ad. Over the following two days the Ottomans were followed by Aylmer's force but heavy rains made the roads virtually impassable.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_2nd_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon_2nd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Wadi">Battle of Wadi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Wadi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Battle of Wadi (1916)</a></div> <p>The Ottomans retreated for about 16 km (10 mi) from Sheikh Sa'ad to a tributary of the Tigris on the left bank known by the Arabic toponym simply as the Wadi (meaning "the river valley"). The Ottomans made their camp beyond the Wadi and on the other side of the Tigris opposite the Wadi. </p><p>On 13 January, Aylmer attacked the Ottoman Wadi position on the left bank with all of his forces. After putting up a stiff resistance the Ottomans retreated 8 km (5 mi) to the west and they were followed by Aylmer's troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Hanna">Battle of Hanna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Hanna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Battle of Hanna</a></div> <p>The Ottomans then made their camp upstream of the Wadi at the <a href="/wiki/Hanna_defile" title="Hanna defile">Hanna defile</a>, a narrow strip of dry land between the Tigris and the Suwaikiya Marshes. British losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Battle of Hanna</a> amounted to 2,700 killed and wounded, which was disastrous for the garrison in Kut.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Siege_2">The Siege</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915,_to_April_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg/220px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg/330px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg/440px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_DEFENCE_OF_KUT_AL_AMARA_December_1915%2C_to_April_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>A 1924 map of the defense of Kut during the siege.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the siege continued, supplies started to run out for the besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201372-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergeant Munn reported: "About half-way through February the rations were sadly diminishing. Tobacco was first out, and we were smoking anything that would smoke, and green leaves (dried over a fire), tea leaves and sawdust mixed, ginger cut into small lumps. Tea ran out and we had ginger instead (ginger crushed and steeped in boiling water). Milk and sugar had given out long ago, likewise beef and mutton and all the bully was gone with the exception of two days' emergency rations which kept back until the very last".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201372-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dysentery and scurvy became common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201372-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of March 1916, the Ottomans used their Krupp artillery to open a heavy bombardment of Kut, which destroyed much of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, three German aircraft bombed Kut, though the damage inflicted was only slight as compared to the artillery bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Ottomans were seen unloading metal cylinders from a barge in the Tigris, which were assumed to contain chemical weapons from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townshend in his diary called chemical warfare "a cowardly barbarism worthy of Chinese pirates".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As both the garrison and population of Kut began to starve while the Ottoman guns continued to blast Kut, Townshend sent out a series of messages on the radio asking for a promotion from major-general to colonel-general on the account of his success advancing the Tigris in 1915, requests that reflected badly on him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_efforts">Later efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this point, <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Khalil Pasha</a> (the Ottoman commander of the whole region) came to the battle, bringing with him a further 20,000 to 30,000 reinforcements. </p><p>Following the defeat of Aylmer's expedition, General Nixon was replaced as supreme commander by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lake" title="Percy Lake">Percy Lake</a> on 19 January.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More forces were sent to bolster Aylmer's troops. He tried again, attacking the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Dujaila redoubt</a> on 8 March. This attack failed, at a cost of 4,000 men. General Aylmer was dismissed and replaced with General <a href="/wiki/GF_Gorringe" class="mw-redirect" title="GF Gorringe">George Gorringe</a> on 12 March. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg/220px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg/330px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg/440px-MAP_TO_ILLUSTRATE_THE_ACTION_OF_BAIT_ISA_ON_17TH._%26_18TH._APRIL_1916_AND_THE_ATTACK_ON_SANNAIYAT_22ND._APRIL_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>A map illustrating the action at Bait Isa and Sannaiyat published in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April, starvation within the British garrison at Kut forced Indian troops to abandon the vegetarian diet of their religion and eat horse meat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relief attempt by Gorringe is usually termed the first battle of Kut. The British Empire's forces numbered about 30,000 soldiers, roughly equal to the Ottomans. The battle began on 5 April and the British soon captured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallahiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fallahiya (page does not exist)">Fallahiya</a> but with heavy losses, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bait_Isa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bait Isa (page does not exist)">Bait Isa</a> was taken on 17 April. The final effort was against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sannaiyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sannaiyat (page does not exist)">Sannaiyat</a> on 22 April. The Allies were unable to take Sannaiyat and suffered some 1,200 casualties in the process. </p><p>In April 1916 <a href="/wiki/No._30_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 30 Squadron RAF">No. 30 Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> carried out the first air supply operation in history. Food and ammunition were dropped to the defenders of Kut, but "as often as not their parcels go into the Tigris or into the Turkish trenches!"<sup id="cite_ref-Spooner_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spooner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the food rations provided between the 11 and 29 April were only enough for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the relief efforts had failed, at a cost of around 30,000 Allied killed or wounded. Ottoman casualties are believed to have been around 10,000. The Ottomans also lost the aid of Baron von der Goltz. He died in April 1916, supposedly of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> about a week before the British surrendered on 29 April.