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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Oppaueksplosjonen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppaueksplosjonen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammoniakkmetoden_i_Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammoniakkmetoden_i_Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ammoniakkmetoden i Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammoniakkmetoden_i_Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosessen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosessen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prosessen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prosessen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Prosessen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prosessen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jakten_på_hydrogenet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jakten_på_hydrogenet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jakten på hydrogenet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jakten_på_hydrogenet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammoniakksyntesen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammoniakksyntesen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ammoniakksyntesen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammoniakksyntesen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avfallshåndtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avfallshåndtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Avfallshåndtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avfallshåndtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimalisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimalisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Optimalisering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optimalisering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Optimalisering</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optimalisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Likevekt_reaksjonshastighet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Likevekt_reaksjonshastighet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Likevekt reaksjonshastighet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Likevekt_reaksjonshastighet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haber–Bosch-prosessen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 56 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch-prosessen" title="Haber-Bosch-prosessen – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haber-Bosch-prosessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch-processen" title="Haber-Bosch-processen – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haber-Bosch-processen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-processen" title="Haber–Bosch-processen – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haber–Bosch-processen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-proses" title="Haber-proses – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Haber-proses" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="عملية هابر-بوش – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية هابر-بوش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="হেবার প্রণালী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেবার প্রণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Процес на Хабер-Бош – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Процес на Хабер-Бош" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_Haber-Bosch" title="Procés de Haber-Bosch – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procés de Haber-Bosch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%C5%AFv%E2%80%93Bosch%C5%AFv_proces" title="Haberův–Boschův proces – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haberův–Boschův proces" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch-Verfahren" title="Haber-Bosch-Verfahren – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haber-Bosch-Verfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81-%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μέθοδος Χάμπερ-Μπος – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέθοδος Χάμπερ-Μπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Haber process" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_Haber" title="Proceso de Haber – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso de Haber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procezo_Haber" title="Procezo Haber – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Procezo Haber" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فرایند هابر – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرایند هابر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Haber" title="Procédé Haber – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Procédé Haber" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Boschproses" title="Haber-Boschproses – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haber-Boschproses" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2iseas_Haber" title="Pròiseas Haber – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròiseas Haber" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_Haber" title="Proceso de Haber – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proceso de Haber" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BF" title="હેબર પ્રવિધિ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેબર પ્રવિધિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%B2%95" title="하버법 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하버법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Հաբերի պրոցես – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաբերի պրոցես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="हाबर प्रक्रम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाबर प्रक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Boschov_postupak" title="Haber-Boschov postupak – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haber-Boschov postupak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-procedo" title="Haber-procedo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haber-procedo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process – ibo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Haber process" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ibo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_Haber" title="Proses Haber – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proses Haber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Haber-Bosch" title="Processo Haber-Bosch – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Processo Haber-Bosch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="תהליך הבר-בוש – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תהליך הבר-בוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹേബർ പ്രക്രിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹേബർ പ്രക്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_Haber" title="Proses Haber – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proses Haber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Boschproces" title="Haber-Boschproces – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haber-Boschproces" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हाबर प्रक्रिया – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाबर प्रक्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E6%B3%95" title="ハーバー・ボッシュ法 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバー・ボッシュ法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਹੇਬਰ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਬਰ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81" title="ہیبر دا طریقہ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیبر دا طریقہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87" title="د هابر پروسه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هابر پروسه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch-Verfohren" title="Haber-Bosch-Verfohren – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Haber-Bosch-Verfohren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_Habera_i_Boscha" title="Metoda Habera i Boscha – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metoda Habera i Boscha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADntese_de_Haber-Bosch" title="Síntese de Haber-Bosch – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síntese de Haber-Bosch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proces_Haber-Bosch" title="Proces Haber-Bosch – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proces Haber-Bosch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Процесс Габера – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Процесс Габера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haber process" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Boschev_proces" title="Haber-Boschev proces – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haber-Boschev proces" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شێوازی ھابەر – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێوازی ھابەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Хабер-Бошов процес – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хабер-Бошов процес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Boschov_proces" title="Haber-Boschov proces – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Haber-Boschov proces" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-menetelm%C3%A4" title="Haber–Bosch-menetelmä – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haber–Bosch-menetelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="ஹேபர் செயல்முறை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹேபர் செயல்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กระบวนการฮาเบอร์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระบวนการฮาเบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_i%C5%9Flemi" title="Haber işlemi – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haber işlemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Процес Габера — Боша – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Процес Габера — Боша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81" title="ہیبر کا طریقہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیبر کا طریقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_Haber" title="Phương pháp Haber – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương pháp Haber" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9F%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="哈柏反應 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哈柏反應" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9F%8F%E6%B3%95" title="哈柏法 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈柏法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213669#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" 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style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbbilde"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fritz_Haber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fritz Haber i 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/200px-Fritz_Haber.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbbilde"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Carl_Bosch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carl Bosch i 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg/200px-Carl_Bosch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div></div><div style="clear:left"></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left">Fritz Haber (t.v.) og Carl Bosch</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_(5806897124).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg/250px-Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg/375px-Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg/500px-Carl_Bosch_Museum_-_Heidelberg_%285806897124%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Synteseovn ved Carl Bosch Museum <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Tyskland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/250px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/375px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/500px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>En historisk (1921) høytrykks stålreaktor for produksjon av ammoniakk med bruk av Haber-Bosch-prosessen, oppstilt ved <a href="/wiki/Det_tekniske_universitetet_i_Karlsruhe" title="Det tekniske universitetet i Karlsruhe">det tekniske universitetet i Karlsruhe</a>, Tyskland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg/250px-DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg/375px-DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg/500px-DECHEMA-Haus_von_oben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Synteseovn utstilt ved DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG/250px-Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG/375px-Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG/500px-Oppau_Explosion_1921.