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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Korean War service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vietnam War service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_Martial_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_Martial_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Implementation of Martial Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_Martial_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_of_the_Marcos_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_of_the_Marcos_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Last years of the Marcos administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_of_the_Marcos_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_EDSA_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_EDSA_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Role in the EDSA Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_EDSA_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Combat record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Secretary_of_National_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Secretary_of_National_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Secretary_of_National_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1992 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1992–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1992–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1992–1998)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1992–1998)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1992–1998) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1992–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Domestic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Philippines 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_with_armed_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_with_armed_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Peace with armed groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_with_armed_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Economic reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Power crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Death penalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spratly_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spratly_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Spratly Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spratly_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrant_workers_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrant_workers_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Migrant workers protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrant_workers_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Asian Financial Crisis of 1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clark_Centennial_Expo_Scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clark_Centennial_Expo_Scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Clark Centennial Expo Scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clark_Centennial_Expo_Scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Charter change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administration and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1998–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1998–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-presidency (1998–2022)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1998–2022)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1998–2022) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1998–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EDSA_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EDSA_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>EDSA II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EDSA_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Advocacies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramos_Peace_and_Development_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramos_Peace_and_Development_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ramos Peace and Development Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramos_Peace_and_Development_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Envoy_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Envoy_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Philippine Envoy to China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Envoy_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>2022 elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Approval ratings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors and decorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and decorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>National Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Foreign Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>International organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fidel V. Ramos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيدل فالديس راموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيدل فالديس راموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="ফিদেল রামোস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিদেল রামোস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Фідэль Рамас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фідэль Рамас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Фидел Рамос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фидел Рамос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فیدل راموس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیدل راموس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%8D%B8_V._%EB%9D%BC%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="피델 V. 라모스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피델 V. 라모스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ֆիդել Վալդես Ռամոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիդել Վալդես Ռամոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פידל ראמוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פידל ראמוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფიდელ რამოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიდელ რამოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Фидель Вальдес Рамос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фидель Вальдес Рамос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelis_Ramos" title="Fidelis Ramos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fidelis Ramos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="फिदेल रामोस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिदेल रामोस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيديل فالديس راموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيديل فالديس راموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فیدل ویلا راموس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیدل ویلا راموس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9" title="フィデル・ラモス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィデル・ラモス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" title="Fidel Valdez Ramos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fidel Valdez Ramos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Рамос, Фидель Вальдес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамос, Фидель Вальдес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிடல் ராமோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிடல் ராமோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ฟิเดล รามอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิเดล รามอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Фідель Рамос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фідель Рамос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fidel Ramos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fidel V. Ramos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF" title="菲德尔·瓦尔德斯·拉莫斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菲德尔·瓦尔德斯·拉莫斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פידעל ראמאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פידעל ראמאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FVR" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FVR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="FVR (disambiguation)">FVR (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Philippine name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a> or maternal  <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i>Valdez</i> and the surname or paternal family name is <i>Ramos</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fidel Ramos y Valdez</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_(1995).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/220px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/330px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/440px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="655" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1995</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Estrada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 22, 1988 – July 18, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Corazon Aquino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ileto" title="Rafael Ileto">Rafael Ileto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines">Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 25, 1986 – January 21, 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Corazon Aquino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Renato de Villa</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines">Acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 24, 1984 – December 2, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand Marcos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fabian Ver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fabian Ver</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice-Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines">Vice-Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 2, 1985 – February 25, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand Marcos<br />Corazon Aquino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ileto" title="Rafael Ileto">Rafael Ileto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Salvador M. Mison</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Philippine_Constabulary" title="Chief of the Philippine Constabulary">Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><small>Director General of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Police" title="Integrated National Police">Integrated National Police</a> (1975–1986)</small></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1972 – February 25, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand Marcos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eduardo M. Garcia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Victor Natividad</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 25, 1986 – March 5, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Corazon Aquino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Victor Natividad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Renato de Villa</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Fidel Ramos y Valdez</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-03-18</span>)</span>March 18, 1928<br /><a href="/wiki/Lingayen" title="Lingayen">Lingayen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 31, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-07-31)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, Philippines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Libingan ng mga Bayani">Libingan ng mga Bayani</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, Philippines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas–CMD</a> (2008–2022)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas–NUCD</a> (1991–2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a> (1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Amelita_Ramos" title="Amelita Ramos">Amelita Martinez</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5 (including <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ramos-Jalasco" title="Cristina Ramos-Jalasco">Cristy</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_College_of_the_Philippines" title="National Defense College of the Philippines">National Defense College of the Philippines</a> (MNSA)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier<br />Civil Engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fidel V. Ramos's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg/128px-Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg/192px-Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg/256px-Fidel_V._Ramos_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="101" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fvrlegacy.org/">Official website</a> <br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpdev.org/">Foundation website</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980110232313/http://www.philippines.gov.ph/">Office of the President</a><i>Archived </i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1950–1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div><b>See list</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Platoon Leader, 2nd Battalion Combat Team (BCT), Counter-Insurgency against the Communist <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>, 1951</li> <li>Infantry Company Commander, 16th BCT, Counter-Insurgency against the Communist <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>, 1951</li> <li>Platoon Leader, 20th BCT, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Expeditionary_Forces_to_Korea" title="Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea">Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea</a>, United Nations Command (PEFTOK-UNC), <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, 1951–1952</li> <li>Duty, Personnel Research Group, General Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>, 1952–1954</li> <li>Senior Aide de Camp to Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1958–1960</li> <li>Associate Infantry Company Officer at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg (North Carolina)">Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, 1960</li> <li>Founder and Commanding Officer of the elite <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1962–1965</li> <li>Chief of Staff of the Philippine Military Contingent-Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam (AFP-PHILCAG), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, 1965–1968</li> <li>Presidential Assistant on Military Affairs, 1968–1969</li> <li>Commander, 3rd Infantry Brigade <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>, 1970</li> <li>Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a>, 1970–1986</li> <li>Command and General Staff of the Philippine Army, 1985</li> <li>Acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1984–1985</li> <li>Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1985–1986</li> <li>Military Reformist leader during the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>, 1986</li> <li>Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>, 1986–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Department of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a>, 1988–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief">Commander in Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>, 1992–1998</li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">Battle of Hill Eerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_Of_Marawi_(1972)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle Of Marawi (1972) (page does not exist)">Battle Of Marawi (1972)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div><b>See list</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">Philippine Legion of Honor</a></li> <li>Commander, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_of_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Merit Medal of Philippines">Military Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Service Medal">United Nations Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Star" title="Distinguished Conduct Star">Distinguished Conduct Star</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> Distinguished Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal" title="Korean Service Medal">Korean Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Order_of_Laila_Utama" title="Family Order of Laila Utama">Family Order of Laila Utama</a> (Brunei)</li> <li>Commander, Order of Dharma Pratana (<a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li>Grand <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Hibiscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Order of Hibiscus">Order of Mugunghwa</a></li> <li>Collar, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a></li> <li>Honorary Knight Grand Cross, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Michael and Saint George">Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a></li> <li>Knight of the Collar, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cordon, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">Order of Nishan-I-Pakistan</a></li> <li>Collar, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Carlos III</a></li> <li>Collar, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Merit_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Merit of Chile">Order of the Merit of Chile</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fidel Ramos y Valdez</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">CCLH</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">GCS</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Knights of Rizal">KGCR</a></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tagalog:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[pɪˈdɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>bɐlˈdɛs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɾamos]</a></span>; March 18, 1928 – July 31, 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularly known as <b>FVR</b>, was a Filipino general and politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Philippines">12th President of the Philippines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">1992 to 1998</a>. He was the only career military officer, who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>. Rising from second lieutenant to commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Ramos is credited for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippine economy</a> during his six years in office. </p><p>Ramos rose through the ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> and Vice Chief-of-Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> during the term of President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">1986 EDSA People Power Revolution</a>, Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of Marcos, and pledge allegiance and loyalty to the newly established government of President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazon C. Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a>. Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the cabinet of President Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> (AFP), and later as <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Department of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a> from 1986 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-malacanang.gov.ph_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malacanang.gov.ph-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was credited with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Regiment_(Philippines)" title="Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)">Philippine Army's Special Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police_Special_Action_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine National Police Special Action Force">Philippine National Police Special Action Force</a>. After his retirement, he remained active in politics, serving as adviser to his successors. </p><p>Ramos died of <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">COVID-19 Omicron variant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Makati_Medical_Center" title="Makati Medical Center">Makati Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg/250px-Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg/375px-Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg/500px-Ramos_House_facade_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Rented family house of Narciso Ramos and Angela Valdez in Lingayen, where Fidel and <a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos-Shahani" title="Leticia Ramos-Shahani">Leticia Ramos-Shahani</a> were born</figcaption></figure> <p>Fidel Valdez Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Lingayen" title="Lingayen">Lingayen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a> and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Asingan" title="Asingan">Asingan</a> town during his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-govph_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ramos" title="Narciso Ramos">Narciso Ramos</a> (1900–1986), was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Philippines)">House of Representatives</a>, who eventually rose to the position of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Narciso Ramos was the Philippine signatory to the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> declaration forged in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> in 1967, and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>. According to Fidel Ramos's biography for his <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos">presidential inauguration</a> in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ramos" title="Narciso Ramos">Narciso Ramos</a> also served as one of the leaders of the anti-Japanese guerrilla group <a href="/wiki/Maharlika#Modern_Usage" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His mother, Angela Valdez (1905–1978), was an educator, woman <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a>, and member of the Valdez clan of <a href="/wiki/Batac" title="Batac">Batac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>, making him a second degree cousin of former President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_E._Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand E. Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Integrated_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Philippines Integrated School">University of the Philippines (UP) High School, now the UPIS</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, and continued in the High School Department of <a href="/wiki/Map%C3%BAa_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapúa Institute of Technology">Mapúa Institute of Technology</a>. He graduated high school from <a href="/wiki/Centro_Escolar_University" title="Centro Escolar University">Centro Escolar University Integrated School</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-govph_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he went to the United States as he received an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering degree. He also earned his master's degree in civil engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> and later took Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953, where he placed 8th overall.<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also held a master's degree in National Security Administration from the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_College_of_the_Philippines" title="National Defense College of the Philippines">National Defense College of the Philippines</a> and a master's degree in Business Administration from <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>. In addition, he received a total of 29 <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-govph_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramos married <a href="/wiki/Amelita_Ramos" title="Amelita Ramos">Amelita Martinez</a> on October 21, 1954, at the Central Church (now known as <a href="/wiki/Central_United_Methodist_Church_(Manila)" title="Central United Methodist Church (Manila)">Central United Methodist Church</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a>, Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-bride_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bride-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They started as friends while they were classmates at the UP High School and neighbors at <a href="/wiki/Padre_Faura_Street" title="Padre Faura Street">Padre Faura Street</a> in Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they had five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ramos-Jalasco" title="Cristina Ramos-Jalasco">Cristina Ramos-Jalasco</a>, and Gloria Ramos.<sup id="cite_ref-govph_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have five grandsons and three granddaughters.<sup id="cite_ref-laid_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> where he graduated in 1950. </p><p>During his stint at the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>, Ramos founded the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Regiment_(Philippines)" title="Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)">Philippine Army Special Forces</a>. Later, he was named as the commander of the Army's <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Philippines)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Philippines)">3rd Division</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (province)">Cebu</a>. </p><p>Ramos received several military awards including the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">Philippine Legion of Honor</a> (March 18, 1988, and July 19, 1991), the Distinguished Conduct Star (1991), the Distinguished Service Star (May 20, 1966, December 20, 1967, and August 3, 1981), Philippine Military Merit Medal (May 23, 1952), the U.S. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (August 1, 1990), and the French <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Legion of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War_service">Korean War service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Korean War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Expeditionary_Forces_to_Korea" title="Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea">Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea</a> (PEFTOK) that fought in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader.<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramos was one of the heroes of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">Battle of Hill Eerie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he led his platoon to sabotage the enemy in Hill Eerie.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War_service">Vietnam War service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vietnam War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramos was also in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Civic_Action_Group" title="Philippine Civic Action Group">Philippine Civic Action Group</a> (PHILCAG).<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj. <a href="/wiki/Jose_T._Almonte" title="Jose T. Almonte">Jose T. Almonte</a>, who went on to become his National Security Advisor during his administration from 1992 to 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos">Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos,_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg/250px-Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg/375px-Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg/500px-Awaluddin_Djamin_with_Fidel_Ramos%2C_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Chief of Indonesian National Police Lieutenant General Awaloeddin Djamin received an honorary visit by Chief of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> Maj. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, AFP (left), December 1979</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation_of_Martial_Law">Implementation of Martial Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementation of Martial Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1972, Ramos was appointed head of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a>, then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which functioned as the country's national police. He served at this post at the time <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial Law</a><sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on September 21, 1972. </p><p>In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Police" title="Integrated National Police">Integrated National Police</a> (INP), which was under the control and supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. As head of the PC, Ramos was <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> the INP's first concurrent Director-General. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_years_of_the_Marcos_administration">Last years of the Marcos administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last years of the Marcos administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates for the position of Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> in 1981, as replacement to the retiring General <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Romeo Espino</a> who was the nation's longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a> a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, whom Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of three-star general. </p><p>On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> was organized to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes, and named as the Philippine Constabulary <a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Force" title="Special Action Force">Special Action Force</a><sup id="cite_ref-Highlights_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highlights-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen. <a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a> were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Rosendo Ferrer and Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, a training program called the SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which numbered 149.<sup id="cite_ref-About_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers while the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC), and other PC Units.<sup id="cite_ref-About_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, they changed the name of the course to the SAF Commando Course.<sup id="cite_ref-About_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 1983, during a speech in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a> to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a>. Marcos also removed the operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_EDSA_Revolution">Role in the EDSA Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role in the EDSA Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></div> <p>On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 snap elections</a>, withdrawing support and triggering the non-violent <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>. General Ramos later also defected and followed Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their fealty to <a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazón Aquino">Corazón Aquino</a>, the widow of Senator Benigno Aquino and Marcos' main election rival. On February 25, the "EDSA Revolution" reached its peak when Marcos, along with his family and some supporters, fled into exile in Hawaii with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>, ending his <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965-1986)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1965-1986)">20-year rule</a>, leaving Corazon Aquino to accede as the country's first female President. Later in life, Ramos would say he considered his role in the revolution as his "atonement" for his role in the implementation of Martial Law.<sup id="cite_ref-RamosToMillenials2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamosToMillenials2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_record">Combat record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combat record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a> (July 31, 1987): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I fought the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">communists</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> combat teams, I went up the ladder. Battalion staff officer. <a href="/wiki/Company_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Company commander">Company commander</a>. Task Force commander. <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Regiment_(Philippines)" title="Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)">Special Forces group</a> commander. Brigade commander. All in different periods in our country. <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Huk</a> campaign. <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and I was the head of the advance party of the PHILCAG (Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam) that went to a tiny province at the Cambodian border – the so-called Alligator Jaw – War Zone Z where even <a href="/wiki/Max_Soliven" title="Max Soliven">Max Soliven</a> said <b>The <a href="/wiki/Viet-Cong" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet-Cong">Viet-Cong</a> will eat us up.</b> Of course, we were physically there as non-combat troops. But you try to be a non-combat troop in a combat area – that is the toughest kind of assignment. </p><p>Korea – as a Recon platoon leader. What is the job of a recon leader? To recon the front line – no man's land. And what did we do? I had to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">assault</a> a fortified position of the Chinese communists and wiped them out. And what is this Special Forces group that we commanded in the Army – '62–'65? That was the only remaining combat unit in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>. The rest were training in a military division unit set-up. We were in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. We were in <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Province">Sulu</a>. And then, during the previous regime, <a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a> incident. Who was sent there? Ramos. We defended the camp, being besieged by 400 rebels. </p><p>So next time, look at the man's record, don't just write and write. You said, no combat experience, no combat experience. Look around you who comes from the platoon, who rose to battalion staff, company commander, group commander, which is like a battalion, <a href="/wiki/Brigade_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade commander">brigade commander</a>, here and abroad. Abroad, I never had an abroad assignment that was not combat. NO SOFT JOBS FOR RAMOS. Thirty-seven years in the Armed Forces. REMEMBER THAT. You're only writing about the fringe, but do not allow yourself to destroy the armed forces by those guys. You write about the majority of the Armed Forces who are on the job. </p><p> That's why we're here enjoying our freedom, ladies and gentlemen. You are here. If the majority of the Armed Forces did not do their job, I doubt very much if you'd all be here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (August 2022)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Secretary_of_National_Defense">Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Corazon Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986–1988), and later <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of National Defense">Secretary of National Defense</a> as well as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Management_Council" title="National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council">National Disaster Coordinating Council</a> (1988–1991),<sup id="cite_ref-rpdev_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handling the government's response to disasters such as the <a href="/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake" title="1990 Luzon earthquake">1990 Luzon earthquake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a>. </p><p>During this time, Ramos personally handled the military operations that crushed <a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%931987_Philippine_coup_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1986–1987 Philippine coup attempts">nine coup attempts against the Aquino government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drogin1993_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drogin1993-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1992_presidential_election">1992 presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1992 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992 Philippine presidential election</a></div> <p>In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party <a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino</a> (LDP) to House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a> Days later, he bolted from the LDP and founded his own party, the <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Partido Lakas Tao</a> (People Power Party), inviting <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mario_Osme%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Mario Osmeña">Emilio Mario Osmeña</a> to be his running mate. The party formed a coalition with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator & DFA Secretary <a href="/wiki/Raul_Manglapus" title="Raul Manglapus">Raul Manglapus</a> and the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of Ambassador Sanchez Ali. Ramos and Osmeña, together with Congressman (later House Speaker) <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Venecia_Jr." title="Jose de Venecia Jr.">Jose de Venecia</a>, campaigned for economic reforms and improved national security and unity. </p><p>He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a>. His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of the vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew their declarations because of the sudden change in positions in the vote tally. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>. The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De los Santos alleged that Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Qaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Qaddafi">Muammar al-Qaddafi</a> had channeled $200,000 (5 million pesos) to Ramos' 1992 election campaign. Philippine election laws prohibit accepting contribution from foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramos dismissed the claim as "hearsay by itself, and is further based on a string of successive hearsay conversations" and challenged anyone who believed the claim to produce evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1992–1998)"><span id="Presidency_.281992.E2.80.931998.29"></span>Presidency (1992–1998)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidency (1992–1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg/250px-Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg/375px-Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg/500px-Fidel_Ramos_Inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>Ramos taking his oath of office as the 12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a> on June 30, 1992.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;"><span style="font-size:80%">Presidential styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Fidel V. Ramos</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prior_Pres_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prior_Pres_Seal.png/100px-Prior_Pres_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prior_Pres_Seal.png/150px-Prior_Pres_Seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prior_Pres_Seal.png/200px-Prior_Pres_Seal.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Excellency</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative style</th><td class="infobox-data">Mr. President</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestant</a> to date to be elected President of the Philippines with a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> majority and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief. </p><p>The first three years of his administration were characterized by an economic boom, technological development, political stability, and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as an outline and agenda for governance. He was the first <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democrat">Christian Democrat</a> to be elected in the country, being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines_2000">Philippines 2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Philippines 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_2000" title="Philippines 2000">Philippines 2000</a></div> <p>Ramos' policies were organized around a <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socio-economic</a> program dubbed "Philippines 2000",<sup id="cite_ref-Canlas2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canlas2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which envisioned the Philippines achieving a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a> status by the year <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> and beyond. </p><p>The five points of the program were: </p> <ul><li>Peace and Stability</li> <li>Economic Growth and Sustainable Development</li> <li>Energy and Power Generation</li> <li>Environmental Protection</li> <li>Streamlined Bureaucracy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_with_armed_groups">Peace with armed groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peace with armed groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more details about other armed groups and of the work of the National Unification Commission. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contrary to expectations as a former military general, Ramos made peace with the country's various armed rebel groups, kickstarting the process by creating a National Unification Commission (NUC) and appointing <a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a> to be its chair.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguillas2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguillas2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the recommendation of the NUC, Ramos eventually decided to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a> (RAM) led by <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan</a> and Capt. Proceso Maligalig.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="The NUC was formed during the Ramos presidency. It is unclear here how the NUC and Ramos are making recommendations during the Aquino Presidency. (August 2022)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ramos was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF) led by <a href="/wiki/Nur_Misuari" title="Nur Misuari">Nur Misuari</a> in 1996. </p><p>Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Act">Republic Act</a> No. 7636,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which repealed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Subversion_Act_of_1957" title="Anti-Subversion Act of 1957">Anti-Subversion Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> became legal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during his presidency that the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL), which provided a mechanism to monitor human rights abuses in the course of operations was signed between the government and the CPP on 16 March 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_reforms">Economic reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:26em; padding: 0px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />President Fidel Ramos<br /><small>1992–1998</small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Population</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1992</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≈</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }"></span> 63.82 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Gross Domestic Product (constant 1985 prices)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1992</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 718,941 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1997</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 893,151 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Growth rate, 1992–1998 average</b></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Per capita income (constant 1985 prices)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1992</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 11,265</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1997</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 12,147</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Total exports</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1992</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 250,610 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>1997</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 743,469 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rates</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> = <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> 29.47<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Ph₱</a> = US$ 0.034</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Sources</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/#efs-tabpane-1-3">FIDEL V. RAMOS</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-govph_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos ended the government’s monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Ramos was also known as the most-traveled Philippine President compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>20 billion</span> worth of foreign investments to the Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the <a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) Leaders' Summit in the Philippines in November 1996. </p><p>Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Philippine Stock Exchange</a> in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of '<a href="/wiki/Philippines_2000" title="Philippines 2000">Philippines 2000</a>' that led the country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_crisis">Power crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Power crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of Ramos' tenure, the Philippines was experiencing widespread <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">blackouts</a> due to huge demand for electricity, the antiquity of power plants, the abolishment of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)" title="Department of Energy (Philippines)">Department of Energy</a>, and the discontinuation of the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Bataan Nuclear Power Plant</a> during the Corazon Aquino administration. During his State of the Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> enact a law that would create an Energy Department that would plan and manage the Philippines' energy demands. Congress not only created the Department but gave him special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using the powers given to him, Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued supply contracts that guaranteed the government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract in U.S. dollars to entice investments in power plants. This became a problem during the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Financial Crisis">East Asian Financial Crisis</a> when the demand for electricity contracted and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> lost half of its value. </p><p>Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within the government and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for <a href="/wiki/Independent_power_producer" title="Independent power producer">independent power producers</a> (IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to him. Among the deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that the Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the end of 1993 when the power crisis was considered solved. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates would rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of the government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the <a href="/wiki/National_Power_Corporation" title="National Power Corporation">National Power Corporation</a> and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors created considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions and would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death penalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines" title="Capital punishment in the Philippines">Capital punishment in the Philippines</a></div> <p>While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a> (method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.) <i>"until the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a> could be installed"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier in a fire and the Philippines adopted the method of <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>. After his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policies">Foreign policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spratly_Islands">Spratly Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spratly Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg/250px-RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg/375px-RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg/500px-RAMOS_pentagon_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>President Fidel V. Ramos troops the honor guards at the Pentagon with Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> during a state visit in 1998.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Special:EditPage/Fidel V. Ramos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PRC military</a> structure on Mischief Reef in the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>, 130 nautical miles (240 km; 150 mi) off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over the PRC's occupation of the reef and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a> to dispatch five <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5 fighters</a> backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migrant_workers_protection">Migrant workers protection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Migrant workers protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A perceived weakness<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> of his administration was the situation in handling migrant workers' protection, a very major issue in the Philippines, as there are millions of Filipinos abroad throughout the world serving as workers in foreign countries, and their remittances to relatives at home are very important to the Filipino economy. On the eve of his 67th birthday on March 17, 1995, Ramos was on a foreign trip when <a href="/wiki/Flor_Contemplaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Flor Contemplación">Flor Contemplación</a> was hanged in Singapore. His last-minute effort to negotiate with Singapore President <a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a> failed and Ramos' return was marred with protests after his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The protests also caused the resignation of Foreign Affairs Secretary <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Romulo" title="Roberto Romulo">Roberto Romulo</a> and Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/Nieves_Confesor" title="Nieves Confesor">Nieves Confesor</a> from the cabinet. He immediately recalled Philippine ambassador to Singapore Alicia Ramos and suspended diplomatic relations with Singapore and created a special commission to look into the case, which was in part an effort to try to rescue his sagging popularity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The commission was led by retired <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gancayco" title="Emilio Gancayco">Emilio Gancayco</a>. </p><p>As recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of Republic Act No. 8042, better known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995", which was signed into law on June 7, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Philippines Ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a> to facilitate negotiations after learning of the death penalty verdict of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Balabagan" title="Sarah Balabagan">Sarah Balabagan</a> in September 1995. Balabagan's sentence was reduced and she was released in August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with Singapore after meeting Goh Chok Tong on the sidelines during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997">Asian Financial Crisis of 1997</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asian Financial Crisis of 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis">1997 Asian Financial Crisis</a>, which started in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, was a major blow to the end of the Ramos administration, with him stepping down with a negative GDP growth. The economy was hit by currency devaluation with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Peso" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Peso">Philippine Peso</a> dropped to ₱45.42/$1 in January 1998 from ₱26.40/$1 in July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same was true for the <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a>. Growth fell to about −0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.4% by 1999. It also resulted in the shutdown of some businesses, a decline in importation, a rising unemployment rate, and an unstable financial sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clark_Centennial_Expo_Scandal">Clark Centennial Expo Scandal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clark Centennial Expo Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supposedly, one of his notable contributions to the Philippines was the revival of nationalistic spirit by embarking on a massive promotion campaign for the centennial of Philippine Independence celebrated on June 12, 1998. However, charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished the resulting programs and various projects, one of which was the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a>, supposedly Ramos's pet project. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at Clark, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after the Centennial celebrations. Clark Air Base at that point was already completely free of American interference and therefore conceived as a suitable venue for <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Independence Day</a>. In 1992, all American military bases were transferred to Philippine control after the Senate rejected the military bases agreement with the United States. </p><p>Later on it was revealed through a special report by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) that the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of the administration, but also served as a convenient vehicle to affect election fund-raising for the LAKAS political party of Ramos, which came at the expense of tax-payers and was in direct violation of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Election Code</a>. The <i>Centennial Expo Pilipino</i> project, intended to be the centerpiece for celebrating the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticism for being an expensive <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephant</a> project that disadvantaged the government at the cost of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₱9 billion</span> or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a> (former vice-president), chairman of the Centennial Commission, were cleared by the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a>. Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charter_change">Charter change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Charter change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his final years in office, Ramos tried to amend the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 constitution</a> through a process popularly known to many Filipinos as <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">charter change</a> or <i>cha-cha</i>. Widespread protests led by Corazon Aquino and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> stopped him from pushing through with the plan. Political analysts were divided as to whether Ramos really wanted to use charter change to extend his presidency or only to imbalance his opponents as the next presidential election neared. He also intended to extend the term limits of the presidency to remain in power but his political rival <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> went to the Supreme Court and negated extending the term limit of the president, which preserved democracy at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_cabinet">Administration and cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Administration and cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_Ramos#Administration_and_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Fidel Ramos">Presidency of Fidel Ramos § Administration and cabinet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1998–2022)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281998.E2.80.932022.29"></span>Post-presidency (1998–2022)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-presidency (1998–2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EDSA_II">EDSA II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: EDSA II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2001, Ramos was instrumental in the success of the so-called <a href="/wiki/EDSA_II" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSA II">Second EDSA Revolution</a> that deposed Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> and installed then-Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramos was Chairman Emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas CMD</a> (Christian-Muslim Democrats) Party, formerly known as Lakas NUCD-UMDP or the Partido Lakas Tao-National Union of Christian Democrats-Union of Muslim Democrats of the Philippines. </p><p>At the height of the <a href="/wiki/2005_Philippine_electoral_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Philippine electoral crisis">election-rigging scandal</a> in July 2005, Ramos publicly convinced President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> not to resign from office.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramos, who was also hounded by charges of electoral fraud during the 1992 elections which were never proven in the Supreme Court, repeatedly stated that the scandal is nowhere as grave as that of People Power Revolutions of 1986 and 2001, citing factors such as the stagnant Philippine economy in the final years of the Marcos regime as well as the allegedly massive corruption of the Estrada administration. According to Arroyo, he also showed full support to her during the failed coups in the latter part of her presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacies">Advocacies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Advocacies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Special:EditPage/Fidel V. Ramos">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg/220px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg/330px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg/440px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_listens_to_the_reports_of_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_V._Ramos_during_the_5th_Cabinet_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Ramos, then-Philippine Special Envoy to China, briefs President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> and the cabinet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ramos also unveiled his proposals for constitutional change of the country. Citing the need to be more economically competitive in the midst of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and the need to improve governance for all Filipinos, Ramos suggested that government should start the process of Charter Change with a set deadline in 2007 (by which time the new charter and new government would take effect). Ramos supported the transformation of the country's political system from the Philippine presidential-bicameral-system into a unicameral parliament in transition to a federal form. </p><p>Ramos represented the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Eminent_Persons_Group" title="ASEAN Eminent Persons Group">ASEAN Eminent Persons Group</a>, tasked to draft the Charter of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_South_East_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of South East Asian Nations">Association of South East Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN). He was also a member of numerous international groups and fora, and was the chairman of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Boao_Forum_for_Asia" title="Boao Forum for Asia">Boao Forum for Asia</a> (also one of the co-founders of BFA) and co-chairman of the Global Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Emerging_Markets_Forum" title="Emerging Markets Forum">Emerging Markets Forum</a> (EMF). Ramos was heavily recommended for the position of the United Nations envoy to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formerly known as Burma) in June 2006. </p><p>He served as the <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a> Asia Advisor Board Member until the board was disbanded in February 2004. More recently, as a private citizen, Ramos was engaged in various private sector advocacies where he played prominent roles. These included; chairman, Ramos Peace and Development Foundation; chairman, <a href="/wiki/Boao_Forum_for_Asia" title="Boao Forum for Asia">Boao Forum for Asia</a>; Trustee, <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> (ICG); Member, Advisory Group, <a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">UN University for Peace</a>; Honorary Director, General Douglas MacArthur Foundation; Founding Member, Policy Advisory Commission, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (PAC-WIPO); Honorary Member, World Commission on Water for the 21st century; Member, International Advisory Council, Asia House; Patron, Opportunity International (Philippines); Global Advisor, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a>; Honorary Chairman, Yuchengco Center, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>; Member, Advisory Board, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106190806/http://www.metrobank.com.ph/">Metrobank</a>; Honorary President, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Human_Development_Network" title="Philippine Human Development Network">Human Development Network (HDN) Philippines</a>; Lifetime Honorary President, <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Christian Democrats International (CDI)</a>; and Chairman Emeritus, <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats</a> (CMD) Party. </p><p>Ramos was also a firm backer of the proposed Philippine <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_Health_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Health bill">Reproductive Health bill</a>. During a meet-up with fellow RH bill supporters in May 2011, he urged President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> to certify the RH bill as urgent, saying it is the "right thing" to do.