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href="#University_of_Cambridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>University of Cambridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Cambridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_with_Eddington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_with_Eddington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dispute with Eddington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_with_Eddington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_systematization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_systematization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Philosophy of systematization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_systematization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Work with students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards,_honours_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards,_honours_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards, honours and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards,_honours_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards, honours and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards,_honours_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nobel prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_articles_about_Chandrasekhar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_articles_about_Chandrasekhar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Books and articles about Chandrasekhar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_articles_about_Chandrasekhar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1" title="سبرامنين جندر شيكهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبرامنين جندر شيكهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%B0" title="সুব্ৰহ্মণ্যন চন্দ্ৰশেখৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সুব্ৰহ্মণ্যন চন্দ্ৰশেখৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سابراهمانین چاندراسکار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سابراهمانین چاندراسکار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0" title="সুব্রহ্মণ্যন চন্দ্রশেখর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুব্রহ্মণ্যন চন্দ্রশেখর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субрахманьян Чандрасекар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субрахманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманиан Чандрасекар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субраманиан Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Σουμπραμανιάν Τσαντρασεκάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμπραμανιάν Τσαντρασεκάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سوبرامانیان چاندراسخار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوبرامانیان چاندراسخار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanayan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanayan Chandrasekhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Subramanayan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%B0" title="સુબ્રમણ્યન ચંદ્રશેખર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુબ્રમણ્યન ચંદ્રશેખર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%88_%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="수브라마니안 찬드라세카르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수브라마니안 찬드라세카르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սուբռահմանյան Չանդրասեկհար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուբռահմանյան Չանդրասեկհար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="सुब्रह्मण्यन् चन्द्रशेखर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुब्रह्मण्यन् चन्द्रशेखर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8" title="סוברהמניאן צ'נדראסקאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוברהמניאן צ'נדראסקאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯನ್ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯನ್ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სუბრაჰმანიან ჩანდრასეკარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუბრაჰმანიან ჩანდრასეკარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanjans_%C4%8Candrasekars" title="Subrahmanjans Čandrasekars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Subrahmanjans Čandrasekars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="सुब्रह्मण्यन चन्द्रशेखर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुब्रह्मण्यन चन्द्रशेखर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманијан Чандрасекар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Субраманијан Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%BC" title="സുബ്രഹ്മണ്യം ചന്ദ്രശേഖർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുബ്രഹ്മണ്യം ചന്ദ്രശേഖർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="सुब्रह्मण्यन चंद्रशेखर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुब्रह्मण्यन चंद्रशेखर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სუბრაჰმანიან ჩანდრასეკარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუბრაჰმანიან ჩანდრასეკარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سابرامانين تشاندراسخار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سابرامانين تشاندراسخار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سابراهمانین چاندراسکار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سابراهمانین چاندراسکار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="सुब्रमन्यन चन्द्रसेखर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुब्रमन्यन चन्द्रसेखर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="スブラマニアン・チャンドラセカール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スブラマニアン・チャンドラセカール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੁਬਰਾਮਨੀਅਮ ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਬਰਾਮਨੀਅਮ ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="سبرامنین چندراشیکھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سبرامنین چندراشیکھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субрахманьян Чандрасекар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субрахманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="सुब्रह्मण्यन् चन्द्रशेखर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुब्रह्मण्यन् चन्द्रशेखर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманијан Чандрасекар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Субраманијан Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanijan_%C4%8Candrasekar" title="Subramanijan Čandrasekar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Subramanijan Čandrasekar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సుబ్రహ్మణ్యన్ చంద్రశేఖర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుబ్రహ్మణ్యన్ చంద్రశేఖర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3" title="สุพรหมัณยัน จันทรเศขร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุพรหมัณยัน จันทรเศขร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸುಬ್ರಮಣ್ಯನ್ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸುಬ್ರಮಣ್ಯನ್ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субраманьян Чандрасекар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="سبرامنین چندرشیکھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سبرامنین چندرشیکھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1" title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%8C%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="錢德拉錫卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錢德拉錫卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1" title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148109#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian-American physicist (1910-1995)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-10-19</span>)</span>19 October 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-08-21)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>British India (1910–1947)</li><li>India (1947–1953)</li><li>United States (1953–1995)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_number" title="Chandrasekhar number">Chandrasekhar number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrasekhar friction">Chandrasekhar friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Kendall_function" title="Chandrasekhar–Kendall function">Chandrasekhar–Kendall function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%27s_H-function" title="Chandrasekhar's H-function">Chandrasekhar's H-function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" title="Emden–Chandrasekhar equation">Emden–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Fermi_method" title="Chandrasekhar–Fermi method">Chandrasekhar–Fermi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Friedman%E2%80%93Schutz_instability" title="Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability">Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability</a></li> <li>Chandrasekhar transformation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Page_equations" title="Chandrasekhar–Page equations">Chandrasekhar–Page equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kramers%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kramers–Chandrasekhar equation">Kramers–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_potential_energy_tensor" title="Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor">Chandrasekhar tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_virial_equations" title="Chandrasekhar virial equations">Chandrasekhar virial equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batchelor%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" title="Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation">Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit">Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%27s_white_dwarf_equation" title="Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation">Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_polarization" title="Chandrasekhar polarization">Chandrasekhar polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%27s_X-_and_Y-function" title="Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function">Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_Ordinates_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Ordinates Method">Discrete Ordinates Method</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="List of things named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Others in list form</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lalitha Doraiswamy</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_family" title="Chandrasekhar family">Chandrasekhar family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Prize" title="Adams Prize">Adams Prize</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics" title="International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics">Marcel Grossman Award</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Polytropic distributions </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1933)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Fowler" title="Ralph H. Fowler">Ralph H. Fowler</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Winston" title="Roland Winston">Roland Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kristian" title="Jerome Kristian">Jerome Kristian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Sobouti" title="Yousef Sobouti">Yousef Sobouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Barbara_Underhill" title="Anne Barbara Underhill">Anne Barbara Underhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Code" title="Arthur Code">Arthur Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surindar_Kumar_Trehan" title="Surindar Kumar Trehan">Surindar Kumar Trehan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png/150px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png/225px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png/300px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-Osterbrock_1998_pp._658–665_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterbrock_1998_pp._658–665-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> who made significant contributions to the scientific knowledge about the structure of stars, stellar evolution and black holes. He was awarded the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in physics</a> along with <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> for theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-currentscience_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentscience-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many concepts, institutions and inventions, including the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a>, are named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Sreenivasan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sreenivasan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">stellar dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Theory_of_Atoms_in_Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules">quantum theory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">hydrogen anion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_stability" title="Hydrodynamic stability">hydrodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydromagnetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydromagnetics">hydromagnetic</a> stability, <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>, equilibrium and the stability of <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_ellipsoid" title="Jacobi ellipsoid">ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, mathematical theory of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> and theory of colliding gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-standrews_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standrews-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter. He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> on stars rotating about the galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty partial differential equations, describing a new quantity he termed "<a href="/wiki/Dynamical_friction" title="Dynamical friction">dynamical friction</a>", which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly. </p><p>Chandrasekhar studied at <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Madras</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. A long-time professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, he did some of his studies at the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a>, and served as editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i> from 1952 to 1971. He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84, and was the <a href="/wiki/Morton_D._Hull" title="Morton D. Hull">Morton D. Hull</a> Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subrahmanyan was born in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> on 19 October 1910 of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> family,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Sita Balakrishnan (1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar (1885–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Railway_zone" title="North Western Railway zone">Northwestern Railways</a> at the time of Chandrasekhar's birth. He had two elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a>. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> into <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual curiosity at an early age.<sup id="cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family moved from Lahore to <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> in 1916, and finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in 1918. </p><p>Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 12.<sup id="cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In middle school his father taught him <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and his mother taught him <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. He later attended the <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Higher_Secondary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindu Higher Secondary School">Hindu High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triplicane" title="Triplicane">Triplicane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> during the years 1922–25. Subsequently, he studied at <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Madras</a> (affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>) from 1925 to 1930, writing his first paper, "The <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton Scattering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">New Statistics</a>", in 1929 after being inspired by a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_bio_INSA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, secured by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Fowler" title="Ralph H. Fowler">R. H. Fowler</a> with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Degenerate_gases" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate electron gas</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> stars, providing <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">relativistic</a> corrections to Fowler's previous work (see <a href="#Legacy">Legacy</a> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Cambridge">University of Cambridge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University of Cambridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacities</a> and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of a degenerate star. At the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/E._A._Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="E. A. Milne">E. A. Milne</a>. At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's institute at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, working on opacities, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectral_line#Emission_and_absorption_coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectral line">atomic absorption coefficients</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Model_photosphere" title="Model photosphere">model stellar photospheres</a>. On the advice of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>. </p><p>After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge in the summer of 1933, with a thesis on rotating self-gravitating <a href="/wiki/Polytrope" title="Polytrope">polytropes</a>. On 9 October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933–1937, becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> 16 years earlier. He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford, even going to the extent of renting a flat there.