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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Tamoul" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Tamoul" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. 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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire_de_la_langue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire_de_la_langue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Histoire de la langue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histoire_de_la_langue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dialectes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialectes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Dialectes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialectes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diglossie_du_tamoul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diglossie_du_tamoul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diglossie du tamoul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diglossie_du_tamoul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Différences_avec_les_langues_dravidiennes_sud-indiennes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Différences_avec_les_langues_dravidiennes_sud-indiennes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Différences avec les langues dravidiennes sud-indiennes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Différences_avec_les_langues_dravidiennes_sud-indiennes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Différences_avec_le_tamoul_srilankais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Différences_avec_le_tamoul_srilankais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Différences avec le tamoul srilankais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Différences_avec_le_tamoul_srilankais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lettres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lettres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lettres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lettres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Lettres</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lettres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Voyelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyelles_courtes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyelles_courtes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Voyelles courtes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyelles_courtes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyelles_longues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyelles_longues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Voyelles longues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyelles_longues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphtongues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphtongues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Diphtongues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphtongues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphasyllabaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphasyllabaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alphasyllabaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphasyllabaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiffres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiffres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chiffres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiffres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quelques_nombres_en_tamoul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quelques_nombres_en_tamoul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Quelques nombres en tamoul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quelques_nombres_en_tamoul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammaire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammaire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Grammaire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Déclinaison_des_substantifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Déclinaison_des_substantifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Déclinaison des substantifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Déclinaison_des_substantifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronoms_personnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoms_personnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pronoms personnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoms_personnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples_de_texte_tamoul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples_de_texte_tamoul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exemples de texte tamoul</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exemples_de_texte_tamoul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Exemples de texte tamoul</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exemples_de_texte_tamoul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexique_et_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexique_et_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lexique et phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexique_et_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamoul</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 158 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ታሚልኛ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التاميلية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="التاميليه – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاميليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_dili" title="Tamil dili – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamil dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیل دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C4%97lu_kalba" title="Tamėlu kalba – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamėlu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Tamil" title="Hata Tamil – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Tamil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски език – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамилски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mil" title="Tàmil – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tamil-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pinulongan)" title="Tamil (pinulongan) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tamil (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی تامیلی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تامیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1tina" title="Tamilština – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(sprog)" title="Tamil (sprog) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Tamil" title="Boros Tamil – dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A6" title="ތަމަޅަ – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަމަޅަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamila_lingvo" title="Tamila lingvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili_keel" title="Tamili keel – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamilera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان تامیلی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spriik)" title="Tamil (spriik) – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil (spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tamailis" title="An Tamailis – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamailis" title="Tamailis – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%C3%A1mil" title="Lingua támil – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua támil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1mil_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Támil ñe'ẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Támil ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તમિળ ભાષા – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilish" title="Tamilish – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tamilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%C3%AE" title="Tamil-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טמילית – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_bhasa" title="Tamil bhasa – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nyelv" title="Tamil nyelv – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թամիլերեն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Tamil" title="Jaku Tamil – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tamil" title="Pagsasao a Tamil – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tamil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_linguo" title="Tamil linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADlska" title="Tamílska – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="タミル語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ენა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тамилыбзэ – kabarde" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тамилыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%A1" title="ភាសាទមិឡ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាទមិឡ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%96%B4" title="타밀어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тамил тил – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тамил тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تٲمِل زَبان – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tam%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tamîlî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tamîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тамил кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тамил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilek" title="Tamilek – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamilek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tamulica" title="Lingua Tamulica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tamulica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tamil" title="Lengua tamil – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tamil" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາທະມິນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທະມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tamilų kalba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tamily" title="Fiteny tamily – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tamily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tamil" title="Bahaso Tamil – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tamil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски јазик – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тамил хэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тамилэнь кель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тамилэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیلی – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Tamillahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tamillahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tamil (språk) – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тамилаг æвзаг – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tamilski" title="Język tamilski – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tamilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tamil" title="Lenga Tamil – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tamil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تامل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تاميلي ژبه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil" title="Língua tâmil – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tâmil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_simi" title="Tamil simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilikani_chhib" title="Tamilikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Tamilikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tamil%C4%83" title="Limba tamilă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tamilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tamil" title="Lènga tamil – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tamil" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамильский язык – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамільскый язык – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тамільскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitamili" title="Igitamili – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitamili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ्भाषा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тамил тыла – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тамил тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_leid" title="Tamil leid – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tamil leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تامل ٻولي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දෙමළ භාෂාව – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tamilščina – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Tamil-ka" title="Luqada Tamil-ka – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Tamil-ka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_tamile" title="Gjuha tamile – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha tamile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски језик – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамилски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamil" title="Kitamil – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitamil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ – toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="తమిళ భాష – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони томилӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони томилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC" title="ภาษาทมิฬ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tamil" title="Wikang Tamil – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilce" title="Tamilce – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamilce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تامىل تىلى – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تامىل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільська мова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамільська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمل زبان – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_tili" title="Tamil tili – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamil tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tamil" title="Tiếng Tamil – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamil" title="Tinamil – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinamil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ნინა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C" title="טאמיל – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_T%C3%A0mil" title="Èdè Tàmil – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-g%C3%AD" title="Tamil-gí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="淡米爾文 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淡米爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tamoul"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Tamoul" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Tamoul" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&oldid=220185189" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Tamoul&id=220185189&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTamoul"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTamoul"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tamoul"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tamoul&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5885" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote bandeau-unicode"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page contient des caractères d'<a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire">alphasyllabaires</a> <a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Inde" title="Langues en Inde">indiens</a>. En cas de problème, consultez <a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode">Aide:Unicode</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne la langue tamoule. Pour le peuple tamoul, voir <a href="/wiki/Tamouls" title="Tamouls">Tamouls</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#00FA9A;color:black;">Tamil<br /><small><span class="lang-ta" lang="ta">தமிழ்</span> (<i><span class="transcription lang-ta" lang="ta-Latn" dir="ltr">tamiḻ</span></i>)</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaisie" title="Malaisie">Malaisie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFlande" title="Thaïlande">Thaïlande</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="République de Maurice">Maurice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australie" title="Australie">Australie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmanie" title="Birmanie">Birmanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège">Norvège</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de la Réunion">Île de la Réunion</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nombre de locuteurs </th> <td>85 millions (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_tam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_tam-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_1-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_dravidiennes" title="Langues dravidiennes">langues dravidiennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> langues dravidiennes méridionales<ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> langues tamoul-kannada <small>(hypothétique)</small><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <b>tamoul</b></li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">Statut officiel</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Langue_officielle" title="Langue officielle">Langue officielle</a> </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Singapour"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Singapour"><img alt="Drapeau de Singapour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/20px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Sri Lanka"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Sri Lanka"><img alt="Drapeau du Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Inde"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Inde"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Inde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a></span> : <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Pondich%C3%A9ry" title="Territoire de Pondichéry">Territoire de Pondichéry</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span> </th> <td><code>ta</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> </th> <td><code>tam</code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=tam">tam</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td>Langue individuelle </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>Langue vivante </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_linguistique" title="Observatoire linguistique"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Linguasphere</span></i></a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=49-EBE-a">49-EBE-a</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">WALS</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tml">tml</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1289">tami1289</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">État de conservation</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r209916962">.mw-parser-output .flex-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .flex-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:left;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .sk-container{display:flex;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .sk-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:center;float:none}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{background:black;color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover{background:red;color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover{background:orange;color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover{background:yellow;color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover{background:yellowgreen;color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover{background:silver;color:black}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover a{color:white}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip{position:relative;display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px dotted black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1}</style> <center> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%89tat_de_conservation_d%27une_langue" title="Modèle:État de conservation d'une langue"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sk-container" style="justify-content: center;"> <div><span style="font-size:90%;"><center><b>Éteinte</b></center><br /></span> <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_morte" title="Catégorie:Langue morte"><div class="EX-hover tooltip" style="display:inline; height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>EX</b><span class="tooltiptext">Éteinte</span></div></a></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Menacée</b></center><br /></span> <div style="border-top:2px solid black; border-radius:20%;display:inline;padding-top:1em"> <div class="CR-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>CR</b><span class="tooltiptext">En situation critique</span></div> <div class="SE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>SE</b><span class="tooltiptext">Sérieusement en danger</span></div> <div class="DE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%;display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_en_danger" title="Catégorie:Langue en danger"><b>DE</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">En danger</span></div> <div class="VU-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>VU</b><span class="tooltiptext">Vulnérable</span></div> </div></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Sûre</b></center><br /></span> <div class="NE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;background:silver"><b>NE</b><span class="tooltiptext"> Non menacée</span></div></div></div> <div style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.3">Langue <b>non menacée</b> (<b>NE</b>) au sens de l’<i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_des_langues_en_danger_dans_le_monde" title="Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde">Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde</a></i> </div></center> </td> </tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">Échantillon</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Article premier de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=tcv">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/fr/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html">voir le texte en français</a>) <p><span class="lang-ta" lang="ta">மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்</span>. <br /> <br /> Translittération :<br /> </p> <i><span class="lang-ta-latn" lang="ta-latn"> Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉacāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.</span></i></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#00FA9A; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tamil_Verbreitung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Tamoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tamil_Verbreitung.png/280px-Tamil_Verbreitung.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tamil_Verbreitung.png/420px-Tamil_Verbreitung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tamil_Verbreitung.png/560px-Tamil_Verbreitung.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a></span> <br />Aire linguistique actuelle du tamoul (en rouge), à l'échelle de l'Asie du Sud. </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #00FA9A solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>tamoul</b>, ou <b>tamil</b> (<span class="lang-ta" lang="ta">தமிழ்</span> (<i><span class="transcription lang-ta" lang="ta-Latn" dir="ltr">tamiḻ</span></i>), <span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">/<a href="/wiki/API_t%CC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="API t̪"><span title="[t̪] « t » dans « tous ».">t̪</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%C9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɐ">ɐ</a><a href="/wiki/API_m" class="mw-redirect" title="API m"><span title="[m] « m » dans « mou ».">m</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɨ"><span title="[ɨ] proche du « eu » dans « Lao Tseu »">ɨ</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%C9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɻ">ɻ</a>/</span>), est une langue originaire de l'<a href="/wiki/Inde_du_Sud" title="Inde du Sud">Inde du Sud</a> parlée par les <a href="/wiki/Tamouls" title="Tamouls">Tamouls</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, c'est la langue officielle de l'État du <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> et l'une des langues officielles du <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Pondich%C3%A9ry" title="Territoire de Pondichéry">territoire de Pondichéry</a>. Elle est aussi reconnue indépendamment à l'échelle fédérale en tant qu'une des 22 <a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Inde" title="Langues en Inde">langues constitutionnelles</a> du pays<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le tamoul est une des langues officielles du <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a>. Elle peut être parlée parmi les diasporas tamoules aux <a href="/wiki/Fidji" title="Fidji">Fidji</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Malaisie" title="Malaisie">Malaisie</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Birmanie" title="Birmanie">Birmanie</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_du_Sud" title="Afrique du Sud">Afrique du Sud</a>, à l'<a href="/wiki/Maurice_(pays)" title="Maurice (pays)">île Maurice</a>, à <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9union" title="La Réunion">l'île de La Réunion</a> et dans les Caraïbes, notamment en <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9-et-Tobago" title="Trinité-et-Tobago">Trinité-et-Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>… mais aussi en <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anie" title="Océanie">Océanie</a> (notamment en <a href="/wiki/Australie" title="Australie">Australie</a>). Le nombre total de locuteurs est évalué à 83 millions, dont 69 millions en Inde<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_tam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_tam-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_2-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Proportionnellement, c'est la langue la plus utilisée en Inde par ses locuteurs sur <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (42 % des tamoulophones utilisent Internet)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le tamoul appartient à la famille des <a href="/wiki/Langues_dravidiennes" title="Langues dravidiennes">langues dravidiennes</a>. Il s'écrit au moyen d'un <a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire">alphasyllabaire</a> dérivé du <a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a>, provenant lui-même de la <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" title="Brahmi">brahmi</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui a été conçu selon le modèle de l'ancien tamoul. La langue comprend cependant de nombreux dialectes assez éloignés les uns des autres<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Langue d'une ancienneté millénaire et riche d'une vaste tradition littéraire et culturelle, le tamoul a officiellement été déclaré comme <a href="/wiki/Langue_classique" title="Langue classique">langue classique</a> par le <a href="/wiki/Gouvernement_indien" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement indien">gouvernement indien</a> en 2004<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle est la première langue à bénéficier de ce statut, qui octroie des facilités à destination de la recherche<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire_de_la_langue">Histoire de la langue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire de la langue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire de la langue"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="need_ref" title="La source utilisée semble avoir été détournée de sa portée réelle (demandé le octobre 2023)." style="cursor:help;">Une analyse de datation au carbone 14 d'un mélange de riz et de terre trouvé dans une urne funéraire à Sivakalai dans le district de Thoothukudi du Tamil Nadu, menée par le Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory basé à Miami, a donné la date de 1155 avant J.