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<li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lydian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_by_Cyrus_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_by_Cyrus_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Destruction by Cyrus the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_by_Cyrus_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Persian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Byzantine_Sardis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_and_Byzantine_Sardis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hellenistic and Byzantine Sardis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Byzantine_Sardis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Foundation stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Excavation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sardis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сарды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сарды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сарди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сарди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardy" title="Sardy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sardy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Σάρδεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάρδεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardeso" title="Sardeso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sardeso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4" title="사르디스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사르디스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard_(Turska)" title="Sard (Turska) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sard (Turska)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardi_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Sardi (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sardi (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סרדיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרדיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სარდისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარდისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarudi" title="Sarudi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Sarudi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardi" title="Sardi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sardi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%AEs" title="Sardîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sardîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardi" title="Sardi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sardi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szardeisz" title="Szardeisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szardeisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardisy" title="Sardisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sardisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सार्डिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सार्डिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis_(Lydi%C3%AB)" title="Sardis (Lydië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sardis (Lydië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="サルディス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルディス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardi" title="Sardi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sardi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rdis" title="Sárdis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sárdis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сарды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_(Lidiane)" title="Sarda (Lidiane) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sarda (Lidiane)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardy" title="Sardy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sardy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarde" title="Sarde – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sarde" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сард (Турска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сард (Турска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard" title="Sard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardes" title="Sardes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sardes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сарди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sardis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF" title="薩第斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩第斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q232615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sardis&params=38_29_18_N_28_02_25_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°02′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.48833°N 28.04028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.48833; 28.04028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> city. For the New York City restaurant, see <a href="/wiki/Sardi%27s" title="Sardi's">Sardi's</a>. For others, see <a href="/wiki/Sardis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sardis (disambiguation)">Sardis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sardis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld" dir="rtl">𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σάρδεις</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis,_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Turkey_(17098680002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/270px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/405px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/540px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="3252" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Greek <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> of Sardis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sardis is located in Turkey"><img alt="Sardis is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/270px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/405px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/540px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.31%;left:13.471%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sardis"><img alt="Sardis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Turkey</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sardes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sart,_Salihli" title="Sart, Salihli">Sart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sardis&params=38_29_18_N_28_02_25_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°02′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.48833°N 28.04028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.48833; 28.04028</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Settled by 1500 BC, major city by 600 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">Around 1402 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha River Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1910–1914, 1922, 1958–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Crosby_Butler" title="Howard Crosby Butler">Howard Crosby Butler</a>, G.M.A. Hanfmann, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Hallock_Greenewalt_Jr." title="Crawford Hallock Greenewalt Jr.">Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr.</a>, Nicholas Cahill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sardisexpedition.org">sardisexpedition<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sardis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAR</span>-diss</i></a>) or <b>Sardes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAR</span>-deess</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>: <span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld" dir="rtl">𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣</span></span>, <small>romanized:</small> <span title="Lydian-language romanization"><i lang="xld-Latn">Sfard</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σάρδεις</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sárdeis</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <i lang="peo-Latn">Sparda</i>) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian Empire">Lydian Empire</a>. After the fall of the Lydian Empire, it became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">satrapy of Lydia</a> and later a major center of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> culture. Now an active archaeological site, it is located in modern day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa Province</a>, near the town of <i><a href="/wiki/Sart,_Salihli" title="Sart, Salihli">Sart</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sardis was occupied for at least 3500 years. In that time, it fluctuated between a wealthy city of international importance and a collection of modest hamlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1114–1115">(pp1114–1115)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha River Land</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/275px-Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/413px-Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/550px-Gediz-Graben_10_05_1974_bei_Sardes_Erosion_Tmolos-Schutt_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4595" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>View of the citadel from below</figcaption></figure> <p>Sardis was settled before 1500 BC. However, the size and nature of early settlement is not known since only small extramural portions of these layers have been excavated. Evidence of occupation consists largely of <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> pottery which shows affinities with <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittites</a>. No early monumental architecture had been found as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1114–1116">(pp1114–1116)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydiaBefore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site may have been occupied as early as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, as evidenced by scattered finds of early ceramic fragments. However, these were found out of context, so no clear conclusions can be drawn. Early Bronze Age cemeteries were found 7 miles away along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Marmara" title="Lake Marmara">Lake Marmara</a>, near elite graves of the later Lydian and Persian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1116">(p1116)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydiaBefore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Late Bronze Age, the site would have been in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha River Land</a>, whose capital is thought to have been located at nearby <a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_(archaeological_site)" title="Kaymakçı (archaeological site)">Kaymakçı</a>. Hittite texts record that Seha was originally part of <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>, a macrokingdom which the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a> defeated and partitioned. After that time, Seha became a vassal state of the Hittites and served as an important intermediary with the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a>. The relationship between the people of Seha and the later Lydians is unclear, since there is evidence of both cultural continuity and disruption in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydiaBefore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the term "Sardis" nor its alleged earlier name of "Hyde" (in Ancient Greek, which may have reflected a Hittite name "Uda") appears in any extant Hittite text.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1115–1116">(pp1115–1116)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lydian_Period">Lydian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lydian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>This 6th century coin reflects the Sardians' interest in <a href="/wiki/Glyptic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyptic art">glyptic art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the seventh century BC, Sardis became the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>. From there, kings such as <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> ruled an empire that reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1116–118">(pp1116–118)</span></sup> The city itself covered 108 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> including extramural areas and was protected by walls twenty meters thick.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1117">(pp1117)</span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> was <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terraced</a> with white <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry to tame the naturally irregular mountainside. Visitors could spot the site from a distance by the three enormous burial <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1116–118">(pp1116–118)</span></sup> </p><p>The city's layout and organization is only partly known at present. To the north/northwest, the city had a large extramural zone with residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Settlement extended to the Pactolus Stream, near which archaeologists have found the remains of work installations where alluvial metals were processed.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1117">(p1117)</span></sup> </p><p>Multiroom houses around the site match Herodotus's description of <a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">fieldstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> construction. Most houses had roofs of clay and straw while wealthy residents had roof tiles, similar to public buildings. Houses often have identifiable courtyards and food preparation areas but no complete house has been excavated so few generalizations can be drawn about Sardian houses' internal layout.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp-1118-1120">(pp-1118-1120)</span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_lydion_(perfume_jar)_MET_DP138638_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Terracotta_lydion_%28perfume_jar%29_MET_DP138638_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The <i>lydion</i> was an everyday pottery shape used for cosmetics.</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious remains include a modest altar which may have been dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, given a pottery fragment found there with her name on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1118">(p1118)</span></sup> A possible sanctuary to <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> was found elsewhere in the site, whose remains include marble statues of lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1117">(p1117)</span></sup> Vernacular worship is evidenced in extramural areas by dinner services buried as offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1117">(p1117)</span></sup> </p><p>Textual evidence regarding Lydian-era Sardis include <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s account of a mudbrick building that had allegedly been the palace of Croesus and was still there in his own time.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1117">(p1117)</span></sup> </p><p>The material culture of Sardis is largely a distinctive twist on Anatolian and Aegean styles. The city's artisans seemed to specialize in <a href="/wiki/Glyptic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyptic art">glyptic art</a> including <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> and jewelry. Their pottery blended Aegean and Anatolian pottery styles, in addition to distinctive twists which included the <i>lydion</i> shape and decorative techniques known as streaky-glaze and marbled-glaze. Narrative scenes on Sardian pottery are rare. Imported Greek pottery attests to the Lydians' "Hellenophile attitude" commented on by contemporary Greek writers. While those Greek authors were in turn impressed by Lydians' music and textiles, these aspects of Lydian culture are not visible in the archaeological record.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1124">(p1124)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_by_Cyrus_the_Great">Destruction by Cyrus the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destruction by Cyrus the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></div> <p>Sardis was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> around 547 BC. Having defeated the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a>, the Persians followed the retreating army back to Sardis and sacked it after a brief siege.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-PersianSack_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1115, 1120">(pp1115, 1120)</span></sup> Details of this event are largely known from Herodotus's semi-mythicized account, but the destruction is highly visible in the archaeological record. In the words of excavator Nicholas Cahill: </p> <blockquote><p>It is rare that an important and well-known historical event is so vividly preserved in the archaeological record, but the destruction of Cyrus left clear and dramatic remains throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-PersianSack_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The city's fortifications burned in a massive fire that spread to parts of the adjoining residential areas. Wooden structures and objects inside buildings were reduced to charcoal. Mudbrick from the fortifications were toppled over on adjacent structures, preventing looting and salvage and thus preserving their remains.