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_bio_INSA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a>. Eddington took an interest in his work, but in January, 1935, gave a talk severely criticizing Chandrasekhar's work (see <a href="#Dispute_with_Eddington">#Dispute with Eddington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the director of the Harvard Observatory, <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>, to be a visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three-month period. He travelled to the United States in December. During his visit to Harvard, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, but declined his offer of a Harvard research fellowship. At the same time, Chandrasekhar met <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>, a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs. Kuiper had recently been recruited by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williams_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Williams Bay, Wisconsin">Williams Bay, Wisconsin</a>, which was run by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and the university's president, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a>. Having known of Chandrasekhar, Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics, along with Kuiper; the other opening had been filled by <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Stromgren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengt Stromgren">Bengt Stromgren</a>, a Danish theorist.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_bio_INSA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and offered him the job. Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he initially declined the offer and left for England; after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage, he finally accepted, returning to Yerkes as an assistant professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_bio_INSA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutchins also intervened on an occasion where Chandra's participation on teaching a course organised by Struve, was vetoed by the dean <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> based on a racial prejudice; Hutchins said "By all means have Mr. Chandrasekhar teach".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for his entire career. He was promoted to associate professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_bio_INSA_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, when <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> with a salary double that of Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago. In 1952, he became <a href="/wiki/Morton_D._Hull" title="Morton D. Hull">Morton D. Hull</a> Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Institute" title="Enrico Fermi Institute">Enrico Fermi Institute</a>, upon <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>'s invitation. In 1953, he and his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the university, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. (The other corners housed <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Simpson" title="John Alexander Simpson">John A. Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Meyer_(astrophysicist)" title="Peter Meyer (astrophysicist)">Peter Meyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene N. Parker">Eugene N. Parker</a>.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550 Dorchester Building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_with_Eddington">Dispute with Eddington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dispute with Eddington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute</a></div> <p>After graduating from Cambridge, Chandrasekhar, who was in close contact with Arthur Eddington, presented a full solution to his stellar equation at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> meeting in 1935. Eddington booked a talk right after Chandrasekhar, where he openly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory. This depressed Chandrasekhar and sparked a scientific dispute. Eddington refused to accept a limit for the mass of a star and was proposing an alternative model.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar sought support from prominent physicists like <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Léon Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_M%C3%B8ller" title="Christian Møller">Christian Møller</a> who found Eddington's arguments lacking. The tension persisted through 1930s, as Eddington continued to openly criticize Chandrasekhar during meetings and the two compared each other's theories in publications. Chandrasekhar ultimately completed his theory of white dwarfs in 1939, receiving praise from others in the field. Eddington died in 1944, and despite their disagreements, Chandrasekhar continued to state that he admired Eddington and considered him a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>, resulting in reports such as 1943's <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Decay_of_Plane_Shock_Waves" class="extiw" title="s:On the Decay of Plane Shock Waves">On the decay of plane shock waves</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Optimum_height_for_the_bursting_of_a_105mm_shell" class="extiw" title="s:Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell">Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Conditions_for_the_Existence_of_Three_Shock_Waves" class="extiw" title="s:On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves">On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Determination_of_the_Velocity_of_a_Projectile_from_the_Beat_Waves_Produced_by_Interference_with_the_Waves_of_Modified_Frequency_Reflected_from_the_Projectile" class="extiw" title="s:On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile">On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_normal_reflection_of_a_blast_wave" class="extiw" title="s:The normal reflection of a blast wave">The normal reflection of a blast wave</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-standrews_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standrews-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandrasekhar's expertise in hydrodynamics led <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> to invite him to join the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at Los Alamos, but delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project. It has been rumoured that he visited the <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Calutron</a> project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_systematization">Philosophy of systematization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy of systematization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was <i>systematization</i>. "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a specific area, publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the field. He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a>, including the theory of <a href="/wiki/White_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarfs">white dwarfs</a>, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently focused on <a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">stellar dynamics</a>, theory of <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a> and the quantum theory of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">negative ion of hydrogen</a> from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, and general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-standrews_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standrews-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_with_students">Work with students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work with students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandra worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50-year period (from roughly 1930 to 1980), the average age of his co-author collaborators had remained the same, at around 30. He insisted that students address him as "Prof. Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree, after which time they (as other colleagues) were encouraged to address him as "Chandra". When Chandrasekhar was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s, he would drive 150 miles (240 km) to and from every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago. Two of the students who took the course, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen-Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen-Ning Yang">Chen-Ning Yang</a>, won the Nobel prize before he could get one for himself. Regarding classroom interactions during his lectures, noted astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> stated from firsthand experience that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the manner of a summary execution", while questions of merit "were given serious attention and response".<sup id="cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a> submitted a paper on his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> in 1957, two eminent reviewers rejected the paper. However, since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker's work, he went ahead and published the paper in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> using the language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book <i>Newton's Principia for the Common Reader</i>, published in 1995. </p><p>Chandrasekhar also worked on collision of gravitational waves,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and algebraically special perturbations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrasekhar was the nephew of <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a>, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930. </p><p>Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He met her as a fellow student at <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalised citizen</a> of the U.S. in 1953. Many considered him as warm, positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, while some others as private, intimidating, impatient and stubborn regarding non-scientific matters,<sup id="cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Imperial_College_Press-1997_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imperial_College_Press-1997-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandrasekhar was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995, having survived a prior heart attack in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by his wife, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a serious student of literature and western classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-Imperial_College_Press-1997_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imperial_College_Press-1997-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once when involved in a discussion about the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, Chandrasekhar said: "I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an atheist".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also confirmed many times in his other talks. Kameshwar C. Wali quoted him saying: "I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with Kevin Krisciunas at the University of Chicago, on 6 October 1987, Chandrasekhar commented: "Of course, he (<a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>) knew I was an atheist, and he never brought up the subject with me".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards,_honours_and_legacy"><span id="Awards.2C_honours_and_legacy"></span>Awards, honours and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards, honours and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_prize">Nobel prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nobel prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution of stars</a>. Chandrasekhar accepted this honour, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards_and_honors">Other awards and honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1944">Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1944</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, Member (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Member (1946)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> (1949)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1952)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, Member (1955)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-Rumford_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumford-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, USA (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowski_Medal" title="Marian Smoluchowski Medal">Marian Smoluchowski Medal</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_J._Laing_Award" title="Gordon J. Laing Award">Gordon J. Laing Award</a> (1989)</li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory#Jansky_Prize" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">Jansky Lectureship</a> before the <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrasekhar's most notable work is on the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>. The limit gives the maximum mass of a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> star, ~1.44 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>, or equivalently, the minimum mass that must be exceeded for a star to collapse into a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> (following a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>). The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge, England</a> for his graduate studies. In 1979, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> named the third of its four "<a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories</a>" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> was launched and deployed by <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> on 23 July 1999. The <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_number" title="Chandrasekhar number">Chandrasekhar number</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless number">dimensionless number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a>, is named after him. The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/1958_Chandra" title="1958 Chandra">1958 Chandra</a> is also named after Chandrasekhar. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory#Facilities" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Himalayan Chandra Telescope</a> is named after him. In the <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London</i>, R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again."<sup id="cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, his wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a gift of his Nobel Prize money to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> towards the establishment of the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship. First awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the department of physics or the department of astronomy and astrophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma physicists, started in the year 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> scientists<sup id="cite_ref-Hartman_Ashton_Porro_Ahmed_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartman_Ashton_Porro_Ahmed-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Sagan praised him in the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i>: "I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar." On 19 October 2017, Google showed a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar's 107th birthday and the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, on account of Chandra's 100th birthday, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> conducted a symposium titled <i>Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010</i> which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayant_V._Narlikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayant V. Narlikar">Jayant V. Narlikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Srinivasan_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Srinivasan (physicist)">G. Srinivasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Will" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Will">Clifford Will</a>. Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled <i>Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1958" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939]. <i>An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60413-8"><bdi>978-0-486-60413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Stellar+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-486-60413-8&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. <i>Principles of Stellar Dynamics</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44273-0"><bdi>978-0-486-44273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Stellar+Dynamics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-486-44273-0&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1960" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiativetransfe0000chan"><i>Radiative Transfer</i></a></span>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60590-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60590-6"><bdi>978-0-486-60590-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiative+Transfer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-486-60590-6&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiativetransfe0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1975" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. <i>Plasma Physics</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10084-5"><bdi>978-0-226-10084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plasma+Physics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10084-5&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1981" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. <i>Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64071-6"><bdi>978-0-486-64071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrodynamic+and+Hydromagnetic+Stability&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-486-64071-6&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1987" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. <i>Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65258-0"><bdi>978-0-486-65258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellipsoidal+Figures+of+Equilibrium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65258-0&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1998" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. <i>The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850370-5"><bdi>978-0-19-850370-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematical+Theory+of+Black+Holes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850370-5&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1983" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. <i>Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521257466" title="Special:BookSources/9780521257466"><bdi>9780521257466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eddington%3A+The+Most+Distinguished+Astrophysicist+of+His+Time&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521257466&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. <i>Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10087-6"><bdi>978-0-226-10087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Beauty.+Aesthetics+and+Motivations+in+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10087-6&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). <i>Newton's Principia for the Common Reader</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851744-3"><bdi>978-0-19-851744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Principia+for+the+Common+Reader&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851744-3&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2011" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. <i>The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures</i>. Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0117-5"><bdi>978-94-007-0117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Turbulence+%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar%27s+1954+Lectures&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0117-5&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1939" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144094">"The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>90</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939ApJ....90....1C">1939ApJ....90....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144094">10.1086/144094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+Stellar+Systems.+I%E2%80%93VIII&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F144094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939ApJ....90....1C&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F144094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy". <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943RvMP...15....1C">1943RvMP...15....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.15.1">10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6861">0034-6861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Stochastic+Problems+in+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0034-6861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.15.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943RvMP...15....1C&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1993" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). <i>Classical general relativity</i>. Royal Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+general+relativity&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1979" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). <i>The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect</i>. Proc. IAU Meeting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+General+Relativity%3A+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.pub=Proc.+IAU+Meeting&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). <i>New methods in stellar dynamics</i>. New York Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+methods+in+stellar+dynamics&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1954" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777">"The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>44</b> (6). American Philosophical Society: <span class="nowrap">643–</span>728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005777">10.2307/1005777</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777">1005777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+illumination+and+polarization+of+the+sunlit+sky+on+Rayleigh+scattering&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E728&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1983" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137">"On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture"</a>. <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>56</b> (2). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.56.137">10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=On+Stars%2C+their+evolution+and+their+stability%2C+Nobel+lecture&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.56.137&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Frmp%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.56.137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1981" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000047482"><i>New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco</i></a>. Unesco Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+horizons+of+human+knowledge%3A+a+series+of+public+talks+given+at+Unesco&rft.pub=Unesco+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000047482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932">"Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity"</a>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>70</b> (9). University of Chicago: <span class="nowrap">810–</span>822. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932">24099932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%2C+Newton%2C+and+Beethoven%3A+Or%2C+Patterns+of+Creativity&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E810-%3C%2Fspan%3E822&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24099932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24099932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1973" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107517308210761">"P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday"</a>. <i>Contemporary Physics</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ConPh..14..389C">1973ConPh..14..389C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107517308210761">10.1080/00107517308210761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7514">0010-7514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Physics&rft.atitle=P.A.M.+Dirac+on+his+seventieth+birthday&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=1973-07&rft.issn=0010-7514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107517308210761&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973ConPh..14..389C&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00107517308210761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1947" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). <i>The Works of the Mind:The Scientist</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752682744">752682744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+the+Mind%3AThe+Scientist&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752682744&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). <i>Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust</i>. Royal Society. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B12NJ8">B001B12NJ8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+and+discoveries+on+Ramanujan%27s+bust&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001B12NJ8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). <i>How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity</i>. American Mathematical Society. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B10QTM">B001B10QTM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+one+may+explore+the+physical+content+of+the+general+theory+of+relativity&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001B10QTM%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still an undergraduate student about <a href="/wiki/Compton_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton effect">Compton effect</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and last paper which was accepted for publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non-radial oscillation of stars.<sup id="cite_ref-ChandrasekharFerrari1995_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandrasekharFerrari1995-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarstructure0000chan"><i>Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100890" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100890"><bdi>9780226100890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+1%2C+Stellar+structure+and+stellar+atmospheres&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780226100890&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstellarstructure0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <i>Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100920" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100920"><bdi>9780226100920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+2%2C+Radiative+transfer+and+negative+ion+of+hydrogen&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780226100920&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stochasticstatis0003chan"><i>Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100944" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100944"><bdi>9780226100944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+3%2C+Stochastic%2C+statistical+and+hydromagnetic+problems+in+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780226100944&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstochasticstatis0003chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plasmaphysicshyd0000chan"><i>Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100975" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100975"><bdi>9780226100975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+4%2C+Plasma+Physics%2C+Hydrodynamic+and+Hydromagnetic+stability%2C+and+applications+of+the+Tensor-Virial+theorem&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780226100975&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplasmaphysicshyd0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). <i>Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100982" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100982"><bdi>9780226100982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+5%2C+Relativistic+Astrophysics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780226100982&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1991" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). <i>Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226101019" title="Special:BookSources/9780226101019"><bdi>9780226101019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+6%2C+The+Mathematical+Theory+of+Black+Holes+and+of+Colliding+Plane+Waves&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780226101019&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1997" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). <i>Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226101040" title="Special:BookSources/9780226101040"><bdi>9780226101040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vol+7%2C+The+non-radial+oscillations+of+star+in+General+Relativity+and+other+writings&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780226101040&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_articles_about_Chandrasekhar">Books and articles about Chandrasekhar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books and articles about Chandrasekhar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Arthur I. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofstarsobs00mill"><i>Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34151-1"><bdi>978-0-618-34151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Stars%3A+Friendship%2C+Obsession%2C+and+Betrayal+in+the+Quest+for+Black+Holes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-34151-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Arthur+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofstarsobs00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Srinivasan_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Srinivasan (physicist)">Srinivasan, G.</a>, ed. (1997). <i>From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76996-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76996-7"><bdi>978-0-226-76996-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+White+Dwarfs+to+Black+Holes%3A+The+Legacy+of+S.+Chandrasekhar&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76996-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose, Roger</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723153030/http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf">"Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy</i>. <b>17</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..213P">1996JApA...17..213P</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.496.2529">10.1.1.496.2529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02702305">10.1007/BF02702305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6335">0250-6335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119807977">119807977</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astrophysics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Chandrasekhar%2C+Black+Holes+and+Singularities&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119807977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JApA...17..213P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.496.2529%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0250-6335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02702305&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-old.ias.ac.in%2Fjarch%2Fjaa%2F17%2F213-231.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Parker, E.</a> (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". <i>Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy</i>. <b>17</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..147P">1996JApA...17..147P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02702301">10.1007/BF02702301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6335">0250-6335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122374065">122374065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astrophysics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=S.+Chandrasekhar+and+Magnetohydrodynamics&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02702301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122374065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0250-6335&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JApA...17..147P&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kameshwar_C._Wali" title="Kameshwar C. Wali">Wali, Kameshwar C.</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali"><i>Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar</i></a></span>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87054-0"><bdi>978-0-226-87054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandra%3A+A+Biography+of+S.+Chandrasekhar&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87054-0&rft.aulast=Wali&rft.aufirst=Kameshwar+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchandrabiography0000wali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali1997" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse"><i>Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered</i></a></span>. London: imperial College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-038-5"><bdi>978-1-86094-038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandrasekhar%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Legend+%E2%80%93+Chandra+Remembered&rft.place=London&rft.pub=imperial+College+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-038-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschandrasekharma0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali2001" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2001). <i>A Quest For Perspectives</i>. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-201-3"><bdi>978-1-86094-201-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quest+For+Perspectives&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Ptd+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-201-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali2020" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2020). <i>S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations</i>. World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811208324" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811208324"><bdi>978-9811208324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S+Chandrasekhar%3A+Selected+Correspondence+and+Conversations&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Ptd+Ltd.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9811208324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWignesan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wignesan, T., ed. (2004). "The Man who Dwarfed the Stars". <i>The Asianists' Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1298-0358">1298-0358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asianists%27+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Man+who+Dwarfed+the+Stars&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1298-0358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataraman1992" class="citation book cs1">Venkataraman, G. (1992). <i>Chandrasekhar and His Limit</i>. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-035-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-035-3"><bdi>978-81-7371-035-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandrasekhar+and+His+Limit&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7371-035-3&rft.aulast=Venkataraman&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2011" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, D J.; et al., eds. (2011). <i>Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary</i>. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4299-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4299-57-2"><bdi>978-981-4299-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+flows+to+Black+Holes%3A+A+tribute+to+S+Chandrasekhar+on+his+birth+centenary&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Ptd+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4299-57-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamnath2012" class="citation book cs1">Ramnath, Radhika, ed. (2012). <i>S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science</i>. Harpercollins. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00C3EWIME">B00C3EWIME</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Chandrasekhar%3A+Man+of+Science&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00C3EWIME%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlic2011" class="citation book cs1">Alic, Kameshwar C (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali (ed.). <i>A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar</i>. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010sasc.book.....W">2010sasc.book.....W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F7686">10.1142/7686</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4299-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4299-57-2"><bdi>978-981-4299-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Scientific+Autobiography%3A+S+Chandrasekhar&rft.pub=A+Scientific+Autobiography%3A+S+Chandrasekhar.+Edited+by+K+C+Wali.+Published+by+World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Pte.+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F7686&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010sasc.book.....W&rft.isbn=978-981-4299-57-2&rft.aulast=Alic&rft.aufirst=Kameshwar+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalwi2004" class="citation book cs1">Salwi, Dilip, ed. (2004). <i>S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist</i>. Rupa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129104915" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129104915"><bdi>978-8129104915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Chandrasekhar%3A+The+scholar+scientist&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8129104915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2017" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ed. (2017). <i>Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs</i>. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3330317666" title="Special:BookSources/978-3330317666"><bdi>978-3330317666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandrasekhar+Limit%3A+Size+of+White+Dwarfs&rft.pub=Lap+Lambert+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3330317666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tayler1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tayler1996_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayler1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tayler" title="Roger Tayler">Tayler, R. J.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1996.0006">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">80–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1996.0006">10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58736242">58736242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar.+19+October+1910+%E2%80%93+21+August+1995&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58736242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1996.0006&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1996.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604162044/https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801&fChrono=1">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – The Mathematics Genealogy Project"</a>. <i>www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu</i>. 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(1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129131115/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/492801.pdf">Optimum Height for the Bursting of a 105mm Shell</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Army Ballistic Research Lab Aberdeen Procing Ground MD. BRL-MR-139. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astrophysics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Publications+by+S.+Chandrasekhar&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JApA...17..269C&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsbit.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3F1996JApA...17..269C%26defaultprint%3DYES%26filetype%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/487/1/Chandrasekhar_S_Thermodynamics_Compton-Effect.pdf">"Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Journal of Physics</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">241–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10821%2F487">10821/487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Thermodynamics+of+the+Compton+Effect+with+Reference+to+the+Interior+of+the+Stars&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10821%2F487&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.iacs.res.in%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10821%2F487%2F1%2FChandrasekhar_S_Thermodynamics_Compton-Effect.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChandrasekharFerrari1995-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChandrasekharFerrari1995_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekharFerrari1995" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan; <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Ferrari" title="Valeria Ferrari">Ferrari, Valeria</a> (8 August 1995). "On the Non-Radial Oscillations of a Star: V. A Fully Relativistic Treatment of a Newtonian Star". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>450</b> (1939). The Royal Society: <span class="nowrap">463–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RSPSA.450..463C">1995RSPSA.450..463C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1995.0094">10.1098/rspa.1995.0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120769457">120769457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+Non-Radial+Oscillations+of+a+Star%3A+V.+A+Fully+Relativistic+Treatment+of+a+Newtonian+Star&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=1939&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=1995-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1995.0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120769457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995RSPSA.450..463C&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=Subrahmanyan&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+Valeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruve1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Struve, Otto</a> (1 April 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0064//0000055.000.html">"The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. S. Chandrasekhar"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>64</b> (377): 55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PASP...64...55S">1952PASP...64...55S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F126422">10.1086/126422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119668926">119668926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+Award+of+the+Bruce+Gold+Medal+to+Dr.