-C., indiquant que la civilisation Thamirabarani remonte à 3 200 ans</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Travaux_in%C3%A9dits" title="Wikipédia:Travaux inédits">[source détournée]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le tamoul appartient au sous-groupe méridional de la famille des langues dravidiennes<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'histoire de la langue tamoule est habituellement subdivisée en trois stades : le vieux tamoul, le moyen tamoul et le tamoul moderne. Le passage d'un stade à l'autre correspond à un certain nombre de changements phonologiques et grammaticaux, ainsi qu'à des évolutions de la syntaxe. </p><p>Le vieux tamoul couvre la période allant du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Les premiers écrits en vieux tamoul sont d'abord de courtes inscriptions datées des <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, trouvées sur les parois des grottes près de <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> et <a href="/wiki/Viluppuram" title="Viluppuram">Villupuram</a> et sur les poteries. Ces inscriptions utilisent une variante de l'écriture <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" title="Brahmi">brahmi</a> appelée <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil-Brahmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil-Brahmi (page inexistante)">tamil-brahmi</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le plus ancien recueil connu de cette époque, donc aussi de la langue tamoule, est le <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a>, dont les premières couches remonteraient à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">ii</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et qui traite de la phonétique, la rhétorique et la grammaire. La littérature du <a href="/wiki/Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam">Sangam</a> s'inscrit pour la plupart dans la première moitié de cette période. Ses œuvres qui nous sont parvenues sont regroupées dans un corpus constitué de 2 381 poèmes composés par 473 auteurs, dont au moins 27 poétesses<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les limites exactes du moyen tamoul restent floues. Il est généralement admis que le passage du vieux au moyen tamoul est achevé au <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les changements les plus importants par rapport à la phase précédente sont, en phonétique, la quasi-disparition du <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème">phonème</a> appelé <i>āytam</i> (ஃ)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la coalescence de la <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonne</a> nasale alvéolaire en nasale dentale<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et enfin la transformation de l'occlusive alvéolaire en rétroflexe<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En grammaire, la période médiévale voit émerger un <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> temps, le présent, en plus du passé et du futur. La marque grammaticale ou l'affixe <i>kiṉṟa</i> (கின்ற), permettant désormais de conjuguer un verbe au présent, est issue de la combinaison de l'aspect duratif du verbe ou encore de l'indication sur le déroulement de ce dernier, <i>kil</i> (கில்), et d'une marque de temps, <i>ṉ</i> (ன்)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le moyen tamoul emploie une écriture probablement issue du tamil-brahmi, le <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">vatteluttu</a>, qui se traduit littéralement par « écriture arrondie ». Nombre de temples médiévaux, tels que les parois du grand <a href="/wiki/Temple_de_Brihadesvara" title="Temple de Brihadesvara">temple Brihadesvara</a> de <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, en sont couverts. </p><p>Aux alentours du <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, le moyen tamoul évolue pour donner naissance au malayalam dans la partie montagneuse occidentale. Le moyen tamoul est donc l'ancêtre du tamoul moderne et du <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">malayalam</a>, parlé dans l'actuel État de <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectes">Dialectes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Dialectes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dialectes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diglossie_du_tamoul">Diglossie du tamoul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Diglossie du tamoul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Diglossie du tamoul"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il existe une grande divergence entre la langue tamoule écrite (s<i>entamizh</i>) et la langue parlée (<i>koduntamizh</i>). D'une façon générale, il existe un tamoul littéraire, utilisé dans les journaux, les livres, etc., qui respecte des règles strictes d'orthographe, de grammaire et de syntaxe ; et un tamoul populaire, utilisé à l'oral ou dans les médias ; une telle situation peut être qualifiée de <a href="/wiki/Diglossie" title="Diglossie">diglossie</a>. Le tamoul populaire est extrêmement variable d'un pays à l'autre, d'une région à l'autre, voire d'un village à l'autre : même un locuteur maîtrisant le tamoul littéraire, c'est-à-dire officiel, peut ne rien comprendre à cette langue, qui utilise en abondance des noms étrangers (<i>lugéj</i> : bagage, de l'anglais <i>luggage</i>, <i>zanti</i> : gentil, du français…) souvent adaptés à la prononciation de la langue. Ceci s'explique par le fait qu'une communauté tamoule importante réside dans des pays étrangers, la population vivant dans ces pays mélangeant le tamoul avec la langue parlée dans le pays. </p><p>Depuis le début du <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, les grammairiens tamouls tentent de rapprocher la langue écrite de la langue parlée, tout en conservant les particularités de cette écriture très ancienne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Différences_avec_les_langues_dravidiennes_sud-indiennes"><span id="Diff.C3.A9rences_avec_les_langues_dravidiennes_sud-indiennes"></span>Différences avec les langues dravidiennes sud-indiennes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Différences avec les langues dravidiennes sud-indiennes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Différences avec les langues dravidiennes sud-indiennes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'histoire littéraire du tamoul, longue de plus de deux millénaires, est marquée par diverses périodes caractérisées par une alternance de rapprochement et d'éloignement par rapport au <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> jusqu'à une époque relativement récente, le milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, où l'on a entrepris en Inde tamoule le <i><span lang="tamoul-Latn" title="translittération depuis tamoul" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tanittamil Iyakkam</span></i> ou « Mouvement du Tamoul indépendant », important mouvement littéraire et politique cherchant à « <a href="/wiki/Purisme_(linguistique)" title="Purisme (linguistique)">purifier</a> » la langue écrite en la dépouillant d'une partie de son lexique sanskritisant<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela s'est traduit par une importante création et institutionnalisation de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ologisme" title="Néologisme">néologismes</a> construits à partir du tamoul ancien, à l'usage peu populaire hors des milieux savants et lettrés<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, le tamoul standard moderne se distingue des autres grandes langues dravidiennes du sud de l'Inde, qui ont conservé davantage de lexique sanskrit. </p><p>Sur le plan de la syntaxe, cependant, la proximité avec les langues dravidiennes dérivées des états voisins : malayalam (Kerala), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lougou" title="Télougou">télougou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">kannada</a> ou canarais (<a href="/wiki/Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>) reste très grande et sur le plan culturel, les affinités sont extrêmement fortes entre ces différents états de l'Inde du Sud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Différences_avec_le_tamoul_srilankais"><span id="Diff.C3.A9rences_avec_le_tamoul_srilankais"></span>Différences avec le tamoul srilankais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Différences avec le tamoul srilankais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Différences avec le tamoul srilankais"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le tamoul du Sri Lanka, lui, conserve très peu de sanskrit dans sa langue écrite par son éloignement géographique avec les autres langues dravidiennes. Elle a ainsi aussi conservé des éléments de tamoul ancien qui ont disparu du tamoul indien. Les contacts prolongés avec la langue et la culture <a href="/wiki/Singhalais" title="Singhalais">singhalaise</a> et l'histoire même du Sri Lanka et des migrations tamoules lui confèrent d'autres caractéristiques qui le distinguent clairement du tamoul indien, même s'il s'agit bien de la même langue et si de nombreux traits culturels sont semblables. </p><p>« Tamoul srilankais » peut désigner deux variétés de langue. L'une est une variété formelle et institutionnalisée à l'échelle de l'île, le tamoul standard srilankais, qui ne se distingue que peu du tamoul standard moderne indien, car les deux se basent sur le tamoul littéraire<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; l'autre est un ensemble de variétés dialectales propres aux populations indigènes de l'île, les dialectes tamouls srilankais, qui se distinguent très fortement du tamoul indien dans ses formes dialectales. Ainsi, selon les dialectes, le « tamoul srilankais » peut être complètement non <a href="/wiki/Intelligibilit%C3%A9_mutuelle" title="Intelligibilité mutuelle">intelligible mutuellement</a> avec le tamoul parlé en Inde<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lettres">Lettres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Lettres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lettres"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Marapun_speaking_Tamil.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Marapun parlant tamoul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_வாக்கியம்_7.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Les virelangues de parler tamoul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>L'enregistrement principal en tamoul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Les virelangues alternatifs parlent tamoul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_வாக்கியம்_10.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Encore des virelangues tamouls.