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health">Department of Health</a> under <a href="/wiki/Juan_Flavier" title="Juan Flavier">Juan Flavier</a> launched an intense drive to promote <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a></i> reported in August 1994 that under Ramos, "family planning funding has quintupled." They also noted that President Ramos "has gone the farthest of any administration in opposing the Church's positions on contraception and abortion."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, Ramos was listed by the Forum for Family Planning and Development as one of its Eminent Persons.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramos was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Leadership_Foundation" title="Global Leadership Foundation">Global Leadership Foundation</a>, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramos_Peace_and_Development_Foundation">Ramos Peace and Development Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ramos Peace and Development Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his presidency, Ramos founded the Ramos Foundation for Peace and Development (RPDEV) with offices located in the <a href="/wiki/Exportbank_Plaza" title="Exportbank Plaza">Urban Bank Building</a> (now ExportBank Plaza) in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>. The foundation is a non-partisan, nonprofit, non-stock organization dedicated to promoting peace and development in the Philippines and the larger Asia-Pacific region. RPDEV supports Philippine national interests and people empowerment. Operating as a network of individuals and institutions inside and outside the country, it is meant to serve as a catalyst for constructive change, a medium for fostering unity, stability, and progress, and a force for mutual understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-library_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Envoy_to_China">Philippine Envoy to China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Philippine Envoy to China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg/220px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg/330px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg/440px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_meets_with_former_President_and_Special_Envoy_to_China_Fidel_Ramos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Ramos (center) as Special Envoy to China meets with President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> (right) on September 14, 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>President-elect <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> revealed in June 2016 that Ramos was the one who pushed him to run for office so that "Mindanao will finally have a Filipino president."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On July 23, 2016, Ramos was appointed by President Duterte as the Philippine Envoy to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to strengthen bilateral ties again after a much-heated diplomatic war over the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 2016, the Philippines him to Hong Kong to mitigate tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> Ramos met with <a href="/wiki/Fu_Ying" title="Fu Ying">Fu Ying</a> (chair of China's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs Committee for the National People's Congress</a>) and Wu Shicun (president of the National Institute for South China Sea Studies).<sup id="cite_ref-:04_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> Ramos conveyed the Philippines' willingness to engage in formal discussions with China.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> The three issued a statement in their personal capacities emphasizing cooperation and dialogue between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2016, Ramos sent his resignation after President Duterte returned from his state visit to China "because the officials have taken over." Duterte accepted his resignation from the post on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by veteran journalist <a href="/wiki/Chito_Santa_Romana" title="Chito Santa Romana">Jose Santiago "Chito" Sta. Romana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After stepping down, while he continued to show support to President Rodrigo Duterte, he had been vocal in raising concerns and criticisms to his administration. In February 2017, Ramos raised his concern about <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateralism</a> amidst the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">drug war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2017, Ramos criticized government officials who went with Duterte to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, claiming they turned the President's official visit into a "junket", which the Palace later denied.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, Ramos said the Philippines continued to "lose badly" under the Duterte administration.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his criticisms, Duterte still saw him as his "number one supporter" and at the same time his "number one critic", and even called him his "everything."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg/220px-Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg/330px-Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg/440px-Former_president_Fidel_Ramos_completes_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Ramos pictured on June 25, 2021, receiving his second dose of <a href="/wiki/Sinovac_Biotech" title="Sinovac Biotech">Sinovac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">COVID-19 vaccine</a> in Muntinlupa.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines</a>, he stayed under strict home quarantine and kept himself updated of the latest news including the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 25, 2021, he completed his <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccination</a> by receiving his second dose in <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Alabang" title="Ayala Alabang">Ayala Alabang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 18, 2022, on Ramos' 94th birthday, the Fidel V. Ramos Presidential Library was launched online.<sup id="cite_ref-library_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the first and so far, the only online presidential library in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later revealed that Ramos was already ill at this time and was unable to take on visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_elections">2022 elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2022 elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022 elections</a> Ramos did not make his endorsement public but pledged support for the <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo_2022_presidential_campaign" title="Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign">presidential bid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a>, whom he had also successfully endorsed for vice president in <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine presidential elections">2016</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robredo_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robredo-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was despite the fact that his party <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas–CMD</a> had earlier adopted her rival <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, who was the running mate of Lakas chairperson <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a>, as its presidential candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9,_2022_(56016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg/220px-Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg/330px-Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg/440px-Former_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_is_laid_to_rest_at_the_Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani_in_Taguig_City_on_August_9%2C_2022_%2856016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>State funeral of Fidel V. Ramos at the <a href="/wiki/Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Libingan ng mga Bayani">Libingan ng mga Bayani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a> on August 9, 2022, the day of his burial.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 31, 2022, Ramos died from the complications of <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">COVID-19 Omicron variant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Makati_Medical_Center" title="Makati Medical Center">Makati Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the radio station <a href="/wiki/DZRH" title="DZRH">DZRH</a> and his family statement, he has been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">fully or triple vaccinated</a>, but he compromised his <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>; he also had suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart condition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, he was the second longest living president in Philippine history, only behind <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> by 186 days. He was previously the oldest living president, a distinction he held from <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a>'s death in 1997. </p><p>From July 31 to August 9, President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> declared as nine-day period of "<a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national mourning day</a>", whereas all national flags are "flown at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> from sunrise to sunset" as a sign of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a per prevailing policies about COVID-19 Omicron-related deaths in the country (during the Omicron time in the first 18-month period), Ramos' remains were <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>, making him the second Philippine president to have been cremated before initial burial after former President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> in June 2021. His wake was held on from August 4 to 8 at The Chapels at Heritage Park in <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 9, he was accorded a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>, which was the first for former Philippine president since Diosdado Macapagal in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his remains were inurned at the <a href="/wiki/Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Libingan ng mga Bayani">Libingan ng mga Bayani</a> between former presidents <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos, Sr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laid_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approval_ratings">Approval ratings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Approval ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations" title="Social Weather Stations">SWS</a> Net satisfaction ratings of Fidel V. Ramos <span class="nowrap">(September 1992 – April 1998)</span><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Rating </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sep 1992 </th> <td>+66 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1992 </th> <td>+60 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apr 1993 </th> <td>+66 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jul 1993 </th> <td>+69 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sep 1993 </th> <td>+62 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1993 </th> <td>+65 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apr 1994 </th> <td>+67 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Aug 1994 </th> <td>+55 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nov 1994 </th> <td>+49 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1994 </th> <td>+50 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mar 1995 </th> <td>+24 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jun 1995 </th> <td>+26 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Oct 1995 </th> <td>+1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1995 </th> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apr 1996 </th> <td>+17 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jun 1996 </th> <td>+19 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sep 1996 </th> <td>+21 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1996 </th> <td>+24 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apr 1997 </th> <td>+50 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jun 1997 </th> <td>+49 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sep 1997 </th> <td>+35 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dec 1997 </th> <td>+40 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jan 1998 </th> <td>+13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Feb 1998 </th> <td>+20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mar 1998 </th> <td>+15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mar–Apr 1998 </th> <td>+30 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apr 1998 </th> <td>+19 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row"><b>Average</b> </th> <td><b>+38</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_decorations">Honors and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Honors and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Special:EditPage/Fidel V. Ramos">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen,_Pangasinan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg/220px-Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg/330px-Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg/440px-Ramos_House_historical_marker_in_Lingayen%2C_Pangasinan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ramos House marker</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Honors">National Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: National Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/60px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/90px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/120px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">Philippine Legion of Honor</a>, Second Bronze Anahaw Leaf (March 18, 1988)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/60px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/90px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png/120px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Commander_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">Philippine Legion of Honor</a>, Third Bronze Anahaw Leaf (July 19, 1991)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png/60px-Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png/90px-Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png/120px-Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="232" /></a></span>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Knights of Rizal">Order of the Knights of Rizal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif/60px-PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif/90px-PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/PHL_Military_Merit_Medal.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Philippines)" title="Military Merit Medal (Philippines)">Military Merit Medal</a> with Spearhead (May 23, 1952)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/60px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/90px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/120px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Star" title="Distinguished Service Star">Distinguished Service Star</a> (May 20, 1966)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/60px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/90px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/120px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Star" title="Distinguished Service Star">Distinguished Service Star</a>, First Bronze Anahaw Leaf (December 20, 1967)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Military_Commendation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PHL_Military_Commendation.gif/60px-PHL_Military_Commendation.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PHL_Military_Commendation.gif/90px-PHL_Military_Commendation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/PHL_Military_Commendation.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Military_Commendation_Medal" title="Military Commendation Medal">Military Commendation Medal</a> (May 31, 1968)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/60px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/90px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg/120px-PHL_Distinguished_Service_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Star" title="Distinguished Service Star">Distinguished Service Star</a>, First Silver Anahaw Leaf (August 3, 1981)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG/60px-PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG/90px-PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG/120px-PHL_Outstanding_Achievement_Medal.PNG 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Outstanding_Achievement_Medal" title="Outstanding Achievement Medal">Outstanding Achievement Medal</a> (July 29, 1983)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png/60px-Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png/90px-Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Distinguished_Conduct_Star_Ribbon_Bar.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Star" title="Distinguished Conduct Star">Distinguished Conduct Star</a> (January 14, 1991)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif/60px-AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif/90px-AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/AFP_Long_Service_Medal.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>: AFP Long Service Medal</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png/60px-PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png/90px-PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png/120px-PHL_Korean_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Korean_Campaign_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Korean Campaign Medal (page does not exist)">Korean Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Service_Medal(Philippines).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png/60px-Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png/90px-Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png/120px-Vietnam_Service_Medal%28Philippines%29.