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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Journey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_of_his_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_of_his_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translations of his work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_of_his_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_von_Tudela" title="Benjamin von Tudela – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benjamin von Tudela" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بنيامين التطيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنيامين التطيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بنیامین تودلایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنیامین تودلایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вениамин Туделски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вениамин Туделски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%AD_de_Tudela" title="Benjamí de Tudela – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benjamí de Tudela" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_z_Tudely" title="Benjamín z Tudely – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benjamín z Tudely" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_von_Tudela" title="Benjamin von Tudela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin von Tudela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_de_Tudela" title="Benjamín de Tudela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamín de Tudela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjameno_de_Tudelo" title="Benjameno de Tudelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benjameno de Tudelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tuterakoa" title="Benjamin Tuterakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benjamin Tuterakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنیامین تطیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنیامین تطیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_de_Tud%C3%A8le" title="Benjamin de Tudèle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin de Tudèle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benxam%C3%ADn_de_Tudela" title="Benxamín de Tudela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benxamín de Tudela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_iz_Tutere" title="Benjamin iz Tutere – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benjamin iz Tutere" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benyamin_dari_Tudela" title="Benyamin dari Tudela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benyamin dari Tudela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamino_di_Tudela" title="Beniamino di Tudela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beniamino di Tudela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%94" title="בנימין מטודלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנימין מטודלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_de_Tudela" title="Benjamin de Tudela – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Benjamin de Tudela" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamin_Tutelensis" title="Beniamin Tutelensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beniamin Tutelensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudelai_Benj%C3%A1min" title="Tudelai Benjámin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tudelai Benjámin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="بنيامين التطيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنيامين التطيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_van_Tudela" title="Benjamin van Tudela – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benjamin van Tudela" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%87%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="トゥデラのベンヤミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥデラのベンヤミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_av_Tudela" title="Benjamin av Tudela – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benjamin av Tudela" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_de_Tud%C3%A8la" title="Benjamin de Tudèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benjamin de Tudèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamin_z_Tudeli" title="Beniamin z Tudeli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beniamin z Tudeli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamim_de_Tudela" title="Benjamim de Tudela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamim de Tudela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вениамин Тудельский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вениамин Тудельский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tudela" title="Benjamin Tudela – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benjamin Tudela" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_od_Tudele" title="Benjamin od Tudele – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benjamin od Tudele" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tudelalainen" title="Benjamin Tudelalainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benjamin Tudelalainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_fr%C3%A5n_Tudela" title="Benjamin från Tudela – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benjamin från Tudela" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Веніамін Тудельський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веніамін Тудельський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E" title="图德拉的本杰明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图德拉的本杰明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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His vivid descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">western Asia</a> preceded those of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>. </p><p><i>The Travels of Benjamin</i> is an important work not only as a description of the Jewish communities, but also as a reliable source about the geography and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Some modern historians credit Benjamin with giving accurate descriptions of everyday life in the Middle Ages. Originally written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, his itinerary was translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and later translated into most major European languages. It received much attention from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scholars in the sixteenth century. </p><p>His journeys reveal the concurrent interconnectedness and diversity of Jewish communities during this time period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of his personal life, apart from the fact that he was a native of <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, that he lived during the second half of the 12th century and that his father's name was Jonah.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></i> by non-Jewish sources, although there is no reliable evidence that he was ever one.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journey">Journey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> There is no consensus among scholars as to Benjamin of Tudela's exact route, although most scholars believe from his itinerary that he travelled on a popular route frequented by travelers at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin set out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula around 1165, in what may have begun as a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shatz338_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatz338-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested he may have had a commercial motive as well as a religious one. Several times the subject shows an interest in the coral trade, perhaps as a professional gem-merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, he may have intended to catalog the Jewish communities <i>en route</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> to provide a guide where hospitality could be found for Jews traveling to the Holy Land, or for those fleeing oppression elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stopped frequently, meeting people, visiting places, describing occupations, and giving a demographic count of Jews in each town and country that he visited.