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">romanisation</a> est donnée selon la norme <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyelles">Voyelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voyelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voyelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyelles_courtes">Voyelles courtes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Voyelles courtes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voyelles courtes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Antérieures </th> <th colspan="3">Centrales </th> <th colspan="3">Postérieures </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fermées</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_i" class="mw-redirect" title="API i"><span title="[i] « i » dans « si ».">i</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>இ </td> <td>i </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_u" class="mw-redirect" title="API u"><span title="[u] « ou » dans « coup ».">u</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>உ </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mi-fermées</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_e" class="mw-redirect" title="API e"><span title="[e] « é » dans « clé ».">e</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>எ </td> <td>e </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_o" class="mw-redirect" title="API o"><span title="[o] « o » dans « sot ».">o</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஒ </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ouvertes</b> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="[a] « a » dans « patte ».">a</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>அ </td> <td>a </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyelles_longues">Voyelles longues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voyelles longues" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voyelles longues"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Antérieures </th> <th colspan="3">Centrales </th> <th colspan="3">Postérieures </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fermées</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_i" class="mw-redirect" title="API i"><span title="[i] « i » dans « si ».">i</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ː"><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஈ </td> <td>īi </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_u" class="mw-redirect" title="API u"><span title="[u] « ou » dans « coup ».">u</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ː"><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஊ </td> <td>uu </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mi-fermées</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_e" class="mw-redirect" title="API e"><span title="[e] « é » dans « clé ».">e</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ː"><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஏ </td> <td>aē </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_o" class="mw-redirect" title="API o"><span title="[o] « o » dans « sot ».">o</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ː"><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஓ </td> <td>ōa </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ouvertes</b> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="[a] « a » dans « patte ».">a</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ː"><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஆ </td> <td>aa </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphtongues">Diphtongues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Diphtongues" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Diphtongues"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="[a] « a » dans « patte ».">a</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%C9%AA%CC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɪ̯">ɪ̯</a>]</span> </td> <td>ஐ </td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="[a] « a » dans « patte ».">a</span></a><a href="/wiki/API_%CA%8A%CC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʊ̯">ʊ̯</a>]</span> </td> <td>ஔ </td> <td>ow </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonnes">Consonnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Consonnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Consonnes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Labiales </th> <th colspan="3">Dentales </th> <th colspan="3">Alvéolaires </th> <th colspan="3">Rétroflexes </th> <th colspan="3">Palatales </th> <th colspan="3">Vélaires </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Nasales</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_m" class="mw-redirect" title="API m"><span title="[m] « m » dans « mou ».">m</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ம </td> <td>im </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_n%CC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="API n̪"><span title="[n̪] « n » dans « nous. »">n̪</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ந </td> <td>inth </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_n" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="[n] en français « n » dans « nous » ; ailleurs avec la langue un peu plus en arrière.">n</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ன </td> <td>iṉ </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɳ"><span title="[ɳ] proche du « n » de nous mais avec la langue retournée contre le palais.">ɳ</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ண </td> <td>iṇ </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[ <a href="/wiki/API_%C9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɲ"><span title="[ɲ] « gn » dans « agneau ».">ɲ</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ஞ </td> <td>inj </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="[ŋ] « ng » dans « parking ».">ŋ</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ங </td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Occlusives</b> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_p" class="mw-redirect" title="API p"><span title="[p] « p » dans « papa ».">p</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ப </td> <td>ip </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%CC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="API t̪"><span title="[t̪] « t » dans « tous ».">t̪</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>த </td> <td>ith </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʈ"><span title="[ʈ] proche de « t » dans « tous » mais avec la langue retournée contre le palais.">ʈ</span></a> ]</span> </td> <td>ட </td> <td>iṭ </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%CD%A1%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="API t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ச </td> <td>ich </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_k" class="mw-redirect" title="API k"><span title="[k] « c » dans « cabas ».">k</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>க </td> <td>ik </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Spirantes</b> </td> <td><i>centrales</i> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʋ">ʋ</a>]</span> </td> <td>வ </td> <td>iv </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɻ">ɻ</a> ]</span> </td> <td>ழ </td> <td>izḻ </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[ <a href="/wiki/API_j" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="[j] « y » dans « payer », « ill » dans « Versailles ».">j</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ய </td> <td>iy </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>latérales</i> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_l%CC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="API l̪">l̪</a>]</span> </td> <td>ல </td> <td>il </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɭ">ɭ</a> ]</span> </td> <td>ள </td> <td>iḷ </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Roulées / Battues</b> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_r" class="mw-redirect" title="API r"><span title="[r] « r » roulé.">r</span></a>]</span> </td> <td>ற </td> <td>iṟ </td> <td><span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɽ">ɽ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ர </td> <td>ir </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Une consonne occlusive peut être voisée lorsqu'elle se trouve après une consonne nasale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphasyllabaire">Alphasyllabaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Alphasyllabaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphasyllabaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tamoul" title="Alphasyllabaire tamoul">Alphasyllabaire tamoul</a>.</div></div> <p>Le tamil est noté à l'aide d'un <a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire">alphasyllabaire</a> — tout comme les autres langues indiennes et sud-asiatiques d'origine indienne — composé de douze voyelles, உயிர் எழுத்து (Lettres de l'âme ; 5 courtes : a, i, u, e, o ; 5 longues : ā, ī, ū, ē, ō ; 2 diphtongues : ai, au), et de dix-huit consonnes, divisées en trois classes (6 consonnes rudes, 6 moyennes et 6 douces). Cinq autres consonnes, dites <i>grantha</i>, sont ajoutées à ce système pour retranscrire les sons des mots étrangers, historiquement sanskrits, mais de plus en plus anglais. Le graphème d'une consonne est doté par défaut d'une voyelle, le plus souvent un /a/, pour former une syllabe. D'autres signes, ajoutés en linéaire à la consonne, viennent modifier la voyelle par défaut pour former de nouvelles syllabes finissant par /i/, /u/, etc. Le tableau ci-dessous recense les différentes combinaisons possibles. </p><p>Ainsi, le mot <i>uyir</i> (« vie, âme ») s'écrit உயிர், c'est-à-dire u + yi + r. </p> <ul><li>Une voyelle n'est utilisée qu'en initiale d'un mot (ici u/உ pour <b>உ</b>யிர்.</li> <li>La <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> voyelle i est obtenue par l'ajout d'un signe à la syllabe ya/ய pour former la nouvelle syllabe yi/யி.</li> <li>La dernière lettre ர/r est surmontée d'un point (.) pour signaler qu'elle n'est pas suivie de la voyelle a.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable alternance"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>அ <i>a</i> </th> <th>ஆ <i>aa</i> </th> <th>இ <i>i</i> </th> <th>ஈ <i>ii</i> </th> <th>உ <i>u</i> </th> <th>ஊ <i>uu</i> </th> <th>எ <i>e</i> </th> <th>ஏ <i>ee</i> </th> <th>ஐ <i>ai</i> </th> <th>ஒ <i>o</i> </th> <th>ஓ <i>oa</i> </th> <th>ஔ <i>au</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>க் <i>k</i> </th> <td>க</td> <td>கா</td> <td>கி</td> <td>கீ</td> <td>கு</td> <td>கூ</td> <td>கெ</td> <td>கே</td> <td>கை</td> <td>கொ</td> <td>கோ</td> <td>கௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ங் <i>ṅ</i> </th> <td>ங</td> <td>ஙா</td> <td>ஙி</td> <td>ஙீ</td> <td>ஙு</td> <td>ஙூ</td> <td>ஙெ</td> <td>ஙே</td> <td>ஙை</td> <td>ஙொ</td> <td>ஙோ</td> <td>ஙௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ச் <i>c</i> </th> <td>ச</td> <td>சா</td> <td>சி</td> <td>சீ</td> <td>சு</td> <td>சூ</td> <td>செ</td> <td>சே</td> <td>சை</td> <td>சொ</td> <td>சோ</td> <td>சௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ஞ் <i>ñ</i> </th> <td>ஞ</td> <td>ஞா</td> <td>ஞி</td> <td>ஞீ</td> <td>ஞு</td> <td>ஞூ</td> <td>ஞெ</td> <td>ஞே</td> <td>ஞை</td> <td>ஞொ</td> <td>ஞோ</td> <td>ஞௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ட் <i>ṭ</i> </th> <td>ட</td> <td>டா</td> <td>டி</td> <td>டீ</td> <td>டு</td> <td>டூ</td> <td>டெ</td> <td>டே</td> <td>டை</td> <td>டொ</td> <td>டோ</td> <td>டௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ண் <i>ṇ</i> </th> <td>ண</td> <td>ணா</td> <td>ணி</td> <td>ணீ</td> <td>ணு</td> <td>ணூ</td> <td>ணெ</td> <td>ணே</td> <td>ணை</td> <td>ணொ</td> <td>ணோ</td> <td>ணௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>த் <i>t</i> </th> <td>த</td> <td>தா</td> <td>தி</td> <td>தீ</td> <td>து</td> <td>தூ</td> <td>தெ</td> <td>தே</td> <td>தை</td> <td>தொ</td> <td>தோ</td> <td>தௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ந் <i>n</i> </th> <td>ந</td> <td>நா</td> <td>நி</td> <td>நீ</td> <td>நு</td> <td>நூ</td> <td>நெ</td> <td>நே</td> <td>நை</td> <td>நொ</td> <td>நோ</td> <td>நௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ப் <i>p</i> </th> <td>ப</td> <td>பா</td> <td>பி</td> <td>பீ</td> <td>பு</td> <td>பூ</td> <td>பெ</td> <td>பே</td> <td>பை</td> <td>பொ</td> <td>போ</td> <td>பௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ம் <i>m</i> </th> <td>ம</td> <td>மா</td> <td>மி</td> <td>மீ</td> <td>மு</td> <td>மூ</td> <td>மெ</td> <td>மே</td> <td>மை</td> <td>மொ</td> <td>மோ</td> <td>மௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ய் <i>y</i> </th> <td>ய</td> <td>யா</td> <td>யி</td> <td>யீ</td> <td>யு</td> <td>யூ</td> <td>யெ</td> <td>யே</td> <td>யை</td> <td>யொ</td> <td>யோ</td> <td>யௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ர் <i>r</i> </th> <td>ர</td> <td>ரா</td> <td>ரி</td> <td>ரீ</td> <td>ரு</td> <td>ரூ</td> <td>ரெ</td> <td>ரே</td> <td>ரை</td> <td>ரொ</td> <td>ரோ</td> <td>ரௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ல் <i>l</i> </th> <td>ல</td> <td>லா</td> <td>லி</td> <td>லீ</td> <td>லு</td> <td>லூ</td> <td>லெ</td> <td>லே</td> <td>லை</td> <td>லொ</td> <td>லோ</td> <td>லௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>வ் <i>v</i> </th> <td>வ</td> <td>வா</td> <td>வி</td> <td>வீ</td> <td>வு</td> <td>வூ</td> <td>வெ</td> <td>வே</td> <td>வை</td> <td>வொ</td> <td>வோ</td> <td>வௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ழ் <i>ḻ</i> </th> <td>ழ</td> <td>ழா</td> <td>ழி</td> <td>ழீ</td> <td>ழு</td> <td>ழூ</td> <td>ழெ</td> <td>ழே</td> <td>ழை</td> <td>ழொ</td> <td>ழோ</td> <td>ழௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ள் <i>ḷ</i> </th> <td>ள</td> <td>ளா</td> <td>ளி</td> <td>ளீ</td> <td>ளு</td> <td>ளூ</td> <td>ளெ</td> <td>ளே</td> <td>ளை</td> <td>ளொ</td> <td>ளோ</td> <td>ளௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ற் <i>ṟ</i> </th> <td>ற</td> <td>றா</td> <td>றி</td> <td>றீ</td> <td>று</td> <td>றூ</td> <td>றெ</td> <td>றே</td> <td>றை</td> <td>றொ</td> <td>றோ</td> <td>றௌ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ன் <i>ṉ</i> </th> <td>ன</td> <td>னா</td> <td>னி</td> <td>னீ</td> <td>னு</td> <td>னூ</td> <td>னெ</td> <td>னே</td> <td>னை</td> <td>னொ</td> <td>னோ</td> <td>னௌ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Les cinq lettres dites <i>grantha</i> sont les suivantes : ஜ (ja), ஷ (ṣa), ஸ (sa), ஹ (ha) et la <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr>, qui n'est plus utilisée, est ஶ (śa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiffres">Chiffres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Chiffres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chiffres"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le système de numération décimal tamoul utilise les lettres dérivées du <a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a>. </p> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li>௧ (1)</li> <li>௨ (2)</li> <li>௩ (3)</li> <li>௪ (4)</li> <li>௫ (5)</li> <li>௬ (6)</li> <li>௭ (7)</li> <li>௮ (8)</li> <li>௯ (9)</li> <li>௰ (10)</li> <li>௱ (100)</li> <li>௲ (1000)</li></ul> </div> <p>Ce système de notation n'est plus utilisé depuis plusieurs siècles, mais on retrouve de telles inscriptions sur les temples hindous. On utilise aujourd'hui les chiffres dits « arabes » ou « indo-arabes », originaires de l'Inde du Nord et transmis au