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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Birth of husbandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_civilisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_civilisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient civilisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_civilisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval husbandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbian_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbian_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Columbian exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbian_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Agricultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Animal health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_of_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_of_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Range of species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_of_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dairy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dairy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poultry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poultry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Poultry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poultry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Animal welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal husbandry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peulara_binatang" title="Peulara binatang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peulara binatang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تربية الحيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربية الحيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganader%C3%ADa" title="Ganadería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ganadería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անասնաբուծութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անասնաբուծութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganader%C3%ADa" title="Ganadería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ganadería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvandarl%C4%B1q" title="Heyvandarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvandarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পশুপালনবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশুপালনবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiok-bo%CC%8Dk-gia%CC%8Dp" title="Thiok-bo̍k-gia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thiok-bo̍k-gia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Жывёлагадоўля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывёлагадоўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Жывёлагадоўля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывёлагадоўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Животновъдство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животновъдство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲོག་ལས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲོག་ལས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C4%8Darstvo" title="Stočarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stočarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaderia" title="Ramaderia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramaderia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%C4%83%D1%85-%D1%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85_%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Выльăх-чĕрлĕх çитĕнтересси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Выльăх-чĕрлĕх çитĕнтересси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chov_hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%BDch_zv%C3%AD%C5%99at" title="Chov hospodářských zvířat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chov hospodářských zvířat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="تاكسابت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاكسابت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierhaltung" title="Tierhaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tierhaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomakasvatus" title="Loomakasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomakasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κτηνοτροφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κτηνοτροφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arl%C3%AEv" title="Arlîv – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Arlîv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganader%C3%ADa" title="Ganadería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ganadería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredado" title="Bredado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bredado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganaeria" title="Ganaeria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ganaeria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeltzaintza" title="Abeltzaintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abeltzaintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دامپروری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دامپروری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage" title="Élevage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeh%C3%A2lderij" title="Feehâlderij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feehâlderij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feirmeoireacht_ainmhithe" title="Feirmeoireacht ainmhithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feirmeoireacht ainmhithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandar%C3%ADa" title="Gandaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gandaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8" title="પશુપાલન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પશુપાલન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%82%B0" title="축산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwo" title="Kiwo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kiwo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անասնաբուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անասնաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पशुपालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पशुपालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C4%8Darstvo" title="Stočarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stočarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukado" title="Edukado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edukado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikpa_anumanu" title="Ikpa anumanu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ikpa anumanu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peternakan" title="Peternakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peternakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAfj%C3%A1rr%C3%A6kt" title="Búfjárrækt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búfjárrækt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allevamento" title="Allevamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allevamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גידול בעלי חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גידול בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiyara" title="Pamiyara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pamiyara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%C9%94%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ɖɔɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖɔɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಶುಪಾಲನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಶುಪಾಲನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეცხოველეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეცხოველეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Мал шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мал шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufugaji" title="Ufugaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufugaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvaj" title="Elvaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elvaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lvaj" title="Élvaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élvaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мал чарбасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мал чарбасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatio_animalium" title="Educatio animalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Educatio animalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopkop%C4%ABba" title="Lopkopība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lopkopība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvulininkyst%C4%97" title="Gyvulininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvulininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%C9%94%CC%81ngi" title="Boyɔ́ngi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boyɔ́ngi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatteny%C3%A9szt%C3%A9s" title="Állattenyésztés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állattenyésztés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сточарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сточарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiompiana" title="Fiompiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiompiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD" title="കാലി വളർത്തൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലി വളർത്തൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penternakan" title="Penternakan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penternakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeteelt" title="Veeteelt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veeteelt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पशु पालन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पशु पालन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जवाःज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जवाःज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%A3" title="畜産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="畜産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noirigatge" title="Noirigatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Noirigatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%A8" title="ପଶୁ ପାଳନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଶୁ ପାଳନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorvachilik" title="Chorvachilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chorvachilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪਸ਼ੂ ਪਾਲਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਸ਼ੂ ਪਾਲਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DD%A8" title="ڈنگر پالݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈنگر پالݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مالداري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالداري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodowla_zwierz%C4%85t" title="Hodowla zwierząt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hodowla zwierząt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecu%C3%A1ria" title="Pecuária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pecuária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Животноводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животноводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blegtoria" title="Blegtoria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Blegtoria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සත්ත්ව පාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්ත්ව පාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal husbandry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%A1na_v%C3%BDroba" title="Živočíšna výroba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živočíšna výroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivinoreja" title="Živinoreja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živinoreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сточарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сточарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C4%8Darstvo" title="Stočarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stočarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternakan" title="Paternakan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paternakan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjanhoito" title="Karjanhoito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karjanhoito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djursk%C3%B6tsel" title="Djurskötsel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djurskötsel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கால்நடை வளர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்நடை வளர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Терлекчелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Терлекчелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="పశు పోషణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశు పోషణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="สัตวบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตวบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4%C3%A4cl%C3%A4i" title="Määcläi – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Määcläi" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Hayvancılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvancılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldar%C3%A7ylyk" title="Maldarçylyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Maldarçylyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тваринництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тваринництво" 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Management of farm animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Husbandry" redirects here. For cultivation of plants, see <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the dice game, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_Husbandry_(game)" title="Animal Husbandry (game)">Animal Husbandry (game)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford,_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cattle feedlot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/300px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/450px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/600px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>Cattle feedlot in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Animal husbandry</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> concerned with <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> that are raised for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, and the raising of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> when animals were first <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">first crops</a>. During the period of ancient societies like <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> were being raised on farms. </p><p>Major changes took place in the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, when Old World livestock were brought to the New World, and then in the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a> of the 18th century, when livestock breeds like the <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">Dishley Longhorn</a> cattle and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (sheep)">Lincoln Longwool</a> sheep were rapidly improved by agriculturalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakewell_(agriculturalist)" title="Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)">Robert Bakewell</a>, to yield more meat, milk, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. A wide range of other species, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>, are used as livestock in some parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, is widespread. Modern animal husbandry relies on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture#Livestock_production_systems" title="Agriculture">production systems</a> adapted to the type of land available. <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">Subsistence farming</a> is being superseded by <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive animal farming</a> in the more developed parts of the world, where, for example, beef cattle are kept in high-density <a href="/wiki/Feedlots" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedlots">feedlots</a>, and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a> may be raised in broiler houses or <a href="/wiki/Battery_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery farm">batteries</a>. On poorer soil, such as in uplands, animals are often kept more extensively and may be allowed to roam widely, foraging for themselves. Animal agriculture at modern scale drives <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. </p><p>Most livestock are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, except for pigs and chickens which are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminants</a> like cattle and sheep are adapted to feed on grass; they can forage outdoors or may be fed entirely or in part on rations richer in energy and protein, such as pelleted cereals. Pigs and poultry cannot digest the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in forage and require other high-protein foods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb <i>to husband</i>, meaning "to manage carefully", derives from an older meaning of <i><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></i>, which in the 14th century referred to the ownership and care of a household or farm, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources", and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants or animals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rancher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancher">ranchers</a> who raise livestock are considered to practice <i>animal husbandry</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_husbandry">Birth of husbandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth of husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">Domestication of animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_tailed_sheep,_Afghanistan,_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fat-tailed sheep in Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/330px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/440px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>The domestication of ruminants, like these <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_sheep" title="Fat-tailed sheep">fat-tailed sheep</a> in Afghanistan, provided <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral nomad">nomads</a> across the Middle East and central Asia with a reliable source of food.