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif/60px-Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif/90px-Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Disaster_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Operations_Ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster_Relief_%26_Rehabilitation_Operation_Ribbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Ribbon (page does not exist)">Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Ribbon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Honors">Foreign Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Foreign Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg/60px-BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg/90px-BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg/120px-BRU_Family_Order_of_Brunei_1st_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Member of <a href="/wiki/List_of_post-nominal_letters_(Brunei)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-nominal letters (Brunei)">The Most Esteemed Family Order of Brunei</a> (March 5, 1988)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/90px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/120px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> Collar of the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Merit_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Merit of Chile">Order of the Merit of Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the Order of <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif/60px-Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif/90px-Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Grand Meritorious Military Order Star, 1st Class (June 20, 1989)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pita_(Ribbon)_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png/60px-Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png/90px-Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Bintang_Bhayangkara_Utama.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> National Police Meritorious Service Star, 1st Class (June 17, 1974)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/60px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/90px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/120px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Order of the Crown of the Realm">Order of the Crown of the Realm</a> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Pakistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png/60px-Order_of_Pakistan.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png/90px-Order_of_Pakistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">Nishan-e-Pakistan</a> (March 8, 1997)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg/90px-Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Civil_Merit_%28Spain%29_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a> (September 2, 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/90px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (March 24, 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/90px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (January 30, 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_(South_Korea)_-_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/90px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa" title="Grand Order of Mugunghwa">Grand Order of Mugunghwa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png/60px-Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png/90px-Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Cheon-Su_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Cheonsu Medal, Order of National Security Merit</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cordon of The Most Exalted <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a> (January 29, 1997)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/60px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/90px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/120px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Korea Medal">United Nations Korea Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/90px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael_and_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael and St. George">Order of St. Michael and St. George</a> (1995)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/60px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/90px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/120px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (August 1, 1990)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal" title="Korean Service Medal">Korean Service Medal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rizal Pro Patria Award (June 22, 1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Wolf_Award" title="Bronze Wolf Award">Bronze Wolf Award</a> (July 28, 1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a> at the time of Ramos's birth.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1995/04/01/">"BOE.es – * Índice por secciones del día 01/04/1995"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOE.es+%E2%80%93+%2A+%C3%8Dndice+por+secciones+del+d%C3%ADa+01%2F04%2F1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1995%2F04%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&dq=Fidel+Valdez+Ramos+1928&pg=PA209"><i>Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712334498" title="Special:BookSources/9789712334498"><bdi>9789712334498</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-based+Learning+I%27+2002+Ed.&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=9789712334498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC%26dq%3DFidel%2BValdez%2BRamos%2B1928%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malacanang.gov.ph-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malacanang.gov.ph_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323145024/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/">"Fidel V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fidel+V.+Ramos+%26%23124%3B+Presidential+Museum+and+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2Fpresidents%2Ffifth-republic%2Ffidel-ramos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govph-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govph_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govph_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govph_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govph_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govph_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323145024/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/">"Fidel V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOVPH&rft.atitle=Fidel+V.+Ramos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2Fpresidents%2Ffifth-republic%2Ffidel-ramos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpdev-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpdev_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpdev.org/about-fidel-v-ramos/biography">"Resumé of Fidel Valdez Ramos"</a>. <i>Ramos Peace and Development Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramos+Peace+and+Development+Foundation&rft.atitle=Resum%C3%A9+of+Fidel+Valdez+Ramos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpdev.org%2Fabout-fidel-v-ramos%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1992/06jun/19920630-Ramos.pdf">"Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos as President of the Republic of the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Harper & Row. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015815-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015815-6"><bdi>978-0-06-015815-6</bdi></a>. <q>Ramos was the son of Narciso Ramos, Ferdinand's uncle, who had been executive officer of the Maharlika and later foreign minister at the time of the deal with Lyndon Johnson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marcos+dynasty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-06-015815-6&rft.aulast=Seagrave&rft.aufirst=Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarcosdynasty0000seag_e8y1%2Fpage%2F262%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DMaharlika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208091640/http://www.dnd.gov.ph/fidel-v-ramos.html">"Fidel V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+National+Defense&rft.atitle=Fidel+V.+Ramos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnd.gov.ph%2Ffidel-v-ramos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bride-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bride_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2019" class="citation news cs1">Ramirez, Joanne Rae (November 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2019/11/01/1964940/here-comes-bride">"Here comes the bride"</a>. The Philippine Star<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here+comes+the+bride&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Joanne+Rae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fother-sections%2Fnewsmakers%2F2019%2F11%2F01%2F1964940%2Fhere-comes-bride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/?p=275077">"FVR and Ming Ramos: An enduring love story"</a>. Manila Standard. September 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FVR+and+Ming+Ramos%3A+An+enduring+love+story&rft.date=2018-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2F%3Fp%3D275077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laid-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laid_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laid_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajo2022" class="citation news cs1">Bajo, Anna Felicia (August 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/840944/ex-president-fidel-v-ramos-laid-to-rest/story/">"Ex-President Fidel V. 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July 23, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240829123740/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/574829/ramos-accepts-duterte-s-offer-as-phl-s-special-envoy-to-china/story/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condecorados%3A+Orden+El+Sol+del+Per%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcde.gestion2.e3.pe%2Fdoc%2F0%2F0%2F1%2F5%2F2%2F152563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1994/09/10/pdfs/A28233-28233.pdf">"Real Decreto 1819/1994, de 2 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia señor don Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+1819%2F1994%2C+de+2+de+septiembre%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+el+Collar+de+la+Orden+del+M%C3%A9rito+Civil+a+su+excelencia+se%C3%B1or+don+Fidel+Valdez+Ramos%2C+Presidente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Filipinas&rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado+%28BOE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1994%2F09%2F10%2Fpdfs%2FA28233-28233.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1995/04/01/pdfs/A10040-10040.pdf">"Real Decreto 453/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a su excelencia señor Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+453%2F1995%2C+de+24+de+marzo%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+el+Collar+de+la+Orden+de+Isabel+la+Cat%C3%B3lica+a+su+excelencia+se%C3%B1or+Fidel+Valdez+Ramos%2C+Presidente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Filipinas&rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado+%28BOE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1995%2F04%2F01%2Fpdfs%2FA10040-10040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1998/01/31/pdfs/A03455-03455.pdf">"Real Decreto 136/1998, de 30 de enero, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III a su Excelencia el Presidente de la República de Filipinas, don Fidel V. Ramos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+136%2F1998%2C+de+30+de+enero%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+el+Collar+de+la+Real+y+Muy+Distinguida+Orden+de+Carlos+III+a+su+Excelencia+el+Presidente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Filipinas%2C+don+Fidel+V.+Ramos&rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado+%28BOE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1998%2F01%2F31%2Fpdfs%2FA03455-03455.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Fidel_Valdez_Ramos" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Fidel Valdez Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" class="extiw" title="commons:Fidel V. Ramos"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fidel V. Ramos</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205180723/http://www.rpdev.org/Default/Ramos_Legacy/About_Fidel_V_Ramos">Fidel Ramos Curriculum Vitae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202063257/http://westpointaog.org/netcommunity/page.aspx?pid=557">Westpoint Distinguished Graduate Award: DGA Fidel Ramos</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide,_Sonia_M.1999" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). <i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i>. All Nations Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4"><bdi>971-642-071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All+Nations+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=971-642-071-4&rft.au=Zaide%2C+Sonia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidel+V.+Ramos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bardos, Phil, <i>Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Achievements and Leadership of the Men of the West Point Class of 1950</i>, (United States, 2000)</li> <li>Bowring, Philip. "Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions.", January 22, 2001. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/opinion/22iht-edbow.t_3.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/opinion/22iht-edbow.t_3.html</a></li> <li>"Church, elite, Ramos ousted me, says Estrada." <i>SunStar Network Online</i>. (June 1, 2006). Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926183855/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2006/06/01/church.elite.ramos.ousted.me.says.estrada.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080926183855/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2006/06/01/church.elite.ramos.ousted.me.says.estrada.html</a></li> <li>Fernandez, Butch. "Ramos told to come clean before hitting Palace pardon for Erap." (November 2–3, 2007). <i>Business Mirror</i>. Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211170308/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/1102%26032007/nation01.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20081211170308/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/1102%26032007/nation01.html</a>.</li> <li>Florentino-Hofilena and Ian Sayson. <i>Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising</i>. (June 14–16, 1999). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725050056/http://pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20150725050056/http://pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Bryan, <i>Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the Fall of Ferdinand Marcos</i>, (Toronto, Canada, 1987)</li> <li>Cal, Ben, <i>FVR Through the Years</i>, (Washington, D.C., USA, 1998)</li> <li>Hamilton-Paterson, James, <i>America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines</i>, (Granta Books, London, Great Britain, 1998)</li> <li>Lazaro, Isagani L., <i>Mga Dakilang Lider na Pilipino</i>, 5th Edition, (National Book Store, Mandaluyong, Philippines, 2004)</li> <li>Mendoza Jr., Amado. <i>Study 2a-The industrial anatomy of corruption: Government procurement, bidding and award of contracts</i>. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Transparent Accountable Governance website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720060021/http://www.tag.org.ph/pdf/PCPS-Study2a.PDF">https://web.archive.org/web/20080720060021/http://www.tag.org.ph/pdf/PCPS-Study2a.PDF</a></li> <li><i>More electricity rate hikes to come: Sale of energy assets to have long-term shocking effects on the people – Bayan Muna</i>. (August 21, 2007). Bayan Muna.</li> <li>Mydans, Seth. "Expecting Praise, Filipinos Are Criticized for Ouster." <i>The New York Times</i>. (February 5, 2001). Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/05FILI.html?ex=1219723200&en=abf1881ac23d0c2e&ei=5070">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/05FILI.html?ex=1219723200&en=abf1881ac23d0c2e&ei=5070</a></li> <li>Mydans, Seth. "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened." <i>The New York Times</i>. (September 22, 1997). Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/world/manila-journal-people-power-2-a-sleeping-giant-is-awakened.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/world/manila-journal-people-power-2-a-sleeping-giant-is-awakened.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all</a></li> <li>Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila. <i>Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos.</i> (August 5–8, 2002). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084556/http://pcij.org/stories/2002/ramos.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084556/http://pcij.org/stories/2002/ramos.html</a></li> <li>Chŏnsa Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe, <i>The history of the United Nations forces in the Korean War</i>, Volume I-VI, (Seoul, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, 1972–77)</li> <li>Ramos Presidential Center, Makati City</li> <li>Senate, Republic of the Philippines. <i>COMMITTEE REPORT NO. 30</i>. Eleventh Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel official website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040124115132/http://www.nenepimentel.org/cgi-bin/build.pl?section=bluerib;id=CRF-30">[1]</a></li> <li>Uy, Jocelyn. "9 in PEA-AMARI deal ordered suspended." <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. (August 13, 2008). Retrieved August 24, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080813-154468/9-in-PEA-Amari-deal-ordered-suspended">http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080813-154468/9-in-PEA-Amari-deal-ordered-suspended</a></li> <li>Villasanta, Johnny F., 20th Battalion Combat Team (Leaders), The Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114608/http://geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114608/http://geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html</a> 26, 2009+00:22:05, (August 26, 2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fvrlegacy.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpdev.org">Ramos Peace and Development Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519064735/http://www.dnd.gov.ph/DNDWEBPAGE_files/past-snd/ramos.html">Department of National Defense</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_M._Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo M. Garcia (page does not exist)">Eduardo M. Garcia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Chief of the Philippine Constabulary</a> </b><br />1980–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_AFP_Chiefs_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AFP Chiefs of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1984–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_AFP_Chiefs_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AFP Chiefs of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1986–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ileto" title="Rafael Ileto">Rafael Ileto</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Department of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a> </b><br />1988–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1992–1998 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas–CMD</a> </b><br />1991–1998 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas–CMD</a> nominee for President of the Philippines </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Venecia_Jr." title="Jose de Venecia Jr.">Jose de Venecia Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Tomiichi Murayama</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> </b><br />1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fidel_V._Ramos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Template:Fidel V. Ramos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Template talk:Fidel V. Ramos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fidel V. Ramos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fidel_V._Ramos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">12th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> (1992–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines">AFP Chief of Staff</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Chief of the Philippine Constabulary</a> (1972–1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies<br /> and legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="List of executive orders by Fidel V. Ramos">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_Ramos#Power_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Fidel Ramos">Electric Power Crisis Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment#Philippines" title="Sexual harassment">Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mines in the Philippines">Philippine Mining Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement" title="1996 Final Peace Agreement">1996 Final Peace Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">The Anti-Rape Law of 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">The Indigenous Peoples Rights' Act of 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">APEC Philippines 1996</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Inaugural Address">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_First_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' First State of the Nation Address">1992</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Second_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Second State of the Nation Address">1993</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Third_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Third State of the Nation Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Fourth_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Fourth State of the Nation Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Fifth_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Fifth State of the Nation Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos%27_Sixth_State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fidel Ramos' Sixth State of the Nation Address">1997</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_(1995).