reste du monde par les <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">Arabo-musulmans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quelques_nombres_en_tamoul">Quelques nombres en tamoul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Quelques nombres en tamoul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Quelques nombres en tamoul"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tamoul </th> <th>Français </th></tr> <tr> <td>ஒன்று </td> <td>Un </td></tr> <tr> <td>இரண்டு </td> <td>Deux </td></tr> <tr> <td>மூன்று </td> <td>Trois </td></tr> <tr> <td>நான்கு </td> <td>Quatre </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஐந்து </td> <td>Cinq </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆறு </td> <td>Six </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஏழு </td> <td>Sept </td></tr> <tr> <td>எட்டு </td> <td>Huit </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஒன்பது </td> <td>Neuf </td></tr> <tr> <td>பத்து </td> <td>Dix </td></tr> <tr> <td>இருபது </td> <td>Vingt </td></tr> <tr> <td>முப்பது </td> <td>Trente </td></tr> <tr> <td>நாற்பது </td> <td>Quarante </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஐம்பது </td> <td>Cinquante </td></tr> <tr> <td>அறுபது </td> <td>Soixante </td></tr> <tr> <td>எழுபது </td> <td>Soixante-dix </td></tr> <tr> <td>எண்பது </td> <td>Quatre-vingt </td></tr> <tr> <td>தொண்ணூறு </td> <td>Quatre-vingt-dix </td></tr> <tr> <td>நூறு </td> <td>Cent </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆயிரம் </td> <td>Mille </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammaire">Grammaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Grammaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grammaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le tamoul est une langue post-positionnelle, principalement <a href="/wiki/SOV" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV">SOV</a>, qui possède une syntaxe très stricte : </p> <ul><li>les adjectifs précèdent les noms ;</li> <li>les compléments d'objet directs précèdent les compléments indirects ;</li> <li>les adjectifs et compléments de temps précèdent ceux relatifs au lieu.</li></ul> <p>Le tamoul compte trois temps : le passé, le présent et le futur. Le contexte de la phrase permet de situer avec plus de précision. Il n'existe pas de verbe en tamoul pour exprimer la possession ; on a recours à une formule employant un <a href="/wiki/Datif" title="Datif">datif</a> (complément indirect). Le premier dictionnaire français-tamoul, constamment réédité depuis 1850, a été publié par un missionnaire français, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Savinien_Dupuis" title="Louis-Savinien Dupuis">Louis-Savinien Dupuis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_de_Paris" title="Missions étrangères de Paris">M.E.P.</a>, 1806-1874), aidé de Louis-Marie Mousset<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (1808-1888). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Déclinaison_des_substantifs"><span id="D.C3.A9clinaison_des_substantifs"></span>Déclinaison des substantifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Déclinaison des substantifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Déclinaison des substantifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En grammaire tamoule, on compte une seule déclinaison, puisque tous les noms prennent à leurs divers cas les mêmes terminaisons. Les grammairiens ne sont pas unanimes sur le nombre de cas, même si, probablement sous l'influence du <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>, on retient sept cas plus le <a href="/wiki/Vocatif" title="Vocatif">vocatif</a> comme le huitième cas. Ces cas portent le nom de leur numéro d'ordre (ex. <i><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> cas, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> cas…</i>) ou le nom de leur terminaison<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>le premier cas, le <a href="/wiki/Nominatif" title="Nominatif">nominatif</a>, est généralement le cas du sujet. Il n'a pas de terminaison, sinon celle des noms, qui est extrêmement variée (நா<span style="color: ;">ய்</span> பார்க்கிறது, <i>nāy pārkkiṟatu</i>, « le chien regarde ») ;</li> <li>le deuxième cas, l'<a href="/wiki/Accusatif" title="Accusatif">accusatif</a> ou encore complément d'objet direct, a pour terminaison <i>ai</i> (நான் நா<span style="color: ;">யை</span> பார்க்கிறேன், <i>nāṉ nāyai pārkkiṟēṉ</i>, « je regarde le chien »). Lorsque le C.O.D est indéfini, celui-ci peut se mettre au nominatif (நீ ஒரு நூல் படி, <i>nī oru nūl paṭi</i>, « lis un livre ») ;</li> <li>le troisième cas tamoul regroupe l'<a href="/wiki/Instrumental_(cas)" title="Instrumental (cas)">instrumental</a> (moyen) et l'<a href="/wiki/Comitatif" title="Comitatif">associatif</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Comitatif" title="Comitatif">comitatif</a> qui exprime l'accompagnement et ses terminaisons sont les suivantes : <i>āl</i>, <i>ōṭu</i> ou <i>uṭaṇ</i> ; cette dernière terminaison est plus formelle (அவன் நா<span style="color: ;">யோடு</span> வந்தான், <i>avaṉ nāyōṭu vantāṉ</i>, « il est venu avec le chien »). Certains linguistes considèrent l'instrumental (<i>-āl</i>) et l'associatif (<i>-ōṭu</i> et <i>-uṭaṇ</i>) comme deux cas distincts ;</li> <li>le quatrième cas, le <a href="/wiki/Datif" title="Datif">datif</a>, qui désigne à la fois le complément d'attribution et la direction, a pour suffixe <i>(u)kku</i> (அதை நா<span style="color: ;">யுக்கு</span> கொடு!, <i>atai nāyukku koṭu</i>, « donne-le au chien ! ») ;</li> <li>le cinquième cas, l'<a href="/wiki/Ablatif" title="Ablatif">ablatif</a>, qui exprime la provenance, se décline généralement par <i>(il)iruntu</i> (அவன் மரத்தி<span style="color: ;">லிருந்து</span> விழுந்தான், <i>avaṉ marattiliruntu viḻuntāṉ</i>, « il est tombé de l'arbre ») ;</li> <li>le sixième cas, le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nitif" title="Génitif">génitif</a>, exprimant la possession, a pour terminaison <i>iṉ</i>, <i>atu</i> ou <i>uṭaiya</i>. C'est le possesseur qui porte la marque du génitif (நா<span style="color: ;">யின்</span> உணவு, <i>nāyiṉ uṇavu</i>, « la nourriture du chien ») ;</li> <li>le septième cas, le <a href="/wiki/Locatif" title="Locatif">locatif</a>, correspond généralement au complément circonstanciel de lieu <i>-il</i>, et dans certains cas au complément d'objet indirect -<i>iṭam</i> (மரத்<span style="color: ;">தில்</span>, <i>marattil</i>, « dans l'arbre ») ;</li> <li>un huitième cas complète parfois la liste : le <a href="/wiki/Vocatif" title="Vocatif">vocatif</a> (interpellatif) (எட்டனுருபு, <i>eṭṭaṉurupu</i>).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Déclinaison du nom <i>chien</i>, நாய் (nāy) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tamoul</th> <th>Français</th> <th>Suffixes</th> <th colspan="2">Singulier</th> <th colspan="2">Pluriel </th></tr> <tr> <td>Premier cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominatif" title="Nominatif">Nominatif</a></td> <td>[Zéro]</td> <td>நாய்</td> <td>nāy</td> <td>நாய்கள்</td> <td>nāykaḷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deuxième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusatif" title="Accusatif">Accusatif</a></td> <td>ai</td> <td>நாயை</td> <td>nāyai</td> <td>நாய்களை</td> <td>nāykaḷai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Troisième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_(linguistique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental (linguistique)">Instrumental</a></td> <td>al, ōṭu, uṭaṇ</td> <td>நாயோடு</td> <td>nāyōṭu</td> <td>நாய்களோடு</td> <td>nāykaḷōṭu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quatrième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datif" title="Datif">Datif</a></td> <td>(u)kku</td> <td>நாயுக்கு</td> <td>nāyukku</td> <td>நாய்களுக்கு</td> <td>nāykaḷukku </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cinquième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablatif" title="Ablatif">Ablatif</a></td> <td>(il)iruntu</td> <td>நாயிலிருந்து</td> <td>nāyilirundu</td> <td>நாய்களிலிருந்து</td> <td>nāykaḷiliruntu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitif" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitif">Genitif</a></td> <td>iṉ, atu, uṭaiya</td> <td>நாயின்</td> <td>nāyiṉ</td> <td>நாய்களின்</td> <td>nāykaḷiṉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Septième cas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Locatif" title="Locatif">Locatif</a></td> <td>il, iṭam</td> <td>நாயில்</td> <td>nāyil</td> <td>நாய்களில்</td> <td>nāykaḷil </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronoms_personnels">Pronoms personnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Pronoms personnels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pronoms personnels"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comme toutes les langues dravidiennes, le tamoul possède deux pronoms à la première personne du pluriel, le premier exclusif, <i>nāṅkaḷ</i>/நாங்கள், qui n'intègre pas l'interlocuteur dans le groupe (eux, moi — mais pas toi ou vous), le second inclusif, <i>nām</i>/நாம், qui inclut la personne qui écoute (eux, moi mais également toi). À la troisième personne du singulier et du pluriel, on distingue deux séries de pronoms personnels, la première commençant par <i>i</i>/இ, exprimant la proximité du locuteur avec la ou les personnes désignées (<i>ivaṉ</i>/இவன், il, la personne proche), et la seconde par <i>a</i>/அ, exprimant l'éloignement (<i>avaṉ</i>/அவன், il, la personne éloignée). Les pronoms personnels de la troisième personne servent également d'adjectifs démonstratifs. Le tamoul se distingue aussi par l'existence des pronoms honorifiques ou de politesse spécifiques aux deuxième et troisième personnes du singulier. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Personne </th> <th scope="col">Nominatif </th> <th scope="col">Prononciation </th> <th scope="col">Français </th> <th scope="col">Racine pour les autres cas </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1. sg. </th> <td>நான் </td> <td><i>nāṉ</i> </td> <td>je </td> <td>என்/<i>eṉ</i> ex. à l'acc. என்னை, au dat. எனக்கு </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2. sg. </th> <td>நீ </td> <td><i>nī</i> </td> <td>tu </td> <td>உன்/<i>uṉ</i> ex. உன்னை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2. sg. </th> <td>நீர் </td> <td><i>nīr</i> </td> <td>vous (honorifique) </td> <td>உம்/<i>um</i> ex. உம்மை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. sg. m. </th> <td>இவன் / அவன் </td> <td><i>ivaṉ</i> / <i>avaṉ</i> </td> <td>il <small><i>proche</i></small> / il <small><i>éloigné</i></small> </td> <td>இவன் / அவன் ex. இவனை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. sg. f. </th> <td>இவள் / அவள் </td> <td><i>ivaḷ</i> / <i>avaḷ</i> </td> <td>elle <small><i>proche/éloigné</i></small> </td> <td>இவள் / அவள் ex. இவளை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. sg. m./f. </th> <td>இவர் / அவர் </td> <td><i>ivar</i> / <i>avar</i> </td> <td>il/elle de politesse <small><i>proche/éloigné</i></small> </td> <td>இவர் / அவர் ex. இவரை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. sg. n. </th> <td>இது / அது </td> <td><i>itu</i> / <i>atu</i> </td> <td>il/elle <small><i>proche/éloigné</i></small> (objet) </td> <td>இது / அது ex. இதை </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1. pl. </th> <td>நாங்கள் </td> <td><i>nāṅkaḷ</i> </td> <td>nous (exclusif) </td> <td>எங்கள்/<i>eṅkaḷ</i> ex. எங்களை... </td></tr> <tr> <td>நாம் </td> <td><i>nām</i> </td> <td>nous (inclusif) </td> <td>நம்/<i>nam</i> ex. நம்மை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2. pl. </th> <td>நீங்கள் </td> <td><i>nīṅkaḷ</i> </td> <td>vous et vous de politesse </td> <td>உங்கள்/<i>uṅkaḷ</i> ex. உங்களை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. pl. m./f. </th> <td>இவர்கள் / அவர்கள் </td> <td><i>ivarkaḷ</i> / <i>avarkaḷ</i> </td> <td>ils/elles de politesse <small><i>proches/éloignés</i></small> </td> <td>இவர்கள் / அவர்கள் ex. இவர்களை... </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. pl. n. </th> <td>இவைகள் / அவைகள் </td> <td><i>ivaikaḷ</i> / <i>avaikaḷ</i> </td> <td>ils/elles <small><i>proches/éloignés</i></small> </td> <td>இது / அது ex. இவைகளை... </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Exemple avec « partir » : </p> <dl><dt>je pars pour le <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></dt> <dd><i>nāṉ Ilankaikku pōkiṟēn</i></dd> <dt>tu pars pour <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a></dt> <dd><i>nī Siṅkapūrukku pōkiṟāy</i></dd> <dt>il part pour la <a href="/wiki/Birmanie" title="Birmanie">Birmanie</a></dt> <dd><i>avar</i> (il de politesse) <i>Barmāvukku pōkiṟār</i></dd> <dd><i>avaṉ Barmāvukku pōkirāṉ</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbes">Verbes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifier la section : Verbes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Verbes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La syntaxe est marquée par la position du verbe conjugué, toujours à la fin de la phrase. Les verbes sont divisés en 2 groupes : </p> <ul><li>les verbes « forts » : le radical du présent finit en k prononcé G ou H (exemple : ponga, <i>aller</i>)</li> <li>les verbes « faibles » : le radical du présent finit en kk prononcé K (exemple : <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">koḍukka</span>, <i>donner</i>)</li></ul> <p>Généralement, seul le verbe principal est conjugué en fonction du sujet ; les autres verbes prennent une forme infinitive ou dépendant de leur rôle et ne portent pas la marque de la personne. </p><p>Le tamoul possède dans son paradigme verbal deux flexions distinctes, positive et négative. Voir : <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_(linguistique)#En_tamoul" title="Négation (linguistique)">Négation (linguistique)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulaire">Vocabulaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifier la section : Vocabulaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Vocabulaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les termes français dérivés du vocabulaire tamoul sont rares. Parmi eux, le terme marin de <i><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a></i>. D'origine tamoule et plus largement <a href="/wiki/Langues_dravidiennes" title="Langues dravidiennes">dravidienne</a> aussi, les termes <i><span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Orange" class="mw-disambig" title="Orange">orange</a></span></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a></i> (cari en français vieilli). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples_de_texte_tamoul">Exemples de texte tamoul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifier la section : Exemples de texte tamoul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples de texte tamoul"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg/220px-Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg/330px-Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg/440px-Pondichery_Panneau2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Signalisation_bilingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Signalisation bilingue">Signalisation bilingue</a> tamoul - français à <a href="/wiki/Pondich%C3%A9ry" title="Pondichéry">Pondichéry</a>. L'inscription en tamoul est <span class="lang-ta" lang="ta"><i>செயின்ட் லூய் வீதி</i></span>, <i>seyint lūy vīdhi</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="lang-ta" lang="ta"><i>மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சுதந்திரமானவர்கள்; மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள்.</i></span> </p> <ul><li>Il s'agit de la première phrase de l'article premier de la déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme.</li> <li>Transcription : Manithap piraviyinar suthanthiramaanavarkal, madhippilum, urimaikalilum samamaanavarkal.</li> <li>Traduction mot à mot : Humains êtres (sont) libres; dignité-dans-et, droits-dans-et (sont) égaux.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexique_et_phrases">Lexique et phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifier la section : Lexique et phrases" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lexique et phrases"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ஆமாம் (Āmām) — Oui</li> <li>இல்லை (Illai) — Non</li> <li>வணக்கம் (Vaṇakkam) — Bonjour</li> <li>எப்படி இருக்கீங்க? (Eppaṭi irukkīṅka?) — Comment allez-vous?</li> <li>நல்லா இருக்கின்றேன். (Nallā irukkīṅṟēn.) — Je vais bien.</li> <li>மிக்க நன்றி. (Mikka naṇṟi.) — Merci beaucoup.</li> <li>உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன? (Uṅkaḷ peyar eṉṉa?) — Quel est votre nom?</li> <li>என் பெயர்… (Eṉ peyar…) — Je m'appelle…</li> <li>வருகிறேன். (Varukiṟēn.) — Au revoir.</li> <li>நீங்கள் எங்கிருந்து வருகிறீர்கள்? (Nīṅkaḷ eṅkiruntu varukiṟīrkaḷ?) — D'où venez-vous?</li> <li>எனக்கு தமிழ் பேசத் தெரியாது. (Eṉakku tamiḻ pēcat teriyātu.) — Je ne sais pas parler le tamoul.</li> <li>என்னை மன்னிக்கவும். (Eṉṉai maṉṉikkavum.) — Je suis désolé.</li> <li>நான் சோர்வாக இருக்கிறேன். (Nāṉ cōrvāka irukkiṟēṉ.) — Je suis fatigué.</li> <li>எனக்கு உடம்பு சரியில்லை. (Eṉakku uṭampu cariyillai.) — Je suis malade.</li> <li>எனக்கு நேற்று முதல் உடம்பு சரியில்லை. (Eṉakku nēṟṟu mutal uṭampu cariyillai.) — Je suis malade depuis hier.</li> <li>எனக்கு உதவுங்கள்! (Eṉakku utavuṅkaḷ!) — Aidez-moi!</li> <li>நான் தொலைந்துவிட்டேன். (Nāṉ tolaintuviṭṭēṉ.) — Je suis perdu.</li> <li>நான் சென்னைக்கு போறேன். (Nāṉ ceṉṉaikku pōṟēṉ.) — Je vais à <a href="/wiki/Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.</li> <li>எனக்கு சென்னை செல்ல வேண்டும். (Eṉakku ceṉṉai cella vēṇṭum.) — Je veux aller à <a href="/wiki/Madras" title="Madras">Chennai</a>.</li> <li>அருங்காட்சியகம் / விமான நிலையம் / தெரு /உணவகம் / ஹோட்டல் / இந்து கோவில் எங்கே? (Aruṅkāṭciyakam / vimāṉa nilaiyam / teru / uṇavakam / hōṭṭal / intu kōvil eṅkē?) — Où est le musée / aéroport / rue / restaurant / hôtel / temple hindou?</li> <li>நான் ஒரு கனடியன் / பிரெஞ்சு / அமெரிக்கன் /பெல்ஜிய குடிமகன். (Nāṉ oru kaṉaṭiyaṉ / pireñcu / amerikkaṉ / peljiya / cuvis kuṭimakaṉ.) — Je suis un citoyen canadien/français/américain/belge/suisse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_tam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_tam_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_tam_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam">Ethnologue</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-quatrième">24<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_1_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011</cite></a> » <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-11-14" data-sort-value="2018-11-14">14 novembre 2018</time></a>]</small></span>, Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-06-28" data-sort-value="2018-06-28">28 juin 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SteeverAnnamalai2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sanford_B._SteeverE._Annamalai2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sanford B. Steever (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et E. Annamalai, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Dravidian Languages</cite>, Londres, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-12-20" data-sort-value="2019-12-20">20 décembre 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-315-72258-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-315-72258-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-315-72258-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315722580">10.4324/9781315722580</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315722580/dravidian-languages-sanford-steever">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, partie I, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 4<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> (« Modern Tamil »)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 104<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.atitle=Modern+Tamil&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.aufirst=Sanford+B.&rft.au=E.+Annamalai&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.pages=104&rft.isbn=978-1-315-72258-0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315722580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">rajbhasha.gov.in (<i>Site officiel du</i> Department of Official Language<i>, relevant du</i> Ministry of Home Affairs<i>, Gouvernement de l'Inde</i>)</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-03-08" data-sort-value="2024-03-08">8 mars 2024</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Murugaiyan2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Appasamy_Murugaiyan2019">Appasamy <span class="nom_auteur">Murugaiyan</span>, <cite class="italique">Langues de l'Inde en diasporas : Maintiens et transmissions</cite>, Paris, SCITEP éditions, <time>2019</time>, 446 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-93143-32-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-93143-32-3"><span class="nowrap">979-10-93143-32-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1155045817">1155045817</a></span>)</small>, « La diaspora tamoule : un continuum linguistique tamoul des Indes méridionales aux Antilles », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">62-64</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langues+de+l%27Inde+en+diasporas&rft.atitle=La+diaspora+tamoule+%3A+un+continuum+linguistique+tamoul+des+Indes+m%C3%A9ridionales+aux+Antilles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=SCITEP+%C3%A9ditions&rft.stitle=Maintiens+et+transmissions&rft.aulast=Murugaiyan&rft.aufirst=Appasamy&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=62-64&rft.tpages=446&rft.isbn=979-10-93143-32-3&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1155045817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2011_www.censusindia.gov.in_2_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011</cite></a> » <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-11-14" data-sort-value="2018-11-14">14 novembre 2018</time></a>]</small></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (page inexistante)">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-06-28" data-sort-value="2018-06-28">28 juin 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : tamoul">(ta)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/88214-tamil-is-the-most-used-indian-language-says-google"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ta">இணையத்தில் அதிகம் பயன்படும் மொழி 'தமிழ்'..! - கூகுள் சர்வே முடிவு</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.vikatan.com</span>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-05-02" data-sort-value="2017-05-02">2 mai 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-12-12" data-sort-value="2019-12-12">12 décembre 2019</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2017/04/Indian-languages-Defining-Indias-Internet.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Indian Languages - Defining India's Internet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">KPMG</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04" data-sort-value="2017-04">avril 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-12-12" data-sort-value="2019-12-12">12 décembre 2019</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/e68t14j703tg4682/">http://www.springerlink.com/content/e68t14j703tg4682/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Schiffman1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harold_F._Schiffman1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harold F. <span class="nom_auteur">Schiffman</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Standardization or restandardization: The case for “Standard” Spoken Tamil</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Language in Society</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 27, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-06" data-sort-value="1998-06">juin 1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">359–385</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0047-4045">0047-4045</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1469-8013">1469-8013</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500020017">10.1017/S0047404500020017</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0047404500020017/type/journal_article">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-08-15" data-sort-value="2022-08-15">15 août 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Standardization+or+restandardization%3A+The+case+for+%E2%80%9CStandard%E2%80%9D+Spoken+Tamil&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft.date=1998-06&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=359%E2%80%93385&rft.issn=0047-4045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404500020017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303153544/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Hindu : Front Page : Tamil to be a classical language</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-03-03" data-sort-value="2018-03-03">3 mars 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-04-20" data-sort-value="2023-04-20">20 avril 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-in">Porunai civilisation is 3,200 years old, says M.K. Stalin</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-in" lang="en-in">The Hindu</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-09" data-sort-value="2021-09-09">9 septembre 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carbon-dating-establishes-that-thamirabarani-civilization-is-3200-years-old-says-tn-cm-stalin/article36375882.ece">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-23" data-sort-value="2022-01-23">23 janvier 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Porunai+civilisation+is+3%2C200+years+old%2C+says+M.K.+Stalin&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.issn=0971-751X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-77111-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-77111-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-77111-5</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003), <i>Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D</i>, Harvard Oriental Series vol. 62, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-674-01227-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-674-01227-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-674-01227-1</span></a>)</small>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pages">pp.</abbr> 90-95</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</span></i> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-03591-1"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-03591-1</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Zvelebil, Kamil (1974), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Tamil Literature</span></i>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-447-01582-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-447-01582-0"><span class="nowrap">978-3-447-01582-0</span></a>)</small>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pages">pp.