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Goltz's death, no German commander took his place in Mesopotamia for the rest of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender_of_the_British_army">Surrender of the British army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Surrender of the British army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg/170px-Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg/255px-Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg/340px-Indian_army_soldier_after_siege_of_Kut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>An Indian soldier after siege of Kut</figcaption></figure> <p>British leaders attempted to buy their troops out. <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Herbert" title="Aubrey Herbert">Aubrey Herbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> were part of a team of officers sent to negotiate a secret deal with the Ottomans. The British offered £2 million (equivalent to £190 million in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and promised those soldiers would not fight the Ottomans again, in exchange for Townshend's troops. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> at first pretended to negotiate in good faith, then publicized and rejected the offer as a final humiliation to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British also asked for help from the Russians. General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baratov" title="Nikolai Baratov">Nikolai Baratov</a>, with his largely Cossack force of 20,000, was in Persia at the time. Following the request he advanced towards Baghdad in April 1916, but he turned back when news reached him of the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Townshend arranged a ceasefire on the 26th and, after failed negotiations, he simply surrendered on 29 April 1916 after a siege of 147 days. Around 13,000 Allied soldiers survived to be made prisoners. The Turkish writer <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lber_Ortayl%C4%B1" title="İlber Ortaylı">İlber Ortaylı</a> states that "Halil Pasha acted like a gentleman to the surrendering British officers" and offered "to take the <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> up towards the north in river boats in case fuel could be provided from British bases nearby."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French historian <a href="/wiki/Marc_Ferro" title="Marc Ferro">Marc Ferro</a> suggested a different image. According to Ferro, the surrendered British and Indian forces were forced to march around the city of Baghdad while being maltreated by the Ottoman troops supervising their march.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the surrender, the Ottomans agreed to an exchange of sick and wounded soldiers for an equal number of POWs of the Ottoman Empire that were held by the British. Around 1,500 incapacitated prisoners were exchanged. The Anglo-Indian sick and wounded were taken to hospitals by ships and barges of the Tigris River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllinwood2005439–440_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllinwood2005439–440-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men of the 6th Division suffered terribly as Ottoman prisoners. On the day of the surrender, the Ottomans handed out biscuits for the POWs. The British historian Russell Braddon wrote that after eating the biscuits "The following morning, they began to die. Frothing at the mouth, their bowels and stomachs disintegrating into a greenish slime, dehydrated and moaning, they died one after the other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and Indian POWs were afflicted by <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a> from contaminated biscuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British historian Paul Knight wrote: "The treatment of the Kuttities was similar to those of the Allied prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, which is of course a far more familiar story to a modern audience. Whether or not there was a deliberate state policy to murder the Kuttities through overwork, underfeeding, or both, or whether murder was a by-produce of negligence, neglect and official incompetence is a moot point. It made little different to the Kuttities. Their captivity took place against the backdrop of the Armenian massacres, which are still denied by the modern Turkish state. Again, whether or not the death of thousands of Armenians was the result of a state policy, or whether it was the by-produce of negligence, neglect and official incompetence is a moot point. It made little difference to the Armenians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013154_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013154-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One British POW, Sergeant Long, wrote about the march from Kut to the POW camps in Anatolia: "No words can adequately describe the appalling misery of that scene. Here were men who had suffered and fought the long months of the siege, although they were gradually starved and were not fit to do a day's march, yet they were being driven across the pitiless waste under a scorching sun, herded along by a brutal and callous escort of Arab conscripts. Limping and staggering along they all finally arrived, some of them being assisted along by comrades, who themselves were in dire need of assistance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To encourage the POWs to move faster, the Ottoman guards constantly whipped them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Muslims were able to bring themselves some protection by saying "<i>Islami, Islami</i>" while the Gurkhas and Sikh POWs were abused for their religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reaching Mosul, the POWs entered into areas where the population was Kurdish while the desert terrain was replaced with the mountains of Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long described the Kurds as being more kindly disposed to the POWs than the Arabs, which together the cool summer mountain air made conditions more bearable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Ras-el-Aim camp where Indian POWs were being held, Long described the Indians as being in a "...condition that was truly pitiful they resembled animated skeletons hung about with filthy rags. No tents or other shelter had been provided and they were living in holes in the grounds like pariah dogs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Townshend himself was taken to the island of <a href="/wiki/Heybeliada" title="Heybeliada">Heybeliada</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, to sit out the war in relative luxury. The author <a href="/wiki/Norman_Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Dixon">Norman Dixon</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Psychology_of_Military_Incompetence" title="On the Psychology of Military Incompetence">On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</a></i>, described Townshend as being "amused" by the plight of the men he had deserted, as if he had pulled off some clever trick. Dixon says Townshend was unable to understand why his friends and comrades were ultimately censorious over his behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In British Army <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honours</a>, the siege of Kut is named as "Defence of Kut Al Amara". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg/220px-Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg/330px-Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg/440px-Indian_army_soldiers_after_siege_of_Kut_Al_Amara_on_the_Tigris_River_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>The garrison, two-thirds of which was Indian, surrendered on 29 April 1916. During captivity many died from heat, disease and neglect. These emaciated men were photographed after they had been liberated during an exchange of prisoners.