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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemi_i_shkrimit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sistemi i shkrimit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistemi_i_shkrimit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sistemi i shkrimit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistemi_i_shkrimit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numërorët_dhe_simbolet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numërorët_dhe_simbolet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Numërorët dhe simbolet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numërorët_dhe_simbolet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologjia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologjia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fonologjia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonologjia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramatika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramatika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gramatika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramatika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gramatika subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramatika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morfologjia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologjia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Morfologjia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologjia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintaksa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintaksa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sintaksa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintaksa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fjalori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fjalori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fjalori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fjalori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shembull_teksti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shembull_teksti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shembull teksti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shembull_teksti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gjuha tamile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 158 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 gjuhë</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – afrikanisht" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ታሚልኛ – amarisht" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – aragonezisht" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – angikisht" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التاميلية – arabisht" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="التاميليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاميليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – asamezisht" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – asturisht" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – auadhisht" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="auadhisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_dili" title="Tamil dili – azerbajxhanisht" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamil dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajxhanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیل دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – bashkirisht" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkirisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – balinezisht" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C4%97lu_kalba" title="Tamėlu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamėlu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Tamil" title="Hata Tamil – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Tamil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – bjellorusisht" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjellorusisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски език – bullgarisht" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамилски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bullgarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – bengalisht" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – bretonisht" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – boshnjakisht" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="boshnjakisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mil" title="Tàmil – katalonisht" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tamil-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pinulongan)" title="Tamil (pinulongan) – sebuanisht" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tamil (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی تامیلی – kurdishte qendrore" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تامیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdishte qendrore" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1tina" title="Tamilština – çekisht" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="çekisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – uellsisht" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="uellsisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(sprog)" title="Tamil (sprog) – danisht" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikuj të përkryer"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – gjermanisht" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="gjermanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Tamil" title="Boros Tamil – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A6" title="ތަމަޅަ – divehisht" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަމަޅަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα – greqisht" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greqisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – anglisht" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamila_lingvo" title="Tamila lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – spanjisht" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili_keel" title="Tamili keel – estonisht" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera – baskisht" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamilera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان تامیلی – persisht" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – finlandisht" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – frëngjisht" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frëngjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spriik)" title="Tamil (spriik) – frisianishte veriore" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil (spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisianishte veriore" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tamailis" title="An Tamailis – irlandisht" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamailis" title="Tamailis – galishte skoceze" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="galishte skoceze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%C3%A1mil" title="Lingua támil – galicisht" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua támil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1mil_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Támil ñe'ẽ – guaranisht" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Támil ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તમિળ ભાષા – guxharatisht" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxharatisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilish" title="Tamilish – manksisht" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tamilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manksisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%C3%AE" title="Tamil-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טמילית – hebraisht" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – indisht" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="indisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_bhasa" title="Tamil bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – kroatisht" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nyelv" title="Tamil nyelv – hungarisht" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թամիլերեն – armenisht" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Tamil" title="Jaku Tamil – ibanisht" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – indonezisht" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – igboisht" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tamil" title="Pagsasao a Tamil – ilokoisht" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tamil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokoisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_linguo" title="Tamil linguo – idoisht" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADlska" title="Tamílska – islandisht" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – italisht" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="タミル語 – japonisht" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – javanisht" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ენა – gjeorgjisht" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gjeorgjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тамилыбзэ – kabardianisht" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тамилыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardianisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%A1" title="ភាសាទមិឡ – kmerisht" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាទមិឡ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmerisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳು – kanadisht" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanadisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%96%B4" title="타밀어 – koreanisht" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тамил тил – karaçaj-balkarisht" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тамил тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaçaj-balkarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تٲمِل زَبان – kashmirisht" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmirisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tam%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tamîlî – kurdisht" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tamîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тамил кыв – komisht" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тамил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilek" title="Tamilek – kornisht" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamilek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tamulica" title="Lingua Tamulica – latinisht" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tamulica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – luksemburgisht" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tamil" title="Lengua tamil – ligurianisht" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tamil" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurianisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາທະມິນ – laosisht" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທະມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tamilų kalba – lituanisht" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda – letonisht" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – maitilisht" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maitilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tamily" title="Fiteny tamily – madagaskarisht" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tamily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="madagaskarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tamil" title="Bahaso Tamil – minangkabauisht" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tamil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски јазик – maqedonisht" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maqedonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ് – malajalamisht" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тамил хэл – mongolisht" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipurisht" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ भाषा – maratisht" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – malajisht" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тамилэнь кель – erzjaisht" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тамилэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzjaisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیلی – mazanderanisht" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Tamillahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tamillahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – gjermanishte saksone e vendeve të ulëta" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="gjermanishte saksone e vendeve të ulëta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – nepalisht" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – neuarisht" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="neuarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – holandisht" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – norvegjishte nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegjishte nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tamil (språk) – norvegjishte letrare" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegjishte letrare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – oksitanisht" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା – odisht" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тамилаг æвзаг – osetisht" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – punxhabisht" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punxhabisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – papiamentisht" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tamilski" title="Język tamilski – polonisht" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tamilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tamil" title="Lenga Tamil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tamil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تامل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تاميلي ژبه – pashtoisht" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashtoisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil" title="Língua tâmil – portugalisht" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tâmil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_simi" title="Tamil simi – keçuaisht" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keçuaisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilikani_chhib" title="Tamilikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Tamilikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tamil%C4%83" title="Limba tamilă – rumanisht" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tamilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tamil" title="Lènga tamil – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tamil" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамильский язык – rusisht" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамільскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тамільскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitamili" title="Igitamili – kiniaruandisht" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitamili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kiniaruandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ्भाषा – sanskritisht" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тамил тыла – sakaisht" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тамил тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakaisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santalisht" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – siçilianisht" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siçilianisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_leid" title="Tamil leid – skotisht" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tamil leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تامل ٻولي – sindisht" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – serbo-kroatisht" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-kroatisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දෙමළ භාෂාව – sinhalisht" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tamilščina – sllovenisht" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sllovenisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Tamil-ka" title="Luqada Tamil-ka – somalisht" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Tamil-ka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски језик – serbisht" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамилски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – suedisht" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamil" title="Kitamil – suahilisht" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitamil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் – tamilisht" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="తమిళ భాష – teluguisht" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluguisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони томилӣ – taxhikisht" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони томилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxhikisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC" title="ภาษาทมิฬ – tajlandisht" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tamil" title="Wikang Tamil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilce" title="Tamilce – turqisht" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamilce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turqisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – tatarisht" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تامىل تىلى – ujgurisht" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تامىل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільська мова – ukrainisht" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамільська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمل زبان – urduisht" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_tili" title="Tamil tili – uzbekisht" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamil tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tamil" title="Tiếng Tamil – vietnamisht" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamil" title="Tinamil – uarajisht" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinamil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="uarajisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – kinezishte vu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="kinezishte vu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C" title="טאמיל – jidisht" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_T%C3%A0mil" title="Èdè Tàmil – jorubaisht" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubaisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – kinezisht" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-g%C3%AD" title="Tamil-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Nga Wikipedia, enciklopedia e lirë</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sq" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2581005">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2594795">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: ;">Tamil</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:Word_Tamil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/200px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/300px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/400px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Shqiptimi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">[t̪amiɻ]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Rajoni</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> si dhe <a href="/wiki/Puducherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry">Puducherry</a>(Indi)<br />Rajoni i Veriut dhe Rajoni Lindor, Sri Lankë</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Folës amtare</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">78.000.000 million (2011–2019)e25<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second language (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Folës L2</a>: 8 million (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap">Familje gjuhësore</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Dravidiane <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Dravidian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Dravidian languages (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Jugore</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil%E2%80%93Kannada_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil–Kannada languages (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil–Kannada</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil%E2%80%93Kodagu_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil–Kodagu languages (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil–Kodagu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Tamil (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil–Malajalam</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gjuhët tamile<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tamil</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Format e hershme</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Tamile e Vjetër <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li>Tamile e Mesme </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialektet</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="#Dialects">Shiko poshtë</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Shkrimi" title="Shkrimi">Shkrimi</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil script (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkrimet_brahmike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkrimet brahmike (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Brahmik</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil-Brahmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil-Brahmi (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil-Brahmi</a> (historik)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkrimi_Grantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkrimi Grantha (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Grantha</a> (historical)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_Vatteluttu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeti Vatteluttu (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Vatteluttu</a> (historik)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkrimi_Pallava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkrimi Pallava (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Pallava</a> (historik)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolezhuthu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolezhuthu (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Kolezhuthu</a> (historik)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arwi (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Arwi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Abxhad</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Brajl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Brajl (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Tamil Brajl</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharati_Brajl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharati Brajl (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Bharati</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shkrimi_latin" title="Shkrimi latin">Shkrimi latin</a> (jozyrtar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap">Format me shenja</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signed_Tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signed Tamil (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Signed Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: ;">Statusi zyrtar</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Gjuhë zyrtare në</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><sup id="cite_ref-TN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puducherry_(union_territory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puducherry (union territory) (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Puducherry</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr />Sri Lanka<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-statutes.agc.gov.sg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <hr /><b>Organizatat</b><br /> ASEAN</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: ;">Kodet gjuhësore</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639-1 (nuk është shkruar akoma)">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ta">ta</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639-2 (nuk është shkruar akoma)">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=437">tam</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639-3 (nuk është shkruar akoma)">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tam" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tam">tam</a></code> – Tamile Moderne<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/oty" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:oty">oty</a></code> – Tamile e Vjetër</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguist_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguist List (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/oty">oty</a></code> Tamilishtja e vjetër</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1289">tami1289</a></code>  Tamilishtja moderne<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldt1248">oldt1248</a></code>  Tamilishtja e vjetër</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>49-EBE-a</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:Idioma_tamil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Idioma_tamil.png/220px-Idioma_tamil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Idioma_tamil.png/330px-Idioma_tamil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Idioma_tamil.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndihm%C3%AB:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndihmë:IPA (nuk është shkruar akoma)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specials_(Unicode_block)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specials (Unicode block) (nuk është shkruar akoma)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndihm%C3%AB:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndihmë:IPA (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tamile</b> ( /ˈ t ɑː m i l / ; <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தமிழ்</span></span> <i>Tamiḻ</i> [t̪amiɻ]) është një gjuhë dravidiane e folur kryesisht nga populli tamil në nënkontinentin indian . Tamilishtja është një gjuhë zyrtare e shtetit indian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, shteteve të <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankës</a> dhe <a href="/wiki/Singapori" title="Singapori">Singaporit</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-languagesdept_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagesdept-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dhe territorit të Bashkimit Indian të Puducherry-it . Tamilishtja flitet gjithashtu nga pakica të konsiderueshme në katër shtetet e tjera të Indisë së Jugut, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andra_Pradesh" title="Andra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> dhe <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, si dhe Territori i Bashkimit i Ishujve Andaman dhe Nikobar . Flitet gjithashtu nga diaspora tamile që gjendet në shumë vende, duke përfshirë <a href="/wiki/Malajzia" title="Malajzia">Malajzinë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania">Mjanmarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_Jugafrikane" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Jugafrikane">Afrikën e Jugut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Bashkuar_e_Britanis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Madhe_dhe_Irland%C3%ABs_s%C3%AB_Veriut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës së Veriut (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Mbretërinë e Bashkuar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shtetet_e_Bashkuara_t%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs" title="Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës">Shtetet e Bashkuara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanadaja" title="Kanadaja">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franca" title="Franca">Francë</a> dhe <a href="/wiki/Mauritiusi" title="Mauritiusi">Mauricius</a> . Tamilishtja flitet gjithashtu nga maurët e Sri Lankës . Një nga 22 gjuhët e planshtruara në Kushtetutën e Indisë, Tamilishtja ishte e para që u klasifikua si gjuhë klasike e Indisë . </p><p>Tamilishtja është një nga gjuhët klasike më të lashta të Indisë. <sup id="cite_ref-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AK Ramanujan e përshkroi atë si "gjuhën e vetme të Indisë bashkëkohore, e cila është dukshëm e vazhdueshme me të kaluarën e saj klasike". <sup id="cite_ref-richestClassical_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richestClassical-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shumëllojshmëria dhe cilësia e letërsisë klasike tamile ka bërë që ajo të përshkruhet si "një nga traditat dhe letërsitë më të mëdha klasike të botës". Literatura tamile e regjistruar është dokumentuar për më shumë se 2000 vjet. <sup id="cite_ref-companion_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periudha më e hershme e letërsisë tamile, letërsia Sangam, daton nga <abbr title="rreth vitit">rr.</abbr> 300 para Krishtit deri në vitin 300 pas Krishtit <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajo ka literaturën më të vjetër midis gjuhëve dravidiane që ekzistojnë. Të dhënat më të hershme epigrafike të gjetura në dekretet shkëmbore dhe ' gurët heroikë ' datojnë rreth shekullit të 3-të para Krishtit. <sup id="cite_ref-Maloney1970_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maloney1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Palani_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palani-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rreth 60,000 nga afërsisht 100,000 mbishkrimet e gjetura nga Anketimi Arkeologjik i Indisë në Indi janë në Tamil Nadu. Prej tyre, shumica janë në tamilisht, ndërsa gjuhët e tjera zënë rreth 5%. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mbishkrime në gjuhën tamile të shkruara me shkrimin Brahmi janë zbuluar në <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> dhe në mallra tregtare në Tajlandë dhe Egjipt. <sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_locations_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_locations-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dy <a href="/wiki/Dor%C3%ABshkrimi" title="Dorëshkrimi">dorëshkrimet</a> më të hershme nga India, <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> të njohura dhe të regjistruara nga regjistri i Kujtesës Botërore të UNESCO-s në 1997 dhe 2005, janë shkruar në gjuhën tamile. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikimi">Klasifikimi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakto pjesën: Klasifikimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Klasifikimi"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tamilishtja</i> i përket degës jugore të gjuhëve dravidiane, një familje me rreth 26 gjuhë vendase në <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ABnkontinenti_indian" title="Nënkontinenti indian">nënkontinentin Indian</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajo klasifikohet gjithashtu si pjesë e një familje të gjuhëve tamile, e cila së bashku me gjuhën tamile, përfshin gjuhët e rreth 35 grupeve etno-gjuhësore <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gjuha më e afërt me atë tamile është ajo malajalam ; të dyja filluan të ndryshojnë rreth shekullit të 9-të pas Krishtit. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megjithëse shumë nga dallimet midis tamilishtes dhe malajalamishtes tregojnë një ndarje parahistorike të dialektit perëndimor. <sup id="cite_ref-malayalamorigin_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malayalamorigin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procesi i ndarjes në një gjuhë të veçantë, malajalame, perfundoi deri në një pikë në shekullin e 13-të ose të 14-të. <sup id="cite_ref-andronov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andronov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statusi_ligjor">Statusi ligjor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakto pjesën: Statusi ligjor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Statusi ligjor"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamilishtja është <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_zyrtare" title="Gjuha zyrtare">gjuha zyrtare</a> e shtetit Indian të Tamil Nadusë dhe një nga 22 gjuhët nën planin 8 të kushtetutës së Indisë . <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Është një nga gjuhët zyrtare të territoreve Puducherry dhe ishujve Andaman dhe Nicobar. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamilishtja është gjithashtu një nga gjuhët zyrtare të <a href="/wiki/Singapori" title="Singapori">Singaporit</a> dhe një nga gjuhët zyrtare të Sri Lankës, së bashku me sinhalishten . <sup id="cite_ref-languagesdept_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagesdept-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dikur iu dha statusi zyrtar vetëm në emër në shtetin indian të <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haryana (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Harjanas</a>, me sa duket si një kundërshtim ndaj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punjab (Indi) (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Panxhabit</a>, megjithëse nuk kishte asnjë popullsi tamilfolëse në shtet, dhe më vonë u zëvendësua nga <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_penxhabe" title="Gjuha penxhabe">Panxhabishtja</a>, në 2010. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Në Malajzi, 543 shkolla qeveritare të arsimit fillor janë të gatshme plotësisht në gjuhën tamile si mjet mësimi . <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krijimi i shkollave të mesme tamile ka qenë në proces në <a href="/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania">Mjanmar</a> për të ofruar arsim tërësisht në këtë gjuhë nga tamilët që u zhvendosën atje 200 vjet më parë. <sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kursi i kësaj gjuhe është i ndjekshëm në disa borde shkollash vendore dhe universitete të mëdha në <a href="/wiki/Kanadaja" title="Kanadaja">Kanada</a> dhe muaji janar është shpallur "Muaji i Trashëgimisë Tamile" nga Parlamenti i Kanadasë . <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamilishtja gëzon një status të veçantë mbrojtjeje sipas nenit 6(b), Kapitulli 1 i Kushtetutës së Afrikës së Jugut dhe mësohet si lëndë në shkollat e provincës KwaZulu-Natal . <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohët e fundit, ajo është përhapur si lëndë studimi në shkollat në <a href="/wiki/Franca_p%C3%ABrtejdetit" title="Franca përtejdetit">departamentin francez të përtejdetit</a> të <a href="/wiki/Reunioni" title="Reunioni">Réunionit</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Përveç kësaj, me krijimin në tetor 2004 të një statusi ligjor për gjuhët klasike nga Qeveria e Indisë dhe pas një fushate politike të mbështetur nga disa shoqata tamile, <sup id="cite_ref-dmkpolitics2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmkpolitics2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-historyofdemand_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofdemand-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamilishtja u bë gjuha e parë klasike e njohur ligjërisht në Indi. Njohja u njoftua nga presidenti asokohe i Indisë, Abdul Kalam, i cili ishte vetë tamil, në një seancë të përbashkët mes dy dhomave të Parlamentit Indian më 6 qershor 2004. <sup id="cite_ref-LanguageInIndia_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguageInIndia-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Classical_language_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Classical_language-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_Classical_language_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Classical_language-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistemi_i_shkrimit">Sistemi i shkrimit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakto pjesën: Sistemi i shkrimit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sistemi i shkrimit"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/220px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/330px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/440px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption> Evolucioni historik i shkrimit tamil nga Tamil Brahmi i mëparshëm afër majës deri te shkrimi i tanishëm në fund</figcaption></figure> <p>Pasi Tamil Brahmi rreshti në përdorim, gjuha tamile u shkrua duke përdorur një shkrim të quajtur vaṭṭeḻuttu, ndër të tjera si Grantha dhe Pallava . Shkrimi bashkëkohor tamil përbëhet nga 12 <a href="/wiki/Zanorja" title="Zanorja">zanore</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABting%C3%ABllorja" title="Bashkëtingëllorja">bashkëtingëllore</a> dhe një karakter i veçantë, <i>āytam</i> . Zanoret dhe bashkëtingëlloret kombinohen për të formuar 216 karaktere të përbëra, duke dhënë gjithsej 247 karaktere (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 x 18)). Të gjitha bashkëtingëlloret kanë një zanore të qenësishme (mëvetësishme) <i>a</i>, siç ndodh me shkrimet e tjera indike . Kjo zanore e qenësishme hiqet duke shtuar një pikë të quajtur <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">puḷḷi</span></i>, mbi shenjën bashkëtingëllore. Për shembull, <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன</span></span> lexohet <i>ṉa</i> (me <i>a</i> të qenësishme) dhe <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன்</span></span> lexohet <i>ṉ</i> (pa zanore). Shumë shkrime indike kanë një shenjë të ngjashme, të quajtur përgjithësisht virama, por shkrimi tamil ndryshon sepse pothuajse gjithmonë përdor një <i>puḷḷi</i> të dukshme për të treguar një 'bashkëtingëllore të vdekur' (një bashkëtingëllore pa zanore). Në shkrimet e tjera indike, përgjithësisht preferohet të përdoret një ligaturë (përngjitje) ose një gjysmëformë për të shkruar një rrokje të formuar nga dy ose më shumë bashkëtingëllore të ndjekura nga një zanore, megjithëse përdorimi i viramës është i mundur. Shkrimi tamil nuk dallon plozivët e zëshëm nga ata pa zë. Në vend të kësaj, plozivët artikulohen me zë në varësi të vendndodhjes së tyre në një fjalë, në përputhje me rregullat e fonologjisë tamile . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numërorët_dhe_simbolet"><span id="Num.C3.ABror.C3.ABt_dhe_simbolet"></span>Numërorët dhe simbolet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakto pjesën: Numërorët dhe simbolet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Numërorët dhe simbolet"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>zero </th> <th>një </th> <th>dy </th> <th>tre </th> <th>katër </th> <th>pesë </th> <th>gjashtë </th> <th>shtatë </th> <th>tetë </th> <th>nëntë </th> <th>dhjetë </th> <th>njëqind </th> <th>mijë </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%"> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௦</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௧</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௨</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௩</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௪</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௫</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௬</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௭</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௮</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௯</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௰</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௱</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>ditë </th> <th>muaj </th> <th>vit </th> <th>debiti </th> <th>krediti </th> <th>si më sipër </th> <th>rupi </th> <th>numëror </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%"> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௳</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௴</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௵</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௶</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௷</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௸</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௹</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௺</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologjia">Fonologjia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redakto pjesën: Fonologjia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Fonologjia"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramatika">Gramatika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redakto