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Etter eksplosjonen i Oppau 21. september 1921.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg/250px-Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg/375px-Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg/500px-Synthesis_Furnace_Rjukan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Godsvogn med synteseovn ved <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6l_stasjon" title="Mæl stasjon">Mæl stasjon</a>. Etter at gjødselsproduksjonen på <a href="/wiki/Rjukan" title="Rjukan">Rjukan</a> ble avviklet i 1991 ble alle de ni synteseovnene demontert.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Haber–Bosch-prosessen</b>, eller <b>ammoniakkprosessen</b>, er en <a href="/wiki/Prosess_(kjemisk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosess (kjemisk)">prosess</a> innen <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a> som blir benyttet til <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industriell</a> framstilling av <a href="/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk">ammoniakk</a> ved at <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> blir ført sammen under høyt trykk. Prosessen er oppkalt etter de tyske kjemikerne <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> (1868–1934) og <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1874–1940). </p><p>På grunn av oppfinnelsens virkningshistorie (dens bidrag til økt matproduksjon ved fremstilling av kunstgjødsel) blir den regnet som den viktigste i det 20. århundre. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haber–Bosch-prosessen ble utviklet av den tyske kjemikeren Fritz Haber i 1908, og ble videreutviklet av en annen tysk kjemiker, Carl Bosch. De teoretiske prinsippene for trykk-syntetiseringen av ammoniakk ved hjelp av katalysator ble patentert i 1908. Selve metoden ble <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patentert</a> gjennom <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> i 1910 og den første store ammoniakkfabrikken i Oppau ved <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> i Tyskland startet opp i 1913. Haber ble tildelt <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_kjemi" title="Nobelprisen i kjemi">Nobelprisen i kjemi</a> i 1918 for «for [sin] syntetiske fremstilling av ammoniakk». I 1931 fikk Bosch også Nobelprisen i kjemi for hans «bidrag til kjemisk høytrykkmetoder». </p><p>Ved <a href="/wiki/Det_tekniske_universitetet_i_Karlsruhe" title="Det tekniske universitetet i Karlsruhe">Det tekniske universitetet i Karlsruhe</a>, hvor Fritz Haber fra 1904 startet utviklingen av metoden, står det i dag utstilt en synteseovn fra 1921. Ved BASFs hovedkvarter i Ludwigshafen står også en av de første synteseovnene fra 1913 utstilt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ved Deutsches Chemie-Museum <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finnes et komplett, rekonstruert ammoniakksynteseanlegg (1923) som skal vise historien knyttet til Leunawerke (1916).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På grunn av oppfinnelsens virkningshistorie (dens bidrag til økt matproduksjon ved fremstilling av kunstgjødsel) blir den regnet som den viktigste i det 20. århundre.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etter <a href="/wiki/Salpeterkrigen" title="Salpeterkrigen">salpeterkrigen</a> (1879-1884) fikk <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> kontroll over nitratmarkedet. Før <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a> var <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> den største importøren av <a href="/wiki/Chilesalpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilesalpeter">chilesalpeter</a>. Ved krigsutbruddet i 1914 lå <a href="/wiki/Den_tyske_keiserlige_fl%C3%A5te" class="mw-redirect" title="Den tyske keiserlige flåte">den tyske keiserlige flåte</a> stasjonert utenfor kysten av Chile og stoppet utskipningene av <a href="/wiki/Natriumnitrat" title="Natriumnitrat">natriumnitrat</a>. 1. november 1914, i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Coronel" title="Slaget ved Coronel">slaget ved Coronel</a>, nedkjempet den tyske flåten en skvadron fra <a href="/wiki/Den_britiske_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Den britiske marine">den britiske marine</a>. Blokaden ble brutt i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Falklands%C3%B8yene" title="Slaget ved Falklandsøyene">slaget ved Falklandsøyene</a> den 8. desember 1914. Britene kunne da gjenoppta importen av chilesalpeter. Utestengelsen av Tyskland fra markedet for naturlige nitrater var med å akselerere den industrielle produksjon av syntetiske nitrater. Uten utviklingen av Haber-Boschmetoden har det blitt hevdet at Tyskland ville gått tom for ammunisjon og tapt krigen allerede i 1915. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oppaueksplosjonen">Oppaueksplosjonen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oppaueksplosjonen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oppaueksplosjonen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haber–Bosch-prosessen var bakgrunn for en av de største industriulykkene i <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppaueksplosjonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppaueksplosjonen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Oppaueksplosjonen</a> – der en <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silo</a> som inneholdt <a href="/wiki/Ammoniumnitrat" title="Ammoniumnitrat">ammoniumnitrat</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ammoniumsulfat" title="Ammoniumsulfat">ammoniumsulfat</a> eksploderte 21. september 1921 med en kraft som tilsvarer omtrent 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Kilotonn" title="Kilotonn">kilotonn</a> med <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluen" title="Trinitrotoluen">TNT</a>. Eksplosjonen drepte 500–600 personer, skadet omtrent 2000 og etterlot 6500 mennesker hjemløse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammoniakkmetoden_i_Norge">Ammoniakkmetoden i Norge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ammoniakkmetoden i Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ammoniakkmetoden i Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a> hadde <a href="/wiki/Sam_Eyde" title="Sam Eyde">Sam Eyde</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Birkeland" title="Kristian Birkeland">Kristian Birkeland</a> utviklet en egen måte å utvikle ammoniakk på (se <a href="/wiki/Birkeland-Eyde-metoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkeland-Eyde-metoden">Birkeland-Eyde-metoden</a>), men den var langt mer energikrevende enn Haber-Bosch-prosessen. <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a> hadde gjennom sitt samarbeid med <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> opsjon på Haber-Bosch-metoden. I 1913 besluttet styret i Hydro å ikke akseptere tilbudet om overdragelse av ammoniakkmetoden fra BASF. Som en del av oppgjøret etter første verdenskrig hadde den franske stat sikret seg Haber-Bosch-prosessen og de ønsket et samarbeid med Norsk Hydro om industriell utnyttelse av prosessen. I 1920 takket Norsk Hydro igjen nei til Haber-prosessen, da de selv sammen med svenskene Helge Bäckström og Ivar Cederberg, forsøkte å utvikle en ny ammoniakkprosess med lavere trykk. Dette mislyktes og forsøksprosjektet ble lagt ned i 1924. I 1927 måtte Norsk Hydro også gå over til Haber-Bosch-prosessen og inngå et samarbeid med kjemigiganten <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>. I forbindelse med prosessomleggingen etablerte Norsk Hydros et <a href="/wiki/Fullgj%C3%B8dselproduksjon_p%C3%A5_Her%C3%B8ya" title="Fullgjødselproduksjon på Herøya">nytt anlegg på Herøya</a> i 1929 som i løpet av 1930-årene også startet å produserte fullgjødsel etter <a href="/wiki/Oddaprosessen" title="Oddaprosessen">Oddaprosessen</a>. I 2004 ble den gjødselproduserende delen av Norsk Hydro skilt ut som et eget selskap og børsnotert som <a href="/wiki/Yara_International_ASA" class="mw-redirect" title="Yara International ASA">Yara International ASA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosessen">Prosessen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Prosessen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Prosessen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selve Haber-Bosch-prosessen har endret seg lite gjennom årene. Kildene for hydrogenet har gjennomgått forandringer, men i det store og hele er det fremdeles de samme grunnleggende prinsippene som ligger til grunne for prosessen: få tak i rent hydrogen og nitrogen og la dem reagere ved høyt trykk, temperatur og ved hjelp av en katalysator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jakten_på_hydrogenet"><span id="Jakten_p.C3.A5_hydrogenet"></span>Jakten på hydrogenet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Jakten på hydrogenet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Jakten på hydrogenet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selv om den kjemiske reaksjonen er forholdsvis enkel, er det vanskelig å utvinne rent nitrogen og hydrogen. Moderne bedrifter bruker gjerne <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a> eller <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5tgass" class="mw-redirect" title="Våtgass">våtgass</a> som grunnbasis for hydrogenutvinningen. Denne gassen er som regel uren og inneholder visse <a href="/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel">svovelforbindelser</a> som må bort gjennom en prosess som kalles <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avsvovling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avsvovling (ikke skrevet ennå)">avsvovling</a>. Avsvovlingen fungerer ved å la de svovelholdige molekyler reagerer med <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a> og danner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinksulfid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinksulfid (ikke skrevet ennå)">sinksulfid</a>, ZnS. </p><p>Etter at gassen er ren for svovelholdige molekyler, går den gjennom en primærreformer, der gassen blir tilført overhetet damp som reagerer med metanet eller våtgassen, og danner rent hydrogen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{n}H_{2n+2}+n\ H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons n\ CO+(2n+1)\ H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{n}H_{2n+2}+n\ H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons n\ CO+(2n+1)\ H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1fc7d957553e6122595c2d7005b90163313ed2c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.414ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{n}H_{2n+2}+n\ H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons n\ CO+(2n+1)\ H_{2}} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51eb70f759a40e14466425ccf3f97bb73203ddb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Disse reaksjonene foregår på svært høy temperatur for å forhindre at <a href="/wiki/Karbonmonoksid" title="Karbonmonoksid">karbonmonoksidet</a> skal reagere med hydrogengass og produsere metan igjen i en <a href="/wiki/Eksoterm_reaksjon" title="Eksoterm reaksjon">eksoterm reaksjon</a>. I tillegg er den originale reaksjonen med våtgass eller metan <a href="/wiki/Endoterm_reaksjon" title="Endoterm reaksjon">endoterm</a>, så om vi øker temperaturen vil vi få dannet mer hydrogen, som er akkurat det vi vil. </p><p>Etter primærreformeren kommer sekundærreformeren, der det blir lagt til luft. Her kommer nitrogenet inn i gassen, og den blir med videre i prosessen uten at det skjer noe med den: den er allerede på formen N<sub>2</sub>, slik vi ønsker. Hydrogen og karbonmonoksid reagerer med <a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">oksygenet</a> i lufta og forbrenner, og det