</abbr> 9-10</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lehmann1998">Lehmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kuiper1958">Kuiper 1958</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Meenakshisundaran1965">Meenakshisundaran 1965</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kuiper1958">Kuiper 1958</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rajam1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="V._S._Rajam1985">V. S. <span class="nom_auteur">Rajam</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil</cite> », <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 105, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>1985</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">277–291</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/601707">10.2307/601707</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/601707">601707</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Duration+of+an+Action-Real+or+Aspectual%3F+The+Evolution+of+the+Present+Tense+in+Tamil&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Rajam&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=277%E2%80%93291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span> at pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Steever, Sanford B. (1987), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The serial verb formation in the Dravidian languages</span></i>, Motilal Banarsidass <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/81-208-0378-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/81-208-0378-7"><span class="nowrap">81-208-0378-7</span></a>)</small>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pages">pp.</abbr> 47</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ayyar1936"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ramaswami_Ayyar1936">Ramaswami <span class="nom_auteur">Ayyar</span>, <cite class="italique">The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology</cite>, Cochin, Kerala, Cochin government press, <time>1936</time>, 1st <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1-37</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Malayalam+Morphology&rft.place=Cochin%2C+Kerala&rft.pub=Cochin+government+press&rft.edition=1st&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=Ramaswami&rft.date=1936&rft.pages=1-37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology%2FThe-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Purushotam2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nirmala_Purushotam2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nirmala <span class="nom_auteur">Purushotam</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Negotiating Multiculturalism: Disciplining Difference in Singapore</cite>, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-015680-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-015680-5"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-015680-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/43561523">43561523</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsDGv8UxVGAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA37&dq=tamil+malayalam+multiculturalism+nagercoil&hl=fr">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, Race-ing language: the institutionalisation of ‘Chinese’, ‘Malay’, and ‘Indian’ in Singapore, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 2<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> (« Language in the Life World of Singapore's immigrant communities (1819-1945) »)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 37<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Multiculturalism%3A+Disciplining+Difference+in+Singapore&rft.atitle=Language+in+the+Life+World+of+Singapore%27s+immigrant+communities+%281819-1945%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Purushotam&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=37&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015680-5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43561523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ramaswamy1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sumathi_Ramaswamy1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sumathi <span class="nom_auteur">Ramaswamy</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970</cite>, Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Studies on the history of society and culture », <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-20804-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-20804-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-20804-9</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-20805-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-20805-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-20805-6</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/845332760">845332760</a></span>)</small>, Laboring for Language<span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Cleansing Tamil: Language and Purity »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">144-153</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+tongue%3A+language+devotion+in+Tamil+India%2C+1891-1970&rft.atitle=Cleansing+Tamil%3A+Language+and+Purity&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Sumathi&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=144-153&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20804-9&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F845332760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Narayan2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="S._Narayan2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> S. <span class="nom_auteur">Narayan</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Dravidian years: politics and welfare in Tamil Nadu</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-948817-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-948817-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-948817-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1048449559">1048449559</a></span>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « The Social Reform Movement: Early Years »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+years%3A+politics+and+welfare+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=The+Social+Reform+Movement%3A+Early+Years&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948817-9&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048449559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Schiffman1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harold_F._Schiffman1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harold F. Schiffman, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy.</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Southwest Journal of Linguistics</span></i>, Garland Bills, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 14,‎ <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">151-165</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0737-4143">0737-4143</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/9368210">9368210</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Language+Shift+in+the+Tamil+Communities+of+Malaysia+and+Singapore%3A+the+Paradox+of+Egalitarian+Language+Policy.&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=151-165&rft.issn=0737-4143&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9368210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lardinois2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roland_Lardinois2016">Roland <span class="nom_auteur">Lardinois</span>, <cite class="italique">L’invention de l’Inde: Entre ésotérisme et science</cite>, CNRS Éditions via OpenEdition, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-06-16" data-sort-value="2016-06-16">16 juin 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-09115-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-09115-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-271-09115-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=U9OjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=Louis-Savinien+Dupuis&source=bl&ots=0k1IuOL2Ej&sig=IPEtISuqC33J9KEQNdt0V4X-s0Q&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiItabSwKvcAhVRe8AKHcc-Ass4FBDoAQgmMAA#v=onepage&q=Louis-Savinien%20Dupuis&f=false">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99invention+de+l%E2%80%99Inde%3A+Entre+%C3%A9sot%C3%A9risme+et+science&rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions+via+OpenEdition&rft.aulast=Lardinois&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.isbn=978-2-271-09115-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Grammaire Française-Tamoule</i>, ou <i>Les règles du tamoul vulgaire, celles de la langue révélée et celles de la poésie tamoule par un provicaire apostolique de la congrégation</i>, Première édition à Pondichéry en 1863 et Dernière édition à New Delhi en 1984.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_language?uselang=fr">Tamoul</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement:Tamoul" class="extiw" title="v:Département:Tamoul">Département de tamoul</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/68px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/90px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"><b><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ta:">Wikipédia en tamoul</a></b>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/68px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/90px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;">Consulter le <a href="/wiki/Wiktionnaire" title="Wiktionnaire">Wiktionnaire</a> rédigé <b><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/ta:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikt:ta:Main Page"><span class="nowrap">en tamoul</span></a></b>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=24" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Elisabeth2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Setthupathy,_Elisabeth2002">Setthupathy, Elisabeth, <cite class="italique">Le tamoul sans peine</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Assimil" title="Assimil">Assimil</a>, <time>2002</time>, 708 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782700502619" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782700502619"><span class="nowrap">9782700502619</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+tamoul+sans+peine&rft.pub=Assimil&rft.aulast=Elisabeth&rft.aufirst=Setthupathy%2C&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=708&rft.isbn=9782700502619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehmann,_Thomas2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Lehmann, Thomas, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Lehrbuch des Tamil : Einführung in die Schrift- und Umgangssprache des Modernen Tamil</cite>, Südasien-Institut, <time>2021</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+des+Tamil&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft.stitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Schrift-+und+Umgangssprache+des+Modernen+Tamil&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lehmann%2C&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="de">Teil 1: Schrift- und Lautlehre</cite>, <time>2021</time>, 128 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/tamschri.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teil+1%3A+Schrift-+und+Lautlehre&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="de">Teil 2: Grammatik, Übungen, Texte und Vokabular</cite>, <time>2021</time>, 362 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/Tamlehr1.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teil+2%3A+Grammatik%2C+%C3%9Cbungen%2C+Texte+und+Vokabular&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kelly_Eileen2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anders,_Kelly_Eileen2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Anders, Kelly Eileen, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Lösungsschlüssel</cite>, <time>2021</time>, 60 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/L%C3%B6sungen.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%B6sungsschl%C3%BCssel&rft.au=Anders%2C+Kelly+Eileen&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="de">Teil 3: Ergänzende Übungen und Texte</cite>, <time>2021</time>, 157 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/Zus%C3%A4tzliche%20%C3%9Cbungen.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teil+3%3A+Erg%C3%A4nzende+%C3%9Cbungen+und+Texte&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehmann,_Thomas2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Lehmann, Thomas, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Konversationen – Konversationstexte mit Audiodateien und Vokabular</cite>, Südasien-Institut, <time>2021</time>, 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/tamil2.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konversationen+%E2%80%93+Konversationstexte+mit+Audiodateien+und+Vokabular&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lehmann%2C&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehmann,_Thomas2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Lehmann, Thomas, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Tamil-Reader (Tamil-Schriftsprache) mit Audiodateien</cite>, Südasien-Institut, <time>2021</time>, 97 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/tamil3a.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil-Reader+%28Tamil-Schriftsprache%29+mit+Audiodateien&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lehmann%2C&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehmann,_Thomas2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Lehmann, Thomas, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Übungsmaterialien zur Tamil-Umgangssprache -1</cite>, Südasien-Institut, <time>2021</time>, 47 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/tamil/pdf/tamil3b.