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/135px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/203px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg/270px-Fidel_Valdez_Ramos_Official_Photo_as_President_of_the_Philippines_%281995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="655" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png/100px-Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png/150px-Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png/200px-Presidential_Seal_of_the_Philippines_3.png 2x" data-file-width="5688" data-file-height="5688" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992 presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998 presidential</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelita_Ramos" title="Amelita Ramos">Amelita Ramos</a> (wife)</li> <li>Angelita Ramos-Jones (daughter)</li> <li>Josephine Ramos-Samartino (daughter)</li> <li>Carolina Ramos-Sembrano (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ramos-Jalasco" title="Cristina Ramos-Jalasco">Cristina Ramos-Jalasco</a> (daughter)</li> <li>Gloria Ramos (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ramos" title="Narciso Ramos">Narciso Ramos</a> (father)</li> <li>Angela Valdez (mother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="9th Congress of the Philippines">9th Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="10th Congress of the Philippines">10th Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas–NUCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas–Kampi–CMD/Lakas–CMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial law under Marcos Sr. administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li>Domestic incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Eileen_Sarmenta_and_Allan_Gomez" title="Murders of Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez">Sarmenta-Gomez case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_434" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 434">PR 434 bombing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Ipil_massacre" title="1995 Ipil massacre">1995 Ipil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuratong_Baleleng" title="Kuratong Baleleng">Kuratong Baleleng case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizconde_murders#Trial" title="Vizconde murders">Vizconde murder trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_Disco_Club_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Disco Club fire">Ozone Disco fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiong_murder_case" title="Chiong murder case">Chiong sisters case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Centennial" title="Philippine Centennial">Philippine Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_Contemplacion" title="Flor Contemplacion">Flor Contemplacion case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Balabagan" title="Sarah Balabagan">Sarah Balabagan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Natural disasters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayon#1984_and_1993_eruptions" title="Mayon">1993 Mayon Volcano eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Koryn_(1993)" title="Typhoon Koryn (1993)">Koryn (Goring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pacific_typhoon_season#Typhoon_Flo_(Kadiang)" title="1993 Pacific typhoon season">Flo (Kadiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Mindoro_earthquake" title="1994 Mindoro earthquake">1994 Mindoro earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Cebu_City" title="MV Cebu City">Sinking of MV <i>Cebu City</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Angela" title="Typhoon Angela">Angela (Rosing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcopper_mining_disaster" title="Marcopper mining disaster">Marcopper mining disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Pacific_Flight_387" title="Cebu Pacific Flight 387">Cebu Pacific Flight 387 crash</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">← Corazon Aquino</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">← Salvador Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Category:Fidel V. Ramos">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fidel_V._Ramos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fidel V. 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Ramos">Wikisource</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Fidel_V._Ramos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Fidel_V._Ramos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Fidel V. Ramos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Presidents of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidents of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a> (1899–1901)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> (1935–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (1935–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a> (1943–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a> (1946–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> (1957–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> (1961–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#First_and_second_terms,_and_antecedent_events_(1965–1972_and_earlier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1965–1973</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#Martial_law_period_(September_1972_–_January_1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1973–1981</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#"Fourth_Republic"_period_(January_1981_–_February_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1981–1986</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a> (1986–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">1986–1992</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">1992–1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joseph_Estrada" title="Presidency of Joseph Estrada">1998–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">2001–2010</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Presidency of Benigno Aquino III">2010–2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">2016–2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Presidency of Bongbong Marcos">2022–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Presidents of the Philippines">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Template:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Template talk:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the Philippines</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines">List of vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of Philippine presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_presidents_of_the_Philippines_who_pursued_public_office" title="List of former presidents of the Philippines who pursued public office">Post-presidency campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_previous_executive_experience" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience">Previous executive experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office">Time in office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_education" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of multilingual presidents of the Philippines">Languages spoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_province" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by province">Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Spouse of the president of the Philippines">Spouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the Philippines on currency">Currency appearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" title="First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines">First ladies and gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_who_played_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="List of actors who played the president of the Philippines">Portrayals in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_tickets" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by tickets">Tickets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_place_of_primary_affiliation" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_time_in_office" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines by time in office">Time in office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Succession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inaugural_ceremonies" title="Philippine presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:Armed Forces of the Philippines Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:Armed Forces of the Philippines Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed Forces of the Philippines Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs (Philippines)">Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanding Generals of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a> <small>(1897—1901)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Ricarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_(Philippines).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Armed Forces of the Philippines"><img alt="Flag of the Armed Forces of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_%28Philippines%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of Staff of the <br />Philippine Commonwealth Army <small>(1935-1945)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Delos_Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Delos Reyes">Delos Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulino_Santos" title="Paulino Santos">P. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilio_Valdes" title="Basilio Valdes">Valdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Jalandoni" title="Rafael Jalandoni">Jalandoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines<br /><small>(1946—2020)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Mariano Castañeda">Castañeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Duque" title="Calixto Duque">Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Vargas_(general)" title="Jesus Vargas (general)">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Arellano" title="Alfonso Arellano">Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cabal" title="Manuel Cabal">Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Cruz" title="Pelagio Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Santos" title="Alfredo Santos">A. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigoberto_Atienza" title="Rigoberto Atienza">Atienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Mata" title="Ernesto Mata">Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Osias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Osias (page does not exist)">Osias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segundo_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segundo Velasco (page does not exist)">Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Yan" title="Manuel Yan">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Espino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Ver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">de Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Biazon" title="Rodolfo Biazon">Biazon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisandro_Abadia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisandro Abadia (page does not exist)">Abadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Enrile" title="Arturo Enrile">Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Acedera_Jr." title="Arnulfo Acedera Jr.">Acedera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemente_Mariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemente Mariano (page does not exist)">Mariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joselin_Nazareno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joselin Nazareno (page does not exist)">Nazareno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Reyes" title="Angelo Reyes">Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedio_Villanueva" title="Diomedio Villanueva">Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cimatu" title="Roy Cimatu">Cimatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Defensor_Jr." title="Benjamin Defensor Jr.">Defensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Santiago" title="Dionisio Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Abaya" title="Narciso Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efren_Abu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efren Abu (page does not exist)">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generoso_Senga" title="Generoso Senga">Senga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_Esperon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermogenes Esperon">Esperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yano" title="Alexander Yano">Yano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Ibrado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Ibrado (page does not exist)">Ibrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfin_Bangit" title="Delfin Bangit">Bangit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Ochoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestor Ochoa (page does not exist)">Ochoa</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_David" title="Ricardo David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Oban" title="Eduardo Oban">Oban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Dellosa" title="Jessie Dellosa">Dellosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bautista" title="Emmanuel Bautista">Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Catapang_Jr." title="Gregorio Catapang Jr.">Catapang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Iriberri" title="Hernando Iriberri">Iriberri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Miranda" title="Glorioso Miranda">Miranda</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Visaya" title="Ricardo Visaya">Visaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_A%C3%B1o" title="Eduardo Año">Año</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Leonardo_Guerrero" title="Rey Leonardo Guerrero">Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlito_Galvez_Jr." title="Carlito Galvez Jr.">Galvez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Madrigal_Jr." title="Benjamin Madrigal Jr.">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Clement" title="Noel Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felimon_Santos_Jr." title="Felimon Santos Jr.">F. Santos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs<br /><small>(2020—present)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gapay" title="Gilbert Gapay">Gapay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirilito_Sobejana" title="Cirilito Sobejana">Sobejana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Faustino_Jr." title="Jose Faustino Jr.">Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andres_Centino" title="Andres Centino">Centino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolome_Vicente_Bacarro" title="Bartolome Vicente Bacarro">Bacarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andres_Centino" title="Andres Centino">Centino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Brawner_Jr." title="Romeo Brawner Jr.">Brawner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sup>§</sup> — Acting chief.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_EDSA" title="Template talk:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Batas Militar sa Pilipinas</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial law in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">Conjugal dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">Communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 balance of payments crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform" title="Department of Agrarian Reform">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_ambush_of_Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="1972 ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile">1972 Enrile ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Fourth_Republic_(1973)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Sacred_Heart_Novitiate_raid" title="1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid">1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">Construction of "edifice complex" projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz#Veneration" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">Snap elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_People_Power_Revolution" title="Timeline of the People Power Revolution">Timeline of the People Power Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">Human rights <br />abuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">Torture methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">Political detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Tictapul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Murder of Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag" title="Macli-ing Dulag">Murder of Macli-ing Dulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daet_massacre" title="Daet massacre">Daet massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culasi#1981_Bacong_Bridge_Massacre" title="Culasi">Bacong Bridge massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Escandor" title="Juan Escandor">Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Murder of Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_massacre" title="Escalante massacre">Escalante massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beew_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Beew massacre">Beew massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_mansions" title="Marcos mansions">Marcos mansions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_jewels" title="Marcos jewels">Marcos jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family">Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam" title="Coco Levy Fund scam">Coco Levy Fund scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas" title="Rogelio Roxas">Golden Buddha theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Bataan Nuclear Power Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">Relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolex_12" title="Rolex 12">Rolex 12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danding_Cojuangco" title="Danding Cojuangco">Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Romeo Espino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Asistio" title="Boy Asistio">Macario Asistio Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benedicto" title="Roberto Benedicto">Roberto Benedicto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Yao_Campos" title="Jose Yao Campos">José Yao Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elizalde" title="Manuel Elizalde">Manuel Elizalde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Floirendo_Sr." title="Antonio Floirendo Sr.">Antonio Floirendo Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">María Imelda "Imee" Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ongpin" title="Roberto Ongpin">Roberto Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Romualdez" title="Benjamin Romualdez">Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Santiago_Sr." title="Ignacio Santiago Sr.">Ignacio Santiago Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Silverio" title="Ricardo Silverio">Ricardo Silverio</a></li> <li>Florentino Sanico Solon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Tan" title="Lucio Tan">Lucio Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino">Arturo Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Y%C3%B1iguez" title="Nicanor Yñiguez">Nicanor Yñiguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet Technocrats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onofre_Corpuz" title="Onofre Corpuz">Onofre Corpuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Fabella" title="Armand Fabella">Armand Fabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_C._Laya" title="Jaime C. Laya">Jaime C. Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placido_Mapa_Jr." title="Placido Mapa Jr.">Placido Mapa Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Carlos P. Romulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_force_opposition_to_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Middle force opposition to the Marcos dictatorship">Mainstream opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Leaders</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butz_Aquino" title="Butz Aquino">Agapito "Butz" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cory Aquino">Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Roxas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Roxas">Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_R._Salonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovito R. Salonga">Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Cardinal Jaime Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_M._Ta%C3%B1ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo M. Tañada">Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Business sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Concepcion_Jr." title="Jose Concepcion Jr.">Jose S. Concepcion Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_M._Guevara,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.">Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Geny Lopez">Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ongpin" title="Jaime Ongpin">Jaime Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Yuyitung">Quintin Yuyitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Yuyitung">Rizal Yuyitung</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Amatong" title="Jacobo Amatong">Jacobo Amatong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_Arroyo" title="Joker Arroyo">Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Climaco" title="Cesar Climaco">Cesar Climaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco" title="Peping Cojuangco">Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco" title="Tingting Cojuangco">Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion" title="Roberto Concepcion">Roberto Concepcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan" title="Marcelo Fernan">Marcelo Fernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptali_Gonzales" title="Neptali Gonzales">Neptali Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez" title="Raul M. Gonzalez">Raul M. Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona_Jr." title="Teofisto Guingona Jr.">Teofisto Guingona Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribomapil_Holganza_Sr." title="Ribomapil Holganza Sr.">Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelio_Javier" title="Evelio Javier">Evelio Javier</a></li> <li>Vicente Jayme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada_Kalaw" title="Eva Estrada Kalaw">Eva Estrada Kalaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._Lingad" class="mw-redirect" title="José B. Lingad">José B. Lingad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda" title="Ernesto Maceda">Ernesto Maceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Manglapus" title="Raul Manglapus">Raul Manglapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivo_Mijares" title="Primitivo Mijares">Primitivo Mijares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Serge Osmeña">Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Padilla" title="Ambrosio Padilla">Ambrosio Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz-Palma" title="Cecilia Muñoz-Palma">Cecilia Muñoz-Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Paterno" title="Vicente Paterno">Vicente Paterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Quintero_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Quintero (diplomat)">Eduardo Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Duterte" title="Soledad Duterte">Soledad Roa Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soc_Rodrigo" title="Soc Rodrigo">Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B.L._Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.L. Reyes">Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Saguisag" title="Rene Saguisag">Rene Saguisag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento" title="Abraham Sarmiento">Abraham Sarmiento Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigberto_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Wigberto Tañada">Wigberto Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Zaldivar" title="Calixto Zaldivar">Calixto Zaldivar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_sector_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Religious sector resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Religious sector opposition</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Agatep" title="Zacarias Agatep">Zacarias Agatep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Bacani_Jr." title="Teodoro Bacani Jr.">Teodoro Bacani Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariani_Dimaranan" title="Mariani Dimaranan">Mariani Dimaranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Dizon" title="Joe Dizon">Joe Dizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Favali" title="Tullio Favali">Tullio Favali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocencio_Ipong" class="mw-redirect" title="Inocencio Ipong">Inocencio Ipong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_Magalit" title="Isabelo Magalit">Isabelo Magalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Mananzan" title="Mary John Mananzan">Mary John Mananzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Marcos" title="Violeta Marcos">Violeta Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifico_Ortiz" title="Pacifico Ortiz">Pacifico Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_Osorio" title="Magnifico Osorio">Magnifico Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Purugganan" title="Miguel Purugganan">Miguel Purugganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reuter" title="James Reuter">James Reuter</a></li> <li>Rudy Romano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Christine_Tan" title="Mary Christine Tan">Mary Christine Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tayag" title="Carlos Tayag">Carlos Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal">Ricardo Vidal</a></li> <li>The Magnificent Seven (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Claver" title="Francisco Claver">Francisco Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_O._Escaler" title="Federico O. Escaler">Federico Escaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fortich" title="Antonio Fortich">Antonio Fortich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Xavier_Labayen" title="Julio Xavier Labayen">Julio Xavier Labayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Orlando Quevedo</a></li> <li>Felix Perez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Varela" title="Jesus Varela">Jesus Varela</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic and cultural <br />sector opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Academics and cultural workers</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Aguilar" title="Freddie Aguilar">Freddie Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APO_Hiking_Society" title="APO Hiking Society">APO Hiking Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Javier" title="Danny Javier">Danny Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboy_Garrovillo" title="Boboy Garrovillo">Boboy Garrovillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Paredes" title="Jim Paredes">Jim Paredes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lualhati_Bautista" title="Lualhati Bautista">Lualhati Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Brocka" title="Lino Brocka">Lino Brocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal" title="Ishmael Bernal">Ishmael Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cabangon" title="Noel Cabangon">Noel Cabangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicto_Cabrera" title="Benedicto Cabrera">Benedicto Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behn_Cervantes" title="Behn Cervantes">Behn Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilda Cordero Fernando">Gilda Cordero Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Dalisay" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch Dalisay">Butch Dalisay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerks" title="The Jerks">The Jerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Nick Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inang_Laya" title="Inang Laya">Inang Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Lee" title="Ricky Lee">Ricky Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Celeste Legaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_P._Lopez" title="Salvador P. Lopez">Salvador P. Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_Lumbera" title="Bienvenido Lumbera">Bienvenido Lumbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Navarro" title="Leah Navarro">Leah Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nemenzo_Jr." title="Francisco Nemenzo Jr.">Francisco Nemenzo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nepomuceno" title="Willie Nepomuceno">Willie Nepomuceno</a></li> <li>Bibeth Orteza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Z._Ortigas" title="Gaston Z. Ortigas">Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Prudente" title="Nemesio Prudente">Nemesio Prudente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlat_Tahimik" title="Kidlat Tahimik">Kidlat Tahimik</a></li> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activists</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ang_Sinco" title="Edgar Ang Sinco">Edgar Ang Sinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bautista" title="Manuel Bautista">Manuel Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neri_Colmenares" title="Neri Colmenares">Neri Colmenares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Engineering#Martial_law" title="University of the Philippines College of Engineering">Antonio Hilario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boni_Ilagan" title="Boni Ilagan">Bonifacio Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Lamangan" title="Joel Lamangan">Joel Lamangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Araullo" title="Carol Araullo">Carol Pagaduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Palabay" title="Armando Palabay">Armando Palabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tish_Pascual-Ladlad" title="Tish Pascual-Ladlad">Tish Pascual-Ladlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Principe" title="Nestor Principe">Nestor Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Quimpo" title="Susan Quimpo">Susan Quimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento_Jr." title="Abraham Sarmiento Jr.">Abraham Sarmiento Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tagamolila" title="Antonio Tagamolila">Antonio Tagamolila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog_10" title="Southern Tagalog 10">Southern Tagalog 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cristina_Catalla" title="Cristina Catalla">Cristina Catalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Faustino" title="Gerry Faustino">Gerardo Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalina_Ilagan" title="Rizalina Ilagan">Rizalina Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Sales" title="Jessica Sales">Jessica Sales</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Barros" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorena Barros">Lorena Barros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Beltran" title="Crispin Beltran">Crispin Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Corpus" title="Victor Corpus">Victor Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maita_Gomez" title="Maita Gomez">Maita Gomez</a></li> <li>Luis Jalandoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satur_Ocampo" title="Satur Ocampo">Satur Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Felixberto Olalia Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Rolando Olalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li>Crispin Tagamolila</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition in the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Prominent_officers_who_publicly_disagreed_with_Marcos" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Resistance during the Marcos administration years</a></b> <ul><li>Commodore <a href="/wiki/Ramon_A._Alcaraz" title="Ramon A. Alcaraz">Ramon A. Alcaraz</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Gillego" title="Bonifacio Gillego">Bonifacio Gillego</a></li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Morales" title="Rogelio Morales">Rogelio Morales</a>, PN</li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Vizmanos" title="Danilo Vizmanos">Danilo Vizmanos</a>, PN</li> <li>Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Marcos_G._Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos G. Soliman">Marcos G. Soliman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan</a></li> <li>Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.</li> <li>BGen. <a href="/wiki/Jose_T._Almonte" title="Jose T. Almonte">Jose T. Almonte</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Batac" title="Victor Batac">Victor Batac</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Tarrazona" title="Hector Tarrazona">Hector Tarrazona</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bibit" title="Billy Bibit">Billy Bibit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution</b> </p> <ul><li>Lt. Gen. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a></li> <li>Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano</li> <li>Col. Charles Hotchkiss</li> <li>Col. Antonio Sotelo</li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Biazon" title="Rodolfo Biazon">Rodolfo Biazon</a></li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Magalong" title="Benjamin Magalong">Benjamin Magalong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Pro-Marcos</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Guevara" title="Jose Guevara">Jose "Joe" Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Nathanielsz" title="Ronnie Nathanielsz">Ronnie Nathanielsz</a></li> <p><b>Opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Apostol" title="Eugenia Apostol">Eugenia Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bueno" title="David Bueno">David Bueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Burgos">Joe Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amando_Doronila" title="Amando Doronila">Amando Doronila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ceres_Doyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Ceres Doyo">Ma Ceres Doyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inday_Espina-Varona" title="Inday Espina-Varona">Inday Espina-Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit_Estella" title="Chit Estella">Chit Estella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Go-Belmonte" title="Betty Go-Belmonte">Betty Go-Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letty_Jimenez_Magsanoc" title="Letty Jimenez Magsanoc">Letty Jimenez Magsanoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Lacaba" title="Pete Lacaba">Jose "Pete" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Sr." title="Teodoro Locsin Sr.">Teodoro Locsin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Malay" title="Armando Malay">Armando Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Nieva" title="Tony Nieva">Antonio "Tony" Nieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon G. Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Joaquin "Chino" Roces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximo_Soliven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximo Soliven">Maximo Soliven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Mari_Velez" title="Jose Mari Velez">Jose Mari Velez</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American <br />interested parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Bosworth" title="Stephen W. Bosworth">Stephen W. Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Byroade" title="Henry A. Byroade">Henry A. Byroade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Habib">Philip Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political coalitions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Alliance of Makati Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines-United_States_relations#Military_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines-United States relations">Anti-Bases Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapito_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapito Aquino">August Twenty One Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagong_Alyansang_Makabayan" title="Bagong Alyansang Makabayan">Bagong Alyansang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Quezon#Legacy" title="Aurora Quezon">Concerned Women of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Legal_Assistance_Group" title="Free Legal Assistance Group">Free Legal Assistance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Women%27s_Party" title="Gabriela Women's Party">Gabriela Women's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Justice for Aquino, Justice for All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Aquino_Assassination" title="People Power Revolution">Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Factoran#Human_rights_advocacy_during_martial_law" title="Jun Factoran">Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Free_Philippines" title="Movement for a Free Philippines">Movement for a Free Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Concerned_Citizens_for_Civil_Liberties" title="Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties">Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Free_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement for Free Elections">National Movement for Free Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Detainees_of_the_Philippines" title="Task Force Detainees of the Philippines">Task Force Detainees of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino</a>–<a href="/wiki/LABAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LABAN">Lakas ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Democratic_Organization" title="United Nationalist Democratic Organization">United Nationalist Democratic Organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Aguinaldo" title="Camp Aguinaldo">Camp Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Magsaysay" title="Fort Magsaysay">Fort Magsaysay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamor_Air_Base" title="Villamor Air Base">Villamor Air Base</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_family#The_other_Marcoses" title="Marcos family">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird" title="Operation Big Bird">Operation Big Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendiola_massacre" title="Mendiola massacre">Mendiola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">Anti-Aquino coup attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP-DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Burial of Ferdinand Marcos">Burial of Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">Aquino Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program" title="Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program">Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_Good_Government" title="Presidential Commission on Good Government">Presidential Commission on Good Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Music during the Marcos dictatorship">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagong_Pagsilang" title="Bagong Pagsilang">Bagong Pagsilang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Handog_ng_Pilipino_sa_Mundo" title="Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo">Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magkaisa" title="Magkaisa">Magkaisa</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Saranggola ni Pepe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatsulok" title="Tatsulok">Tatsulok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree" title="Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree">Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Political Films <br />during the dictatorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iginuhit ng Tadhana">Iginuhit ng Tadhana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakada_(film)" title="Sakada (film)">Sakada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjugal_Dictatorship_of_Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" title="The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos">The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(novel)" title="Dekada '70 (novel)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Are_Smarter_Than_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Are Smarter Than Others">Some Are Smarter Than Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subversive_Lives:_A_Family_Memoir_of_the_Marcos_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years">Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waltzing_with_a_Dictator" title="Waltzing with a Dictator">Waltzing with a Dictator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa" title="Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa">Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_ikauunlad_ng_bayan,_disiplina_ang_kailangan" title="Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan">Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_na!