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of livestock was driven by the need to have food on hand when hunting was unproductive. The desirable characteristics of a domestic animal are that it should be useful to the domesticator, should be able to thrive in his or her company, should breed freely, and be easy to tend.<sup id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication was not a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and goats were the animals that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral nomad">nomads</a> in the Middle East, while cattle and pigs were associated with more settled communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Historyworld_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wild animal to be domesticated was the <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>. Half-wild dogs, perhaps starting with young individuals, may have been tolerated as scavengers and killers of vermin, and being naturally <a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunters</a>, were predisposed to become part of the human pack and join in the hunt. Prey animals, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, were progressively domesticated early in the history of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Historyworld_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigs were domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> between 8,500 and 8000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sheep and goats in or near the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> about 8,500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cattle from wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-McTavish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McTavish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cow was a great advantage to a villager as she produced more milk than her calf needed, and her strength could be put to use as a <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animal</a>, pulling a plough to increase production of crops, and drawing a sledge, and later a cart, to bring the produce home from the field. Draught animals were first used about 4,000 BC in the Middle East, increasing agricultural production immeasurably.<sup id="cite_ref-Historyworld_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> was domesticated by 6,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-gupta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossilised chicken bones dated to 5040 BC have been found in northeastern China, far from where their wild ancestors lived in the jungles of tropical Asia, but archaeologists believe that the original purpose of domestication was for the sport of <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in South America, the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> had been domesticated, probably before 3,000 BC, as beasts of burden and for their wool. Neither was strong enough to pull a plough which limited the development of agriculture in the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-Historyworld_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses occur naturally on the steppes of Central Asia and their domestication began around 3,000 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> region. Although horses were originally seen as a source of meat, their use as <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> and for riding followed. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_wild_ass" title="Nubian wild ass">wild ass</a> was being tamed in Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camels</a> were domesticated soon after this,<sup id="cite_ref-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian camel">Arabian camel</a> becoming beasts of burden. By 1000 BC, caravans of Arabian camels were linking India with Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Historyworld_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_civilisations">Ancient civilisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient civilisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egyptian hieroglyphic of cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Milking cattle in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, cattle were the most important livestock, and sheep, goats, and pigs were also kept; poultry including ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish. <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bees</a> were domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, providing both honey and wax.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, all the livestock known in ancient Egypt were available. In addition, rabbits were domesticated for food by the first century BC. To help flush them out from their burrows, the <a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">polecat</a> was domesticated as the <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferret</a>, its use described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_husbandry">Medieval husbandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of shepherd with sheep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg/220px-Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg/330px-Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg/440px-Sheep_in_pen_medieval_France_15th_century_MS_Douce_195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Shepherd with sheep in woven hurdle pen. Medieval France. 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, MS Douce 195</figcaption></figure> <p>In northern Europe, agriculture including animal husbandry went into decline when the Roman empire collapsed. Some aspects such as the herding of animals continued throughout the period. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> recorded every parcel of land and every animal in England: "there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land, nay, moreover ... not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in [the king's] writ."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the royal <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earley" title="Earley">Earley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, one of thousands of villages recorded in the book, had in 1086 "2 fisheries worth [paying tax of] 7s and 6d [each year] and 20 acres of meadow [for livestock]. Woodland for [feeding] 70 pigs."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The improvements of animal husbandry in the medieval period in Europe went hand in hand with other developments. Improvements to the plough allowed the soil to be tilled to a greater depth. Horses took over from oxen as the main providers of traction, new ideas on <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> were developed and the growing of crops for winter fodder gained ground.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peas, beans and vetches became common; they increased soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, allowing more livestock to be kept.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbian_exchange">Columbian exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Columbian exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></div> <p>Exploration and colonisation of North and South America resulted in the introduction into Europe of such crops as maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc, while the principal Old World livestock – cattle, horses, sheep and goats – were introduced into the New World for the first time along with wheat, barley, rice and turnips.