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Morris" title="Jan Morris">Jan Morris</a>, a British historian, described the loss of Kut as "the most abject capitulation in Britain's military history."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this humiliating loss, General Lake and General Gorringe were removed from command. The new commander was General <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Maude" title="Stanley Maude">Maude</a>, who trained and organized his army and then launched a successful campaign. </p><p>Ten months after the Siege of Kut, the British Indian Army conquered the whole region from Kut to Baghdad as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Fall of Baghdad</a> on 11 March 1917. With Baghdad captured, the British administration undertook vital reconstruction of the war-torn country and Kut was slowly rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the Indian prisoners of war from Kut later came to join the Ottoman Indian Volunteer Corps under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Movement</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">encouragement of the German High Command</a>. These soldiers, along with those recruited from the prisoners from the European battlefields, fought alongside Ottoman forces on a number of fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Qureshi79_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qureshi79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians were led by <a href="/wiki/Amba_Prasad_Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amba Prasad Sufi">Amba Prasad Sufi</a>, who during the war was joined by Kedar Nath Sondhi, Rishikesh Letha, and Amin Chaudhry. These Indian troops were involved in the capture of the frontier city of Karman and the detention of the British consul there, and they also successfully harassed Sir <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sykes" title="Percy Sykes">Percy Sykes</a>' Persian campaign against the Baluchi and Persian tribal chiefs who were aided by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">Second Battle of Kut</a>, which took place on 23 February 1917.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Erickson79-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson79_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErickson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Erickson" title="Edward J. Erickson">Erickson, Edward J.</a> (2007). <i>Ottoman Army effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96456-9"><bdi>978-0-203-96456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Army+effectiveness+in+World+War+I%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96456-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2023). <i>The First World War: A complete History</i>. Moscow: Квадрига. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0"><bdi>978-5-389-08465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+A+complete+History&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-389-08465-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2009" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (2009). <i>The First Iraq War, 1914–18</i>. Enigma Books. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Iraq+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2009" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (2009). <i>The First Iraq War, 1914–18</i>. Enigma Books. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Iraq+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Barker: The First Iraq War 1914–1918: Britain’s Mesopotamian Campaign Архивная копия от 27 августа 2016 на Wayback Machine, Enigma Books, 2009, ISBN 0-9824911-7-4, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Mansfield, <i>The British Empire</i> magazine, Time-Life Books, vol 75, p. 2078</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catherwood2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catherwood2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Catherwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Catherwood (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMmMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51"><i>The Battles of World War I</i></a>. Allison & Busby. pp. 51–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7490-1502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7490-1502-2"><bdi>978-0-7490-1502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=51-2&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7490-1502-2&rft.au=Christopher+Catherwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMmMAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201379-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201379_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcK1938" class="citation journal cs1">McK, A. G. (January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0370164600013961">"Obituary Notice: Sir Patrick Hehir, Major-General"</a>. <i>Proceedings</i>. <b>57</b>. Royal Society of Edinburgh: 416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0370164600013961">10.1017/S0370164600013961</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notice%3A+Sir+Patrick+Hehir%2C+Major-General&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=416&rft.date=1938-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0370164600013961&rft.aulast=McK&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0370164600013961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uyar, Mesut (30 December 2020). p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nixon_2nd-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon_2nd_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon_2nd_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531123155/http://www.1914-1918.net/nixons_second_despatch.htm">"Sir John Nixon's Second Despatch"</a>. <i>The Long, Long Trail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914-1918.net/nixons_second_despatch.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long%2C+Long+Trail&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Nixon%27s+Second+Despatch&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1914-1918.net%2Fnixons_second_despatch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828074239/http://www.1914-1918.net/meso_bat11.htm">"The Battle of the Hanna (21 January 1916)"</a>. <i>The Long, Long Trail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914-1918.net/meso_bat11.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long%2C+Long+Trail&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Hanna+%2821+January+1916%29&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1914-1918.net%2Fmeso_bat11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201372-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201372_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201373-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201373_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uyar, Mesut (30 December 2020). pp. 248–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoberly1927" class="citation book cs1">Moberly, Frederick (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100045738550.0x00005c"><i>History of the Great War based on official documents: The campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918</i></a>. Vol. 3. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 443–444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+War+based+on+official+documents%3A+The+campaign+in+Mesopotamia%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=443-444&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Moberly&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100045738550.0x00005c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spooner-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spooner, Reverend H. <i>Private Papers; Imperial War Museum Documents 7308. Entry for 16 April 1916</i> (quoted by <a href="/wiki/Rogan" title="Rogan">Rogan</a> 2016 p. 263)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUyar2020" class="citation book cs1">Uyar, Mesut (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eCxzQEACAAJ"><i>The Ottoman Army and the First World War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47177-4"><bdi>978-0-367-47177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Army+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-47177-4&rft.aulast=Uyar&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eCxzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> "consistent series" supplied in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWilliamson2024" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/">"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.K.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">David Fromkin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace">A Peace to End All Peace</a></i>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Falls, <i>The Great War</i>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">İlber Ortaylı, "100. Yılında Kut'ul Amare Zaferi" (The Victory of Kut at its Centennial), <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a></i>, 24 April 2016, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerro2002" class="citation book cs1">Ferro, Marc (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwarroutledg00ferr"><i>The Great War</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwarroutledg00ferr/page/n87">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26734-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26734-X"><bdi>0-415-26734-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26734-X&rft.aulast=Ferro&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwarroutledg00ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2002" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Ross (20 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/20/iraq.features11">"The tragedy of Kut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+tragedy+of+Kut&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F20%2Firaq.features11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllinwood2005439–440-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllinwood2005439–440_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllinwood2005">Ellinwood 2005</a>, pp. 439–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005270_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 270.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPerry2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013154-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013154_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013162_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013163_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Dr. Norman F. <i>On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</i> Jonathan Cape Ltd 1976 / Pimlico, 1994 pp. 95–109 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2010_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Morris2010" class="citation book cs1">Jan Morris (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6Kx28VD_4MC&pg=RA3-PT33"><i>Farewell the Trumpets</i></a>. Faber & Faber. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26598-5"><bdi>978-0-571-26598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+the+Trumpets&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-571-26598-5&rft.au=Jan+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6Kx28VD_4MC%26pg%3DRA3-PT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2006" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Georgina (2006). <i>Daughter of the Desert: The Remarkable Life of <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a></i>. London: Macmillan. p. 311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughter+of+the+Desert%3A+The+Remarkable+Life+of+Gertrude+Bell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qureshi79-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qureshi79_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQureshi1999">Qureshi 1999</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1921">Sykes 1921</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert2003">Herbert 2003</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">30,000 dead or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />13,164 captured including 6 generals<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllinwood2005" class="citation book cs1">Ellinwood, DeWitt C. (2005). <i>Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905–21 : Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761831136" title="Special:BookSources/9780761831136"><bdi>9780761831136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3A+A+Rajput+Officer+in+the+Indian+Army%2C+1905%E2%80%9321+%3A+Based+on+the+Diary+of+Amar+Singh+of+Jaipur&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761831136&rft.aulast=Ellinwood&rft.aufirst=DeWitt+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span> <small>– Total pages: 679 </small></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Edwin (2003). <i>Small Wars and Skirmishes 1902–1918: Early Twentieth-century Colonial Campaigns in Africa, Asia and the Americas</i>. Nottingham, Foundry Books Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901543-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-901543-05-6"><bdi>1-901543-05-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars+and+Skirmishes+1902%E2%80%931918%3A+Early+Twentieth-century+Colonial+Campaigns+in+Africa%2C+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=Nottingham%2C+Foundry+Books+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-901543-05-6&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2013" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Paul (2013). <i>The British Army In Mesopotamia, 1914–1918</i>. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7049-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-7049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+In+Mesopotamia%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7049-5&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi1999" class="citation book cs1">Qureshi, M Naeem (1999). <i>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11371-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11371-1"><bdi>90-04-11371-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Islam+in+British+Indian+Politics%3A+A+Study+of+the+Khilafat+Movement%2C+1918%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11371-1&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=M+Naeem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2016" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene (2016). <i>The Fall of the Ottomans</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Ottomans&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpackman,_Tony2008" class="citation book cs1">Spackman, Tony, ed. (2008). <i>Captured at Kut, Prisoner of the Turks: The Great War Diaries of Colonel W.C. Spackman</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184415873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-184415873-7"><bdi>978-184415873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captured+at+Kut%2C+Prisoner+of+the+Turks%3A+The+Great+War+Diaries+of+Colonel+W.C.