+S.+Chandrasekhar&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=377&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1952-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F126422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119668926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-6280&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952PASP...64...55S&rft.aulast=Struve&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FPASP.%2F0064%2F%2F0000055.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Parker, E. N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chandrasekhar-s.pdf">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 1910-1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>72</b>: <span class="nowrap">28–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar.+1910-1995&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fchandrasekhar-s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Obituaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevorkin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Devorkin, David H. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0028//0001448.000.html">"Obituary: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910-1995"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 1448. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAS...28.1448D">1996BAAS...28.1448D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar%2C+1910-1995&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1448&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996BAAS...28.1448D&rft.aulast=Devorkin&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FBAAS.%2F0028%2F%2F0001448.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrea1996" class="citation journal cs1">McCrea, W. (1 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0116//0000121.000.html">"Obituary: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>116</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Obs...116..121M">1996Obs...116..121M</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704">0029-7704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Subramanyan+Chandrasekhar&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1996-04-01&rft.issn=0029-7704&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Obs...116..121M&rft.aulast=McCrea&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FObs..%2F0116%2F%2F0000121.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Comment: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, J. W. (1 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0118//0000024.000.html">"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>118</b>: 24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704">0029-7704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Subramanyan+Chandrasekhar&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1998-02-01&rft.issn=0029-7704&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FObs..%2F0118%2F%2F0000024.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarstang1997" class="citation journal cs1">Garstang, R. H. (1 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0109//0000073.000.html">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>109</b>: <span class="nowrap">73–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109...73G">1997PASP..109...73G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F133864">10.1086/133864</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123095503">123095503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar+%281910-1995%29&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F133864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123095503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-6280&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PASP..109...73G&rft.aulast=Garstang&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FPASP.%2F0109%2F%2F0000073.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruit1996" class="citation journal cs1">Spruit, H. C. (1 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0037//0000261.000.html">"A 'curve of growth' of astronomers on the Citation Index"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QJRAS..37....1S">1996QJRAS..37....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8738">0035-8738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=A+%27curve+of+growth%27+of+astronomers+on+the+Citation+Index&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft.issn=0035-8738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996QJRAS..37....1S&rft.aulast=Spruit&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FQJRAS%2F0037%2F%2F0000261.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" class="extiw" title="q:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148109" class="extiw" title="d:Q148109">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/great-indians/great-indians-professor-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-305874">Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> – Video of Chandra's last interview at Chicago.</li> <li>Audio – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1988) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31542/the-founding-of-general-relativity-and-its-excellence-1988/laureate-chandrasekhar">The founding of general relativity and its excellence</a></i>.</li> <li>Audio – Cain/Gay (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/history/ep-191-chandrasekhar/">Astronomy Cast</a> Chandrasekhar.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/schandrasekhar.html">National Academy of Sciences biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/about/chandra.html">Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/subrahmanyan_chandrasekhar.html">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528140547/http://www.iasf.org/subraman.htm">Subramaniam Chandrashekhar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Chandrasekhar/index.html">Bruce Medal page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-1">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session I</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-2">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-3">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session III</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4552">Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.concordia.ca/chandrasekhar">Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation</a>, June 1988, Concordia University Records Management and Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RadiativeTransfer">Free PDF of <i>Radiative Transfer</i> on Archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHANDRASEKHAR">Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913-2011</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/122">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148109#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1983_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1983 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1983_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1983 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (Poland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><b>1983 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners">1987</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and <br />engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject India">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan Battersby</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=308103">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201760300">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqkcv2d5lh95">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620626305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007603720505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511805606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14036536">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00684391?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=70801">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:chandrasekhar.subrahmanyan">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/47300">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fbcf18d1-a21e-4da1-8fd7-e22130d165ce">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1228355">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119007665.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029605148">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6df6sq7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&oldid=1267341246">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&oldid=1267341246</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_births" title="Category:1910 births">1910 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