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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purposes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suction_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suction_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Suction dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suction_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trailing_suction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trailing_suction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Trailing suction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trailing_suction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutter-suction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutter-suction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cutter-suction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutter-suction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auger_suction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auger_suction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Auger suction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auger_suction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jet-lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jet-lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Jet-lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jet-lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Air-lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mechanical dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bucket_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bucket_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bucket dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bucket_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grab_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grab_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Grab dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grab_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backhoe/dipper_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backhoe/dipper_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Backhoe/dipper dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backhoe/dipper_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bed_leveler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bed_leveler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Bed leveler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bed_leveler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krabbelaar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krabbelaar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Krabbelaar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krabbelaar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_injection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_injection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Water injection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_injection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snagboat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snagboat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Snagboat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snagboat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Amphibious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submersible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submersible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Submersible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submersible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individual_dredgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individual_dredgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Notable individual dredgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individual_dredgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dredge_monitoring_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dredge_monitoring_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dredge monitoring software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dredge_monitoring_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_and_disposal_of_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_and_disposal_of_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation and disposal of materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_and_disposal_of_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_dredging_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_dredging_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major dredging companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_dredging_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dredging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggerwerk" title="Baggerwerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baggerwerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81" title="تجريف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجريف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%A1u" title="Dragáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dragáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ড্রেজিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রেজিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80" title="तरछी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तरछी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragatge" title="Dragatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dragatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opmudring" title="Opmudring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opmudring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggerschiff" title="Baggerschiff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baggerschiff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCvendamine" title="Süvendamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süvendamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragado" title="Dragado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dragado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragado" title="Dragado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dragado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لایروبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایروبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragage" title="Dragage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dragage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EC%84%A4" title="준설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="준설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="निष्कर्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निष्कर्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaru%C5%BEanje" title="Jaružanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jaružanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerukan" title="Pengerukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengerukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragaggio" title="Dragaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dragaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="אוניית מחפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניית מחפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagars" title="Bagars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bagars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC" title="ഡ്രഡ്ജർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രഡ്ജർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သောင်ဖျက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောင်ဖျက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggeren" title="Baggeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baggeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9A%E6%B8%AB" title="浚渫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="浚渫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudring" title="Mudring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mudring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudring" title="Mudring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mudring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrowanie" title="Bagrowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bagrowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragare" title="Dragare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dragare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Excavation of sediment, usually under water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Dredge" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dredge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dredge (disambiguation)">Dredge (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Dredgers" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dreggers" title="Dreggers">Dreggers</a>.</span> <span>"Dragger" redirects here. For the fishing boat, see <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Fishing trawler</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dredge_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Dredge_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dredge_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Dredge_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dredge_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Dredge_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="2939" /></a><figcaption>A grab dredge</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dredging</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">excavation</a> of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing <a href="/wiki/Water_feature" title="Water feature">water features</a>; reshaping land and water features to alter <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigability</a>, and commercial use; constructing <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dikes</a>, and other controls for streams and shorelines; and recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value. In all but a few situations the excavation is undertaken by a specialist floating <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy machinery">plant</a>, known as a dredger. </p><p>Usually the main objectives of dredging is to recover material of value, or to create a greater depth of water.