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin provided his own evaluations of various cultures he encountered and, sometimes, drew parallels between customs he encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg/350px-Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg/525px-Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg/700px-Benjamin_of_Tudela_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Map of route</figcaption></figure><p>His journey began in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, farther down the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Girona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Girona, Spain">Girona</a>, whence he proceeded north to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, then set sail from <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>. After visiting <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, he went to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, then set off across Asia. He visited <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, and northern Mesopotamia (which he called Shinar) before reaching <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there he went to <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Persia</a>, then cut back across the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Dynasty">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, returning to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 1173.<sup id="cite_ref-Shatz338_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatz338-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his travels, he described a significant Jewish community somewhere around modern-day Ethiopia. While it appears clear that such a community existed, scholars still struggle to decide where in Africa he actually visited—a lack of uniform spelling makes it hard to distinguish what places Benjamin and other contemporary writer travel writers are actually referencing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg/152px-Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg/228px-Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Benjamin_of_Tudela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Benjamin of Tudela in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> (<i>Author : Dumouza, 19th-century engraving</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>His visit to the ruins outside <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> is one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the site of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer19638_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer19638-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited 300 cities in all, including many of importance in Jewish history, such as <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sura_(city)" title="Sura (city)">Sura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>. In addition, he gathered information on many more areas that he heard about in his travels, including China and Tibet. He recorded details on cultures such as that of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashishin" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hashishin">Al-Hashishin</a>, the hemp smokers, introducing Western Europeans to people and places far beyond their experience. </p><p>He described his years abroad in a book, <i>The Travels of Benjamin</i> (מסעות בנימין, <i>Masa'ot Binyamin</i>, also known as ספר המסעות, <i>Sefer ha-Masa'ot</i>, <i>The Book of Travels</i>), which describes the countries he visited, with an emphasis on the Jewish communities, including their total populations and the names of notable community leaders. He also described the customs of the local population, both Jewish and non-Jewish, with an emphasis on urban life. In his accounts, Benjamin of Tudela describes Baghdad with great enthusiasm, making particular note of the virtues of the Caliph. He often writes of the respect and intermingle that he encounters between Judaism and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave detailed descriptions of sites and landmarks passed along the way, as well as important buildings and marketplaces. Although Benjamin is noted for citing sources and is generally regarded by historians as trustworthy, some of his claims are faulted as relying on earlier writers. For instance, Benjamin's identification of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_(Biblical_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan (Biblical city) (page does not exist)">Laish</a> (Tel Dan) with <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Baniyas</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Samson" title="Samuel ben Samson">Samuel ben Samson</a> is given over to dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> locates Dan/Laish more accurately in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaulcyWarren1854418_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulcyWarren1854418-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binyamin_Mitudela_street,_Tel_Aviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg/220px-Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg/330px-Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg/440px-Binyamin_Mitudela_street%2C_Tel_Aviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Binyamin Mitudela street, Tel Aviv</figcaption></figure> <p>The name Benjamin of Tudela was adopted by a mid-19th-century traveler and author, known as <a href="/wiki/J._J._Benjamin" title="J. J. Benjamin">Benjamin II</a>. </p><p>One of the main works of <a href="/wiki/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mocher Sforim">Mendele Mocher Sforim</a>, a major 19th-century Russian Jewish writer, is the 1878 <i><a href="/wiki/Masoes_Benyomen_Hashlishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoes Benyomen Hashlishi">Masoes Benyomen Hashlishi</a></i> (מסעות בנימין השלישי) (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderings_of_Benjamin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wanderings of Benjamin III">The Wanderings of Benjamin III</a></i>), which is considered something of a Jewish <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> and whose title is clearly inspired by Benjamin of Tudela's book. </p><p>A street in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rehavia" title="Rehavia">Rehavia</a> neighborhood, Rehov Binyamin Mitudela (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רחוב בנימין מטודלה</span></span>), is named after him, as is a street in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and another one in the former Jewish Quarter of his hometown <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a>. A high-school in his hometown is named <i>Benjamín de Tudela</i> after him too. </p><p>The well-known Israeli poet <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Alterman" title="Nathan Alterman">Nathan Alterman</a> wrote a poem about Benjamin of Tudela, which was set to music by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Shemer" title="Naomi Shemer">Naomi Shemer</a> and was often heard on the Israeli radio.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uri_Shulevitz" title="Uri Shulevitz">Uri Shulevitz</a> wrote and illustrated <i>The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela: Through Three Continents in the Twelfth Century</i> in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations_of_his_work">Translations of his work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translations of his work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benjamin of Tudela. <i>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages</i>. Trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. Introductions by Michael A. Signer, Marcus Nathan Adler, and A. Asher. Published by Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press, 1993. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934710-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-934710-07-4">0-934710-07-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim/masaos_binyomin_mitudela_with_english.pdf"><i>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela</i>.</a> trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. 1907: includes map of route (p. 2) and commentary. PDF format.