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agricultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lincoln Longwool Sheep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg/220px-Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg/440px-Lincoln_Longwool_Lamb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_sheep" title="Lincoln sheep">Lincoln Longwool</a> breed was improved by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakewell_(agriculturalist)" title="Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)">Robert Bakewell</a> in the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a> for desired traits was established as a scientific practice by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakewell_(agriculturalist)" title="Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)">Robert Bakewell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a> in the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (sheep)">Lincoln Longwool</a> was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was <a href="/wiki/Polled_livestock" title="Polled livestock">hornless</a> and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sheep were exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds. Under his influence, English farmers began to breed <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> for use primarily as beef. Long-horned heifers were crossed with the Westmoreland bull to create the <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">Dishley Longhorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semi-natural, unfertilised pastures formed by traditional agricultural methods in Europe were managed by grazing and mowing. As the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of such natural disturbances as grazing and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a>, this agricultural system shares many beneficial characteristics with a natural habitat, including the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. This strategy is declining in Europe today due to the intensification of agriculture. The mechanized and chemical methods used are causing biodiversity to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Pykala2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pykala2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems">Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture#Livestock_production_systems" title="Agriculture">Agriculture § Livestock production systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Herdwick sheep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg/220px-Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg/330px-Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg/440px-Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herdwick_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Herdwick sheep">Herdwick sheep</a> in an extensive <a href="/wiki/Hill_farming" title="Hill farming">hill farming</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farmer's</a> way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>) were harvested while the animal was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the traditional system of <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, people and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Starrs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starrs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the uplands of the United Kingdom, sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower altitudes late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural locations, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pigs in a barn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/220px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/330px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/440px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Pigs in an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the other extreme, in the more developed parts of the world, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals are often intensively managed</a>; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed, and other inputs are brought onto the farm from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-Blount_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blount-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">Animal feed</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cattle around an outdoor feeder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg/220px-Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg/330px-Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg/440px-Cattle_round_a_feeder_with_Avon_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1563342.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> around an outdoor feeder</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals used as livestock are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a>, the main exceptions being the pig and the chicken which are omnivorous. The herbivores can be divided into "concentrate selectors" which selectively feed on seeds, fruits and highly nutritious young foliage, "grazers" which mainly feed on grass, and "intermediate feeders" which choose their diet from the whole range of available plant material. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer and antelopes are <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">ruminants</a>; they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to chew it again and thus extract the maximum possible food value.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryden_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryden-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dietary needs of these animals is mostly met by eating grass. Grasses grow from the base of the leaf-blade, enabling it to thrive even when heavily grazed or cut.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many climates grass growth is seasonal, for example in the temperate <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> or tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>, so some areas of the crop are set aside to be cut and preserved, either as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> (dried grass), or as <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> (fermented grass).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forage crops are also grown and many of these, as well as crop residues, can be ensiled to fill the gap in the nutritional needs of livestock in the lean season.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cattle feed pellets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg/220px-LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg/330px-LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg/440px-LeinPresskuchen-CBIO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Cattle feed pellets of pressed <a href="/wiki/Linseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linseed">linseed</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Extensively reared animals may subsist entirely on forage, but more intensively kept livestock will require energy and protein-rich foods in addition. Energy is mainly derived from cereals and cereal by-products, fats and oils and sugar-rich foods, while protein may come from fish or meat meal, milk products, <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a> and other plant foods, often the by-products of vegetable oil extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryden2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryden2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigs and poultry are non-ruminants and unable to digest the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in grass and other forages, so they are fed entirely on cereals and other high-energy foodstuffs. The ingredients for the animals' rations can be grown on the farm or can be bought, in the form of pelleted or cubed, compound foodstuffs specially formulated for the different classes of livestock, their growth stages and their specific nutritional requirements. Vitamins and minerals are added to balance the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmed fish are usually fed pelleted food.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeding</a></div> <p>The breeding of farm animals seldom occurs spontaneously but is managed by farmers with a view to encouraging traits seen as desirable. These include hardiness, fertility, docility, mothering abilities, fast growth rates, low feed consumption per unit of growth, better body proportions, higher yields, and better fibre qualities. Undesirable traits such as health defects and aggressiveness are selected against.