<sup id="cite_ref-About_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dredging systems can either be shore-based, brought to a location based on <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>, or built into purpose-built vessels. </p><p>Dredging can have environmental impacts: it can disturb <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">marine sediments</a>, leading to both short- and long-term <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, damage or destroy <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">seabed ecosystems</a>, and can release <a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">legacy human-sourced toxins</a> captured in the sediment. These environmental impacts can reduce marine wildlife populations in some cases, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour,_Estonia_(2023_April).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg/220px-Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg/330px-Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg/440px-Excavator_dredger_in_Neeme_harbour%2C_Estonia_%282023_April%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3719" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>Excavator dredger in Neeme harbour, Estonia (April 2023)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dredging is <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">excavation</a> carried out underwater or partially underwater, in shallow waters or <a href="/wiki/Ocean_dredging" title="Ocean dredging">ocean waters</a>. It keeps waterways and ports navigable, and assists coastal protection, land reclamation and coastal redevelopment, by gathering up bottom <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> and transporting it elsewhere. Dredging can be done to recover materials of commercial value; these may be high value minerals or sediments such as sand and gravel that are used by the construction industry.<sup id="cite_ref-rabobank_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabobank-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dredging is a four-part process: loosening the material, bringing the material to the surface (together extraction), transportation and disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-About_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extract can be disposed of locally or transported by barge or in a liquid suspension in pipelines. Disposal can be to infill sites, or the material can be used constructively to replenish eroded sand that has been lost to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, or constructively create sea-walls, building land<sup id="cite_ref-About_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">whole new landforms</a> such as viable islands in <a href="/wiki/Coral_atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral atoll">coral atolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TianKunHao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TianKunHao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient authors refer to harbour dredging. The seven arms of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> were channelled and wharfs built at the time of the pyramids (4000 BC), there was extensive harbour building in the eastern Mediterranean from 1000 BC and the disturbed sediment layers gives evidence of dredging. At <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, dredging phases are recorded from the third century BC onwards, the most extensive during the first century AD. The remains of three dredging boats have been unearthed; they were abandoned at the bottom of the harbour during the first and second centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-MMC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers" title="Banū Mūsā brothers">Banu Musa brothers during</a> the Muslim Golden Age in while working at the Bayt-Al-Hikmah (house of wisdom) in Baghdad, designed an original invention in their book named ‘<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">Book of Ingenious Devices</a>’, a grab machine that does not appear in any earlier Greek works. The grab they described was used to extract objects from underwater, and recover objects from the beds of streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill-21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the renaissance <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> drew a design for a drag dredger. </p><p>Dredging machines have been used during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal</a> from the late 1800s to present day expansions and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> in 1914, the most expensive U.S. engineering project at the time, relied extensively on dredging.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/220px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/330px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/440px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the mud-drag by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (<i>Manuscript E, folio 75 v.</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/220px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/330px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/440px-Draga_cavafango_Leonardo_2_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the mud-drag </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Capital dredging</b>: dredging carried out to create a new <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berth_(moorings)" title="Berth (moorings)">berth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a>, or to deepen existing facilities in order to allow larger ships access. Because capital works usually involve hard material or high-volume works, the work is usually done using a cutter suction dredge or large trailing suction hopper dredge; but for rock works, drilling and blasting along with mechanical excavation may be used.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></b>: dredging to mine sand, clay or rock from the seabed and using it to construct new land elsewhere. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge. The material may also be used for <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> control.</li> <li><b>Maintenance</b>: dredging to deepen or maintain navigable <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> or <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> which are threatened to become silted with the passage of time, due to <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sedimented</a> sand and mud, possibly making them too shallow for navigation. This is often carried out with a trailing suction hopper dredge. Most dredging is for this purpose, and it may also be done to maintain the holding capacity of <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> or lakes.</li> <li><b>Harvesting materials</b>: dredging <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> for elements like <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> or other valuable trace substances. Hobbyists examine their dredged matter to pick out items of potential value, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Coin_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin shooting">hobby of metal detecting</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing dredger">Fishing dredging</a></b> is a technique for catching certain species of edible <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>. In Louisiana and other American states, with salt water estuaries that can sustain bottom <a href="/wiki/Oyster_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster bed">oyster beds</a>, oysters are raised and harvested. A heavy rectangular metal scoop is towed astern of a moving boat with a chain bridle attached to a cable. This drags along the bottom scooping up oysters. It is periodically winched aboard and the catch is sorted and bagged for shipment.<sup id="cite_ref-reasons_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reasons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Preparatory</b>: dredging work and excavation for future <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">docks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharves</a>, This is often to build the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">foundations</a>.</li> <li><b>Winning construction materials</b>: dredging sand and gravels from offshore licensed areas for use in construction industry, principally for use in concrete. This very specialist industry is focused in NW Europe, it uses specialized trailing suction hopper dredgers self discharging the dry cargo ashore. Land based old river beddings can be processed in this manner too.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Contaminant</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">remediation</a></b>: to reclaim areas affected by chemical spills, storm water surges (with <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>), and other soil contaminations, including silt from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> and from decayed matter, like wilted plants. Disposal becomes a proportionally large factor in these operations.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flood_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood prevention">Flood prevention</a></b>: dredging increases the channel depth and therefore increase a channel's capacity for carrying water.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a></b>: this is mining sand offshore and placing on a beach to replace sand eroded by storms or wave action. This enhances the recreational and protective function of the beach, which are also eroded by human activity. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peat_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat extraction">Peat extraction</a></b>: <i>dredging poles</i> or <i>dredge hauls</i> were used on the back of small boats to manually dredge the beds of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Moorland#Heather_moorland" title="Moorland">moor</a> waterways. The extracted peat was used as a fuel. This tradition is now more or less obsolete. The tools are now significantly changed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Removing rubbish and debris</b>: often done in combination with maintenance dredging, this process removes non-natural matter from the bottoms of rivers and canals and harbours. <span class="anchor" id="Police_drag"></span>Law enforcement agencies sometimes need to use a 'drag' to recover evidence or corpses from beneath the water.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Anti-eutrophication</a></b>: A kind of contaminant remediation, dredging is an expensive option for the remediation of eutrophied (or de-oxygenated) water bodies; one of the causes is like mentioned above, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>. However, as artificially elevated phosphorus levels in the sediment aggravate the eutrophication process, controlled sediment removal is occasionally the only option for the reclamation of still waters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Seabed mining</a></b>: is a possible future use, recovering natural metal <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> nodules from the sea's <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">deepest troughs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reasons_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reasons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suction_dredgers">Suction dredgers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Suction dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D,_g%C5%82owica,_Wis%C5%82a,_Saska_K%C4%99pa,_Warszawa_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg/220px-Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg/330px-Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg/440px-Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dredge_drag_head" title="Dredge drag head">dredge drag head</a> of a suction dredge <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw, Poland">Warsaw, Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I,_III_%26_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg/220px-2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg/330px-2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg/440px-2022-10-06_01_Dredger_PROVINCIA_DE_EL_ORO_NO_I%2C_III_%26_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6012" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cutter-suction dredger, <i>Provincia de el Oro No 1</i>, in Puerto Bolivar, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geopotes_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geopotes_14.jpg/220px-Geopotes_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geopotes_14.jpg/330px-Geopotes_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geopotes_14.jpg/440px-Geopotes_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Geopotes 14</i> lifting its boom on a canal in The Netherlands. (<i>gēopotēs</i> is Greek for "that which drinks earth")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dredge boat 'Dredge-King'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg/220px-Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg/330px-Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg/440px-Berky_Dredge_King_Typ_6780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>After collecting, the material can be transported to the shore via tube</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For suction-type excavation out of water, see <a href="/wiki/Suction_excavator" title="Suction excavator">Suction excavator</a>.</div> <p>These operate by sucking through a long tube like some <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaners</a> but on a larger scale. </p><p>A plain suction dredger has no tool at the end of the suction pipe to disturb the material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trailing_suction">Trailing suction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trailing suction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) trails its suction pipe when working. The pipe, which is fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Dredge_drag_head" title="Dredge drag head">dredge drag head</a>, loads the dredge spoil into one or more hoppers in the vessel. When the hoppers are full, the TSHD sails to a disposal area and either dumps the material through doors in the hull or pumps the material out of the hoppers. Some dredges also self-offload using drag buckets and conveyors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the largest trailing suction hopper dredgers in the world were <a href="/wiki/Jan_De_Nul" title="Jan De Nul">Jan De Nul</a>'s <i>Cristobal Colon</i> (launched 4 July 2008<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and her sister ship <i>Leiv Eriksson</i> (launched 4 September 2009<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Main design specifications for the <i>Cristobal Colon</i> and the <i> Leiv Eriksson</i> are: 46,000 cubic metre hopper and a design dredging depth of 155 m.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next largest is <i>HAM 318</i> (<a href="/wiki/Van_Oord" title="Van Oord">Van Oord</a>) with its 37,293 cubic metre hopper and a maximum dredging depth of 101 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cutter-suction">Cutter-suction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cutter-suction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cutter-suction dredger's (CSD) suction tube has a cutting mechanism at the suction inlet. The cutting mechanism loosens the bed material and transports it to the suction mouth. The dredged material is usually sucked up by a wear-resistant centrifugal pump and discharged either through a pipe line or to a barge. Cutter-suction dredgers are most often used in geological areas consisting of hard surface materials (for example gravel deposits or surface bedrock) where a standard suction dredger would be ineffective. They can, if sufficiently powerful, be used instead of underwater blasting.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, the most powerful cutter-suction dredger in the world is <a href="/wiki/DEME" title="DEME">DEME</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(ship)" title="Spartacus (ship)"><i>Spartacus</i></a>, which entered service in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auger_suction">Auger suction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Auger suction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>auger dredge system</b> functions like a cutter suction dredger, but the cutting tool is a rotating <a href="/wiki/Archimedean_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimedean screw">Archimedean screw</a> set at right angles to the suction pipe. Mud Cat invented the auger dredge in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jet-lift">Jet-lift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jet-lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These use the <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a> of a concentrated high-speed stream of water to pull the nearby water, together with bed material, into a pipe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-lift">Air-lift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air-lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">airlift</a> is a type of small suction dredge. It is sometimes used like other dredges. At other times, an airlift is handheld underwater by a <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR4672_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR4672-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by blowing air into the pipe, and that air, being lighter than water, rises inside the pipe, dragging water with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_dredgers">Mechanical dredgers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanical dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredging_technique_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dredging_technique_schematic.png/220px-Dredging_technique_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dredging_technique_schematic.png/330px-Dredging_technique_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dredging_technique_schematic.png/440px-Dredging_technique_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Bucket dredging</figcaption></figure> <p>Some bucket dredgers and grab dredgers are powerful enough to rip out coral to make a shipping channel through <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-mechanical_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanical-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg/220px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg/330px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg/440px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016474_Baggervaartuig_Hollandsch_Diep_4..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4947" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption>Old Dutch bucket dredging vessel <i>Hollandsch Diep 4</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bucket_dredgers">Bucket dredgers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bucket dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bucket_(machine_part)" title="Bucket (machine part)">bucket</a> dredger is equipped with a bucket dredge, which is a device that picks up <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> by mechanical means, often with many circulating buckets attached to a wheel or <a href="/wiki/Bucket_chain_excavator" title="Bucket chain excavator">chain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mechanical_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanical-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grab_dredgers">Grab dredgers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grab dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/220px--Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="143" data-mwtitle="Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_(05880).