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tudela.html"><i>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary</i></a> Nathan Marcus Adler (trans., ed., New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc., 1907), reprint by Hebrew University – Department of History of Israel, 1960. Text document, accessed July 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5769">Works by Benjamin of Tudela</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Sefer Masaot Benjamin MiTudela, Trilingual edition in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> of Navarra. Xabier Kintana translated Sefer Masaot into Basque language and Jose Ramon Magdalena Nom de Deu translated into Spanish. This trilingual special edition of Benjamin MiTudela book has an <a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">introduction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> of Navarra, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cruz_Alli" title="Juan Cruz Alli">Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788423512867" title="Special:BookSources/9788423512867">9788423512867</a></li> <li>Tudelalı Benjamin ve Ratisbonlu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri [trans. by Nuh Arslantas, from Marmara University, Istanbul Kaknüs: İstanbul 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6698-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/975-6698-21-7">975-6698-21-7</a> (Second ed. M.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları: İstanbul 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-548-227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-548-227-9">978-975-548-227-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Asia">Exploration of Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין מִטּוּדֶלָה,  pronounced [binjaˈmin mituˈdela]; Arabic: بنيامين التطيلي, Binyamin al-Tutayli</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2014" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, David (2014). "Benjamin of Tudela and his „Book of Travels"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Travellers, Merchants and Settlers in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th Centuries</i>. Routledge. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367600624" title="Special:BookSources/9780367600624"><bdi>9780367600624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin+of+Tudela+and+his+%E2%80%9EBook+of+Travels%E2%80%9C&rft.btitle=Travellers%2C+Merchants+and+Settlers+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2C+11th-14th+Centuries&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780367600624&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/benjamin-of-tudela">"Benjamin of Tudela"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Benjamin+of+Tudela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbenjamin-of-tudela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Yehoshua (December 30, 2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Judaica">Encyclopedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Reference_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Reference USA">Macmillan Reference USA</a>. pp. 362–364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028659282" title="Special:BookSources/9780028659282"><bdi>9780028659282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica&rft.pages=362-364&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft.isbn=9780028659282&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Yehoshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauvelle-Aymar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2013). "Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 383–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0038713413000857">10.1017/S0038713413000857</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23488846">23488846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163444188">163444188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Desperately+Seeking+the+Jewish+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%3A+Benjamin+of+Tudela+and+the+Horn+of+Africa+%28Twelfth+Century%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-404&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163444188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23488846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0038713413000857&rft.aulast=Fauvelle-Aymar&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shatz338-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shatz338_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shatz338_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShatzmiller1998">Shatzmiller 1998</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Cecil. (1972) "Benjamin (Ben Jonah) of Tudela" in Encyclopaedia Judaica. 4. New York: Macmillan, pp. 535–538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShatzmiller1998">Shatzmiller 1998</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Robert L. (1965). "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: A Twelfth-Century Jewish Description of North-East Africa". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 15–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700005302">10.1017/S0021853700005302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179644">179644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161989448">161989448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Itinerary+of+Benjamin+of+Tudela%3A+A+Twelfth-Century+Jewish+Description+of+North-East+Africa&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161989448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700005302&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauvelle-Aymar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23488846">"Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 383–404. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Desperately+Seeking+the+Jewish+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%3A+Benjamin+of+Tudela+and+the+Horn+of+Africa+%28Twelfth+Century%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-404&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft.aulast=Fauvelle-Aymar&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23488846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Robert L. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179644">"The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: A Twelfth-Century Jewish Description of North-East Africa"</a>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 15–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Itinerary+of+Benjamin+of+Tudela%3A+A+Twelfth-Century+Jewish+Description+of+North-East+Africa&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer19638-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer19638_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudela1987" class="citation book cs1">Tudela, Benjamin (1987). Adler, Elkan (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishtravellers00elka"><i>Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486253978" title="Special:BookSources/9780486253978"><bdi>9780486253978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Travellers+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780486253978&rft.aulast=Tudela&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishtravellers00elka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvanLongLongman2003">Provan, Long & Longman 2003</a>, pp. 181–183; <a href="#CITEREFWilson2004">Wilson 2004</a>, p. 150; <a href="#CITEREFSaulcyWarren1854">Saulcy & Warren 1854</a>, pp. 417–418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulcyWarren1854418-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaulcyWarren1854418_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaulcyWarren1854">Saulcy & Warren 1854</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oranim.ac.il/Site/heb/TmplCourse.aspx?CourseID=203&AccountID=25">מכללת אורנים – המסע בעקבות בנימין מטודלה</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214042927/http://www.oranim.ac.il/Site/heb/TmplCourse.aspx?CourseID=203&AccountID=25">Archived</a> February 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu"><i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399046">399046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture+and+Character&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399046&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvanLongLongman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_William_Provan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain William Provan">Provan, Iain William</a>; <a href="/wiki/V._Philips_Long" title="V. Philips Long">Long, V. Philips</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tremper_Longman" title="Tremper Longman">Longman, Tremper</a> (2003). <i>A Biblical History of Israel</i>. London: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 181–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22090-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22090-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biblical+History+of+Israel&rft.place=London&rft.pages=181-183&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22090-7&rft.aulast=Provan&rft.aufirst=Iain+William&rft.au=Long%2C+V.