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selective breeding has been responsible for large increases in productivity. For example, in 2007, a typical broiler chicken at eight weeks old was 4.8 times as heavy as a bird of similar age in 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the thirty years to 2007, the average milk yield of a dairy cow in the United States nearly doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_health">Animal health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Animal health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vaccination of a goat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg/220px-Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg/330px-Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg/440px-Vaccination_of_goat_in_Niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccinating</a> a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Good husbandry, proper feeding, and <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> are the main contributors to animal health on the farm, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicines</a>, by the farmer and the <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a>. In the European Union, when farmers treat their own animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Classical_swine_fever" title="Classical swine fever">classical swine fever</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scrapie" title="Scrapie">scrapie</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are specific to one type of stock, while others, like <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> affect all <a href="/wiki/Cloven-hoofed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloven-hoofed">cloven-hoofed</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals living under intensive conditions are prone to internal and external <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>; increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Sea_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lice">sea lice</a> are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of stock, <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a> are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate. At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this practice is now frowned on in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a> in livestock and in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmyard_Drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Watercolor drawing of farmyard with cow, horse, pigs, and chickens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farmyard_Drawing.jpg/220px-Farmyard_Drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farmyard_Drawing.jpg/330px-Farmyard_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farmyard_Drawing.jpg/440px-Farmyard_Drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Familiar livestock: ink and watercolour drawing of a farmyard with cow, horse, pigs, and chickens, 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>Governments are concerned with <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonoses</a>, diseases that humans may acquire from animals. Wild animal populations may harbour diseases that can affect domestic animals which may acquire them as a result of insufficient <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a>. An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">Nipah virus</a> in Malaysia in 1999 was traced back to pigs becoming ill after contact with fruit-eating <a href="/wiki/Flying_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying fox">flying foxes</a>, their faeces and urine. The pigs in turn passed the infection to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-chua_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chua-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avian flu <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> is present in wild bird populations and can be carried large distances by migrating birds. This virus is easily transmissible to domestic poultry, and to humans living in close proximity with them. Other infectious diseases affecting wild animals, farm animals and humans include <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_bovis" title="Mycobacterium bovis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">trichinosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norrgren_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norrgren-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_of_species">Range of species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Range of species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Livestock#Types" title="Livestock">Livestock § Types</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture#Species_groups" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture § Species groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</a></div> <p>There is no single universally agreed definition of which species are livestock. Widely agreed types of livestock include cattle for beef and dairy, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Various other species are sometimes considered livestock, such as horses,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while poultry birds are sometimes excluded. In some parts of the world, livestock includes species such as buffalo, and the South American camelids, the alpaca and llama.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authorities use much broader definitions to include fish in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, micro-livestock such as <a href="/wiki/Cuniculture" title="Cuniculture">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodent_farming" title="Rodent farming">rodents</a> like <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea pigs">guinea pigs</a>, as well as insects from <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)#As_food" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets raised for human consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merino_shearing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheering merino sheep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merino_shearing.jpg/220px-Merino_shearing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merino_shearing.jpg/330px-Merino_shearing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Merino_shearing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shearing">Shearing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">Merino</a> sheep for its <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></div> <p>Animals are raised for a wide variety of products, principally <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>, but also including <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to produce <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antiserum" title="Antiserum">antiserum</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>) for medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> are grown alongside animals, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> can serve as a fertiliser, returning minerals and organic matter to the soil in a semi-closed organic system.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy">Dairy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dairy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rotary milking parlour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/220px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/330px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/440px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A modern rotary milking parlour, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Although all mammals produce milk to nourish their young, the cow is predominantly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdairy_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdairy-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these animals have been domesticated over the centuries, being bred for such desirable characteristics as fecundity, productivity, docility and the ability to thrive under the prevailing conditions. Whereas in the past cattle had multiple functions, modern dairy cow breeding has resulted in specialised <a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein Friesian-type</a> animals that produce large quantities of milk economically. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">Artificial insemination</a> is widely available to allow farmers to select for the particular traits that suit their circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FAObreeding_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAObreeding-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas in the past cows were kept in small herds on <a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">family farms</a>, grazing pastures and being fed hay in winter, nowadays there is a trend towards larger herds, more intensive systems, the feeding of <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> and "zero grazing", a system where grass is cut and brought to the cow, which is housed year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many communities, milk production is only part of the purpose of keeping an animal which may also be used as a beast of burden or to draw a plough, or for the production of fibre, meat and leather, with the <a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">dung</a> being used for fuel or for the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>. Sheep and goats may be favoured for dairy production in climates and conditions that do not suit dairy cows.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdairy_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdairy-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat">Meat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_bull_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hereford cow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/220px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/330px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/440px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hereford_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereford (cattle)">Hereford</a> is a hardy breed of <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a>, now raised in many countries around the world.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuniculture" title="Cuniculture">Cuniculture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a>, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and essential nutrients around the world, averaging about 8% of man's energy intake.<sup id="cite_ref-McAfee_McSorley_2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAfee_McSorley_2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual types eaten depend on local preferences, availability, cost and other factors, with cattle, sheep, pigs and goats being the main species involved. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs are more prolific, producing more than one litter of up to about 11<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> piglets each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions. Some desirable traits of animals raised for meat include fecundity, hardiness, fast growth rate, ease of management and high food conversion efficiency. About half of the world's meat is produced from animals grazing on open ranges or on enclosed pastures, the other half being produced intensively in various factory-farming systems; these are mostly cows, pigs or poultry, and often reared indoors, typically at high densities.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poultry">Poultry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Poultry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_hens_-Bastos,_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Battery hens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/170px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/255px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Battery hens, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></div> <p>Poultry, kept for their eggs and for their meat, include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. The great majority of laying birds used for egg production are chickens. Methods for keeping layers range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but are housed at night for their own protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are housed in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages. The <a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">battery cages</a> are arranged in long rows in multiple tiers, with external feeders, drinkers, and egg collection facilities. This is the most labour saving and economical method of egg production but has been criticised on animal welfare grounds as the birds are unable to exhibit their normal behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the developed world, the majority of the poultry reared for meat is raised indoors in big sheds, with automated equipment under environmentally controlled conditions. Chickens raised in this way are known as broilers, and genetic improvements have meant that they can be grown to slaughter weight within six or seven weeks of hatching. Newly hatched chicks are restricted to a small area and given supplementary heating. Litter on the floor absorbs the droppings and the area occupied is expanded as they grow. Feed and water is supplied automatically and the lighting is controlled. The birds may be harvested on several occasions or the whole shed may be cleared at one time.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar rearing system is usually used for turkeys, which are less hardy than chickens, but they take longer to grow and are often moved on to separate fattening units to finish.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ducks are particularly popular in Asia and Australia and can be killed at seven weeks under commercial conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Freshwater fish farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg/220px-Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg/330px-Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg/440px-Bassins_de_la_pisciculture_de_la_Calonne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></div> <p>Aquaculture has been defined as "the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants and implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or <a href="/wiki/Corporate_farming" title="Corporate farming">corporate ownership</a> of the stock being cultivated."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice it can take place in the sea or in freshwater, and be extensive or intensive. Whole bays, lakes or ponds may be devoted to aquaculture, or the farmed animal may be retained in cages (fish), <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>, racks or strings (shellfish). Fish and prawns can be cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice paddies</a>, either arriving naturally or being introduced, and both crops can be harvested together.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatcheries</a> provide larval and juvenile fish, crustaceans and shellfish, for use in aquaculture systems. When large enough these are transferred to growing-on tanks and sold to fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>. Similar facilities can be used to raise species with conservation needs to be released into the wild, or game fish for restocking waterways. Important aspects of husbandry at these early stages include selection of breeding stock, control of water quality and nutrition. In the wild, there is a massive amount of mortality at the nursery stage; farmers seek to minimise this while at the same time maximising growth rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosig_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosig-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crickets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG/220px-Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG/330px-Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG/440px-Bolikhamxay_Thabok_Crickets.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> being raised <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">for human consumption</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Bees</a> have been kept in hives since at least the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a>, five thousand years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and man had been harvesting honey from the wild long before that. Fixed comb hives are used in many parts of the world and are made from any locally available material.