dannes i første omgang <a href="/wiki/Vann" title="Vann">vann</a> og <a href="/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid">karbondioksid</a> respektivt. Etter forbrenningen reagerer mer metan med vann og det dannes mer hydrogengass; karbonmonoksid reagerer med vann og danner mer karbondioksid. I tillegg til oksygen og nitrogen kommer det inn litt <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argongass</a> som bare blir med i hele prosessen som en blindpassasjer. </p><p>Gassen som går ut av sekundærreformeren inneholder fremdeles litt over 10 % karbonmonoksid som må bort. Dette gjøres gjennom en konverteringsfase med dampreforming gjennom den kjemiske reaksjonen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51eb70f759a40e14466425ccf3f97bb73203ddb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Denne reaksjonen skjer først med høy temperatur, deretter lav temperatur, og når gassen går ut av konverteringsavsnittet har den en karbonmonoksidkonsentrasjon på bare 0,2 %. </p><p>Neste steg er fjerning av CO<sub>2</sub>. Dette gjøres gjerne ved <a href="/wiki/Vannrensing" title="Vannrensing">vannrensing</a> der <a href="/wiki/Henrys_lov" title="Henrys lov">Henrys lov</a> (mengden av gass som kan løses i en væske er proporsjonal med gassens <a href="/wiki/Partialtrykk" title="Partialtrykk">partialtrykk</a> over væsken) blir utnyttet. Gassen blir komprimert opp til ca. 25 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(enhet)" title="Bar (enhet)">bar</a> og passerer vann. Mye CO<sub>2</sub> binder seg til vannet, og vi får vann som er rikt på kullsyre (teknisk sett <a href="/wiki/Farris_(mineralvann)" title="Farris (mineralvann)">Farris</a>). </p><p>Selv om det meste av karbonforbindelsene er borte på dette stadiet, er det fremdeles rester som må fjernes, ettersom karbondioksid og karbonmonoksid forstyrrer <a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysatoren</a> som brukes senere i prosessen. Derfor går den inn i et siste stadium før selve syntesen, der den metaniseres, det vil si karbonoksidene omdannes til metan via en <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkelbasert</a> katalysator som gjør at hydrogenet reagerer med karbonoksidene, og det dannes metan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07d2e10ca0bed292faa87e1f5e248cece80c1768" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.402ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+H_{2}O} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+4\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+2\ H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+4\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+2\ H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f91b82d1773fb735ba31fb5f27754103513b049a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.2ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+4\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons CH_{4}+2\ H_{2}O} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Nå er ammoniakksyntesegassen klar. Den inneholder omtrent 75 % hydrogen og 25 % nitrogen, pluss litt metan og argon. Den er fri for alle stoffer som vil forstyrre katalysatoren senere i ammoniakksyntesen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammoniakksyntesen">Ammoniakksyntesen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ammoniakksyntesen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ammoniakksyntesen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ammoniakksyntesen skjer ved ekstremt høyt trykk, og derfor må gassen komprimeres før den kommer inn i syntesekretsløpet. I tillegg vaskes gassen én siste gang med flytende ammoniakk for å fjerne rester av olje og vann som eventuelt har blitt med. Deretter føres gassen inn i en seperasjonstank, der syntesegassen blir tilført ammoniakkholdig gass som kommer fra reaksjonstankene. Gassen holder et ekstremt høyt trykk (omtrent 280-300 bar), og gassenes kokepunkter stiger. I tillegg er temperaturen inne i tanken forholdsvis lav (opp til 70 °C). Ammoniakk har lavest <a href="/wiki/Kokepunkt" title="Kokepunkt">kokepunkt</a> av alle stoffene i tanken, og kokepunktet stiger over den temperaturen som holdes der inne: ammoniakken kondenseres og ledes flytende ut i rør og passerer ny, fersk syntesegass. Til slutt dekomprimeres ammoniakken for å fjerne urenheter i væsken, før den føres bort som ferdig ammoniakk. </p><p>Den gassen som <i>ikke</i> kondenserer i separatortanken, føres videre inn i syntesereaktorene, der selve den kjemiske prosessen foregår: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons 2\ NH_{3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons 2\ NH_{3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54be392c29e205fcfaf2b737aec84b1744ab7171" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.076ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+3\ H_{2}\leftrightharpoons 2\ NH_{3}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Stoffene i syntesereaktorene holder en høy temperatur, for selv om det er ugunstig for <a href="/wiki/Likevekt" class="mw-disambig" title="Likevekt">likevekten</a> gjør det at reaksjonen går mye raskere. Gassen som går inn i reaktorene inneholder omtrent 5 % ammoniakk, mens gassen som kommer ut kan under ideelle driftsforhold holde ca. 20 %. Gassen går nå tilbake til synteseseparatoren, der den blandes med ny, frisk gass og avkjøles, slik at ammoniakken kan kondensere. Hydrogenet og nitrogenet som ikke reagerte tidligere, går tilbake inn i kretsløpet tilbake mot syntesereaktoren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avfallshåndtering"><span id="Avfallsh.C3.A5ndtering"></span>Avfallshåndtering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Avfallshåndtering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Avfallshåndtering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntesegassen som kommer inn i syntesekretsløpet, inneholdt som sagt litt <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a>. Disse gassene inngår ikke i noen reaksjoner videre i kretsløpet, og blir bare med som «blindpassasjerer». Dette blir problematisk etter en stund, ettersom vi hele tiden tilfører ny syntesegass og tapper av ferdig ammoniakk: argon- og metangassen vil rett og slett hope seg