+Philips&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShatzmiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Shatzmiller, Joseph (1998). "Jews, Pilgrimage, and the Christian Cult of Saints: Benjamin of Tudela and His Contemporaries". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.). <i>After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 337–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0779-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-0779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews%2C+Pilgrimage%2C+and+the+Christian+Cult+of+Saints%3A+Benjamin+of+Tudela+and+His+Contemporaries&rft.btitle=After+Rome%27s+Fall%3A+Narrators+and+Sources+of+Early+Medieval+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=337-347&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0779-7&rft.aulast=Shatzmiller&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaulcyWarren1854" class="citation book cs1">Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de; Warren, Edouard de (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyMyAQAAMAAJ"><i>Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands; in 1850 and 1851. Including an Account of the Discovery of the Sites of Sodom and Gomorrah</i></a> (second ed.). London: Parry and M'Millan. pp. 417–418. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797925862">797925862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+Journey+Round+the+Dead+Sea%2C+and+in+the+Bible+Lands%3B+in+1850+and+1851.+Including+an+Account+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Sites+of+Sodom+and+Gomorrah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=417-418&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Parry+and+M%27Millan&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797925862&rft.aulast=Saulcy&rft.aufirst=Louis+F%C3%A9licien+Joseph+Caignart+de&rft.au=Warren%2C+Edouard+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyMyAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John Francis (2004). <i>Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-440-5"><bdi>978-1-85043-440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Philippi%3A+Banias%2C+the+Lost+City+of+Pan&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-440-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacobs, Martin. <i>Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</li> <li>Jacobs, Martin. “‘A Day’s Journey’: Spatial Perceptions and Geographic Imagination in Benjamin of Tudela’s Book of Travels.” <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i> 109, no. 2 (2019): 203-232.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Benjamin_of_Tudela" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomroffCarpiniRuysbroeckOdorico1928" class="citation book cs1">Komroff, Manuel; Carpini, Giovanni di Plano, abp. of Antivari; Ruysbroeck, Willem van; Odorico, da Pordenone; Benjamin, of Tudela (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporariesof00komr"><i>Contemporaries of Marco Polo, consisting of the travel records to the eastern parts of the world of William of Rubruck (1253–1255); the journey of John of Pian de Carpini (1245–1247); the journal of Friar Odoric (1318–1330) & the oriental travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela (1160–1173)</i></a>. New York: Boni & Liveright. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3974287">3974287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporaries+of+Marco+Polo%2C+consisting+of+the+travel+records+to+the+eastern+parts+of+the+world+of+William+of+Rubruck+%281253%E2%80%931255%29%3B+the+journey+of+John+of+Pian+de+Carpini+%281245%E2%80%931247%29%3B+the+journal+of+Friar+Odoric+%281318%E2%80%931330%29+%26+the+oriental+travels+of+Rabbi+Benjamin+of+Tudela+%281160%E2%80%931173%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Liveright&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3974287&rft.aulast=Komroff&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Carpini%2C+Giovanni+di+Plano%2C+abp.+of+Antivari&rft.au=Ruysbroeck%2C+Willem+van&rft.au=Odorico%2C+da+Pordenone&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+of+Tudela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporariesof00komr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+of+Tudela" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/BenjaminTudelo.html">"Benjamin of Tudela."</a></li> <li>Anna K. Dulska: “Abrahamic Coexistence in the Twelfth-Century Middle East? Jews among Christians and Muslims in a Travel Account by a Navarrese Jew, Benjamin of Tudela”, Journal of Beliefs & Values, DOI: 10.1080/13617672.2017.1317520, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/zWEMrqQ8q99rwvTpsQem/full">http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/zWEMrqQ8q99rwvTpsQem/full</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Tudela&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund_%E2%80%93_Quarterly_Statement_for_1894/Jewish_Pilgrims_to_Palestine" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Palestine Exploration Fund – Quarterly Statement for 1894/Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine">Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5769">Works by Benjamin of Tudela</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tudela%2C%20B%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20of%20Tudela%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22B%2E%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20of%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20of%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tudela%2C%20B%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tudela%2C%20B%2E%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20Tudela%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20of%20Tudela%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20title%3A%22B%2E%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20Tudela%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20of%20Tudela%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20description%3A%22B%2E%20o%2E%20Tudela%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20of%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%20o%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20Tudela%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tudela%2C%20Benjamin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221130-1174%22%20AND%20Tudela%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Benjamin of Tudela</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/11/12/benjamin-of-tudela-the-wandering-jew/">Video Lecture on Benjamin of Tudela</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Henry Abramson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Touro_College_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College South">Touro College South</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118746300">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32154389">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/311145994">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1807579/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjt9mY9bc8McmycCpVqxpd">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjv6vvyHGWb8GgV9wWhXMP">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118838059">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80065940">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135132289">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135132289">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61540895">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benjamin ben Jona"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zmp20191028460&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX943273">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/12575">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073604186">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6037395">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000603866&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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