pjesën: Gramatika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Gramatika"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamilishtja ndërtohet sipas gramatikës <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrngjitja" title="Përngjitja">aglutinative</a>, ku prapashtesat përdoren për të shënuar secilën : klasën e emrit, <a href="/wiki/Numri_gramatikor" title="Numri gramatikor">numrin</a> dhe <a href="/wiki/Rasa_gramatikore" title="Rasa gramatikore">rasën</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koha_gramatikore" title="Koha gramatikore">kohën e</a> foljes dhe kategori të tjera gramatikore. Terminologjia standarde metallinguistike dhe fjalori shkencor i Tamilit janë në vetvete tamile, në krahasim me <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_sanskrite" title="Gjuha sanskrite">sanskritishten</a> që është standardi për shumicën e <a href="/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_indo-ariane" title="Gjuhët indo-ariane">gjuhëve indo-ariane</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-metalanguage_zvelbil_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalanguage_zvelbil-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fjalët tamile përbëhen nga një <a href="/wiki/Leksema" title="Leksema">rrënjë leksikore</a>, së cilës i bashkangjiten një ose më shumë <a href="/wiki/Ndajshtesa" title="Ndajshtesa">ndajshtesa</a>. Shumica e shtesave tamile janë <a href="/wiki/Prapashtesa" title="Prapashtesa">prapashtesa</a> . Prapashtesat tamile mund të jenë prapashtesa <a href="/wiki/Ndajshtesimi" title="Ndajshtesimi">derivative</a>, të cilat ndryshojnë ose pjesën e të folurit të fjalës ose kuptimin e saj, ose prapashtesa lakore, të cilat shënojnë kategori si <a href="/wiki/Veta_gramatikore" title="Veta gramatikore">personi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numri_gramatikor" title="Numri gramatikor">numri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Format_e_shtjelluara_t%C3%AB_foljes" title="Format e shtjelluara të foljes">disponimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koha_gramatikore" title="Koha gramatikore">koha</a>, etj. Nuk ka asnjë kufi të prerë për gjatësinë dhe shtrirjen e <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrngjitja" title="Përngjitja">aglutinimit</a>, gjë që mund të çojë në fjalë të gjata me shumë prapashtesa, të cilat do të kërkonin disa fjalë ose një fjali në anglisht. Për të dhënë një shembull, fjala <i>pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka</i> (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) do të thotë "për hir të atyre të cilët nuk mund të shkojnë <a href="/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema">"</a> : </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><i>போக</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>முடி</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ஆத்</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>அ</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>வர்</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>கள்</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>உக்கு</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ஆக</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pōka</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>muṭi</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>at</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>a</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>var</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>kaḷ</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ukku</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>aka</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>shkoj</b> </td> <td><b>realizoj</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>mohim</b> <b>(jopersonal)</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>shënues pjesor</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>emërzues<br /><i>ai/ajo që bën</i></b> </td> <td align="center"><b>shënues shumësi</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>te</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>për</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morfologjia">Morfologjia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redakto pjesën: Morfologjia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Morfologjia"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p></br>Emrat tamilë (dhe përemrat) klasifikohen në dy super-klasa ( <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tiṇai</span></i> ) - "të arsyeshëm" ( <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">uyartiṇai</span></i> ) dhe "të paarsyeshëm" ( <i>akṟiṇai</i> ) - të cilat përfshijnë gjithsej pesë klasa ( <i>pāl</i>, që fjalë për fjalë do të thotë "gjini". ). Njerëzit dhe <a href="/wiki/Hyjnit%C3%AB" title="Hyjnitë">hyjnitë</a> klasifikohen si "të arsyeshëm", dhe të gjithë emrat e tjerë (kafshët, objektet, emrat abstraktë) klasifikohen si të paarsyeshëm. Emrat dhe përemrat "e arsyeshëm" i përkasin njërës nga tre klasat ( <i>pāl</i> ) - njëjës mashkullor, njëjës i gjinisë femërore dhe shumësi i arsyeshëm. Emrat dhe përemrat "e paarsyeshëm" i përkasin njërës nga dy klasat: njëjësi i paarsyeshëm dhe shumësi i paarsyeshëm. <i>Pāl -i</i> shpesh shënjohet përmes prapashtesave. Forma e shumësit për emrat racional mund të përdoret si një formë nderuese, asnjanëse nga gjinia, njëjës. <sup id="cite_ref-classes_of_nouns_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classes_of_nouns-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" style="background: #f2f2f2;"><b>peyarccol (emër-fjalë)</b> <sup id="cite_ref-classes_of_nouns2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classes_of_nouns2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center" style="background: #f2f2f2;"><i><b>uyartiṇai</b></i><br />(racionale) </td> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #f2f2f2;"><i><b>aḵṟiṇai</b></i><br />(irracionale) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>āṇpāl</i><br />Mashkull </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>peṇpāl</i><br /> Femër </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>palarpāl</i><br /> Kolektive </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>oṉṟaṉpāl</i><br />Një </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>palaviṉpāl</i><br /> Shumë </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" style="background: #f2f2f2;"><b>Shembull: fjalët tamile për "bërës"</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavaṉ</i><br /> Ai që bëri </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavaḷ</i><br /> Ajo që bëri </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavar(kaḷ)</i><br />Ata që bënë </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytatu</i><br />Ajo që bëri </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavai</i><br />Ata që bënë </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Foljet tamile lakohen gjithashtu përmes përdorimit të prapashtesave. Një formë tipike foljeje tamile do të ketë një numër <a href="/wiki/Prapashtesa" title="Prapashtesa">prapashtesash</a>, të cilat tregojnë vetën, numrin, mënyrën, kohën dhe formën. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintaksa">Sintaksa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redakto pjesën: Sintaksa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sintaksa"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamilishtja është një gjuhë e vijueshme kokë-parësore . Folja vjen në fund të klauzës, me një renditje tipike fjalësh të kryefjalës-kundrinorit-kallëzuesit (SOV) (ose shqip RUA). <sup id="cite_ref-SOV_language_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOV_language-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megjithatë, rendi i fjalëve në tamilisht është gjithashtu i ndryshueshëm, kështu që përkëmbime sipërfaqësore të rendit SOV janë të mundshme me efekte të ndryshme <a href="/wiki/Pragmatika" title="Pragmatika">pragmatike</a> . Tamilishtja ka <a href="/wiki/Parafjala" title="Parafjala">pasfjalë</a> dhe jo <a href="/wiki/Parafjala" title="Parafjala">parafjalë</a> . Dëftuesit dhe modifikuesit i paraprijnë emrit brenda togfjalëshit emëror. Fjalitë e nënrenditura i paraprijnë foljes së fjalisë matricore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fjalori">Fjalori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redakto pjesën: Fjalori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Fjalori"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fjalori i gjuhës tamile është kryesisht dravidian. Një ndjenjë e fortë e <a href="/wiki/Purizmi_gjuh%C3%ABsor" title="Purizmi gjuhësor">pastërtisë gjuhësor</a> manifestohet në tamilishten moderne, <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e cila kundërshton përdorimin e fjalëve të huaja. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megjithatë, një numër fjalësh të përdorura në tamilishten klasike dhe moderne janë huazime nga gjuhët e grupeve fqinje, me të cilat tamilët kishin lidhje tregtare, duke përfshirë Mundën (për shembull, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tavaḷai</span> "bretkocë" nga Munda <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tabeg</span> ), Malajen (p.sh. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">cavvarici</span> "sago" nga malajishtja <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sāgu</span>), Kinezishten (për shembull, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">campān</span> "lundër" nga kinezishtja san-pan) dhe Greqishten (për shembull, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ora</span> nga greqishtja ὥρα). Në kohët moderne, tamilishtja ka importuar fjalë nga gjuha <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_urdu" title="Gjuha urdu">urdu</a> dhe <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_marathi" title="Gjuha marathi">marathi</a>, duke pasqyruar grupe që kanë ndikuar zonën tamile dhe nga gjuhët fqinje si telugu, kanade dhe sinhale. Gjatë periudhës moderne, fjalët janë përshtatur edhe nga gjuhët evropiane, si portugalishtja, frëngjishtja dhe anglishtja. <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efekti më i fortë i kësaj pastërtie në tamilisht ka qenë mbi fjalët e marra nga sanskritishtja. Gjatë historisë së saj, tamilishtja, së bashku me gjuhët e tjera dravidiane si telugu, kanada, malajalam etj., u ndikuan nga <a href="/wiki/Gjuha_sanskrite" title="Gjuha sanskrite">sanskritishtja</a> për sa i përket fjalorit, gramatikës dhe stileve letrare, <sup id="cite_ref-influence_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influence-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-caldwell_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caldwell-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-takahashi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takahashi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> duke reflektuar prirjen në rritje të sanskritizimit. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fjalori tamil nuk u sanskritizua sa ai i gjuhëve të tjera dravidiane, dhe ndryshe nga këto gjuhë, ishte dhe mbetet e mundur të shprehen ide tl ndërlikuara (përfshirë shkencën, artin, fenë dhe ligjin) pa përdorur fjalët huazuese sanskrite. <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Përveç kësaj, sanskritizimit iu rezistua në mënyrë aktive nga një numër autorësh të periudhës së vonë mesjetare, <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> duke kulmuar në shekullin e 20-të me një lëvizje të quajtur <i>taṉit tamiḻ iyakka</i> (që do të thotë "lëvizje e pastër tamile"), e udhëhequr nga Parithimaar Kalaignar dhe Maraimalai Adigal, e cila kërkonte të hiqte ndikimin e mbledhur të gjuhës sanskrite në atë tamile. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si rezultat i kësaj, tamilishtja e përdorur në dokumentet formale, literaturë dhe fjalime publike ka pësuar një rënie të dukshme në përqindjen e fjalëve të huazuara sanskrite, <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e cila sipas disa vlerësimeve që ka rënë nga 40 në 50% në rreth 20%. <sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si rezultat, fjalët e huazuara, prakrite dhe sanskrite, të futura në tamilishten moderne janë të kufizuara kryesisht në disa terminologji shpirtërore dhe emra abstraktë . <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shembull_teksti">Shembull teksti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redakto pjesën: Shembull teksti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjuha_tamile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Shembull teksti"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Më poshtë është një shembull teksti në gjuhën letrare tamile të Nenit 1 të <a href="/wiki/Deklarata_Universale_p%C3%ABr_t%C3%AB_Drejtat_e_Njeriut" title="Deklarata Universale për të Drejtat e Njeriut">Deklaratës Universale të të Drejtave të Njeriut</a> : </p><p><b>Tamile në shkrimin Tamil :</b> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta"><b>உறுப்புரை 1:</b> மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.।</span></span></dd></dl> <p><b>Tamile e romanizuar:</b> </p> <dl><dd><b>Uṟuppurai 1:</b> Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.</dd></dl> <p><b>Tamile në <a href="/wiki/Alfabeti_Fonetik_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar" title="Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar">alfabetin fonetik ndërkombëtar</a> :</b> </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">urupːurai<span class="wrap"> </span>ond̺rʉ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>mənid̪ə<span class="wrap"> </span>piriʋijinər<span class="wrap"> </span>səgələrum<span class="wrap"> </span>sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː<span class="wrap"> </span>pirəkːin̺d̺ranər<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>əvərgəɭ<span class="wrap"> </span>məd̪ipːilum<span class="wrap"> </span>uriməigəɭilum<span class="wrap"> </span>səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>əvərgəɭ<span class="wrap"> </span>nijaːjatːəijum<span class="wrap"> </span>mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum<span class="wrap"> </span>ijərpəɳbaːgə<span class="wrap"> </span>pet̺rəʋərgəɭ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>əvərgəɭ<span class="wrap"> </span>oruʋəruɖənoruʋər<span class="wrap"> </span>sagoːdəɾə<span class="wrap"> </span>uɳərʋɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>paːŋgil<span class="wrap"> </span>nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl<span class="wrap"> </span>veːɳɖum<span class="wrap"> </span>|</span></dd></dl> <p><b>Përkthimi:</b> </p> <dl><dd><b>Neni 1:</b> Të gjithë njerëzit lindin të lirë dhe të barabartë në dinjitet dhe të drejta. Ata kanë ndërgjegje dhe arsye. Prandaj, të gjithë duhet të veprojnë me frymë vëllazërimi ndaj njëri-tjetrit.</dd></dl> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em; -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="sq" dir="ltr">Gabim referencash: Etiketë <code><ref></code> e pavlefshme; asnjë tekst nuk u dha për refs e quajtura <code>e25</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-TN-2"><a href="#cite_ref-TN_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2706204">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India%3A+50th+report+%28delivered+to+the+Lokh+Sabha+in+2014%29&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=National+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Marrë më <span class="nowrap">20 maj</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=languagesdept.gov.lk&rft.atitle=Official+Languages+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesdept.gov.lk%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D38%26Itemid%3D163%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Cite_web" title="Stampa:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-5"><a href="#cite_ref-statutes.agc.gov.sg_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stampa:Singapore_legislation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stampa:Singapore legislation (nuk është shkruar akoma)">Stampa:Singapore legislation</a>, s7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197399?redirectedFrom=tamil">"Tamil, n. and adj"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Marrë më <span class="nowrap">24 janar</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=Tamil%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F197399%3FredirectedFrom%3Dtamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Cite_web" title="Stampa:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languagesdept-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languagesdept_7-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-languagesdept_7-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915111428/http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/"><i>Department of Official Languages</i></a>, Government of Sri Lanka, arkivuar nga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/">origjinali</a> më 15 shtator 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+Official+Languages&rft.pub=Government+of+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesdept.gov.lk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFStein1977" class="citation cs2">Stein, B. (1977), "Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, vëll. 37 no. 1, fq. 7–26, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053325">10.2307/2053325</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:JSTOR_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053325">2053325</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Circulation+and+the+Historical+Geography+of+Tamil+Country&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-26&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteever1998">Steever 1998</a>. "one of India's two classical languages, alongside the more widely known Indo-Aryan language Sanskrit".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richestClassical-10"><a href="#cite_ref-richestClassical_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation cs2">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&pg=PA11"><i>The Smile of Murugan</i></a>, BRILL, fq. 11–12, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:ISBN_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:BurimetELibrave/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Speciale:BurimetELibrave/978-90-04-03591-1"><bdi>978-90-04-03591-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVF2VMUoY_okC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-companion-11"><a href="#cite_ref-companion_11-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html">Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2003" class="citation cs2">Abraham, S.A. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Asian Perspectives</i>, vëll. 42 no. 2, fq. 207, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031">10.1353/asi.2003.0031</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Chera%2C+Chola%2C+Pandya%3A+Using+Archaeological+Evidence+to+Identify+the+Tamil+Kingdoms+of+Early+Historic+South+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F17189%2F1%2FAP-v42n2-207-223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maloney1970-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Maloney1970_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1970" class="citation cs2">Maloney, C. (1970), "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, vëll. 29 no. 3, fq. 603–616, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2943246">10.2307/2943246</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:JSTOR_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2943246">2943246</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Civilization+in+South+India&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=603-616&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2943246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span> at p. 610</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palani-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Palani_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFSubramaniam2011" class="citation cs2">Subramaniam, T.S. (29 gusht 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece">"Palani excavation triggers fresh debate"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, Chennai, India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Palani+excavation+triggers+fresh+debate&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2Farticle2408091.