<sup id="cite_ref-PersianSack_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skeletons were found buried haphazardly among the debris, including those of Lydian soldiers who died violently. One soldier's forearm bones had been snapped, likely a <i>parry fracture</i> indicating a failed attempt to counter the head injuries that killed him. A partly healed rib fracture suggests he was still recovering from an earlier injury during the battle. In a destroyed house, archaeologists found the partial skeleton of an arthritic man in his forties. The skeleton was so badly burned that archaeologists cannot determine whether it was deliberately mutilated or if the missing bones were carried away by animals.<sup id="cite_ref-PersianSack_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrowheads and other weaponry turn up in debris all around the city, suggesting a major battle in the streets. The varying styles suggest the mixed background of both armies involved. Household implements such as iron spits and small sickles were found mixed in with ordinary weapons of war, suggesting that civilians attempted to defend themselves during the sack.<sup id="cite_ref-PersianSack_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Period">Persian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg/175px-Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg/263px-Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg/350px-Terracotta_loom_weight_MET_DP130740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loom_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Loom weight">Loom weights</a> like this one attest to continuing textile industry at Sardis.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the destruction, Sardis was rebuilt and continued to be an important and prosperous city. Though it was never again the capital of an independent state, it did serve as the capital for the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Sparda</a> and formed the end station of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> which began in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. It acted as a gateway to the Greek world, and was visited by notable Greek leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, as well as the Persian kings <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1120–1122">(pp1120–1122)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively little of Persian Sardis is visible in the archaeological record. The city may even have been rebuilt outside the limits of the Lydian-era walls, as evidenced by authors such as Herodotus who place the Persian era central district along the Pactolus stream.<sup id="cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityofSardis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material culture of the city was largely continuous with the Lydian era, to the point that it can be hard to precisely date artifacts based on style.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1120–1122">(pp1120–1122)</span></sup> </p><p>Notable developments of this period include adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian alphabet</a> and the "Achaemenid bowl" pottery shape. <sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1120–1122">(pp1120–1122)</span></sup> Jewelry of the period shows Persian-Anatolian cultural hybridization. In particular, jewelers turned to semi-precious stones and colored <a href="/wiki/Frit" title="Frit">frit</a> due to a Persian prohibition on gold jewelry among the priestly class. Similarly, knobbed pins and fibulae disappear from the archaeological record, reflecting changes in the garments with which they would have been used.<sup id="cite_ref-LydianJewelry_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydianJewelry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Relief from a Persian-era burial at Bintepe</figcaption></figure> <p>Buildings from this era include a possible predecessor of the later temple to Artemis as well as a possible sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. Textual evidence suggests that the city was known for its <a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">paradisoi</a> as well as orchards and hunting parks built by <a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1122">(p1122)</span></sup> Burials of this period include enormous tumuli with extensive grave goods.<sup id="cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityofSardis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 499 BC, Sardis was attacked and burned by the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a> against Persian rule. The subsequent destruction of mainland Greek cities was said to be retribution for this attack. When <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> later visited Sardis, he came across a votive statue he had personally dedicated at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, and requested its return.<sup id="cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityofSardis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_and_Byzantine_Sardis">Hellenistic and Byzantine Sardis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hellenistic and Byzantine Sardis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Artemis,_originally_built_in_300_BC,_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Lydia_(32015884502).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg/250px-The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg/330px-The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg/500px-The_Temple_of_Artemis%2C_originally_built_in_300_BC%2C_renovated_by_the_Romans_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia_%2832015884502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4792" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the Temple of Artemis with the acropolis visible in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>In 334 BC, Sardis was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The city was surrendered without a fight, the local satrap having been killed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Persian defeat at Granikos</a>. After taking power, Alexander restored earlier Lydian customs and laws. For the next two centuries, the city passed between Hellenistic rulers including <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_Monophthalmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus Monophthalmos">Antigonus Monophthalmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Attalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid">Attalids</a>. It was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> in 281 BC and by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> in 215–213 BC, but neither succeeded at breaching the acropolis, regarded as the strongest fortified place in the world. The city sometimes served as a royal residence, but was itself governed by an assembly. <sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1123">(p1123)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this era, the city took on a strong Greek character. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> replaces the Lydian language in most inscriptions, and major buildings were constructed in Greek architectural styles to meet the needs of Greek cultural institutions. These new buildings included a <a href="/wiki/Prytaneion" title="Prytaneion">prytaneion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasion">gymnasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek theater">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a>, as well as the massive Temple of Artemis still visible to modern visitors. <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were settled at Sardis by the Hellenistic king <a href="/wiki/Antiochos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochos III">Antiochos III</a>, where they built the <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">Sardis Synagogue</a> and formed a community which continued for much of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1123">(p1123)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 129 BC, Sardis passed to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a>, under whom it continued its prosperity and political importance as part of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">province of Asia</a>. The city received three <a href="/wiki/Neocorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocorate">neocorate</a> honors and was granted ten million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a> as well as a temporary tax exemption to help it recover after a <a href="/wiki/AD_17_Lydia_earthquake" title="AD 17 Lydia earthquake">devastating earthquake</a> in 17 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1123">(p1123)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sardis had an <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian community</a> and is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">seven churches of Asia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, Jesus refers to the Sardians as not finishing what they started, being about image rather than substance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex,_Sardis_(Lydia),_Turkey_(31358519643).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg/250px-View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg/500px-View_of_the_Byzantine_Shops_and_the_Bath-Gymnasium_Complex%2C_Sardis_%28Lydia%29%2C_Turkey_%2831358519643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3227" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> shops and the Gymnasium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis,_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Turkey_(16477799584).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg/250px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg/330px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg/500px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2816477799584%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The gymnasium complex of Sardis</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of great wealth. After <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the great lines of communication and lost some of its importance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the cataclysmic 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War</a>, Sardis was in 615 one of the cities sacked in <a href="/wiki/Shahin%27s_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(615)" title="Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor (615)">the invasion of Asia Minor by the Persian Shahin</a>. Though the Byzantines eventually won the war, the damage to Sardis was never fully repaired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sardis retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Sardis" title="See of Sardis">metropolitan bishop</a> of the province of Lydia, formed in 295 AD. It was enumerated as third, after <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, in the list of cities of the Thracesion <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">thema</a> given by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a> in the 10th century. However, over the next four centuries it was in the shadow of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia-upon-Sipylum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia</a>, which retained their importance in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sardis began to decline in the 600s AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1123">(p1123)</span></sup> It remained part of the Byzantine Empire until 1078 AD, by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a>. It was reconquered in 1097 by the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(megas_doux)" title="John Doukas (megas doux)">John Doukas</a> and came under the rule of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> when <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Constantinople was taken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">crusaders</a> in 1204. However, once the Byzantines retook Constantinople in 1261, Sardis and surrounding areas fell under the control of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazw</a> emirs. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Küçük Menderes River">Cayster</a> valleys and a fort on the citadel of Sardis were handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The city continued its decline until its capture and probable destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> warlord <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> in 1402.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1700s, only two small <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a> existed at the site. In the 20th century, a new town was built.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1123–1124">(pp1123–1124)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_stories">Foundation stories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg/260px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg/390px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg/520px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Sardis and other cities within the Lydian Empire. Shading shows Lydia in the middle of the 6th century BCE at the time of King Croesus; red line shows its earlier extent in the 7th century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> recounts a legend that the city was founded by the sons of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a>. According to Herodotus, the Heraclides ruled for five hundred and five years beginning with <a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Lydia" title="Agron of Lydia">Agron</a>, 1220 BC, and ending with <a href="/wiki/Candaules" title="Candaules">Candaules</a>, 716 BC. They were followed by the Mermnades, which began with <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a>, 716 BC, and ended with <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, 546 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Sardis" appears first in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic era</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> claims that the city's original name was "Hyde".<sup id="cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1115–1116">(pp1115–1116)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sardis was situated in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Hermus River Valley</a>, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the river. Its citadel was built on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tmolus" title="Mount Tmolus">Mount Tmolus</a>, a steep and lofty spur, while a lower town extended to the area of the <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a> stream. </p><p>Today, the site is located by the present day village of <i>Sart</i>, near <a href="/wiki/Salihli" title="Salihli">Salihli</a> in the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> highway (approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>). The site is open to visitors year-round, where notable remains include the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops is open to visitors year-round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation_history">Excavation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Excavation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardis_Synagogue,_late_3rd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Lydia,_Turkey_(19331773400).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/250px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/330px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/500px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption>The main hall of the <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">Sardis Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardes_(Sardeis)_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG/220px-Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG/330px-Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG/440px-Sardes_%28Sardeis%29_wall_tile_with_three_dimensional_effect.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Sardes wall tile with three dimensional effect</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_churches_at_Sardis" title="Byzantine churches at Sardis">Byzantine churches at Sardis</a></div> <p>By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins, with mainly visible remains mostly from the Roman period. Early excavators included the British explorer <a href="/wiki/George_Dennis_(explorer)" title="George Dennis (explorer)">George Dennis</a>, who uncovered an enormous marble head of <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a>. Found in the precinct of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, it probably formed part of a pair of colossal statues devoted to the Imperial couple. The 1.76 metre high head is now kept at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first large-scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by a <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> team led by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Crosby_Butler" title="Howard Crosby Butler">Howard Crosby Butler</a> between years 1910–1914, unearthing a temple to <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, though it briefly resumed in 1922. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. </p><p>A new expedition known as the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis was founded in 1958 by <a href="/wiki/G.M.A._Hanfmann" class="mw-redirect" title="G.M.A. Hanfmann">G.M.A. Hanfmann</a>, professor in the Department of Fine Arts at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and by Henry Detweiler, dean of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_School_at_Cornell_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture School at Cornell University">Architecture School at Cornell University</a>. Hanfmann excavated widely in the city and the region, excavating and restoring the major Roman bath-gymnasium complex, the synagogue, late Roman houses and shops, a Lydian industrial area for processing <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> into pure gold and silver, Lydian occupation areas, and tumulus tombs at Bintepe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, the acknowledgment of the local significance of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community in Sardis received notable confirmation through the identification of a substantial assembly hall in the northwestern part of the city, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">Sardis Synagogue</a>. This site, adorned with inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">menorahs</a>, and various artifacts, establishes its function as a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> from the 4th to the 6th century. Excavations in adjacent residential and commercial areas have also uncovered additional evidence of Jewish life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1976 until 2007, excavation continued under <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr.">Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr.</a>, professor in the Department of Classics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2008, the excavation has been under the directorship of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Cahill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Cahill (page does not exist)">Nicholas Cahill</a>, professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Manisa" title="Archaeological Museum of Manisa">Archaeological Museum of Manisa</a>, including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture, a helmet from the mid-6th century BC, and pottery from various periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Turkey" title="List of synagogues in Turkey">List of synagogues in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenewalt-2011-Steadman-McMahon_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenewalt2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenewalt, Crawford (2011). "Sardis: A First Millenium B.C.E. Capital In Western Anatolia". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0052">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sardis%3A+A+First+Millenium+B.C.E.+Capital+In+Western+Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0052&rft.aulast=Greenewalt&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LydiaBefore-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LydiaBefore_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Roosevelt, Christopher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-roosevelt-lydia-before-lydians">"Lydia before the Lydians"</a>. <i>The Lydians and Their World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydia+before+the+Lydians&rft.btitle=The+Lydians+and+Their+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsardisexpedition.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Flatw-roosevelt-lydia-before-lydians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&dq=siege+sardis+cyrus+croesus&pg=PA36"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26dq%3Dsiege%2Bsardis%2Bcyrus%2Bcroesus%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PersianSack-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PersianSack_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PersianSack_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PersianSack_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PersianSack_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PersianSack_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahill2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cahill, Nicholas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-cahill-persian-sack-sardis">"The Persian Sack of Sardis"</a>. <i>The Lydians and Their World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Persian+Sack+of+Sardis&rft.btitle=The+Lydians+and+Their+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsardisexpedition.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Flatw-cahill-persian-sack-sardis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwalt2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenwalt, Crawford (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-greenewalt-introduction">"Introduction"</a>. <i>The Lydians and Their World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Lydians+and+Their+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Greenwalt&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsardisexpedition.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Flatw-greenewalt-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityofSardis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityofSardis_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahill2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cahill, Nicholas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-cahill-city-of-sardis">"The City of Sardis"</a>. <i>The Lydians and Their World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Sardis&rft.btitle=The+Lydians+and+Their+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardisexpedition.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Flatw-cahill-city-of-sardis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LydianJewelry-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LydianJewelry_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeriçboyu2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meriçboyu, Yıldız Akyay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-mericboyu-lydian-jewelry">"Lydian Jewelry"</a>. <i>The Lydians and Their World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydian+Jewelry&rft.btitle=The+Lydians+and+Their+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Meri%C3%A7boyu&rft.aufirst=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z+Akyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsardisexpedition.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Flatw-mericboyu-lydian-jewelry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#47" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">2.47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+3:1–6&version=nljv">Revelation 3:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockayne1844" class="citation journal cs1">Cockayne, O. (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1844.tb00026.x">"On the Lydian Dynasty which preceded the Mermnadæ"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Philological Society</i>. <b>1</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">274–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1844.tb00026.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1844.tb00026.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Lydian+Dynasty+which+preceded+the+Mermnad%C3%A6&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1844.tb00026.x&rft.aulast=Cockayne&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-968X.1844.tb00026.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=459896&partId=1&place=34488&plaA=34488-3-1&page=1">"Research collection online"</a>. British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+collection+online&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D459896%26partId%3D1%26place%3D34488%26plaA%3D34488-3-1%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanfmann1983" class="citation book cs1">Hanfmann, George M. A. (1983). <i>Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 1958-1975</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78925-8"><bdi>978-0-674-78925-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardis+from+Prehistoric+to+Roman+Times%3A+Results+of+the+Archaeological+Exploration+of+Sardis%2C+1958-1975&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78925-8&rft.aulast=Hanfmann&rft.aufirst=George+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRautman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rautman, Marcus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/menorah-plaque-from-the-center-of-sardis/C28861FAB6038738DE5B75570D6183F3">"A menorah plaque from the center of Sardis"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">431–</span>438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759415002573">10.1017/S1047759415002573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+menorah+plaque+from+the+center+of+Sardis&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759415002573&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft.aulast=Rautman&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-archaeology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmenorah-plaque-from-the-center-of-sardis%2FC28861FAB6038738DE5B75570D6183F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahillRamage2008" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Nicholas; Ramage, Andrew, eds. (2008). <i>Love for Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03195-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+for+Lydia%3A+A+Sardis+Anniversary+Volume+Presented+to+Crawford+H.+Greenewalt%2C+Jr&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03195-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122202358/http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/study-research/research-centers/sardis">"Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Harvard Art Museums"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/study-research/research-centers/sardis">the original</a> on January 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Exploration+of+Sardis%2C+Harvard+Art+Museums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardartmuseums.org%2Fstudy-research%2Fresearch-centers%2Fsardis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElderkin1940" class="citation journal cs1">Elderkin, George Wicker (1940). "The Name of Sardis". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F362320">10.1086/362320</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/264594">264594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162247979">162247979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+Sardis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162247979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F264594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F362320&rft.aulast=Elderkin&rft.aufirst=George+Wicker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanfmann1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_M._A._Hanfmann" title="George M. A. Hanfmann">Hanfmann, George M. A.</a> (1961). 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/506398">"The Sardis Campaigns of 1994 and 1995"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>102</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F506398">10.2307/506398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/506398">506398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191368428">191368428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Sardis+Campaigns+of+1994+and+1995&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191368428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F506398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F506398&rft.aulast=Greenewalt&rft.aufirst=Crawford+H.&rft.au=Rautman%2C+Marcus+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F506398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahillRamage2008" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Nicholas; Ramage, Andrew, eds. (2008). <i>Love for Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03195-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+for+Lydia%3A+A+Sardis+Anniversary+Volume+Presented+to+Crawford+H.+Greenewalt%2C+Jr&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03195-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayneWintjes2016" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "Sardis and the Archaeology of Lydia". <i>Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2"><bdi>978-3-447-10568-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc5pfx2.7">j.ctvc5pfx2.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sardis+and+the+Archaeology+of+Lydia&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Asia+Minor%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Lydians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10568-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rft.au=Wintjes%2C+Jorit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlinKosmin2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Berlin" title="Andrea Berlin">Berlin, Andrea M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Kosmin, Paul J.</a>, eds. (2019). <i>Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King's Peace to the Peace of Apamea</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvj7wnr9">10.2307/j.ctvj7wnr9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-32130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-32130-7"><bdi>978-0-299-32130-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvj7wnr9">j.ctvj7wnr9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241097314">241097314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spear-Won+Land%3A+Sardis+from+the+King%27s+Peace+to+the+Peace+of+Apamea&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvj7wnr9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241097314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvj7wnr9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-299-32130-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sardis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sardis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sardis</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardisexpedition.org">The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121216141827/http://www.harvardmag.com/issues/ma98/sardis.html">The Search for Sardis</a>, history of the archaeological excavations in Sardis, in the Harvard Magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/srds/hd_srds.htm">Sardis</a>, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/sardis_turkey">Sardis Turkey</a>, a comprehensive photographic tour of the site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aid%3Dsardis">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites - Sardis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/sardes/">Livius.org: Sardes</a> - pictures</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.23%;left:8.892%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Smyrna"><img alt="Smyrna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.095%;left:9.099%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pergamon"><img alt="Pergamon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.131%;left:12.457%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thyatira"><img alt="Thyatira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.31%;left:13.471%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sardis"><img alt="Sardis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardis</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.143%;left:15.901%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)"><img alt="Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.631%;left:18.916%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Laodicea"><img alt="Laodicea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="List of ancient settlements in Turkey">Ancient settlements in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassus" title="Abbassus">Abbassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrostola_(Phrygia)" title="Abrostola (Phrygia)">Abrostola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaion_Limen" title="Achaion Limen">Achaion Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmonia" title="Acmonia">Acmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrassus" title="Acrassus">Acrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adramyttium" title="Adramyttium">Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatheira" title="Agatheira">Agatheira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)" title="Aigai (Aeolis)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airai_(Ionia)" title="Airai (Ionia)">Airai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alia_(Phrygia)" title="Alia (Phrygia)">Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinda" title="Alinda">Alinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianoi" title="Allianoi">Allianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almura" title="Almura">Almura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnista" title="Amnista">Amnista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)" title="Amos (ancient city)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amynanda" title="Amynanda">Amynanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyzon_(city)" title="Amyzon (city)">Amyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaua" title="Anaua">Anaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anineta" title="Anineta">Anineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaea" title="Annaea">Annaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antandrus" title="Antandrus">Antandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Maeander" title="Antioch on the Maeander">Antioch on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)" title="Apamea (Phrygia)">Apamea in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)" title="Apollonia (Mysia)">Apollonia in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_Salbaces" title="Apollonia Salbaces">Apollonia Salbaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis_(Lydia)" title="Apollonis (Lydia)">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonos_Hieron" title="Apollonos Hieron">Apollonos Hieron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appia_(Phrygia)" title="Appia (Phrygia)">Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appolena" title="Appolena">Appolena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragokome" title="Aragokome">Aragokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araukome" title="Araukome">Araukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadiopolis_in_Asia" title="Arcadiopolis in Asia">Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arilla_(Lydia)" title="Arilla (Lydia)">Arilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_(Caria)" title="Aroma (Caria)">Aroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspaneus" title="Aspaneus">Aspaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragon_(Caria)" title="Astragon (Caria)">Astragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)" title="Astyra (Aeolis)">Astyra near Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(near_Pergamon)" title="Astyra (near Pergamon)">Astyra near Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyria" title="Astyria">Astyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus" title="Atarneus">Atarneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus_sub_Pitanem" title="Atarneus sub Pitanem">Atarneus sub Pitanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attea" title="Attea">Attea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attuda" title="Attuda">Attuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustopolis_in_Phrygia" title="Augustopolis in Phrygia">Augustopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Caria)" title="Aulae (Caria)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Neapolis" title="Aurelia Neapolis">Aurelia Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Lydia" title="Aureliopolis in Lydia">Aureliopolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurokra" title="Aurokra">Aurokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageis" title="Bageis">Bageis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa" title="Bargasa">Bargasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa_(northern_Caria)" title="Bargasa (northern Caria)">Bargasa in northern Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargylia" title="Bargylia">Bargylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beudos" title="Beudos">Beudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beycesultan" title="Beycesultan">Beycesultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgena" title="Birgena">Birgena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaundus" title="Blaundus">Blaundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonitai" title="Bonitai">Bonitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukolion" title="Boukolion">Boukolion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutheia" title="Boutheia">Boutheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briula" title="Briula">Briula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzus" title="Bruzus">Bruzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bybassus" title="Bybassus">Bybassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadi_(Phrygia)" title="Cadi (Phrygia)">Cadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callipolis_(Caria)" title="Callipolis (Caria)">Callipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloe" title="Caloe">Caloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canae" title="Canae">Canae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene_(Mysia)" title="Carene (Mysia)">Carene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carura" title="Carura">Carura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryanda" title="Caryanda">Caryanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabus" title="Castabus">Castabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casystes" title="Casystes">Casystes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedreae" title="Cedreae">Cedreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramus" title="Ceramus">Ceramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcetor" title="Chalcetor">Chalcetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choria" title="Choria">Choria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaoris" title="Chrysaoris">Chrysaoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytrium" title="Chytrium">Chytrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidramus" title="Cidramus">Cidramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindye" title="Cindye">Cindye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)" title="Cisthene (Mysia)">Cisthene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannuda" title="Clannuda">Clannuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)" title="Conium (Phrygia)">Conium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybeleia" title="Cybeleia">Cybeleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllandus" title="Cyllandus">Cyllandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daldis" title="Daldis">Daldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareioukome" title="Dareioukome">Dareioukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideiphyta" title="Dideiphyta">Dideiphyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)" title="Dioclea (Phrygia)">Dioclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiopolis" title="Dionysiopolis">Dionysiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)" title="Dios Hieron (Ionia)">Dios Hieron in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)" title="Dios Hieron (Lydia)">Dios Hieron in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioskome" title="Dioskome">Dioskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Docimium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroukome" title="Doroukome">Doroukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibeos" title="Eibeos">Eibeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiokome" title="Eiokome">Eiokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluza" title="Eluza">Eluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embatum" title="Embatum">Embatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoddi" title="Emoddi">Emoddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erines" title="Erines">Erines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)" title="Erythras (Ionia)">Erythras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsyena" title="Etsyena">Etsyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaza" title="Euaza">Euaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukarpia" title="Eukarpia">Eukarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhippe" title="Euhippe">Euhippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumeneia" title="Eumeneia">Eumeneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromus" title="Euromus">Euromus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenae" title="Euthenae">Euthenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrium" title="Gambrium">Gambrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerga" title="Gerga">Gerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergitha" title="Gergitha">Gergitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerriadai" title="Gerriadai">Gerriadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)" title="Glauke (Ionia)">Glauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisarna" title="Halisarna">Halisarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasa" title="Harpasa">Harpasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)" title="Helos (Ionia)">Helos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus" title="Heraclea at Latmus">Heraclea at Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea in Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)" title="Heraclea (Lydia)">Heraclea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace" title="Heraclea Salbace">Heraclea Salbace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocapelia" title="Hermocapelia">Hermocapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)" title="Hierapolis (Phrygian Pentapolis)">Hieropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homadena" title="Homadena">Homadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydai" title="Hydai">Hydai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydas" title="Hydas">Hydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydissus" title="Hydissus">Hydissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygassos" title="Hygassos">Hygassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyllarima" title="Hyllarima">Hyllarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokremnos" title="Hypokremnos">Hypokremnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaza" title="Iaza">Iaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyma" title="Idyma">Idyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniapolis" title="Ioniapolis">Ioniapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudda" title="Ioudda">Ioudda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsus" title="Ipsus">Ipsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isindus" title="Isindus">Isinda in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskome" title="Iskome">Iskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadyie" title="Kadyie">Kadyie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)" title="Kaira (Lydia)">Kaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabantia" title="Kalabantia">Kalabantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)" title="Kasara (Caria)">Kasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasossos" title="Kasossos">Kasossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaualena" title="Kaualena">Kaualena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakçı Tepe">Kaymakçı Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilaraza" title="Kilaraza">Kilaraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildara" title="Kildara">Kildara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleimaka" title="Kleimaka">Kleimaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleros_Politike" title="Kleros Politike">Kleros Politike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddinou_Petra" title="Koddinou Petra">Koddinou Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraia" title="Koraia">Koraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korakoe" title="Korakoe">Korakoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresa" title="Koresa">Koresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouara" title="Kouara">Kouara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)" title="Kyllene (Aeolis)">Kyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymnissa" title="Kymnissa">Kymnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kys_(Caria)" title="Kys (Caria)">Kys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalandos" title="Lalandos">Lalandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamyana" title="Lamyana">Lamyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankena" title="Lankena">Lankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)" title="Larisa (Caria)">Larisa in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)" title="Larisa (Ionia)">Larisa in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)" title="Larisa (Lydia)">Larisa in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis" title="Larissa Phrikonis">Larissa Phrikonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)" title="Larymna (Caria)">Larymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasnedda" title="Lasnedda">Lasnedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmus_(town)" title="Latmus (town)">Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimon" title="Leimon">Leimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)" title="Leucae (Ionia)">Leucae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucophrys" title="Leucophrys">Leucophrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limantepe" title="Limantepe">Limantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobolda" title="Lobolda">Lobolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loryma" title="Loryma">Loryma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)" title="Lunda (Asia Minor)">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydae" title="Lydae">Lydae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrna" title="Lyrna">Lyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)" title="Lysimachia (Mysia)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madnasa" title="Madnasa">Madnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeandropolis" title="Maeandropolis">Maeandropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiboza" title="Maiboza">Maiboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malene" title="Malene">Malene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)" title="Mastaura (Caria)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros" title="Meiros">Meiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros_Megale" title="Meiros Megale">Meiros Megale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampagos" title="Melampagos">Melampagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloukome" title="Meloukome">Meloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)" title="Metropolis (Anatolia)">Metropolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (southern Phrygia)">Metropolis in southern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobolla" title="Mobolla">Mobolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolda" title="Mokolda">Mokolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossyna" title="Mossyna">Mossyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motella" title="Motella">Motella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myloukome" title="Myloukome">Myloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)" title="Nais (Lydia)">Nais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasos" title="Nasos">Nasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochon" title="Naulochon">Naulochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)" title="Naulochus (Ionia)">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)" title="Naxia (Caria)">Naxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)" title="Neapolis (Caria)">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisyra" title="Nisyra">Nisyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeum (Caria)">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)" title="Odon (Lydia)">Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaeis" title="Olaeis">Olaeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olymos" title="Olymos">Olymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroanna" title="Oroanna">Oroanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)" title="Orthosia (Caria)">Orthoisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)" title="Ortygia (Ionia)">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrus" title="Otrus">Otrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaemyndus" title="Palaemyndus">Palaemyndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)" title="Palaeopolis (Lydia)">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasion" title="Panasion">Panasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)" title="Panormus (Caria)">Panormus near Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)" title="Panormus (Halicarnassus)">Panormus near Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsada" title="Parsada">Parsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)" title="Parthenium (Mysia)">Parthenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passala" title="Passala">Passala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passanda" title="Passanda">Passanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasa" title="Pedasa">Pedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltae" title="Peltae">Peltae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperene" title="Perperene">Perperene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)" title="Phoenix (Caria)">Phoenix in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Physcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyteia" title="Phyteia">Phyteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidasa" title="Pidasa">Pidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisilis" title="Pisilis">Pisilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisye" title="Pisye">Pisye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pladasa" title="Pladasa">Pladasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plarasa" title="Plarasa">Plarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)" title="Polichna (Ionia)">Polichna in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)" title="Polichne (Ionia)">Polichne in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pordoselene" title="Pordoselene">Pordoselene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymnessus" title="Prymnessus">Prymnessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)" title="Pteleum (Ionia)">Pteleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pydnae" title="Pydnae">Pydnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)" title="Pyrnus (Caria)">Pyrnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)" title="Pyrrha (Caria)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saouenda" title="Saouenda">Saouenda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia" title="Satala in Lydia">Satala in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)" title="Sebaste (Phrygia)">Sebaste in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)" title="Sebastopolis (Caria)">Sebastopolis in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)" title="Setae (Lydia)">Setae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(Caria)" title="Side (Caria)">Side in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidussa" title="Sidussa">Sidussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyos" title="Sillyos">Sillyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)" title="Sion (Asia Minor)">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolopoeis" title="Skolopoeis">Skolopoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)" title="Soa (Phrygia)">Soa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)" title="Spore (Phrygia)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)" title="Stadia (Caria)">Stadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stectorium" title="Stectorium">Stectorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)" title="Stratonicea (Lydia)">Stratonicea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratonicea in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos" title="Strobilos">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangela" title="Syangela">Syangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbra" title="Symbra">Symbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaus">Synaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)" title="Syneta (Caria)">Syneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synnada" title="Synnada">Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabae" title="Tabae">Tabae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)" title="Tabala (Lydia)">Tabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tateikome" title="Tateikome">Tateikome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)" title="Taza (Lydia)">Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telandrus" title="Telandrus">Telandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenothyra" title="Temenothyra">Temenothyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempsis" title="Tempsis">Tempsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendeba" title="Tendeba">Tendeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthrania" title="Teuthrania">Teuthrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thasthara" title="Thasthara">Thasthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theangela" title="Theangela">Theangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia" title="Thebe Hypoplakia">Thebe Hypoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)" title="Thebes (Ionia)">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thera_(Caria)" title="Thera (Caria)">Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyaira" title="Thyaira">Thyaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymbrara" title="Thymbrara">Thymbrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssanus" title="Thyssanus">Thyssanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisna" title="Tisna">Tisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)" title="Tlos (Caria)">Tlos in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)" title="Tomara (Lydia)">Tomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Traianopolis (Phrygia)">Traianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezopolis" title="Trapezopolis">Trapezopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trarium" title="Trarium">Trarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troketta" title="Troketta">Troketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyanollos" title="Tyanollos">Tyanollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymnos" title="Tymnos">Tymnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(Caria)" title="Ula (Caria)">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)" title="Uranium (Caria)">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemmeana" title="Zemmeana">Zemmeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingotos_Kome" title="Zingotos Kome">Zingotos Kome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiginetes" title="Aiginetes">Aiginetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)" title="Ancon (Pontus)">Ancon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticinolis" title="Anticinolis">Anticinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)" title="Argyria (Pontus)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berissa" title="Berissa">Berissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)" title="Bonita (Paphlagonia)">Bonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)" title="Boon (Pontus)">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)" title="Cales (Bithynia)">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistratia" title="Callistratia">Callistratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carambis" title="Carambis">Carambis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)" title="Carissa (Galatia)">Carissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)" title="Cerasus (near Trapezus)">Cerasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadisia" title="Chadisia">Chadisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolis" title="Cinolis">Cinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizari" title="Cizari">Cizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia" title="Colonia in Armenia">Colonia in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colussa" title="Colussa">Colussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana in the Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralla" title="Coralla">Coralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordyle" title="Cordyle">Cordyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)" title="Cratia (Bithynia)">Cratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen">Cromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)" title="Cromna (Paphlagonia)">Cromna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyptasia" title="Cyptasia">Cyptasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)" title="Dia (Bithynia)">Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacopa" title="Diacopa">Diacopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)" title="Elaeus (Bithynia)">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeira" title="Endeira">Endeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythini" title="Erythini">Erythini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusene" title="Eusene">Eusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadilon" title="Gadilon">Gadilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garius" title="Garius">Garius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garzoubanthon" title="Garzoubanthon">Garzoubanthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziura" title="Gaziura">Gaziura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozalena" title="Gozalena">Gozalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia" title="Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia">Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)" title="Heracleium (Pontus)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)" title="Hermonassa (Pontus)">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieron_Oros" title="Hieron Oros">Hieron Oros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe" title="Hüseyindede Tepe">Hüseyindede Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssus" title="Hyssus">Hyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibora" title="Ibora">Ibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischopolis" title="Ischopolis">Ischopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karza" title="Karza">Karza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelesa" title="Kelesa">Kelesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimista" title="Kimista">Kimista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Laodicea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libiopolis" title="Libiopolis">Libiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillium" title="Lillium">Lillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)" title="Metroon (Bithynia)">Metroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokata" title="Mokata">Mokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)" title="Naustathmus (Pontus)">Naustathmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerik" title="Nerik">Nerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)" title="Nicopolis (Armenia)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)" title="Ophis (Pontus)">Ophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxinas" title="Oxinas">Oxinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)" title="Patara (Cappadocia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Pharnacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phazemon" title="Phazemon">Phazemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocaleia" title="Philocaleia">Philocaleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)" title="Pida (Pontus)">Pida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimolisa" title="Pimolisa">Pimolisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)" title="Potami (Paphlagonia)">Potami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)" title="Pteria (Paphlagonia)">Pteria in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salatiwara" title="Salatiwara">Salatiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaraca" title="Sandaraca">Sandaraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurania" title="Saurania">Saurania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulusaray" title="Sulusaray">Sebastopolis in Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)" title="Stephane (Paphlagonia)">Stephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syderos" title="Syderos">Syderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymena" title="Thymena">Thymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaeum" title="Timolaeum">Timolaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasia" title="Virasia">Virasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagorus" title="Zagorus">Zagorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)" title="Zephyrium (Paphlagonia)">Zephyrium in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziporea" title="Ziporea">Ziporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abouadeineita" title="Abouadeineita">Abouadeineita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" title="Alişar Hüyük">Alişar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblada" title="Amblada">Amblada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadynata" title="Anadynata">Anadynata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Anastasiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andabalis" title="Andabalis">Andabalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisa" title="Anisa">Anisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniaca" title="Anniaca">Anniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)" title="Antoniopolis (Paphlagonia)">Antoniopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzoulada" title="Anzoulada">Anzoulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae" title="Aquae Saravenae">Aquae Saravenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralla" title="Aralla">Aralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasaxa" title="Arasaxa">Arasaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archalla" title="Archalla">Archalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardistama" title="Ardistama">Ardistama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathia" title="Ariarathia">Ariarathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaxa" title="Armaxa">Armaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiknos" title="Artiknos">Artiknos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenzinsos" title="Aspenzinsos">Aspenzinsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)" title="Astra (Isauria)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)" title="Atenia (Pisidia)">Atenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbissa" title="Balbissa">Balbissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgatia" title="Balgatia">Balgatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barate" title="Barate">Barate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax" title="Bathys Rhyax">Bathys Rhyax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binbirkilise" title="Binbirkilise">Binbirkilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blucium" title="Blucium">Blucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borissos" title="Borissos">Borissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campae" title="Campae">Campae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuliana" title="Camuliana">Camuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)" title="Candara (Paphlagonia)">Candara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus_Vicus" title="Carus Vicus">Carus Vicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimiata" title="Cimiata">Cimiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciscissus" title="Ciscissus">Ciscissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)" title="Cinna (Galatia)">Cinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claneus" title="Claneus">Claneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitanassus" title="Comitanassus">Comitanassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congustus" title="Congustus">Congustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)" title="Corna (Lycaonia)">Corna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniaspa" title="Corniaspa">Corniaspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coropassus" title="Coropassus">Coropassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotenna" title="Cotenna">Cotenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybistra" title="Cybistra">Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzistra" title="Cyzistra">Cyzistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadastana" title="Dadastana">Dadastana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmenda" title="Dasmenda">Dasmenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)" title="Diocaesarea (Cappadocia)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doara" title="Doara">Doara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometiopolis" title="Dometiopolis">Dometiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdaumava" title="Ecdaumava">Ecdaumava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobriga" title="Ecobriga">Ecobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergobrotis" title="Ergobrotis">Ergobrotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaissa" title="Euaissa">Euaissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)" title="Eudocia (Cappadocia)">Eudocia (Cappadocia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)" title="Eudocia (Phrygia)">Eudocia (Phrygia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulepa" title="Eulepa">Eulepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinopolis" title="Faustinopolis">Faustinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)" title="Germa (Galatia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbeus" title="Gorbeus">Gorbeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Phrygia)">Hadrianopolis in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpha" title="Herpha">Herpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieropotamon" title="Hieropotamon">Hieropotamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homana" title="Homana">Homana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)" title="Hyde (Cappadocia)">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilistra" title="Ilistra">Ilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Irenopolis (Isauria)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauropolis" title="Isauropolis">Isauropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliopolis" title="Juliopolis">Juliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotala" title="Kanotala">Kanotala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)" title="Karbala (Cappadocia)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keissia" title="Keissia">Keissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkenes" title="Kerkenes">Kerkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilistra" title="Kilistra">Kilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindyria" title="Kindyria">Kindyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobara" title="Kobara">Kobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodylessos" title="Kodylessos">Kodylessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korama" title="Korama">Korama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)" title="Koron (Cappadocia)">Koron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> (Kanesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lageina" title="Lageina">Lageina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatorma" title="Lamatorma">Lamatorma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta" title="Laodicea Combusta">Laodicea Combusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laroumada" title="Laroumada">Laroumada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauzadus" title="Lauzadus">Lauzadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)" title="Limnae (Cappadocia)">Limnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandasa" title="Malandasa">Malandasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)" title="Malus (Galatia)">Malus in Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)" title="Malus (Phrygia)">Malus in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)" title="Meloë (Isauria)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (northern Phrygia)">Metropolis in northern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaeium" title="Midaeium">Midaeium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistea" title="Mistea">Mistea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnizus" title="Mnizus">Mnizus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokissos" title="Mokissos">Mokissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourisa" title="Mourisa">Mourisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moutalaske" title="Moutalaske">Moutalaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbanda" title="Musbanda">Musbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrika" title="Myrika">Myrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzus" title="Nazianzus">Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitazi" title="Nitazi">Nitazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)" title="Nora (Cappadocia)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochras" title="Ochras">Ochras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olosada" title="Olosada">Olosada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirion" title="Papirion">Papirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)" title="Parnassus (Cappadocia)">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB" title="Pedachtoë">Pedachtoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaia" title="Pedaia">Pedaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peium" title="Peium">Peium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)" title="Perta (Lycaonia)">Perta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharax" title="Pharax">Pharax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlara" title="Phlara">Phlara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillitokome" title="Pillitokome">Pillitokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissia" title="Pissia">Pissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pithoi (Lycaonia)">Pithoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontanena" title="Pontanena">Pontanena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posala" title="Posala">Posala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pyrgoi (Lycaonia)">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadagolthina" title="Sadagolthina">Sadagolthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamboreia" title="Salamboreia">Salamboreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salarama" title="Salarama">Salarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasima" title="Sasima">Sasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatra" title="Savatra">Savatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbida" title="Sbida">Sbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedasa" title="Sedasa">Sedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senzousa" title="Senzousa">Senzousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereana" title="Sereana">Sereana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibora" title="Sibora">Sibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamaria" title="Sidamaria">Sidamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandos" title="Skandos">Skandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanda" title="Soanda">Soanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soandos" title="Soandos">Soandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)" title="Sora (Anatolia)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takourtha" title="Takourtha">Takourtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thouththourbia" title="Thouththourbia">Thouththourbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberiopolis" title="Tiberiopolis">Tiberiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmades" title="Trocmades">Trocmades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynna" title="Tynna">Tynna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyriaeum" title="Tyriaeum">Tyriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasada" title="Vasada">Vasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinopolis" title="Verinopolis">Verinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)" title="Zeita (Anatolia)">Zeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizima" title="Zizima">Zizima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camachus" title="Camachus">Camachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citharizum" title="Citharizum">Citharizum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadima" title="Dadima">Dadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia" title="Justinianopolis in Armenia">Justinianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarnis" title="Abarnis">Abarnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaiion" title="Achaiion">Achaiion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)" title="Ad Statuas (Thrace)">Ad Statuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)" title="Adrasteia (Mysia)">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegospotami" title="Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)" title="Aianteion (Thrace)">Aianteion in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)" title="Aianteion (Troad)">Aianteion in the Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoi" title="Ammoi">Ammoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)" title="Amycus (Bithynia)">Amycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplous" title="Anaplous">Anaplous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)" title="Aphrodisias (Thrace)">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia on the Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)" title="Aprus (Thrace)">Aprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsoda" title="Apsoda">Apsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeila" title="Arbeila">Arbeila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiza" title="Argiza">Argiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)" title="Argyria (Troad)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyronion" title="Argyronion">Argyronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)" title="Argyropolis (Thrace)">Argyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaiouteichos" title="Artaiouteichos">Artaiouteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)" title="Artanes (Bithynia)">Artanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)" title="Astacus (Bithynia)">Astacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)" title="Astyra (Troad)">Astyra in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyras" title="Athyras">Athyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliane" title="Aureliane">Aureliane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia" title="Aureliopolis in Asia">Aureliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradendromia" title="Baradendromia">Baradendromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto" title="Baris in Hellesponto">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)" title="Basilica Therma (Bithynia)">Basilica Therma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinopolis" title="Basilinopolis">Basilinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathonea" title="Bathonea">Bathonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Limen" title="Bathys Limen">Bathys Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beodizo" title="Beodizo">Beodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergule" title="Bergule">Bergule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birytis" title="Birytis">Birytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitenas" title="Bitenas">Bitenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynium" title="Bithynium">Bithynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)" title="Bolos (Thrace)">Bolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boradion" title="Boradion">Boradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)" title="Brunca (Bithynia)">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtudizon" title="Burtudizon">Burtudizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bythias">Bythias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzapena" title="Byzapena">Byzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caenophrurium" title="Caenophrurium">Caenophrurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)" title="Callum (Thrace)">Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)" title="Calpe (Bithynia)">Calpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)" title="Canopus (Thrace)">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrene" title="Cebrene">Cebrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)" title="Cenchreae (Troad)">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon" title="Cenon Gallicanon">Cenon Gallicanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcaea" title="Chalcaea">Chalcaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)" title="Charax (Bithynia)">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmidea" title="Charmidea">Charmidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)" title="Chelae (Bithynia)">Chelae on the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)" title="Chelae (Bosphorus)">Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)" title="Chelae (Thrace)">Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiragria" title="Choiragria">Choiragria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)" title="Chryse (Troad)">Chryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)" title="Clitae (Bithynia)">Clitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocylium" title="Cocylium">Cocylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)" title="Colla (Thrace)">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)" title="Colonae (Hellespont)">Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaste" title="Cremaste">Cremaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)" title="Cressa (Thrace)">Cressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)" title="Cypsela (Thrace)">Cypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadokome" title="Dadokome">Dadokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacibyza" title="Dacibyza">Dacibyza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damalis" title="Damalis">Damalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene" title="Daphne Mainomene">Daphne Mainomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)" title="Daphnus (Bithynia)">Daphnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)" title="Dascylium (Bithynia)">Dascylium in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)" title="Dekaton (Bithynia)">Dekaton in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)" title="Dekaton (Thrace)">Dekaton in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delkos" title="Delkos">Delkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)" title="Delphin (Thrace)">Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)" title="Deris (Thrace)">Deris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)" title="Desa (Bithynia)">Desa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymateiche" title="Didymateiche">Didymateiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diolkides" title="Diolkides">Diolkides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabus" title="Drabus">Drabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizipara" title="Drizipara">Drizipara/Drusipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirakla" title="Eirakla">Eirakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)" title="Elaea (Bithynia)">Elaea in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elekosmioi" title="Elekosmioi">Elekosmioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolos" title="Embolos">Embolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergasteria" title="Ergasteria">Ergasteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribolum" title="Eribolum">Eribolum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentinos" title="Gentinos">Gentinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)" title="Gergis (Troad)">Gergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)" title="Germa (Mysia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Germanicopolis (Bithynia)">Germanicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum" title="Hadriani ad Olympum">Hadriani ad Olympum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)" title="Hadriania (Mysia)">Hadriania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianotherae" title="Hadrianotherae">Hadrianotherae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1" title="Paşalimanı">Halone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagion" title="Harpagion">Harpagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis/Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)" title="Heracleium (Bithynia)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaion" title="Hermaion">Hermaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierion" title="Hierion">Hierion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Iasonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Ide (Thracian Chersonese)">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilieon_Kome" title="Ilieon Kome">Ilieon Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabia" title="Kabia">Kabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)" title="Kalamos (Thrace)">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasyrta" title="Kalasyrta">Kalasyrta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_Peuke" title="Kale Peuke">Kale Peuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Agros" title="Kalos Agros">Kalos Agros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)" title="Kampos (Thrace)">Kampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)" title="Kassa (Bithynia)">Kassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapaspanas" title="Katapaspanas">Katapaspanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepos" title="Kepos">Kepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizoura" title="Kizoura">Kizoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)" title="Koila (Thrace)">Koila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosilaos" title="Kosilaos">Kosilaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koubaita" title="Koubaita">Koubaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyparodes" title="Kyparodes">Kyparodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypra" title="Kypra">Kypra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)" title="Larisa (Troad)">Larisa in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)" title="Lasthenes (Thrace)">Lasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoia" title="Leptoia">Leptoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liada" title="Liada">Liada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libum" title="Libum">Libum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyssa" title="Libyssa">Libyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)" title="Limnae (Thrace)">Limnae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)" title="Linus (Mysia)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupadium" title="Lupadium">Lupadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Lygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantineion" title="Mantineion">Mantineion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpessos" title="Marpessos">Marpessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletopolis" title="Miletopolis">Miletopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocasura" title="Mocasura">Mocasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochadion" title="Mochadion">Mochadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)" title="Modra (Bithynia)">Modra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morzapena" title="Morzapena">Morzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynea" title="Mossynea">Mossynea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukaporis" title="Moukaporis">Moukaporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrileion" title="Myrileion">Myrileion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)" title="Narco (Thrace)">Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassete" title="Nassete">Nassete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausikleia" title="Nausikleia">Nausikleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausimachion" title="Nausimachion">Nausimachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neandreia" title="Neandreia">Neandreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)" title="Neapolis (Bosphorus)">Neapolis on the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)">Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)" title="Neonteichos (Thrace)">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)" title="Nerola (Bithynia)">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)" title="Oka (Bithynia)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontoraita" title="Ontoraita">Ontoraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophryneion" title="Ophryneion">Ophryneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Orestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orni" title="Orni">Orni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostreodes" title="Ostreodes">Ostreodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)" title="Paeon (Thrace)">Paeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palodes" title="Palodes">Palodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panion" title="Panion">Panion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantichium" title="Pantichium">Pantichium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolos" title="Parabolos">Parabolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)" title="Paulines (Thrace)">Paulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Pegae in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)" title="Pegae (Thrace)">Pegae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pege" title="Pege">Pege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentephyle" title="Pentephyle">Pentephyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percote" title="Percote">Percote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericharaxis" title="Pericharaxis">Pericharaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozetoi" title="Petrozetoi">Petrozetoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakia" title="Pharmakia">Pharmakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidalia_Petra" title="Phidalia Petra">Phidalia Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiela" title="Phiela">Phiela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)" title="Philia (Thrace)">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)" title="Phosphorus (Thrace)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)" title="Pionia (Mysia)">Pionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitheci_Portus" title="Pitheci Portus">Pitheci Portus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploketta" title="Ploketta">Ploketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemanenum" title="Poemanenum">Poemanenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleatikon" title="Poleatikon">Poleatikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymedium" title="Polymedium">Polymedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)" title="Potamoi (Bithynia)">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamonion" title="Potamonion">Potamonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenetus" title="Praenetus">Praenetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratomysia" title="Pratomysia">Pratomysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepa" title="Prepa">Prepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prindea" title="Prindea">Prindea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proochthoi" title="Proochthoi">Proochthoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)" title="Prusa (Bithynia)">Prusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psarela" title="Psarela">Psarela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)" title="Psyllium (Bithynia)">Psyllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon" title="Pyrrhias Cyon">Pyrrhias Cyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheion" title="Pytheion">Pytheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhebas" title="Rhebas">Rhebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)" title="Rhegion (Thrace)">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesion" title="Rhesion">Rhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouphinianai" title="Rouphinianai">Rouphinianai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmydessus" title="Salmydessus">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarus" title="Sangarus">Sangarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandria" title="Scamandria">Scamandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrus" title="Scamandrus">Scamandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)" title="Scylla (Thrace)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrion_Teichos" title="Serrion Teichos">Serrion Teichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkanos" title="Sirkanos">Sirkanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smintheion" title="Smintheion">Smintheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)" title="Soka (Bithynia)">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)" title="Strobilos (Bithynia)">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllanta" title="Syllanta">Syllanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpodizo" title="Tarpodizo">Tarpodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaios" title="Tattaios">Tattaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenba" title="Tenba">Tenba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbos" title="Terbos">Terbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesderamoska" title="Tesderamoska">Tesderamoska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakomia" title="Tetrakomia">Tetrakomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaso" title="Tipaso">Tipaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragasai" title="Tragasai">Tragasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traron" title="Traron">Traron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)" title="Tricomia (Bithynia)">Tricomia in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrodiza" title="Tyrodiza">Tyrodiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Tzurulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urisio" title="Urisio">Urisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsurgae" title="Utsurgae">Utsurgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeleia" title="Zeleia">Zeleia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalissus" title="Acalissus">Acalissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarassus" title="Acarassus">Acarassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)" title="Adada (Pisidia)">Adada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabolu" title="Balabolu">Adrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Cilicia)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)" title="Agrae (Pisidia)">Agrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)" title="Anabura (Pisidia)">Anabura in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchiale" title="Anchiale">Anchiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andeda" title="Andeda">Andeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriaca">Andriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemurium" title="Anemurium">Anemurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_Kotradis" title="Ano Kotradis">Ano Kotradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)" title="Antigonia (Syria)">Antigonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch on the Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis" title="Antiochia Lamotis">Antiochia Lamotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum" title="Antiochia ad Cragum">Antioch on the Cragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum" title="Antiochia ad Pyramum">Antioch on the Pyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)" title="Aphrodisias (Cilicia)">Aphrodisias of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araxa" title="Araxa">Araxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariassus" title="Ariassus">Ariassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)" title="Arima (Cilicia)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnabanda" title="Arnabanda">Arnabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneae" title="Arneae">Arneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsada" title="Arsada">Arsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)" title="Arsinoe (Cilicia)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanada" title="Artanada">Artanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augai" title="Augai">Augai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)" title="Augusta (Cilicia)">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)" title="Aulae (Cilicia)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunesis" title="Aunesis">Aunesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)" title="Baris (Pisidia)">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindaios" title="Bindaios">Bindaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabassus" title="Cabassus">Cabassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callimache" title="Callimache">Callimache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calynda" title="Calynda">Calynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)" title="Carallia (Pamphylia)">Carallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Casae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretapa" title="Ceretapa">Ceretapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestrus" title="Cestrus">Cestrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadrus" title="Charadrus">Charadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)" title="Choma (Lycia)">Choma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Claudiopolis (Cilicia)">Claudiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colybrassus" title="Colybrassus">Colybrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comama" title="Comama">Comama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)" title="Comba (Lycia)">Comba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conana" title="Conana">Conana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycium_Antrum" title="Corycium Antrum">Corycium Antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus (Kızkalesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydala" title="Corydala">Corydala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretopolis" title="Cretopolis">Cretopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crya" title="Crya">Crya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedala_(city)" title="Daedala (city)">Daedala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)" title="Dalisandus (Isauria)">Dalisandus in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia" title="Dalisandus in Pamphylia">Dalisandus in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasei" title="Damasei">Damasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)" title="Diocaesarea (Isauria)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domuztepe" title="Domuztepe">Domuztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Elaiussa Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbessos" title="Elbessos">Elbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirzeli" title="Emirzeli">Emirzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)" title="Epiphania (Cilicia)">Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymna" title="Erymna">Erymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenna" title="Etenna">Etenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)" title="Eudocia (Lycia)">Eudocia (Lycia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)" title="Eudocias (Pamphylia)">Eudocias (Pamphylia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Flaviopolis (Cilicia)">Flaviopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Pisidia)">Hadrianopolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)" title="Halae (Cilicia)">Halae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)" title="Hamaxia (town)">Hamaxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria" title="Hierapolis in Isauria">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippucome" title="Hippucome">Hippucome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyia" title="Hyia">Hyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyros" title="Idyros">Idyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotape" title="Iotape">Iotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Irenopolis (Cilicia)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Nea" title="Isaura Nea">Isaura Nea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Palaea" title="Isaura Palaea">Isaura Palaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isba" title="Isba">Isba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)" title="Isinda (Pisidia)">Isinda in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)" title="Issus (Cilicia)">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istlada" title="Istlada">Istlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliosebaste" title="Juliosebaste">Juliosebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanthia" title="Kalanthia">Kalanthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalelibelen" title="Kalelibelen">Kalelibelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyba" title="Kandyba">Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanytelis" title="Kanytelis">Kanytelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1" title="Karakabaklı">Karakabaklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkabo" title="Karkabo">Karkabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastellon" title="Kastellon">Kastellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendema" title="Kendema">Kendema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)" title="Keraia (Pisidia)">Keraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiphisos" title="Kiphisos">Kiphisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkota" title="Kirkota">Kirkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanaura" title="Kitanaura">Kitanaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodroula" title="Kodroula">Kodroula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbasa" title="Kolbasa">Kolbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasion" title="Korasion">Korasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)" title="Korma (Lycia)">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynosarion" title="Kynosarion">Kynosarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)" title="Laertes (Cilicia)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagbe" title="Lagbe">Lagbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)" title="Lamos (Cilicia)">Lamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Lebessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legeita" title="Legeita">Legeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)" title="Limnae (Pamphylia)">Limnae in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia" title="Limnae in Pisidia">Limnae in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)" title="Lissa (Lycia)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycae" title="Lycae">Lycae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrbe" title="Lyrbe">Lyrbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysinia" title="Lysinia">Lysinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magastara" title="Magastara">Magastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magydus" title="Magydus">Magydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)" title="Malus (Pisidia)">Malus in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampsoukrenai" title="Mampsoukrenai">Mampsoukrenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)" title="Manava (Pamphylia)">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)" title="Mandane (Cilicia)">Mandane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)" title="Marciana (Lycia)">Marciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)" title="Marmara (Lycia)">Marmara</a> (Mnara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)" title="Mastaura (Lycia)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)" title="Meloë (Lycia)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)" title="Melanippe (Lycia)">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriana" title="Meriana">Meriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezgitkale" title="Mezgitkale">Mezgitkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moatra" title="Moatra">Moatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morka" title="Morka">Morka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_Hydor" title="Moron Hydor">Moron Hydor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moumoustra" title="Moumoustra">Moumoustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)" title="Mylae (Cilicia)">Mylae</a></li> <li>Mylios</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauloi" title="Nauloi">Nauloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)" title="Neapolis (Pisidia)">Neapolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelis" title="Nephelis">Nephelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)" title="Nisa (Lycia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octapolis" title="Octapolis">Octapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)" title="Olbasa (Pisidia)">Olbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)" title="Olbia (Pamphylia)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="Öküzlü">Öküzlü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobara" title="Onobara">Onobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokenda" title="Orokenda">Orokenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanada" title="Otanada">Otanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouerbe" title="Ouerbe">Ouerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padyandus" title="Padyandus">Padyandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia" title="Palaeopolis in Pamphylia">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panemotichus" title="Panemotichus">Panemotichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)" title="Panhormus (Cilicia)">Panhormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargais" title="Pargais">Pargais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlais" title="Parlais">Parlais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perminounda" title="Perminounda">Perminounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)" title="Philadelphia (Cilicia)">Philadelphia in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaea" title="Philaea">Philaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)" title="Phoenicus (Lycia)">Phoenicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (Lycia)">Phoenix in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisarissos" title="Pisarissos">Pisarissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisurgia" title="Pisurgia">Pisurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoma" title="Placoma">Placoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)" title="Platanus (Cilicia)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogla" title="Pogla">Pogla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanna" title="Prostanna">Prostanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudokorasion" title="Pseudokorasion">Pseudokorasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)" title="Ptolemais (Pamphylia)">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoscopus" title="Rhoscopus">Rhoscopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rygmanoi" title="Rygmanoi">Rygmanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabandus" title="Sabandus">Sabandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalium" title="Sandalium">Sandalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraganda" title="Saraganda">Saraganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebeda" title="Sebeda">Sebeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)" title="Seleucia (Pamphylia)">Seleucia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera" title="Seleucia Sidera">Seleucia Sidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroiata" title="Seroiata">Seroiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)" title="Sia (Pisidia)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidounda" title="Sibidounda">Sibidounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyla" title="Sibyla">Sibyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)" title="Siderus (Lycia)">Siderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)" title="Sinda (Pisidia)">Sinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siricae" title="Siricae">Siricae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solyma" title="Solyma">Solyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Sozopolis (Pisidia)">Sozopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)" title="Sura (Lycia)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syca" title="Syca">Syca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedra" title="Syedra">Syedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takina" title="Takina">Takina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapureli_ruins" title="Tapureli ruins">Tapureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardequeia" title="Tardequeia">Tardequeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teimiussa" title="Teimiussa">Teimiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)" title="Telmessos (Caria)">Telmessos (Caria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)" title="Tenedos (Pamphylia)">Tenedos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Cappadocia)">Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Pamphylia)">Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiopolis" title="Titiopolis">Titiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityassus" title="Tityassus">Tityassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriaeum" title="Toriaeum">Toriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragalassus" title="Tragalassus">Tragalassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebendae" title="Trebendae">Trebendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysa" title="Trysa">Trysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyberissus" title="Tyberissus">Tyberissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyinda" title="Tyinda">Tyinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymandus" title="Tymandus">Tymandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynada" title="Tynada">Tynada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typallia" title="Typallia">Typallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan" title="Yanıkhan">Yanıkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Zenopolis (Isauria)">Zenopolis in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)" title="Zenopolis (Lycia)">Zenopolis in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus" title="Zephyrium on the Calycadnus">Zephyrium on the Calycadnus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern<br />Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum" title="Antiochia ad Taurum">Antioch in the Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)" title="Constantia (Osrhoene)">Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea on the Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcathiocerta" title="Carcathiocerta">Carcathiocerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabanas" title="Dabanas">Dabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Dülük">Doliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Khashshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiate" title="Matiate">Matiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Nicopolis (Cilicia)">Nicopolis in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Sakçagözü">Sakçagözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareisa" title="Sareisa">Sareisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Seleucia at the Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)" title="Sitai (Mesopotamia)">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Tille Höyük">Tille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urima" title="Urima">Urima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi Antique City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Ancient City of Sardis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Ancient City of Stratonikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Archaeological Site of Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Archaeological site of Laodikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Archaeological Site of Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">The Bodrum Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgi" title="Birgi">Historic Town of Birgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">The Historical Port City of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mausoleum_of_Hecatomnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mausoleum of Hecatomnus (page does not exist)">Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%A7in" title="Beçin">Medieval City of Beçin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niksar" title="Niksar">Early Period of Anatolian Turkish Heritage: Niksar, The Capital of Danishmend Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudurnu" title="Mudurnu">Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_Delta" title="Kızılırmak Delta">Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Har%C5%9Fena" title="Mount Harşena">Mount Harşena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_kings_of_Pontus" title="Tombs of the kings of Pontus">Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%C4%B1ca_Cave" title="Ballıca Cave">Nature Park of Ballıca Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma" title="Basilica Therma">Basilica Therma (Sarıkaya Roma Hamamı)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram_Mosque" title="Hacı Bayram Mosque">Haci Bayram Mosque and its Surrounding Area (the Haci Bayram District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haci Bektas Veli Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Historic Town of Beypazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Historical Monuments of Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0vriz_relief" title="İvriz relief">Ivriz Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koramaz_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koramaz Valley (page does not exist)">Koramaz Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz" title="Lake Tuz">Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunpazar%C4%B1" title="Odunpazarı">Odunpazari Historical Urban Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahi_Evren" title="Tomb of Ahi Evren">Tomb of Ahi Evran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aghtamar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar">Akdamar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshab-%C4%B1_Kehf_Kulliye" title="Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye">Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye (Islamic-Ottoman Social Complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Historic City of Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemaliye" title="Kemaliye">Historic Town of Kemaliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tombstones_of_Ahlat_the_Urartian_and_Ottoman_citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel">The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Tushpa/Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">The Bridge of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Bridge" title="Uzunköprü Bridge">The Bridge of Uzunköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Çanakkale (Dardanelles)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_Site" title="Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site">Gelibolu (Gallipoli)</a> Battles Zones in the First World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_Bayezid_II" title="Complex of Sultan Bayezid II">Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alahan_Monastery" title="Alahan Monastery">Alahan Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Cities_of_Lycian_Civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization (page does not exist)">Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Ancient City of Anazarbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Ancient City of Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Ancient city of Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Ancient City of Korykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Archaeological Site of Perge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Archaeological Site of Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflatun_P%C4%B1nar" title="Eflatun Pınar">Eflatun Pinar: The Hittite Spring Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_G%C3%BCll%C3%BCk-Termessos_National_Park" title="Mount Güllük-Termessos National Park">Güllük Dagi National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" title="Church of Saint Peter">Hatay, St. Pierre Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karain_Cave" title="Karain Cave">Karain Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekova" title="Kekova">Kekova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Tarsus" title="Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus">St.Paul Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Well" title="Saint Paul's Well">Saint Paul's Well</a> and surrounding historic quarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasianus_Titus_Tunnel" title="Vespasianus Titus Tunnel">Vespasianus Titus Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesemek_Quarry_and_Sculpture_Workshop" title="Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop">Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yivli_Minaret_Mosque" title="Yivli Minaret Mosque">Yivli Minaret Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Archeological Site of Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smail_Fakirullah_Tomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmail Fakirullah Tomb (page does not exist)">Ismail Fakirullah Tomb and its Light Refraction Mechanism</a></li> <li>Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (<a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabadi_Bridge" title="Malabadi Bridge">The Malabadi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livas%27_and_kastels_in_Gaziantep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livas' and kastels in Gaziantep (page does not exist)">The Underground Water Structures in Gaziantep; Livas' and Kastels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerzevan_Castle" title="Zerzevan Castle">Zerzevan Castle and Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeynel_Abidin_Mosque_Complex" title="Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex">Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis">Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruciye_Medrese" title="Buruciye Medrese">Buruciye Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacabey_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacabey Medrese (page does not exist)">Cacabey Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ifte_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çifte Medrese (page does not exist)">Çifte Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese,_Erzurum" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese, Erzurum">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Erzurum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese,_Sivas" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese, Sivas">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Sivas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_(Sivas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gök Medrese (Sivas)">Gök Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince_Minaret_Madrasa" title="Ince Minaret Madrasa">Ince Minaret Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatay_Madrasa" title="Karatay Madrasa">Karatay Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabiye_Madrasa" title="Sahabiye Madrasa">Sahabiye Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutiye_Madrasa" title="Yakutiye Madrasa">Yakutiye Madrasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountainous_Phrygia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountainous Phrygia (page does not exist)">Mountainous Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Caravanserais_on_the_route_from_Denizli_to_Dogubeyazit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit">Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit</a></li> <li>Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akoca_Castle" title="Akçakoca Castle">Akçakoca Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amasra Castle">Amasra Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Castle" title="Çandarlı Castle">Çandarlı Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Castle" title="Çeşme Castle">Çeşme Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C3%A7a_Castle" title="Foça Castle">Foça Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvercinada" title="Güvercinada">Güvercinada Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Fortress" title="Sinop Fortress">Sinop Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle" title="Yoros Castle">Yoros Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata692" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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