+Spackman&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-184415873-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1921" class="citation journal cs1">Sykes, Peter (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449356">"South Persia and the Great War"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>58</b> (2). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society: 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921GeogJ..58..101S">1921GeogJ..58..101S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1781457">10.2307/1781457</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1781457">1781457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=South+Persia+and+the+Great+War&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-116&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1781457&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1781457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921GeogJ..58..101S&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1917" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Major Charles H. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208480"><i>Besieged in Kut – and After</i></a>. Blackwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besieged+in+Kut+%E2%80%93+and+After&rft.pub=Blackwood&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Major+Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.208480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1967" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A.J. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bastardwarmeso00bark"><i>The Bastard war: The Mesopotamian campaign of 1914–1918</i></a></span>. Dial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bastard+war%3A+The+Mesopotamian+campaign+of+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Dial&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbastardwarmeso00bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraddon1970" class="citation book cs1">Braddon, Russell (1970) [1969]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siege00brad"><i>The Siege</i></a></span>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-64386-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-64386-6"><bdi>0-670-64386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-670-64386-6&rft.aulast=Braddon&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiege00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1994" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (1994). <i>Ends and Means: the British Mesopotamian Campaign and Commission</i>. Associated University Presses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+and+Means%3A+the+British+Mesopotamian+Campaign+and+Commission&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="95–109" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Dr. Norman F. (1994) [1976]. <i>On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</i>. Pimlico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Psychology+of+Military+Incompetence&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Norman+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="307–326" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Nikolas (2004). "Sepoys and the Siege of Kut-al-Amara, December 1915 – April 1916". <i>War in History</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 307–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344504wh302oa">10.1191/0968344504wh302oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159478598">159478598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Sepoys+and+the+Siege+of+Kut-al-Amara%2C+December+1915+%E2%80%93+April+1916&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-326&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344504wh302oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159478598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Gleich1921" class="citation book cs1">von Gleich, Gerold (1921). <i>Vom Balkan nach Bagdad: militärisch-politische Erinnerungen an dem Orient</i>. Scherl Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vom+Balkan+nach+Bagdad%3A+milit%C3%A4risch-politische+Erinnerungen+an+dem+Orient&rft.pub=Scherl+Verlag&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=von+Gleich&rft.aufirst=Gerold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1922" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Lt & Q-Mr. F. A. (1922). <i>The Sufferings of the Kut Garrison During Their March into Turkey as Prisoners of War 1916–1917</i>. Ludgershall, Wilts: The Adjutants's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufferings+of+the+Kut+Garrison+During+Their+March+into+Turkey+as+Prisoners+of+War+1916%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Ludgershall%2C+Wilts&rft.pub=The+Adjutants%27s+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Lt+%26+Q-Mr.+F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1919" class="citation web cs1">Herbert, Aubrey (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/Mons/mons.htm#TC">"Mons, Anzac & Kut"</a>. Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mons%2C+Anzac+%26+Kut&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwpda.org%2Fwwi-www%2FMons%2Fmons.htm%23TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. Random House Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Random+House+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1938" class="citation book cs1">Long, P. W. (1938). <i>Other Ranks of Kut</i>. Williams & Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Ranks+of+Kut&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouseley1921" class="citation book cs1">Mouseley, Capt. E. O. (1921). <i>The Secrets of a Kuttite: An Authentic Story of Kut, Adventures in Captivity & Stamboul Intrigue</i>. Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+a+Kuttite%3A+An+Authentic+Story+of+Kut%2C+Adventures+in+Captivity+%26+Stamboul+Intrigue&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Mouseley&rft.aufirst=Capt.+E.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1983" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Michael (1983). <i>God On Our Side</i>. Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+On+Our+Side&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandes1919" class="citation book cs1">Sandes, Major E. W. C. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inkutcaptivitywi00sand"><i>In Kut & Captivity with the Sixth Indian Division</i></a>. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Kut+%26+Captivity+with+the+Sixth+Indian+Division&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Sandes&rft.aufirst=Major+E.+W.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finkutcaptivitywi00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="125" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Hew (2003). <i>The First World War</i>. Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend2010" class="citation book cs1">Townshend, Charles (2010). <i>When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921</i>. Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+God+Made+Hell%3A+The+British+Invasion+of+Mesopotamia+and+the+Creation+of+Iraq%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Ron (2006). <i>Battles on the Tigris</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+on+the+Tigris&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914-1918.net/meso_bat8.htm">The siege of Kut-al-Amara, to 29 April 1915</a> – from the website The Long, Long Trail, downloaded January 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34069">A Kut Prisoner by H. C. W. Bishop</a> – e-book and HTML version with maps and graphics from Project Gutenberg.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template talk:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Ottoman battles in the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1911)" title="Battle of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(1911)" title="Battle of Benghazi (1911)">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Kunfuda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1912)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1912)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Zanzur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kırcalı (Kardzhali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Beşpınar (Pente Pigadia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">İşkodra (Scutari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lüleburgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">1st Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Varna (Kaliakra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">İmroz (Elli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">2nd Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bolayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> (1914–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Köprüköy (Bergmann) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan" title="Battle of Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">Naval operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katia" title="Battle of Katia">Katya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Seddülbayır (Cape Helles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumkale" title="Battle of Kumkale">Kumkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">1st Arıburnu (Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia" title="First Battle of Krithia">1st Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Battle of Dilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Second attack on Anzac Cove">2nd Arıburnu (2nd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Second Battle of Krithia">2nd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No.3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Third attack on Anzac Cove">3rd Arıburnu (3rd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Third Battle of Krithia">3rd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Zığındere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915)" title="Battle of Manzikert (1915)">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1915)" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)">Kara Killisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard" title="Battle of Krithia Vineyard">Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine" title="Battle of Lone Pine">Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Anafartalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Conkbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sarıbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Kılıçbayır (The Nek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Selman’ı Pak (Ctesiphon)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Sağ Sahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Felahiye (Hanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan" title="Battle of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd" title="Battle of Bir el Abd">Bir el Abd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Yanbu" title="Capture of Yanbu">Yanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Rafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nekhl" title="Raid on Nekhl">Nekhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bir_el_Hassana" title="Raid on Bir el Hassana">Bir el Hassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">2nd Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_offensive" title="Samarra offensive">Samarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Hamrin" title="Battle of Mount Hamrin">Jebel Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">1st Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">2nd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat" title="Battle of Istabulat">Istabulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Musa" title="Battle of Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe" title="Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe">Khuweilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">3rd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hareira_and_Sheria" title="Battle of Hareira and Sheria">Hareira and Sheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wadi_el_Hesi" title="Capture of Wadi el Hesi">Wadi el Hesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Huj" title="Charge at Huj">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Mughar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayun_Kara" title="Battle of Ayun Kara">Ayun Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_%27Asur" title="Battle of Tell 'Asur">Tell 'Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Khan_Baghdadi" title="Action of Khan Baghdadi">Khan Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hijla" title="Battle of Hijla">Hijla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Amman" title="First Battle of Amman">1st Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan#Prelude" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">Berukin and 1st Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">2nd Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Arsuf" title="Action of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">German Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Tellul" title="Battle of Abu Tellul">Abu Tellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">2nd Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabsor" title="Battle of Tabsor">Tabsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulkarm" title="Battle of Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">Afulah and Beisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth" title="Battle of Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin" title="Capture of Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)" title="Battle of Haifa (1918)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh" title="Battle of Samakh">Samakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tiberias_(1918)" title="Capture of Tiberias (1918)">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Irbid" title="Charge at Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Jisr Benat Yakub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kaukab" title="Charge at Kaukab">Kaukab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">Kiswe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jisr_ed_Damieh" title="Capture of Jisr ed Damieh">Jisr ed Damieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat" title="Battle of Sharqat">Sharqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Amman" title="Second Battle of Amman">2nd Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Haritan" title="Charge at Haritan">Haritan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For the battles before 1900 <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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