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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Termodin%C3%A0mica+qu%C3%ADmica" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Termodin%C3%A0mica+qu%C3%ADmica" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Funcions_d'estat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcions_d'estat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Funcions d'estat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcions_d'estat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llei_de_Hess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llei_de_Hess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Llei de Hess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llei_de_Hess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Termodinàmica química</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 34 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_termodinamika" title="Chemiese termodinamika - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترموديناميكا كيميائية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترموديناميكا كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_termodinamika" title="Kimyəvi termodinamika - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хімічная тэрмадынаміка - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химическа термодинамика - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химическа термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χημική θερμοδυναμική - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_termodinamiko" title="Kemia termodinamiko - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Termodinámica química - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترمودینامیک شیمیایی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Termodinámica química - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="रासायनिक ऊष्मागतिकी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_termodinamika" title="Kemijska termodinamika - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Քիմիական թերմոդինամիկա - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական թերմոդինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学熱力学 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური თერმოდინამიკა - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химиялық термодинамика - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="화학열역학 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학열역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_termodinamika" title="Cheminė termodinamika - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_kimia" title="Termodinamik kimia - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_thermodynamica" title="Chemische thermodynamica - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_termodynamikk" title="Kjemisk termodynamikk - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika_chemiczna" title="Termodynamika chemiczna - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химическая термодинамика - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_termodinamika" title="Hemijska termodinamika - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijska termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_termodynamik" title="Kemisk termodynamik - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_termodinamik" title="Kimyasal termodinamik - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хімічна термодинаміка - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động hóa học - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学热力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hòa-ha̍k jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="化學熱力學 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學熱力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>La <b>termodinàmica química</b> (del gr. <i>thermos</i>, calor i <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a>) consisteix en l'estudi de les transformacions que pateix l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_calor%C3%ADfica" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia calorífica">energia calorífica</a> en les <a href="/wiki/Reaccions_qu%C3%ADmiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaccions químiques">reaccions químiques</a>, sorgint com una aplicació de la <a href="/wiki/Termoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Termoquímica">termoquímica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica">termodinàmica</a> a la química.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'estructura de la termodinàmica química es basa en les dues primeres lleis de la termodinàmica, a partir de les equacions de <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>, de les que es poden derivar multitud d’equacions que relacionen les propietats termodinàmiques del sistema termodinàmic mitjançant matemàtiques relativament senzilles, descrivint el marc matemàtic de la termodinàmica química.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sovint podem considerar que les reaccions químiques es produeixen a pressió constant (atmosfera oberta, és a dir, <i>P</i>=1 atm), o bé a volum constant (el del receptacle on s'estiguin realitzant). </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_isob%C3%A0ric" title="Procés isobàric">Procés a pressió constant</a></b></li></ul> <p>La calor intercanviada al procés és equivalent a la variació d'entalpia de la reacció. <i>Q</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> = Δ<sub><i>r</i></sub><i>H</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_isocor" title="Procés isocor">Procés a volum constant</a></b></li></ul> <p>La calor que s'intercanvia en aquestes condicions equival a la variació d'energia interna de la reacció. <i>Q</i><sub><i>v</i></sub> = Δ<sub><i>r</i></sub><i>U</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcions_d'estat"><span id="Funcions_d.27estat"></span>Funcions d'estat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%ADmica&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Funcions d'estat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Funci%C3%B3_d%27estat" title="Funció d'estat">Funció d'estat</a></div> <p>Les funcions d'estat són variables termodinàmiques; són les següents: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entalpia" title="Entalpia">Entalpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna">Energia interna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">Entropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_de_Gibbs" title="Energia de Gibbs">Energia de Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3" title="Pressió">Pressió</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volum" title="Volum">Volum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llei_de_Hess">Llei de Hess</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%ADmica&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Llei de Hess"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Llei_de_Hess" title="Llei de Hess">Llei de Hess</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germain_Henri_Hess" title="Germain Henri Hess">Germain Henri Hess</a> (Ginebra, 1802-Sant Petersburg, 1850) va ser un fisicoquímic rus d'origen suís que va posar les bases de la termodinàmica actual.