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_(05880).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm/Dredging_the_Gowanus_Canal_%2805880%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grab_(tool)" title="Grab (tool)">grab</a> dredger working in the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Canal" title="Gowanus Canal">Gowanus Canal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York City">Brooklyn, New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Grab_(tool)" title="Grab (tool)">grab</a> dredger picks up seabed material with a <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamshell bucket">clam shell bucket</a>, which hangs from an onboard crane or a <a href="/wiki/Crane_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane barge">crane barge</a>, or is carried by a hydraulic arm, or is mounted like on a <a href="/wiki/Dragline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragline">dragline</a>. This technique is often used in excavation of <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>. Most of these dredges are crane barges with <b>spuds</b>, steel piles that can be lowered and raised to position the dredge.<sup id="cite_ref-mechanical_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanical-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Backhoe/dipper_dredgers"><span id="Backhoe.2Fdipper_dredgers"></span>Backhoe/dipper dredgers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Backhoe/dipper dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A backhoe/dipper dredger has a <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoe</a> like on some <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavators</a>. A crude but usable backhoe dredger can be made by mounting a land-type backhoe excavator on a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoon</a>. The six largest backhoe dredgers in the world are currently the Vitruvius, the Mimar Sinan, Postnik Yakovlev (Jan De Nul), the Samson (DEME), the Simson and the Goliath (Van Oord).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They featured <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>-mounted excavators. Small backhoe dredgers can be track-mounted and work from the bank of ditches. A backhoe dredger is equipped with a half-open shell. The shell is filled moving towards the machine. Usually dredged material is loaded in barges. This machine is mainly used in harbours and other shallow water.<sup id="cite_ref-mechanical_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanical-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Excavator dredge attachments</b> </p><p>The excavator dredge attachment uses the characteristics of cutter-suction dredgers, consisting of cutter heads and a suction pump for transferring material. These hydraulic attachments mount onto the boom arm of an excavator allowing an operator to maneuver the attachment along the shoreline and in shallow water for dredging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bed_leveler">Bed leveler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bed leveler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg/220px-Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg/330px-Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg/440px-Bertha_being_demonstrated_on_the_Exeter_Canal_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1055804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Steam dredger <i><a href="/wiki/Bertha_(drag_boat)" title="Bertha (drag boat)">Bertha</a></i>, built 1844, on a demonstration run in 1982</figcaption></figure><p> This is a bar or blade which is pulled over the seabed behind any suitable ship or boat. It has an effect similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozer</a> on land. The chain-operated steam dredger <i><a href="/wiki/Bertha_(drag_boat)" title="Bertha (drag boat)">Bertha</a></i>, built in 1844 to a design by <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Brunel</a> and as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was the oldest operational steam vessel in Britain, was of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krabbelaar">Krabbelaar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Krabbelaar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an early type of dredger which was formerly used in shallow water in the Netherlands. It was a flat-bottomed boat with spikes sticking out of its bottom. As tide current pulled the boat, the spikes scraped seabed material loose, and the tide current washed the material away, hopefully to deeper water. <i>Krabbelaar</i> is the Dutch word for "scratcher".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_injection">Water injection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water injection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A water injection dredger uses a small jet to inject water under low pressure (to prevent the sediment from exploding into the surrounding waters) into the seabed to bring the sediment in suspension, which then becomes a <a href="/wiki/Turbidity_current" title="Turbidity current">turbidity current</a>, which flows away down slope, is moved by a second burst of water from the WID or is carried away in natural currents. Water injection results in a lot of sediment in the water which makes measurement with most hydrographic equipment (for instance: singlebeam echosounders) difficult. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dredge_valve" title="Dredge valve">Dredge valve</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These dredgers use a chamber with inlets, out of which the water is pumped with the inlets closed. It is usually suspended from a crane on land or from a small pontoon or barge. Its effectiveness depends on depth pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Snagboat">Snagboat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Snagboat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">snagboat</a> is designed to remove big debris such as dead trees and parts of trees from North America waterways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibious">Amphibious</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Amphibious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of these are any of the above types of dredger, which can operate normally, or by extending legs, also known as spuds, so it stands on the seabed with its hull out of the water. Some forms can go on land. </p><p>Some of these are land-type backhoe excavators whose wheels are on long hinged legs so it can drive into shallow water and keep its cab out of water. Some of these may not have a floatable hull and, if so, cannot work in deep water. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a> (1755–1819) in 1804 invented the Oruktor Amphibolos, an amphibious dredger which was America's first steam-powered road vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Submersible">Submersible</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Submersible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are usually used to recover useful materials from the seabed. Many of them travel on <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous track</a>. A unique variant<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is intended to walk on legs on the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fishing">Fishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Fishing dredge</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg/220px-Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg/330px-Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg/440px-Dedge_haul_including_live_clams_and_empty_shells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>Dredge haul including live clams and empty shells</figcaption></figure> <p>Fishing dredges are used to collect various species of <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> from the seabed. Some dredges are also designed to catch crabs, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and conch. These dredges have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh, and are towed by a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing boat">fishing boat</a>. Clam-specific dredges can utilize hydraulic injection to target deeper into the sand.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dredging can be destructive to the seabed and some scallop dredging has been replaced by collecting via <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPUMS1991_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPUMS1991-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_individual_dredgers">Notable individual dredgers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable individual dredgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Dredgers" title="Category:Dredgers">Category:Dredgers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG/220px-Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG/330px-Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG/440px-Dredger_near_the_Dumbarton_Bridge_in_California.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mallard_II" title="Mallard II">Mallard II</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Bridge_(California)" title="Dumbarton Bridge (California)">Dumbarton Bridge</a> in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>As of June 2018, the largest dredger in Asia is <a href="/wiki/MV_Tian_Kun_Hao" title="MV Tian Kun Hao">MV <i>Tian Kun Hao</i></a>, a 140-metre (460 ft) long dredger constructed in China, with a capacity of 6,000 cubic metres per hour (59,000 cu ft/ks).