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more advanced economies, where modern strains of domestic bee have been selected for docility and productiveness, various designs of hive are used which enable the combs to be removed for processing and extraction of honey. Quite apart from the <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> they produce, honey bees are important <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> of crops and wild plants, and in many places hives are transported around the countryside to assist in pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a>, the rearing of silkworms, was first adopted by the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only species farmed commercially is the domesticated <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silkmoth</a>. When it spins its <a href="/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon" title="Pupa">cocoon</a>, each larva produces an exceedingly long, slender thread of silk. The larvae feed on <a href="/wiki/Morus_alba" title="Morus alba">mulberry leaves</a> and in Europe, only one generation is normally raised each year as this is a deciduous tree. In China, Korea and Japan however, two generations are normal, and in the tropics, multiple generations are expected. Most production of silk occurs in the Far East, with a synthetic diet being used to rear the silkworms in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insects form part of the human diet in many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Crickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Crickets">crickets</a> are farmed for this purpose in the north of the country, and <a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus" title="Rhynchophorus ferrugineus">palm weevil</a> larvae in the south. The crickets are kept in pens, boxes or drawers and fed on commercial pelleted poultry food, while the palm weevil larvae live on <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_palm" title="Cabbage palm">cabbage palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sago_palm" title="Sago palm">sago palm</a> trees, which limits their production to areas where these trees grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Bangkok_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bangkok-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another delicacy of this region is the <a href="/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis" title="Omphisa fuscidentalis">bamboo caterpillar</a>, and the best rearing and harvesting techniques in semi-natural habitats are being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Bangkok_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bangkok-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Environmental_Impact"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_livestock" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of livestock">Environmental impact of livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg/220px-Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg/330px-Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg/440px-Bezerros_de_IATF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Livestock production requires large areas of land.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, meat consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livestock production contributes to species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the primary driver of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldScientists_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldScientists-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCIPBES2019_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCIPBES2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Machovina_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machovina-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithers_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithers-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">deforestation in the Amazon region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, livestock produce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOshadow_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOshadow-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOshadow_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOshadow-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAfee_McSorley_2010_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAfee_McSorley_2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Animal welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></div> <p>Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">the welfare of farm animals</a>. Possible measures of welfare include <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, freedom from <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, and freedom from <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>: that it is <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">morally acceptable</a> for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animals have rights</a>, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a> of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_budget;_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of John Bull giving his breeches to save his bacon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_budget%3B_-_or_-_John_Bull_giving_his_breeches_to_save_his_bacon_by_James_Gillray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><i>Opening of the budget; – or – <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> giving his <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a> to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/save_someone%27s_bacon" class="extiw" title="wikt:save someone's bacon">save his bacon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> (d. 1815)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 18th century, the farmer <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> has represented <a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">English national identity</a>, first in <a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a>'s political satires, and soon afterwards in cartoons by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> and others including <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>. He likes food, beer, dogs, horses, and <a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">country sports</a>; he is practical and down to earth, and anti-intellectual.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farm animals are widespread in books and songs for children; the reality of animal husbandry is often distorted, softened, or idealized, giving children an almost entirely fictitious account of farm life. The books often depict happy animals free to roam in attractive countryside, a picture completely at odds with the realities of the impersonal, mechanized activities involved in modern <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoult_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoult-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of dressed pigs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg/170px-The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg/255px-The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg/340px-The_tale_of_Pigling_Bland_pg_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Dressed pigs in <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>'s 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Pigling_Bland" title="The Tale of Pigling Bland">The Tale of Pigling Bland</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Pigs, for example, appear in several of <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>'s "little books", as Piglet in <a href="/wiki/A.A._Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="A.A. Milne">A.A. Milne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a> stories, and somewhat more darkly (with a hint of animals going to slaughter) as Babe in <a href="/wiki/Dick_King-Smith" title="Dick King-Smith">Dick King-Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep-Pig" title="The Sheep-Pig">The Sheep-Pig</a></i>, and as Wilbur in <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigs tend to be "bearers of cheerfulness, good humour and innocence". Many of these books are completely <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>, dressing farm animals in clothes and having them walk on two legs, live in houses, and perform human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoult_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoult-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">children's song</a> "<a href="/wiki/Old_MacDonald_Had_a_Farm" title="Old MacDonald Had a Farm">Old MacDonald Had a Farm</a>" describes a farmer named MacDonald and the various animals he keeps, celebrating the noises they each make.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many urban children experience animal husbandry for the first time at a <a href="/wiki/Petting_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Petting farm">petting farm</a>; in Britain, some five million people a year visit a farm of some kind. This presents some risk of <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis#Farming,_ranching_and_animal_husbandry" title="Zoonosis">infection</a>, especially if children handle animals and then fail to <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">wash their hands</a>; a strain of <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infected</a> 93 people who had visited a British interactive farm in an outbreak in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic farms such as those in the United States offer farmstays and "a carefully curated version of farming to those willing to pay for it",<sup id="cite_ref-Searle2014_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searle2014-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes giving visitors a romanticised image of a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> idyll from an unspecified time in the pre-industrial past.