<sup id="cite_ref-Aakash1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aakash1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va treballar fonamentalment la química de gasos, i va enunciar la llei que ens disposem a comentar ara: </p><div style="clear:{{#switch:left|center=both|#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">En una reacció química expressada com la suma (o diferència) algebraica d'altres reaccions químiques, atès que és funció d'estat, l'entalpia de reacció global és també la suma (o diferència) algebraica de les entalpies de les altres reaccions. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Considerem la reacció: </p><p>A <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> B </p><p>I suposem l'existència de les següents reaccions intermèdies, de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{T}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{T}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab7a4c1699adf3897b4e2434a31df6420f1136e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.23ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{T}^{\circ }}"></span> coneguda: </p><p>A <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> C </p><p>D <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> C </p><p>D <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> B </p><p>Veiem que podem muntar un cicle termodinàmic de manera que, en lloc d'anar d'A a B directament, passem per totes les reaccions intermèdies abans descrites: </p><p>A <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> C <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \leftarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \leftarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c0fb4bce772117bbaf55b7ca1539ceff9ae218c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \leftarrow }"></span> D <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> B </p><p>Com l'entalpia és una funció d'estat, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}*dH=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∗</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}*dH=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5819594e8e55fa8df63e85ac9423da83bccd4397" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.864ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}*dH=0}"></span>. El procés no depèn del camí, i, per tant, és indiferent que la fem directament o tenint en compte les altres reaccions. </p><p>Noti's que la reacció D <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> C va en el sentit oposat al que ens interessa per tancar el cicle. Per això, hem d'invertir la direcció del flux energètic per obtenir la reacció que volem, i això s'aconsegueix canviant el signe de la variació entàlpica. És a dir, </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{C\rightarrow D}^{\circ }=-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{C\rightarrow D}^{\circ }=-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4f555843799d4d14559d75c86f6c83d243b21d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{C\rightarrow D}^{\circ }=-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }}"></span>. </p><p>Tenint això en compte, l'entalpia de la reacció que volem serà: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow B}^{\circ }=\Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow C}^{\circ }-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }+\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow B}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow B}^{\circ }=\Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow C}^{\circ }-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }+\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow B}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc1c0c536a27b4c4ffd0b569067f94af8b91f06d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:45.823ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow B}^{\circ }=\Delta _{r}H_{A\rightarrow C}^{\circ }-\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow C}^{\circ }+\Delta _{r}H_{D\rightarrow B}^{\circ }}"></span> </p><p>De vegades, haurem de multiplicar l'entalpia de reacció d'una de les intermediàries per algun coeficient estequiomètric perquè es compleixi la relació lineal entre les diferents variacions d'entalpies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%ADmica&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ott-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ott_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ott_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOtt2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ott</span>, Bevan J.; Boerio-Goates, Juliana <i>Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications</i>.  Academic Press, 2000. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-12-530990-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-12-530990-2">ISBN 0-12-530990-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Thermodynamics+%E2%80%93+Principles+and+Applications&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Bevan+J.&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.isbn=0-12-530990-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aakash1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aakash1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Mannam Krishnamurthy; Subba Rao Naidu. «7». A: Lokeswara Gupta. <i>Chemistry for ISEET - Volume 1, Part A</i>. 2012.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad,_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyderabad, India (encara no existeix)">Hyderabad, India</a>: Varsity Education Management Limited, 2012, p. 244.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+for+ISEET+-+Volume+1%2C+Part+A&rft.atitle=7&rft.au=Mannam+Krishnamurthy&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2012&rft.pub=Varsity+Education+Management+Limited&rft.place=%5B%5BHyderabad%2C+India%5D%5D&rft.pages=244"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%ADmica&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetria" title="Calorimetria">Calorimetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entalpia" title="Entalpia">Entalpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleis_de_la_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Lleis de la termodinàmica">Lleis de la termodinàmica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3_exot%C3%A8rmica" title="Reacció exotèrmica">Reacció exotèrmica</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical thermodynamics">Termodinàmica química</a></b></i></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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