<sup id="cite_ref-xin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even larger dredger, retired in 1980, was the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers <a href="/wiki/USAV_Essayons_(1949_ship)" title="USAV Essayons (1949 ship)"><i>Essayons</i></a>, which was 525.17 feet (160.07 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mallard_II" title="Mallard II"><i>Mallard II</i></a>, a clamshell dredger that maintains <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, has operated continuously since being built in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-bcdc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcdc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dredge_monitoring_software">Dredge monitoring software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dredge monitoring software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dredgers are often equipped with dredge monitoring software to help the dredge operator position the dredger and monitor the current dredge level. The monitoring software often uses <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Kinematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Kinematic">Real Time Kinematic</a> satellite navigation to accurately record where the machine has been operating and to what depth the machine has dredged to.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation_and_disposal_of_materials">Transportation and disposal of materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transportation and disposal of materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Laval_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg/330px-Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg/440px-Daniel_Laval_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption>French hopper dredger <i>Daniel Laval</i> at work on the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> estuary (2018)</figcaption></figure> <p>In a "hopper dredger", the dredged materials end up in a large onboard hold called a "hopper." A suction hopper dredger is usually used for maintenance dredging. A hopper dredge usually has doors in its bottom to empty the dredged materials, but some dredges empty their hoppers by splitting the two-halves of their hulls on large hydraulic hinges. Either way, as the vessel dredges, excess water in the dredged materials is spilled off as the heavier solids settle to the bottom of the hopper. This excess water is returned to the sea to reduce weight and increase the amount of solid material (or slurry) that can be carried in one load. When the hopper is filled with <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>, the dredger stops dredging and goes to a dump site and empties its hopper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some hopper dredges are designed so they can also be emptied from above using pumps if dump sites are unavailable or if the dredge material is contaminated. Sometimes the slurry of dredgings and water is pumped straight into pipes which deposit it on nearby land. These pipes are also commonly known as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://max-groups.com/products/discharge-dredging-dredge-hose/">dredge hoses</a>, too. There are a few different types of dredge hoses that differ in terms of working pressure, float-ability, armored or not etc. Suction hoses, discharge armored hoses and self-floating hoses are some of the popular types engineered for transporting and discharging dredge materials.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some even had the pipes or hoses customised to exact dredging needs etc. Other times, it is pumped into <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">scows</a>), which deposit it elsewhere while the dredge continues its work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of vessels, notably in the UK and NW Europe de-water the hopper to dry the cargo to enable it to be discharged onto a quayside 'dry'. This is achieved principally using self discharge bucket wheel, drag scraper or excavator via conveyor systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When contaminated (toxic) sediments are to be removed, or large volume inland disposal sites are unavailable, dredge slurries are reduced to dry solids via a process known as dewatering. Current dewatering techniques employ either centrifuges, <a href="/wiki/Geotextile_tube" title="Geotextile tube">geotube</a> containers, large textile based filters or polymer <a href="/wiki/Flocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculant">flocculant</a>/congealant based apparatus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many projects, slurry dewatering is performed in large inland settling pits, although this is becoming less and less common as mechanical dewatering techniques continue to improve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, many groups (most notable in east Asia) are performing research towards utilizing dewatered sediments for the production of concretes and construction block, although the high organic content (in many cases) of this material is a hindrance toward such ends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The proper management of contaminated sediments is a modern-day issue of significant concern. Because of a variety of maintenance activities, thousands of tonnes of contaminated sediment are dredged worldwide from commercial ports and other aquatic areas at high level of industrialization. Dredged material can be reused after appropriate decontamination. A variety of processes has been proposed and tested at different scales of application (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation#Technologies" title="Environmental remediation">technologies for environmental remediation</a>). Once decontaminated, the material could well suit the building industry, or could be used for beach nourishment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dredging" title="Talk:Dredging">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dredging can disturb <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>, often with adverse impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, dredge spoils may contain <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> chemicals that may have an adverse effect on the disposal area; furthermore, the process of dredging often dislodges chemicals residing in <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> substrates and injects them into the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dredging can have numerous significant impacts on the environment, including the following: </p> <ul><li>Release of toxic chemicals (including <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated biphenyls">PCB</a>) from bottom <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges,_T_S._2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges,_T_S._2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Short term increases in <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, which can affect aquatic <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and interfere with <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suction dredging activity is allowed only during non-spawning time frames set by fish and game (in-water work periods).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secondary impacts to <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a> productivity from <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a><sup id="cite_ref-fondriest.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondriest.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and general <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_of_wetland_dredging" title="Chemistry of wetland dredging">changes in wetland chemistry after dredging</a>.</li> <li>Tertiary impacts to <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avifauna</a> which may <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> upon contaminated aquatic organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-fondriest.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondriest.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secondary impacts to aquatic and benthic organisms' <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and mortality<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges,_T_S._2010_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges,_T_S._2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changes to the topography by creating "spoil islands" from the accumulated spoil.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Releases toxic compound <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin" title="Tributyltin">Tributyltin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocide</a> often used in <a href="/wiki/Anti-fouling_paint" title="Anti-fouling paint">anti-fouling paint</a> banned in 2008, into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The nature of dredging operations and possible environmental impacts requires that the activity often be closely regulated and requires comprehensive regional environmental impact assessments alongside continuous monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-fondriest.com_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondriest.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> requires that any discharge of dredged or fill materials into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, is forbidden unless authorized by a permit issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to potential environmental impacts, dredging is often restricted to licensed areas, with vessel activity monitored closely using automatic GPS systems.<sup id="cite_ref-fondriest.com_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondriest.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_dredging_companies">Major dredging companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Major dredging companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a> outlook report in 2013, the largest dredging companies in the world are in order of size, based on dredging sales in 2012 <sup id="cite_ref-rabobank_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabobank-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Harbour_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="China Harbour Engineering">China Harbour Engineering</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_De_Nul" title="Jan De Nul">Jan De Nul</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEME" title="DEME">DEME</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Boskalis_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Boskalis Westminster">Royal Boskalis Westminster</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Oord_Dredging_and_Marine_Contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors">Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Dredging_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Marine Dredging Company (page does not exist)">National Marine Dredging Company</a> (United Arab Emirates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Dredge_and_Dock_Company" title="Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company">Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company</a> (United States)</li></ul> <p>Notable dredging companies in North America </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manson_Construction_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manson Construction Co. (page does not exist)">Manson Construction Co.</a> (United States)</li></ul> <p>Notable dredging companies in South Asia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dredging_Corporation_of_India" title="Dredging Corporation of India">Dredging Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adani_Ports_%26_SEZ" title="Adani Ports & SEZ">Adani Ports & SEZ</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (India)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldives_Transport_and_Contracting_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (page does not exist)">Maldives Transport and Contracting Company</a> (Maldives)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images">Images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grab (clamshell) dredge Njord of the Manson Construction Co. fleet in the Port of Oakland, California"><img alt="Grab (clamshell) dredge Njord of the Manson Construction Co. fleet in the Port of Oakland, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG/270px-Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG/405px-Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG/540px-Dredge_in_the_Port_of_Oakland_with_San_Francisco_in_the_background.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grab (clamshell) dredge <i>Njord</i> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manson_Construction_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manson Construction Co. (page does not exist)">Manson Construction Co.</a> fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Oakland" title="Port of Oakland">Port of Oakland</a>, California </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_No-4_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The excavator of a Yukon dredge."><img alt="The excavator of a Yukon dredge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG/239px-Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG/358px-Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG/477px-Dredge_No-4_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The excavator of a <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> dredge.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="April Hamer at Lakes Entrance, Victoria Australia"><img alt="April Hamer at Lakes Entrance, Victoria Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG/247px-Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG/370px-Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG/493px-Lakes_Entrance_Dredger_April_Hamer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>April Hamer</i> at <a href="/wiki/Lakes_Entrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes Entrance">Lakes Entrance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrisantDredger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Orisant a trailing suction dredger in the port of IJmuiden, Netherlands"><img alt="The Orisant a trailing suction dredger in the port of IJmuiden, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OrisantDredger.jpg/271px-OrisantDredger.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OrisantDredger.jpg/406px-OrisantDredger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OrisantDredger.jpg/542px-OrisantDredger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Orisant</i> a trailing suction dredger in the port of <a href="/wiki/IJmuiden" title="IJmuiden">IJmuiden</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grab dredging in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong"><img alt="Grab dredging in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg/135px-Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg/202px-Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg/270px-Hong_Kong_dredger123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grab dredging in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Humboldt_(empty).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander von Humboldt of the Jan De Nul fleet"><img alt="Alexander von Humboldt of the Jan De Nul fleet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg/240px-Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg/360px-Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg/480px-Alexander_von_Humboldt_%28empty%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Alexander von Humboldt</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Jan_De_Nul" title="Jan De Nul">Jan De Nul</a> fleet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BurigangaDredge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sand mining"><img alt="Sand mining" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BurigangaDredge.JPG/241px-BurigangaDredge.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BurigangaDredge.JPG/361px-BurigangaDredge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BurigangaDredge.JPG/481px-BurigangaDredge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sand mining</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HR Morris of the Manson Construction Co. fleet, a Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge, working on Mission Bay, San Diego, California"><img alt="HR Morris of the Manson Construction Co. fleet, a Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge, working on Mission Bay, San Diego, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg/256px-HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg/383px-HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg/511px-HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>HR Morris</i> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manson_Construction_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manson Construction Co. (page does not exist)">Manson Construction Co.</a> fleet, a Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge, working on <a href="/wiki/Mission_Bay,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Bay, San Diego, California">Mission Bay, San Diego, California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dredge ship with barges on Neva bay in Saint Petersburg, Russia"><img alt="Dredge ship with barges on Neva bay in Saint Petersburg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg/272px-Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg/408px-Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg/544px-Barge_on_Neva_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dredge ship with barges on <a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Top view of a suction dredger on the Nandu River, Hainan, China"><img alt="Top view of a suction dredger on the Nandu River, Hainan, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG/129px-Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG/193px-Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG/257px-Dredge_ship_top_view_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="3619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top view of a suction dredger on the <a href="/wiki/Nandu_River" title="Nandu River">Nandu River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutterhead of dredge Bill Holman, Louisville, Kentucky, United States, Ohio River mile 607, July 2002"><img alt="Cutterhead of dredge Bill Holman, Louisville, Kentucky, United States, Ohio River mile 607, July 2002" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg/240px-Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg/360px-Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg/480px-Cutterhead_of_dredge_Bill_Holman_Louisville_Kentucky_USA_Ohio_River_mile_607_July_2002_file_a2g092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutterhead of dredge <i>Bill Holman</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> mile 607, July 2002</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xcentric Ripper XR120 is a large jackup leg backhoe dredger"><img alt="Xcentric Ripper XR120 is a large jackup leg backhoe dredger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png/257px-Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png/386px-Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png/514px-Xcentric_Ripper_XR120_in_a_dredging_work.