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518064346/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm">"Students get glimpse of heritage"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hindu (nuk është shkruar akoma)">The Hindu</a></i>, Chennai, India, 22 nëntor 2005, arkivuar nga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm">origjinali</a> më 18 maj 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Students+get+glimpse+of+heritage&rft.date=2005-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F11%2F22%2Fstories%2F2005112215970400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_17-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tamil-brahmi-script-in-egypt/article1952611.ece">"Tamil Brahmi script in Egypt"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, 21 nëntor 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">5 janar</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+Brahmi+script+in+Egypt&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftamil-brahmi-script-in-egypt%2Farticle1952611.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_locations-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_locations_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2010" class="citation cs2">Mahadevan, Iravatham (24 qershor 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/an-epigraphic-perspective-on-the-antiquity-of-tamil/article482654.ece">"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, Chennai, India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=An+epigraphic+perspective+on+the+antiquity+of+Tamil&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fan-epigraphic-perspective-on-the-antiquity-of-tamil%2Farticle482654.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-ias-tamil-medical-manuscript-collection/#c187096"><i>The I.A.S. Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection</i></a>, UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+I.A.S.+Tamil+Medical+Manuscript+Collection&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fmemory-of-the-world%2Fregister%2Ffull-list-of-registered-heritage%2Fregistered-heritage-page-8%2Fthe-ias-tamil-medical-manuscript-collection%2F%23c187096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/saiva-manuscript-in-pondicherry/"><i>Saiva Manuscript in Pondicherry</i></a>, UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Manuscript+in+Pondicherry&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fmemory-of-the-world%2Fregister%2Ffull-list-of-registered-heritage%2Fregistered-heritage-page-8%2Fsaiva-manuscript-in-pondicherry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/access-by-region-and-country/in/#c184233"><i>Memory of the World Register: India</i></a>, UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+of+the+World+Register%3A+India&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fmemory-of-the-world%2Fregister%2Faccess-by-region-and-country%2Fin%2F%23c184233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti 2003</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Perumal, A. K. (2005) <i>Manorama Yearbook</i> (Tamil), pp. 302–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>, Elsevier, 2010, fq. 297</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malayalamorigin-25"><a href="#cite_ref-malayalamorigin_25-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2009" class="citation cs2">Menon, A. G. (2009), "Some observations on the sub-group Tamil-Malayalam: Differential realizations of the cluster * ṉt", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, vëll. 53, fq. 87, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00021285">10.1017/S0041977X00021285</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+observations+on+the+sub-group+Tamil-Malayalam%3A+Differential+realizations+of+the+cluster+%2A+%E1%B9%89t&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00021285&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andronov-26"><a href="#cite_ref-andronov_26-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndronov1970">Andronov 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/list-of-languages-in-the-8th-schedule/">"8th Schedule of Indian Constitution - 22 Official Languages"</a>. <i>BYJUS</i> (në anglishte amerikane)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Marrë më <span class="nowrap">2021-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BYJUS&rft.atitle=8th+Schedule+of+Indian+Constitution+-+22+Official+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbyjus.com%2Ffree-ias-prep%2Flist-of-languages-in-the-8th-schedule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFRamamoorthy2004" class="citation cs2">Ramamoorthy, L (shkurt 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2004/multilingual.html"><i>Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition and Learning in Pondicherry</i></a>, Language in India<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">16 gusht</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+and+Second+Language+Acquisition+and+Learning+in+Pondicherry&rft.pub=Language+in+India&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Ramamoorthy&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Ffeb2004%2Fmultilingual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFSunwani2007" class="citation cs2">Sunwani, Vijay K (shkurt 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2007/northeasternstates.pdf"><i>Amazing Andamans and North-East India: A Panoramic View of States, Societies and Cultures</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Language in India<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">16 gusht</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+Andamans+and+North-East+India%3A+A+Panoramic+View+of+States%2C+Societies+and+Cultures&rft.pub=Language+in+India&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Sunwani&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Ffeb2007%2Fnortheasternstates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bharadwaj, Ajay (7 March 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1356124/report-punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana">Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html"><i>Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy</i></a>, Ccat.sas.upenn.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Shift+in+the+Tamil+Communities+of+Malaysia+and+Singapore%3A+the+Paradox+of+Egalitarian+Language+Policy&rft.pub=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~haroldfs%2F540%2Fhandouts%2Fsparadox%2Fsparadox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-32"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_32-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Natarajan, Swaminathan (6 March 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25438275">Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/01/14/statement-prime-minister-canada-thai-pongal"><i>Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on Thai Pongal</i></a>, 13 janar 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+Prime+Minister+of+Canada+on+Thai+Pongal&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F14%2Fstatement-prime-minister-canada-thai-pongal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/canada-officially-declares-pride-its-tamils-passes-bill-calling-tamil-heritage-month-51059">"Canada officially declares pride in its Tamils, passes Bill calling for Tamil Heritage Month"</a>, <i>The News Minute</i>, 8 tetor 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">6 gusht</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Canada+officially+declares+pride+in+its+Tamils%2C+passes+Bill+calling+for+Tamil+Heritage+Month&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fcanada-officially-declares-pride-its-tamils-passes-bill-calling-tamil-heritage-month-51059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/site/constitution/english-web/ch1.html">"Constitutional Court of South Africa – The Constitution"</a>, <i>www.constitutionalcourt.org.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">5 gusht</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.constitutionalcourt.org.za&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Court+of+South+Africa+%E2%80%93+The+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionalcourt.org.za%2Fsite%2Fconstitution%2Fenglish-web%2Fch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/five-indian-languages-reinstated-as-official-subjects-in-south-african-schools-1395392591-1">"Five Indian languages reinstated as official subjects in South African schools"</a>, <i>Jagranjosh.com</i>, 21 mars 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">6 gusht</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jagranjosh.com&rft.atitle=Five+Indian+languages+reinstated+as+official+subjects+in+South+African+schools&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagranjosh.com%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Ffive-indian-languages-reinstated-as-official-subjects-in-south-african-schools-1395392591-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFSrivatsa2017" class="citation cs2">Srivatsa, Sharath S. (8 janar 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/For-these-islanders-a-reunion-with-Tamil/article17009446.ece">"For these islanders, a reunion with Tamil"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">6 gusht</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=For+these+islanders%2C+a+reunion+with+Tamil&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft.aulast=Srivatsa&rft.aufirst=Sharath+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2FFor-these-islanders-a-reunion-with-Tamil%2Farticle17009446.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmkpolitics2-38"><a href="#cite_ref-dmkpolitics2_38-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2004" class="citation cs2">Dutta, Sujan (28 shtator 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203214540/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040928/asp/frontpage/story_3813391.asp">"Classic case of politics of language"</a>, <i>The Telegraph</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India, arkivuar nga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040928/asp/frontpage/story_3813391.asp">origjinali</a> më 3 shkurt 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">20 prill</span> 2007</span>, <q>Members of the committee felt that the pressure was being brought on it because of the compulsions of the Congress and the UPA government to appease its ally, M. Karunanidhi's DMK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Classic+case+of+politics+of+language&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Sujan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1040928%2Fasp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_3813391.