<sup id="cite_ref-Searle2014_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searle2014-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._feed" title="Food vs. feed">Food vs. feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">Industrial agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zootechnics" title="Zootechnics">Zootechnics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both the name Bull and the reference to bacon indicate the archetypal livestock farmer.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/husband"><i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i></a> (11 ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2004. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-825-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-825-7"><bdi>0-87779-825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pages=607&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87779-825-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhusband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clutton-Brock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clutton-Brock_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutton-Brock1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Clutton-Brock" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock">Clutton-Brock, Juliet</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PR1"><i>A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63495-3"><bdi>978-0-521-63495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Domesticated+Mammals&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63495-3&rft.aulast=Clutton-Brock&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgL-EbbB8a0C%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historyworld-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historyworld_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historyworld_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historyworld_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historyworld_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historyworld_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab57">"History of the domestication of animals"</a>. 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Lexington Books. pp. 18–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1978-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1978-6"><bdi>978-1-4985-1978-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+the+Animal+Farm+in+Children%27s+Literature%3A+Over+the+Fence&rft.pages=18-29&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-1978-6&rft.aulast=Hoult-Saros&rft.aufirst=Stacy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHGPDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciwf.org.uk/news/2015/10/livestock-in-literature">"Livestock in literature"</a>. Compassion in World Farming. 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock+in+literature&rft.pub=Compassion+in+World+Farming&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciwf.org.uk%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Flivestock-in-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltzEngle2016" class="citation web cs1">Waltz, Robert B.; Engle, David G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160804/http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/ballads/R457.html">"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"</a>. <i>The Traditional Ballad Index</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/ballads/R457.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Traditional+Ballad+Index&rft.atitle=Old+MacDonald+Had+a+Farm&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Engle%2C+David+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csufresno.edu%2Ffolklore%2Fballads%2FR457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurance2010" class="citation news cs1">Laurance, Jeremy (15 June 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/childrens-petting-farms-face-tough-new-rules-2001624.html">"Children's Petting Farms Face Tough New Rules"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/childrens-petting-farms-face-tough-new-rules-2001624.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Children%27s+Petting+Farms+Face+Tough+New+Rules&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Laurance&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-and-families%2Fhealth-news%2Fchildrens-petting-farms-face-tough-new-rules-2001624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searle2014-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Searle2014_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Searle2014_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle2014" class="citation web cs1">Searle, Sarah (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernfarmer.com/2014/06/stop-romanticizing-farms/">"Stop Romanticizing Farms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Farmer_(magazine)" title="Modern Farmer (magazine)">Modern Farmer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Farmer&rft.atitle=Stop+Romanticizing+Farms&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernfarmer.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fstop-romanticizing-farms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+husbandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Saltini, Antonio. <i>Storia delle scienze agrarie</i>, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2412-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-206-2412-5">88-206-2412-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2413-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-206-2413-3">88-206-2413-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2414-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-206-2414-1">88-206-2414-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2415-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-206-2415-X">88-206-2415-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Clutton-Brock" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock">Clutton Brock, Juliet</a>. <i>The walking larder. Patterns of domestication, pastoralism and predation</i>, Unwin Hyman, London 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Clutton-Brock" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock">Clutton Brock, Juliet</a>. <i>Horse power: a history of the horse and donkey in human societies</i>, National history Museum publications, London 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fleming_(veterinarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fleming (veterinarian)">Fleming, George</a>; Guzzoni, M. <i>Storia cronologica delle epizoozie dal 1409 av. Cristo sino al 1800</i>, in Gazzetta medico-veterinaria, I–II, Milano 1871–72.</li> <li>Hall, S; <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Clutton-Brock" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock">Clutton Brock, Juliet</a>. <i>Two hundred years of British farm livestock</i>, Natural History Museum Publications, London 1988.</li> <li>Janick, Jules; Noller, Carl H.; Rhyker, Charles L. <i>The Cycles of Plant and Animal Nutrition</i>, in Food and Agriculture, Scientific American Books, San Francisco 1976.</li> <li>Manger, Louis N. <i>A History of the Life Sciences</i>, M. Dekker, New York, Basel 2002.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_husbandry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animal_husbandry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></span>.</div></div> </div> 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li>Animal husbandry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_in_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template talk:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Mammals in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Draft animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/150px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li> <li>Simians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li> <li>Whales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Lopkopība"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000341753&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000341753&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294055305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026236">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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