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xcentric Ripper XR120 is a large jackup leg backhoe dredger </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_of_wetland_dredging" title="Chemistry of wetland dredging">Chemistry of wetland dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge_ball_joint" title="Dredge ball joint">Dredge ball joint</a>, connection between 2 pipes that are used to transport mixture of water and sand from a dredger to the discharging area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge_drag_head" title="Dredge drag head">Dredge drag head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound#Dumping_of_dredged_sediment" title="Long Island Sound">Dumping of dredged sediment in Long Island Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">Navigability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Africa_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace in Africa (ship)"><i>Peace in Africa</i> (ship)</a>, a diamond-mining dredger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Netherlands_(ship)" title="Queen of the Netherlands (ship)"><i>Queen of the Netherlands</i> (ship)</a>, a big dredger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a> for inland dredging and other river management systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="WT Preston">WT Preston</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">snagboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Dredge_Act_of_1906" title="Foreign Dredge Act of 1906">Foreign Dredge Act of 1906</a>, a US law banning foreign-built and foreign-owned dredges from operating in US waters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dredge" title="Gold dredge">Gold dredge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-About-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaniports.com/Dredging">"Adani Dredging"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adani+Dredging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaniports.com%2FDredging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADredging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dredging&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartofdredging.com/">The Art of Dredging</a> (Knowledge sharing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.iadc-dredging.com/subject">International Association of Dredging Companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151019/https://www2.iadc-dredging.com/subject">Archived</a> 5 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Knowledge centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604060413/http://www.worldofboats.org/boats/view/bertha/21/bertha">World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Bertha</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_industries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industries" title="Template:Industries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industries" title="Template talk:Industries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_industries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Natural sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">Arable farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal#Production" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume#Uses" title="Legume">Legumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oilseeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">Permanent crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Apples et al.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry#Commercial_production" title="Berry">Berries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Stone fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_and_tropical-like_fruit" title="List of culinary fruits">Tropical fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean#Cultivation" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)#Production" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floral_industry" title="Floral industry">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_company" title="Seed company">Seeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming#Market" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Other livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool#Production" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Farming" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk#Production_process" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Fur trapping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan#Economic_and_environmental_issues" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Tree tapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense#Production" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic#Production" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha#Uses" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup#Production" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)#Cultivation" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber#Production" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">syrup</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores_industry" title="Naval stores industry">Pine resin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Wild mushrooms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Fisheries" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Fisheries" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Fisheries" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock#Fisheries" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock#Fisheries" title="Alaska pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Fisheries" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark#Fishery" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#Fisheries" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Fishing_industry" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid#Commercial_fishing" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Farming" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Both <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Seafood_industry" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp#Human_uses" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">Fossil fuels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Tar sands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mining of ores <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium#Production_and_refinement" title="Aluminium">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Production" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore#Production_and_consumption" title="Iron ore">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum#Production" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium#Production" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Global_rare-earth_production" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other minerals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Production" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash#Production" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt#Production" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur#Production" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum#Mining" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone#Uses" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone#Production" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite#Industry" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble#Production" title="Marble">Marble</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industrial_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industrial sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">Light industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Animal feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking#Commercial_baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li>Dairy products</li> <li>Flour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Prepared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Production" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_industry" title="Drink industry">Beverages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></li> <li>Liquor</li> <li>Soft drinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linens" title="Linens">Linens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">Dressmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Hatmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">Tailoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media reproduction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">Phonographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Optical discs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermaking">Boilermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builders_hardware" title="Builders hardware">Builders'</a> & <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">household hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">Machining</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">Powder metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Surface finishing</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other fabrication <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Furniture</li> <li>Other goods <ul><li>Baggage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_industry" title="Bicycle industry">Bicycles</a></li> <li>Jewellery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical supplies</a></li> <li>Musical instruments</li> <li>Office supplies</li> <li>Outdoors & sports equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy#Economics" title="Toy">Toys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical <br /> & optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Manufacturing" title="Printed circuit board">Circuit boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">Computers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">Computer systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Parts & peripherals</a></li> <li>Blank <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Storage_media" title="Computer data storage">storage media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Communications equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Sales" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_equipment_provider" title="Network equipment provider">Network infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics#Products" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_set#Major_manufacturers" title="Television set">Televisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Market" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li>Clocks and watches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device#Consumer_applications" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_instrument#List_of_scientific_instruments_manufacturers" title="Scientific instrument">Scientific instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging#Industry" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Gun</a> & <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">Laser construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing" title="Optical manufacturing and testing">Lens grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescopes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">Electrical equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">Electrical</a> & <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Coal & <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Petroleum jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">Synthetic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">Tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">Commodity chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Production" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Allotropes" title="Chemical element">Pure elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">Speciality chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">Toiletries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">Fine chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceuticals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics" title="Production of antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood products</a></li> <li>Chemical & hormonal <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier" title="Currier">Currying</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">oiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Composite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sizing#Papermaking" title="Sizing">Sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanized rubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">Specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">Pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">Synthetic fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda-lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain#Other_uses" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other mineral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gem">Synthetic gems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Metal refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_(metalworking)" title="Forming (metalworking)">Formed metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">Cast metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">Heavy industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">Machinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">Power</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automobiles</a></li> <li>Other heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">Aerospace</a> & <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Ships</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Domestic_use" title="Natural gas">Gas distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_industry" title="Waste management industry">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecom networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">Telephone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge building">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Construction" title="Tunnel">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal#Construction" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Major_dredging_companies">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specialty trades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_mechanic" title="Elevator mechanic">Elevators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning#HVAC_industry_and_standards" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator" title="House painter and decorator">Painting and decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Site preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Service_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">Car dealership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods" title="Fast-moving consumer goods">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">Mail order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">Specialty store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">Wholesale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a> <br /> & Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">Trucking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger transport">Passenger transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rentals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">Warehousing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self_storage" title="Self storage">Self storage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drink service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">Financial advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Money transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card_industry" title="Payment card industry">Payment cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_network" title="Accounting network">Accounting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_services" title="Assurance services">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advisor" title="Tax advisor">Tax advice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_firm" title="Architectural firm">Architecture</a> & <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product</a>, & <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulting_firm" title="Consulting firm">Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_industry" title="Advertising industry">Advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_industry" title="Language industry">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medicine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentist_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentist office">Dentist offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment#Industry" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a><br /> & <a href="/wiki/Leisure_industry" title="Leisure industry">leisure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Audio-visual <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_industry" title="Radio industry">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television#Content" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sport</a></li> <li>Travel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">Business travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_line" title="Cruise line">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">Gambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game_industry" title="Tabletop game industry">Tabletop games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Written <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">Tutoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Renting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">Staffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigation</a> & <a href="/wiki/Security_company" title="Security company">security</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maintenance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_maintenance" title="Landscape maintenance">Landscaping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Repairs</a></li> <li>Personal services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral industry">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_service" title="Maid service">Maid service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_industry" title="Poverty industry">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Classification <br /> standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Production-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">ANZSIC</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="International Standard Industrial Classification">ISIC</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community" title="Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community">NACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">NAICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">SIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Standard_Industrial_Classification_of_Economic_Activities" title="United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities">UKSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Market-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard" title="Global Industry Classification Standard">GICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Classification_Benchmark" title="Industry Classification Benchmark">ICB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Refinitiv_Business_Classification" title="The Refinitiv Business Classification">TRBC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Inputs</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">outputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">Goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw material</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li>Primary inputs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_capital" title="Physical capital">Physical capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">Centralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">Monopsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Enforced breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">Freelancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesteading" title="Homesteading">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">Putting-out system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">Spinning-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_(economics)" title="Category:Industry (economics)"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industries"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industry" title="Outline of industry"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_merchant_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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