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofdemand-39"><a href="#cite_ref-historyofdemand_39-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFViswanathan2004" class="citation cs2">Viswanathan, S. (tetor 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105004310600.htm">"Recognising a classic"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, arkivuar nga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2122/stories/20041105004310600.htm">origjinali</a> më 26 shtator 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Recognising+a+classic&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Viswanathan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2122%2Fstories%2F20041105004310600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LanguageInIndia-40"><a href="#cite_ref-LanguageInIndia_40-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFThirumalai2004" class="citation cs2">Thirumalai, MS (nëntor 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/tamilglobalization1.html">"Tradition, Modernity and Impact of Globalization – Whither Will Tamil Go?"</a>, <i>Language in India</i>, vëll. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më 17 nëntor 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+India&rft.atitle=Tradition%2C+Modernity+and+Impact+of+Globalization+%E2%80%93+Whither+Will+Tamil+Go%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Thirumalai&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Fnov2004%2Ftamilglobalization1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Classical_language-41"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Classical_language_41-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm">India sets up classical languages</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindu_Classical_language-42"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_Classical_language_42-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030050314/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102809281200.htm">"Sanskrit to be declared classical language"</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metalanguage_zvelbil-43"><a href="#cite_ref-metalanguage_zvelbil_43-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation cs2">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&pg=PA4"><i>The Smile of Murugan</i></a>, BRILL, fq. 4, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:ISBN_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:BurimetELibrave/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Speciale:BurimetELibrave/978-90-04-03591-1"><bdi>978-90-04-03591-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVF2VMUoY_okC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classes_of_nouns-44"><a href="#cite_ref-classes_of_nouns_44-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1875" class="citation cs2">Caldwell, Robert (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfwCAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Classes+of+nouns+in+Tamil%22&pg=RA1-PA156"><i>Classes of nouns in Tamil</i></a>, Trübner<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">1 qershor</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classes+of+nouns+in+Tamil&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfwCAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Classes%2Bof%2Bnouns%2Bin%2BTamil%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classes_of_nouns2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-classes_of_nouns2_45-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1875" class="citation cs2">Caldwell, Robert (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfwCAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Classes+of+nouns+in+Tamil%22&pg=RA1-PA156"><i>Classes of nouns in Tamil</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">1 qershor</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classes+of+nouns+in+Tamil&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfwCAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Classes%2Bof%2Bnouns%2Bin%2BTamil%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOV_language-46"><a href="#cite_ref-SOV_language_46-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030919235821/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/d02.html"><i>Tamil is a head-final language</i></a>, arkivuar nga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/d02.html">origjinali</a> më 19 shtator 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">1 qershor</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+is+a+head-final+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fschuh%2Flx001%2FDiscussion%2Fd02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tml"><i>WALS – Tamil</i></a>, Wals.info<span class="reference-accessdate">, marrë më <span class="nowrap">13 shtator</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WALS+%E2%80%93+Tamil&rft.pub=Wals.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_tml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2009" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, S. (2009), "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, vëll. 35 no. 4, fq. 683, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500018673">10.1017/S0010417500018673</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=En%2Fgendering+Language%3A+The+Poetics+of+Tamil+Identity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500018673&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeenakshisundaran1965">Meenakshisundaran 1965</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-influence-51"><a href="#cite_ref-influence_51-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom" (Sastri 1955, p. 309); Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyanathan1967" class="citation cs2">Vaidyanathan, S. (1967), "Indo-Aryan Loan Words in the Cīvakacintāmaṇi", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, vëll. 87 no. 4, fq. 430–434, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597587">10.2307/597587</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:JSTOR_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597587">597587</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Indo-Aryan+Loan+Words+in+the+C%C4%ABvakacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=430-434&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597587%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaidyanathan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caldwell-53"><a href="#cite_ref-caldwell_53-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1974">Caldwell 1974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takahashi-54"><a href="#cite_ref-takahashi_54-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Takahashi, Takanobu. (1995). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Pollock, Sheldon (1996). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1999" class="citation cs2">Trautmann, Thomas R. (1999), "Hullabaloo About Telugu", <i>South Asia Research</i>, vëll. 19 no. 1, fq. 53–70, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026272809901900104">10.1177/026272809901900104</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Hullabaloo+About+Telugu&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026272809901900104&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span> at p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1974">Caldwell 1974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, F. W. (1820), "Note to the introduction" in Campbell, A.D., <i>A grammar of the Teloogoo language.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Ramaswamy's analysis of one such text, the <i><span title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tamiḻ viṭututu</span></i>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2706204"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1998" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, S. (1998), "Language of the People in the World of Gods: Ideologies of Tamil before the Nation", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, vëll. 57 no. 1, fq. 66–92, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:doi_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2659024">10.2307/2659024</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:JSTOR_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="w:en:JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659024">2659024</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+of+the+People+in+the+World+of+Gods%3A+Ideologies+of+Tamil+before+the+Nation&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-92&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2659024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2659024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsq.wikipedia.org%3AGjuha+tamile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Stampa:Citation" title="Stampa:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Mungon ose është bosh parametri <code class="cs1-code">|language=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Gabimet_CS1#language_missing" title="Ndihmë:Gabimet CS1">Ndihmë!</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Varadarajan, M. <i>A History of Tamil Literature</i>, transl. from Tamil by E. Sa. Viswanathan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988. p. 12: "Since then the movement has been popularly known as the <i>tanittamil iyakkam</i> or the Pure Tamil movement among the Tamil scholars."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamaswamy1997">Ramaswamy 1997</a>: "Nevertheless, even impressionistically speaking, the marked decline in the use of foreign words, especially of Sanskritic origin, in Tamil literary, scholarly, and even bureaucratic circles over the past half century is quite striking."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480_62-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Meenakshisundaram, T. P. (1982) <i>A History of Tamil Language</i>, Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai. 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