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cbungsmaterialien+zur+Tamil-Umgangssprache+-1&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lehmann%2C&rft.date=2021&rft.tpages=47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehmann,_Thomas2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Lehmann, Thomas, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Übungsmaterialien zur Tamil-Umgangssprache -2</cite>, Südasien-Institut, <time>2021</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cbungsmaterialien+zur+Tamil-Umgangssprache+-2&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lehmann%2C&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATamoul"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=25" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;">Une <a href="/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet : <i><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_tamoule" title="Catégorie:Langue tamoule">Langue tamoule</a></i>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats_indiens_par_locuteurs_tamouls" title="États indiens par locuteurs tamouls">États indiens par locuteurs tamouls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_langues" title="Liste de langues">Liste de langues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_par_famille" title="Langues par famille">Langues par famille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_dravidiennes" title="Langues dravidiennes">Langues dravidiennes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_par_zone_g%C3%A9ographique" title="Langues par zone géographique">Langues par zone géographique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Inde" title="Langues en Inde">Langues en Inde</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89critures_indiennes_et_informatique" title="Écritures indiennes et informatique">Écritures indiennes et informatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLS_1326" title="SLS 1326">SLS 1326</a>, norme srilankaise de codage de caractères, de disposition de clavier et de séquences de caractères ou de touches pour le tamoul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_tamoule_classique" title="Littérature tamoule classique">Littérature tamoule classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_tamoule_moderne" title="Littérature tamoule moderne">Littérature tamoule moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamilology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamilology (page inexistante)">Tamilology</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilology" class="extiw" title="en:Tamilology"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Tamilology »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamilistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamilistik (page inexistante)">Tamilistik</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilistik" class="extiw" title="de:Tamilistik"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand : « Tamilistik »">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_dravidiennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Études dravidiennes (page inexistante)">Études dravidiennes</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Dravidian studies"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dravidian studies »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoul&action=edit&section=26" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5885?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119478953">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119478953">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132190">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4120353-7">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572638">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4772555">Espagne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558308905171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph292481">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1289">Glottocode</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5885?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/tamil"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/tamil"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8FDEC51723CBEDC7">Apprenons le Tamoul Leçon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kilikeluthi.online.fr">கிளிக்-எழுதி" écriture tamoule sans clavier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamoulobs.com">La communauté tamoule de France</a> Actualités et informations en continu sur la communauté tamoule de France et le peuple tamoul du Sri Lanka.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.com/dictionnaire/tamoul.html">Dictionnaire tamoul-français/français-tamoul</a> <a href="/wiki/Freelang" title="Freelang">Freelang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.com/dictionnaire/tamoul_lp.html">Dictionnaire tamoul (langue parlée)-français / français-tamoul (langue parlée)</a> <a href="/wiki/Freelang" title="Freelang">Freelang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia341203.us.archive.org/2/items/manueldelalangu00vinsgoog/manueldelalangu00vinsgoog.pdf">Julien Vinson, <i>Manuel de la langue tamoule (grammaire, textes, vocabulaires)</i></a>, Ernest Leroux, 1903</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/book/chapter1/node5.html#SECTION">Phonologie du tamoul parlé</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ffa900;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89tat_du_Tamil_Nadu" title="Modèle:Palette État du Tamil Nadu"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89tat_du_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%89tats_et_territoires_de_l%27Inde" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des États et territoires de l'Inde">État</a> du <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffcc99;">Symboles d'état</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="background:#ffffff;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><b>Sceau</b> : <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a> Ouest du <a href="/wiki/Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE" title="Temple de Mînâkshî">Temple de Mînâkshî</a> à <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> ; <small>parfois identifié :</small> Gopuram du Temple de <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> à <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a></li> <li><b>Animal</b> : <a href="/wiki/Tahr_des_Nilgiri" title="Tahr des Nilgiri">Tahr des Nilgiri</a></li> <li><b>Oiseau</b> : <a href="/wiki/Colombine_turvert" title="Colombine turvert">Colombine turvert</a></li> <li><b>Fleur</b> : <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa superba</a></li> <li><b>Fruit</b> : <a href="/wiki/Jacquier" title="Jacquier">Jacquier</a></li> <li><b>Arbre</b> : <a href="/wiki/Palmier_de_Palmyre" title="Palmier de Palmyre">Palmier de Palmyre</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffcc99;"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_districts_du_Tamil_Nadu" title="Liste des districts du Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#ffffff;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_d%27Ariyalur" title="District d'Ariyalur">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Chengalpattu" title="District de Chengalpattu">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Coimbatore" title="District de Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Cuddalore" title="District de Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Dharmapuri" title="District de Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Dindigul" title="District de Dindigul">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_d%27Erode" title="District d'Erode">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_de_Kallakurichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District de Kallakurichi (page inexistante)">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Kanchipuram" title="District de Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Kanniyakumari" title="District de Kanniyakumari">Kanniyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Karur" title="District de Karur">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Krishnagiri" title="District de Krishnagiri">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Madras" title="District de Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Madurai" title="District de Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Mayiladuthurai" title="District de Mayiladuthurai">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Nagapattinam" title="District de Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_des_Nilgiris" title="District des Nilgiris">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Namakkal" title="District de Namakkal">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Perambalur" title="District de Perambalur">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Pudukkottai" title="District de Pudukkottai">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Ramanathapuram" title="District de Ramanathapuram">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_de_Ranipet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District de Ranipet (page inexistante)">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Salem" title="District de Salem">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Sivaganga" title="District de Sivaganga">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tenkasi" title="District de Tenkasi">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Thanjavur" title="District de Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Theni" title="District de Theni">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Thoothukudi" title="District de Thoothukudi">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tiruchirappalli" title="District de Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tirunelveli" title="District de Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_de_Tirupattur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District de Tirupattur (page inexistante)">Tirupattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tiruppur" title="District de Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tiruvallur" title="District de Tiruvallur">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tiruvannamalai" title="District de Tiruvannamalai">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Tiruvarur" title="District de Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Vellore" title="District de Vellore">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Viluppuram" title="District de Viluppuram">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_de_Virudhunagar" title="District de Virudhunagar">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffcc99;">Villes importantes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="background:#ffffff;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras" title="Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffcc99;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Tamil_Nadu" title="Catégorie:Tamil Nadu">Sujets</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#ffffff;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollywood" title="Kollywood">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_tamoule" title="Cuisine tamoule">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_du_Tamil_Nadu" title="Histoire du Tamil Nadu">Histoire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamouls" title="Tamouls">Peuple</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet_tamoul" title="Modèle:Palette Alphabet tamoul"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet_tamoul&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tamoul" title="Alphasyllabaire tamoul">Alphasyllabaire tamoul</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Voyelles</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="அ (page inexistante)">அ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஆ (page inexistante)">ஆ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="இ (page inexistante)">இ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஈ (page inexistante)">ஈ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="உ (page inexistante)">உ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஊ (page inexistante)">ஊ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="எ (page inexistante)">எ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஏ (page inexistante)">ஏ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஐ (page inexistante)">ஐ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஒ (page inexistante)">ஒ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஓ (page inexistante)">ஓ</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Consonnes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="க (page inexistante)">க</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ங (page inexistante)">ங</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ச (page inexistante)">ச</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%9C" title="ஜ">ஜ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ஞ (page inexistante)">ஞ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ட (page inexistante)">ட</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ண (page inexistante)">ண</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="த (page inexistante)">த</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ந (page inexistante)">ந</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ன (page inexistante)">ன</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ப (page inexistante)">ப</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ம (page inexistante)">ம</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ய (page inexistante)">ய</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ர (page inexistante)">ர</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ற (page inexistante)">ற</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ல (page inexistante)">ல</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ள (page inexistante)">ள</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ழ (page inexistante)">ழ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" 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