opp i systemet, og derfor må man på en eller annen måte fjerne dem fra kretsløpet. </p><p>Dette gjøres ved å ta ut deler av lufta ut av sirkulasjonen etter at den har vært i synteseseparatortanken. Ved å balansere får man tatt ut like mye argon og metan som man tilfører gjennom ny, frisk syntesegass, og problemet med opphopning av blindpassasjerstoffer er løst. </p><p>Gassen som tas ut av sirkulasjon brukes gjerne til andre foremål, gjerne utvinning av argon og forbrenning av metan. Nitrogenet og hydrogenet som også blir tatt ut kan utvinnes som eget produkt, eller de kan føres tilbake inn i syntesekretsløpet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimalisering">Optimalisering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Optimalisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Optimalisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det er mange ting som påvirker hvor mye ammoniakk per tidsenhet som blir produsert, og de fleste ammoniakkprodusenter kjører med følgende parametere: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trykk" title="Trykk">Trykk</a>: 280-300 bar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur">Temperatur</a>: 450-500 °C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsentrasjon_(kjemi)" title="Konsentrasjon (kjemi)">Konsentrasjonsforhold</a>: 3 H<sub>2</sub> per 1 N<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">Katalysator</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">Jernbasert</a>, tilsatt <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>- og <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kaliumoksider</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Likevekt_reaksjonshastighet">Likevekt reaksjonshastighet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Likevekt reaksjonshastighet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Likevekt reaksjonshastighet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperaturen er veldig viktig for Haber-Bosch-prosessen. Siden ammoniakksyntesen er en <a href="/wiki/Eksoterm_reaksjon" title="Eksoterm reaksjon">eksoterm reaksjon</a>, og det frigis energi, vil økt temperatur føre til at likevekten forskyver seg mot reaktantenes side per <a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teliers_prinsipp" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Châteliers prinsipp">Le Châteliers prinsipp</a> – akkurat det motsatte av det vi ønsker oss. Likevel foregår reaksjonen på ganske høy temperatur. Dette er fordi temperaturen samtidig påvirker <a href="/wiki/Reaksjonshastighet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaksjonshastighet">reaksjonshastigheten</a> – er temperaturen lav, vil reaksjonshastigheten være tilsvarende lav. </p><p>Selv om en lav temperatur er gunstig for likevekten, er det ikke gunstig for ammoniakkproduksjonen som en helhet. Vi kan bedre reaksjonshastigheten på andre måter ved hjelp av trykk og katalysator. Økt trykk medfører både at likevekten forskyver seg mot produktets side og en større reaksjonshastighet, men det er både dyrt og farlig å opprettholde et svært høyt trykk i en slik reaksjon – rørene som frakter gassen må være forsterket, det høye trykket medfører stor slitasje på maskiner, og det er svært energikrevende å komprimere luft på denne måten. Det blir altså mange økonomiske faktorer som må vurderes når man skal bestemme seg for hvor høyt trykk man bør kjøre reaksjonen på. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Caro-prosessen" title="Frank-Caro-prosessen">Frank-Caro-prosessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkeland-Eyde-prosessen" title="Birkeland-Eyde-prosessen">Birkeland-Eyde-prosessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddaprosessen" title="Oddaprosessen">Oddaprosessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald-prosessen" title="Ostwald-prosessen">Ostwald-prosessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullgj%C3%B8dselproduksjon_p%C3%A5_Her%C3%B8ya" title="Fullgjødselproduksjon på Herøya">Fullgjødselproduksjon på Herøya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140210085650/http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/ammonia/story">BASF The Story - Fertilizer out of thin air</a>, besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsches-chemie-museum.de/index.php?id=149">Deutsches Chemie-Museum Merseburg</a>, besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum-digital.de/san/index.php?t=objekt&oges=2187">Ammoniak-Kammer, komplett (1923)</a>, besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-merseburg.de/~chemie/expo2008/gast_maint.php?s_keyword=0050&datenbankOrder=&datenbankDir=&datenbankPageSize=&inv_nr=0050">Leuna-Werke Ammoniaksynthese Bau 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002705/http://www.hs-merseburg.de/~chemie/expo2008/gast_maint.php?s_keyword=0050&datenbankOrder=&datenbankDir=&datenbankPageSize=&inv_nr=0050">Arkivert</a> 22. februar 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/haberbosch.html">Haber-Bosch <i>Nature</i>, 29. juli 1999</a>, besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/smil-article-1999-nature7.pdf"><i>Nature</i> 400:415 Detonator of the population explosion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122190517/http://www.vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/smil-article-1999-nature7.pdf">Arkivert</a> 22. januar 2021 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., besøkt 10. februar 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haber%E2%80%93Bosch-prosessen&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220151443/http://www.carl-bosch-museum.de/cbm/english/roundtour/section7.php">Carl Bosch Museum Industrial facilities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/smil-article-worldagriculture.pdf"><i>World Agriculture</i> 2:9-1 Nitrogen cycle and world food production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/nitrate">1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710063242/http://www.heroya-industripark.no/library/attachments/2007q1/gjodselvirksomheten.pdf">Hjemmeside Herøya indrustripark</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/tcaw/10/i02/html/02chemch.html">David M. 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