_Sobra_na!_Palitan_na!" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!">Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_again#Other_uses" title="Never again">Never again</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gestures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_sign#Specific_uses" title="V sign">V sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_sign" title="Laban sign">Laban sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <br />historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Monument" title="People Power Monument">People Power Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine">EDSA Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="List of individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani">individuals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ako_si_Ninoy" title="Ako si Ninoy">Ako si Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_Tales" title="Barber's Tales">Barber's Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Jake" title="Citizen Jake">Citizen Jake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(film)" title="Dekada '70 (film)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eskapo" title="Eskapo">Eskapo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family" title="Evolution of a Filipino Family">Evolution of a Filipino Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Memory" title="Forbidden Memory">Forbidden Memory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_What_Is_Before" title="From What Is Before">From What Is Before</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imelda_(film)" title="Imelda (film)">Imelda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katips" title="Katips">Katips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)" title="The Kingmaker (film)">The Kingmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Journey_of_Ninoy" title="The Last Journey of Ninoy">The Last Journey of Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liway" title="Liway">Liway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loyalista:_The_Untold_Story_of_Imelda_Papin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin">Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang" title="Maid in Malacañang">Maid in Malacañang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer" title="Martyr or Murderer">Martyr or Murderer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ML_(film)" title="ML (film)">ML</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oras_de_Peligro" title="Oras de Peligro">Oras de Peligro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisay_(film)" title="Pisay (film)">Pisay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rustling_of_Leaves:_Inside_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution">A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Dulo_ng_Baril" title="Sa Dulo ng Baril">Sa Dulo ng Baril</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Devil" title="Season of the Devil">Season of the Devil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Is_Yellow_the_Middle_of_the_Rainbow%3F" title="Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?">Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love" title="Here Lies Love">Here Lies Love</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love_(musical)" title="Here Lies Love (musical)">musical</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya" title="Maalaala Mo Kaya">Maalaala Mo Kaya</a>: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kalapati" title="Kalapati">Kalapati</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya">Makinilya</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voltes_V" title="Voltes V">Voltes V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disinformation and <br />distortionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_(1992-1998)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramos_cabinet" title="Template:Ramos cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramos_cabinet" title="Template talk:Ramos cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramos_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramos cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Fidel_V._Ramos_(1992-1998)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (1992-1998)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice-President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> (1992–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="28" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramos_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fidel V. Ramos, twelfth President of the Philippines"><img alt="Fidel V. Ramos, twelfth President of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ramos_Pentagon.jpg/100px-Ramos_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ramos_Pentagon.jpg/150px-Ramos_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ramos_Pentagon.jpg/200px-Ramos_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="982" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Agrarian_Reform_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Agrarian Reform (Philippines)">Secretary of Agrarian Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ernesto Garilao (1992–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Roberto Sebastian (1992–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Escudero_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador Escudero III">Salvador Escudero III</a> (1996–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Budget_and_Management_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Budget and Management (Philippines)">Secretary of Budget and Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Salvador Enriquez, Jr. (1992–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Boncodin" title="Emilia Boncodin">Emilia Boncodin</a> (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Education (Philippines)">Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armand_Fabella" title="Armand Fabella">Armand Fabella</a> (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ricardo Gloria (1994–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Erlinda Piafanco (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Energy_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Energy (Philippines)">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Rufino Bomasang (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Delfin Lazaro (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Francisco Viray (1994–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines)">Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angel_Alcala" title="Angel Alcala">Angel Alcala</a> (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Victor Ramos (1995–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Finance_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Finance (Philippines)">Secretary of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ramon del Rosario, Jr. (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ernest Leung (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Ocampo" title="Roberto de Ocampo">Roberto de Ocampo</a> (1994–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Salvador Enriquez (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Roberto Romulo (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Siazon,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo Siazon, Jr.">Domingo Siazon, Jr.</a> (1995–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Health (Philippines)">Secretary of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Flavier" title="Juan Flavier">Juan Flavier</a> (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jaime Galvez Tan (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hilarion Ramiro, Jr. (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Carmencita Reodica (1996–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines)">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Rafael Alunan III (1992–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barbers" title="Robert Barbers">Robert Barbers</a> (1996–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epimaco_Velasco" title="Epimaco Velasco">Epimaco Velasco</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Nelson Collantes (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Justice (Philippines)">Secretary of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Drilon" title="Franklin Drilon">Franklin Drilon</a> (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Demetrio Demetria (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Teofisto Guingona, Jr.">Teofisto Guingona, Jr.</a> (1995–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Bello_III" title="Silvestre Bello III">Silvestre Bello III</a> (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Labor_and_Employment_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Labor and Employment (Philippines)">Secretary of Labor and Employment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Nieves Confessor (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jose Brillantes (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Quisumbing" title="Leonardo Quisumbing">Leonardo Quisumbing</a> (1996–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cresenciano Trajano (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)">Secretary of National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renato_de_Villa" title="Renato de Villa">Renato de Villa</a> (1992–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Abat" title="Fortunato Abat">Fortunato Abat</a> (1997-1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Public_Works_and_Highways" title="Secretary of Public Works and Highways">Secretary of Public Works and Highways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Jesus" title="Jose de Jesus">Jose de Jesus</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eduardo Mir (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Gregorio Vigilar (1993–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Secretary of Science and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ricardo Gloria (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">William Padolina (1994–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines)">Secretary of Social Welfare and Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Corazon Alma de Leon (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Lilian Laigo (1995–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Tourism_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Tourism (Philippines)">Secretary of Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Narzalina Lim (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vicente Carlos (1992–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eduardo Pilapil (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Evelyn Pantig (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guillermina Gabor (1996–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Trade and Industry (Philippines)">Secretary of Trade and Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rizalino_Navarro" title="Rizalino Navarro">Rizalino Navarro</a> (1992–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cesar Bautista (1996–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of Transportation (Philippines)">Secretary of Transportation and Communications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Jesus Garcia (1992–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Amado Lagdameo, Jr. (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Enrile" title="Arturo Enrile">Arturo Enrile</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Josefina Lichauco (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Peter Garuccho (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Amante" title="Edelmiro Amante">Edelmiro Amante</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Teofisto Guingona, Jr.">Teofisto Guingona, Jr.</a> (1993–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Torres_(Filipino_politician)" title="Ruben Torres (Filipino politician)">Ruben Torres</a> (1995-1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Alexander Aguirre (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)">Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ricardo Gloria (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angel_Alcala" title="Angel Alcala">Angel Alcala</a> (1995–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Cielito Habito (1992–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Solicitor_General_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines">Solicitor General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ramon Desuasido (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eduardo Montenegro (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Raul Goco (1992–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Bello_III" title="Silvestre Bello III">Silvestre Bello III</a> (1996–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Romeo dela Cruz (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Bello_III" title="Silvestre Bello III">Silvestre Bello III</a> (1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Prospero Oreta (1995–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Adviser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Jose Almonte (1992–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Oscar Santos (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Yan" title="Manuel Yan">Manuel Yan</a> (1994–1998)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Management_Staff_(Philippines)" title="Presidential Management Staff (Philippines)">Chief of the Presidential Management Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Ma. Leonora Vasquez-de Jesus, Ph.D. (1992–1996)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1992 Philippine presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1992 Philippine presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1992 Philippine presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992 Philippine presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;">Presidential<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">PRP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Cojuangco_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.">Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">KBL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;">Vice presidential<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan" title="Marcelo Fernan">Marcelo Fernan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mario_Osme%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Mario Osmeña">Emilio Mario Osmeña</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Jr." title="Ramon Magsaysay Jr.">Ramon Magsaysay Jr.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">PRP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino Pimentel Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Magsaysay" title="Vicente Magsaysay">Vicente Magsaysay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">KBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada-Kalaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Estrada-Kalaw">Eva Estrada-Kalaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filipinos_and_Peace_Prize" title="Template:Filipinos and Peace Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filipinos_and_Peace_Prize" title="Template talk:Filipinos and Peace Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filipinos_and_Peace_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filipinos and Peace Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Citizens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Citizens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Expatriates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">Expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by first nominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Amado_Yuzon" title="Amado Yuzon">Amado Yuzon</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_Villa" title="José García Villa">José García Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Carlos P. Romulo</a></li> <li>1967: United Poets Laureate International (UPLI)</li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Nubla" title="Marcelo Nubla">Marcelo Nubla</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Schwartz" title="Aloysius Schwartz">Aloysius Schwartz</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fortich" title="Antonio Fortich">Antonio Fortich</a></li> <li>1997: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fidel V. Ramos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nur_Misuari" title="Nur Misuari">Nur Misuari</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Shay_Cullen" title="Shay Cullen">Shay Cullen</a> / <a href="/wiki/PREDA_Foundation" title="PREDA Foundation">PREDA Foundation</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/PeaceWomen_Across_the_Globe" title="PeaceWomen Across the Globe">1000Peace Women</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Leila_de_Lima" title="Leila de Lima">Leila de Lima</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tauli-Corpuz" title="Victoria Tauli-Corpuz">Victoria Tauli-Corpuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1929: Otto Schöbl / <a href="/wiki/Proceso_Gabriel" title="Proceso Gabriel">Proceso Gabriel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215351#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000382674887">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265333148">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/359258/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm9fRdG4wj8qM3hXw6xjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121308006">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93903871">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14518021p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14518021p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ramos, Fidel V."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20241242600&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000564167&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266987005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18134925?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121308006">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061688452">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10573770">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g9r9t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&oldid=1260193459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&oldid=1260193459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Category:Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. 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